1 00:00:08,760 --> 00:00:10,640 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, do you ever think about what the night 2 00:00:10,760 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: sky looked like to our ancestors? I do. I wonder 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: how it looked at them. And I also like thinking 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:19,040 Speaker 1: even further back in the past, like what did the 5 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:21,639 Speaker 1: dinosaurs see in the sky? Yeah, they probably should have 6 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:24,119 Speaker 1: looked at this guy more carefully, you know, looking for 7 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:27,720 Speaker 1: meteors for example. I know dinosaur astronomers totally fell down 8 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 1: on the job, but you can even think further back, 9 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:34,720 Speaker 1: like the first eyeballs on Earth five million years ago, 10 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:39,599 Speaker 1: you mean, like microbe astronomers, or you know, I think 11 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:41,520 Speaker 1: to the future. I wonder what the night sky will 12 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: look like to humans billions of years from It could 13 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:47,080 Speaker 1: be totally different. I mean, if there even our humans 14 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 1: then yeah. Well I'm thinking about the future cockroach astronomers 15 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: and hoping they will keep an eye on the stars 16 00:00:52,120 --> 00:01:12,920 Speaker 1: for us. Whatever they see doesn't bug them. I am 17 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:16,920 Speaker 1: more hamming cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel. 18 00:01:16,959 --> 00:01:19,479 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. And that was the first time 19 00:01:19,520 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: I ever said cockroach on the podcast and astronomers in 20 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:28,720 Speaker 1: the same sentence Publicly. I love astronomers, I love astronomy. 21 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:31,920 Speaker 1: I'm nothing but pro astronomers. I did like the idea 22 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:34,880 Speaker 1: of dinosaur astronomers. That's pretty cool. My favorite story about 23 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:37,560 Speaker 1: dinosaur astronomers is that they really did have a chance 24 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: to save themselves. Your favorite I feel like you thought 25 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:43,880 Speaker 1: about this before. Well, yeah, absolutely. You know that the 26 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:46,679 Speaker 1: meteor that came and wiped out the dinosaurs made a 27 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: near past by the Earth ten years earlier, Yeah, and 28 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: came close enough that they should have been able to 29 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: look up and see it in the sky. So if 30 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: they had funded their version of NASA, they could have 31 00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: saved their own lives ten years. Do you think dinosaurs 32 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,120 Speaker 1: could have built spaceships? And necessity is the mother of invention, right, 33 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:05,520 Speaker 1: do you think they should have called the dinosaur Bruce 34 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: Willis put them on a spaceship and getting to deflect 35 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: that asteroid in ten years? Well, you know the other 36 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,359 Speaker 1: option is what happened, So anything is better than that. 37 00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: But anyways, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge talk 38 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:21,320 Speaker 1: about dinosaur astronomers. That's all we do. Daniel and Jorge 39 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:23,839 Speaker 1: digress in the very first moments of the podcast. That's 40 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:26,840 Speaker 1: right now. Welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explained 41 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:29,320 Speaker 1: the universe a production of I Heart Radio in which 42 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: we talk about all the amazing and beautiful and crazy 43 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: things about the universe, the violent events, the incredible drama 44 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: happening in the inside of stars, the tiny little particles 45 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: that apparently make up everything you see and touch and taste. Yeah, 46 00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: all of the spacey stuff out there, happening in the 47 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:48,600 Speaker 1: universe and even in our own backyards, or I guess 48 00:02:48,639 --> 00:02:51,799 Speaker 1: our solar system backyard. That's right, because when you look 49 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: out into the night sky, you are not seeing a 50 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: still picture. You are not seeing a flat image. You 51 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: are seeing a drama unfolding on cosmic distance sales and 52 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,840 Speaker 1: time scales. If you were to look at the night 53 00:03:02,880 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: sky sped up a little bit, you would see incredible events, 54 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,920 Speaker 1: huge explosions, massive collisions. It would put Hollywood to shame. 55 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: It's like a cosmological telenovella, a lot of twists and turns. 56 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 1: I don't know if anybody's really like backstabbing anybody, or 57 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:18,959 Speaker 1: does the Earth have an evil twin on the other 58 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: side of the Sun Planet X Extreme close up. I 59 00:03:24,919 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: don't know if there's so much political intrigue, but there 60 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,440 Speaker 1: is definitely drama. There are things that happened rapidly, all 61 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 1: of a sudden. There are sudden changes of fate. There 62 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:35,520 Speaker 1: are things that are happening, and so I think it's 63 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: fun to think about how our solar system will evolve. Yeah, 64 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: because as we as humans found out about a hundred 65 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:45,120 Speaker 1: years ago, the universe is not static. Things are changing. 66 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: The stars are moving, the galaxies are blazing across the universe, 67 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 1: and new stars are being born all the time. That's right. 68 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:55,600 Speaker 1: And stars can change right there, formed from the collapse 69 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 1: of gases into a hot dense object that confuse eventually 70 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: to and into something else like a black hole or 71 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: a white dwarf. They go through this evolution, and so 72 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 1: it's natural to also wonder, like what about planets? Do 73 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: planets have future stages in their evolution? Are they like Pokemon? 74 00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: They can evolve into different versions. They say that Earth 75 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:18,240 Speaker 1: is only stage one. I don't know enough about Pokemon 76 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:20,320 Speaker 1: to even really make that joke. I just watched my 77 00:04:20,360 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: kids play, so I can say energy cards and pokemons evolved. 78 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 1: Then we're at the end of my knowledge. I think 79 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:28,919 Speaker 1: our planet is Earth type. Is it an e X 80 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:31,200 Speaker 1: or a g X? Does it have the shiny glint 81 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: on it? It used to. I think that's right. And 82 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: we did a podcast recently in which we talked about 83 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: Jupiter and how close Jupiter was to having become a star, 84 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:45,440 Speaker 1: and a bunch of listeners wrote in asking us about that. 85 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: Jim Sanchez, Doug Dodds, and Ryan Kyrkiss all wrote and 86 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:52,480 Speaker 1: asked us like, well, is Jupiter on the verge of 87 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: becoming a star? Could it one day eventually become a star? 88 00:04:56,680 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: Because I guess it's kind of a fine line between 89 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:03,000 Speaker 1: the being a giant cloud of dust and being a 90 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:06,840 Speaker 1: giant gas planet and maybe being a giant ball of 91 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:09,920 Speaker 1: flaming gas like the Sun. It's kind of a fine line. 92 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:11,839 Speaker 1: It turns out. How final line is it either on 93 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:16,039 Speaker 1: fire or you're not? That seems pretty clear cut to me. Well, 94 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:19,120 Speaker 1: I mean what does it take, like a match or 95 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:21,400 Speaker 1: you know, a spark. I guess that's the question we'll 96 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 1: be talking about today. That's right. So to the other program, 97 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:31,800 Speaker 1: we'll be asking the question could Jupiter become a star? 98 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:34,280 Speaker 1: Is it too late for Jupiter or can it still 99 00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 1: you know, find the right role and suddenly be the 100 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:39,640 Speaker 1: new darling of Hollywood. Hey, you know, jump on the 101 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: TikTok and anybody can become a star. Oh hey, that's 102 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: what Jupiter needs. That's right. But there was some actual 103 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 1: serious talk about this. A couple of decades ago. NASA 104 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 1: sent a probe out to study Jupiter, and they didn't 105 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:55,240 Speaker 1: want the probe to infect any of Jupiter's moons where 106 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: we think there might potentially be life, right, my crobial life. 107 00:05:59,120 --> 00:06:02,200 Speaker 1: And we didn't want to cray Galileo this probe onto 108 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:04,080 Speaker 1: any of Jupiter's moons because we didn't want to bring 109 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:07,039 Speaker 1: any earth microbes. Right, once you bring Earth's microbes, you 110 00:06:07,040 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 1: can no longer ask like are their native microbes? And 111 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:14,680 Speaker 1: so instead they crashed the probe into Jupiter itself because 112 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:17,599 Speaker 1: we don't care about infect the Jupiter. I think the 113 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,080 Speaker 1: idea was that it would burn up and get crushed 114 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:22,920 Speaker 1: because Jupiter has this incredible atmosphere, so we get immolated 115 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:26,800 Speaker 1: in descent, whereas the moons don't have those atmospheres, and 116 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 1: so it would actually land on the surface and potentially survive. 117 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:33,279 Speaker 1: But there was some concern about that. Yeah, people were wondering, like, 118 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:36,240 Speaker 1: if Jupiter is on the verge of becoming a star, 119 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: if it's this huge ball of gas and you drop 120 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:42,040 Speaker 1: a match into it essentially, is there impossibility that it 121 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,440 Speaker 1: could have ignited the atmosphere or Jupiter and birth a 122 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:48,880 Speaker 1: new star, because I mean Jupiter. If you think about it, 123 00:06:48,880 --> 00:06:52,320 Speaker 1: it's a giant ball of hydrogen, right, kind of like 124 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: the Hindenberg. Kind of like the Hindenburg, but much bigger. 125 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: That's what I mean. It's like the big balloon made 126 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:00,680 Speaker 1: out of hydrogen and all you need is a little 127 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 1: flame and some oxygen. All of a sudden, it sounds 128 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: very unstable, does it sounds like a nine twenties idea? Yeah? 129 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: And you know this actually appears in science fiction as well, 130 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: in the well known series two thousand and one, two 131 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:19,200 Speaker 1: thousand ten, etcetera. They turn Jupiter into a star on purpose. Yeah, 132 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:21,480 Speaker 1: on purpose, I guess. You know. The aliens. We didn't 133 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: really ever understand their psychology, but they turn it into 134 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:27,440 Speaker 1: a new star. They call it Lucifer. The Aliens call 135 00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: it Lucifer. I don't remember the details that book. Who 136 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: calls it Lucifer, Whether it's the aliens naming it or 137 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: you know, earthbound cartoonists who are elected to a naming 138 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 1: committee who gave it that name. But I do remember 139 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,880 Speaker 1: the sequel to two thousand and one two thousand and ten. 140 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: I think that that the end, Jupiter does become a star. 141 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: Sorry spoiler um, because the star at the end of 142 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:51,960 Speaker 1: that movie. And I was wondered, like, oh, that's pretty interesting, 143 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:53,880 Speaker 1: but what does that mean? Is that going to change 144 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,200 Speaker 1: our solar system or what's the big deal? Yeah? Exactly, 145 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:59,920 Speaker 1: So it's an interesting question. It's right here in our backyard. 146 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 1: It seems relevant. So we thought we would try to 147 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: figure out how close is Jupiter to becoming a star? 148 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: If you wanted to turn it into a star, what 149 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: would you have to do? So, as usual, Daniel went 150 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: out there into the wilds of the Internet and ask 151 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:17,560 Speaker 1: people to submit their answer to the question could Jupiter 152 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:20,520 Speaker 1: become a star? That's right, So thank you to everybody 153 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:23,480 Speaker 1: who participated, And if you'd like to participate in future 154 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: rounds of person on the Internet interviews, please send us 155 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: a note to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 156 00:08:29,880 --> 00:08:32,960 Speaker 1: We'd love for you to answer our questions. And before 157 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:35,520 Speaker 1: you listen to these answers, think about it for a second. 158 00:08:35,559 --> 00:08:39,080 Speaker 1: Do you think Jupiter could become a star. Here's what 159 00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: people had to say. I think anyone who claims to 160 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: know where the Jupiter can turn into a star. Absolutely 161 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 1: is probably exaggerating their knowledge in order to make up 162 00:08:48,720 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: one last say. I think Jupiter is like a filed 163 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: star because it's not massive enough to have the fusion 164 00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: reactions at the cool The only way I can think 165 00:09:01,960 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: of that it could become a star would be if 166 00:09:04,160 --> 00:09:08,200 Speaker 1: it pulled in enough matter. Well it didn't for our reason, 167 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: I suppose not enough mass um. I didn't hear that 168 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:23,320 Speaker 1: almost became a star. Well, well maybe it's if a 169 00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:28,280 Speaker 1: lot of planets I think the universe is are unlikely 170 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: to happen, But it happened, So perhaps it's just as 171 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,480 Speaker 1: unlikely that Tupiter would turn into a star. But I 172 00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: suppose it could happen. Yeah, what kind of what kind 173 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:44,839 Speaker 1: of start? Jupiter is a gas giant and it's made 174 00:09:44,920 --> 00:09:48,400 Speaker 1: of gas, and stars are also made of gas. So 175 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:52,240 Speaker 1: I think maybe if a small star came into it. 176 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:56,320 Speaker 1: I suppose if it became big enough and had enough gravity, 177 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:59,079 Speaker 1: it could turn on and become a star. But I'm 178 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:03,240 Speaker 1: not aware that it's so it's growing. My short answer 179 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:06,680 Speaker 1: is I don't think so. Yes, I think that it's 180 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:08,880 Speaker 1: eight times more massive that it would need to become 181 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:14,240 Speaker 1: in order for Jupiter to start burning hydrogen and fusing 182 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 1: it into helium. But even if you were to combine 183 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: all the planets in the Solar System, you wouldn't get 184 00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:25,719 Speaker 1: to the mass needed. So by natural means, no, it's 185 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:33,120 Speaker 1: not possible. But theoretically could Jupiter become a star? Then yes, 186 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:36,280 Speaker 1: you just need to add eight more jupiters to it. 187 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:40,280 Speaker 1: If Jupiter's ape does extremely well, I think Jupiter might 188 00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:45,120 Speaker 1: be able to become a starmp if anyone could be 189 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:48,800 Speaker 1: a start with. Oh my gosh. I believe that the 190 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:52,080 Speaker 1: gas giants have cleaned up our Solar system enough that 191 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:54,679 Speaker 1: it is unlikely that Jupiter would be able to get 192 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: enough mass to turn into a star. Well, theoretically possible 193 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,400 Speaker 1: in time. I think the way that it might happen 194 00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: is maybe if there are a rogue planet that collided 195 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: with Jupiter or sufficient other material like comets and asteroids 196 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:18,079 Speaker 1: and so on, But that seems implosible. Alright. Some great 197 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:21,680 Speaker 1: answers I like the one that said yes, I mean no, wait, 198 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: what's the star? If you're not going to be accurate, 199 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:30,280 Speaker 1: you should at least be well. I guess that perfectly 200 00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:33,440 Speaker 1: reflects how I feel. I'm like, yes, no, wait, let's 201 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:35,480 Speaker 1: define a star. Yeah. I think it is an interesting 202 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:38,880 Speaker 1: question because you know, different stuff out there have evolutions, 203 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:41,520 Speaker 1: you know, we see stuff changing in the universe, and 204 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:43,440 Speaker 1: we haven't ever talked about the question of like, is 205 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: a planet stable? Could a planet just hang out forever 206 00:11:46,559 --> 00:11:50,959 Speaker 1: or does it have the next natural stage in its evolution? Yeah? 207 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:53,680 Speaker 1: Is this possible that we suddenly have two stars in 208 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:56,720 Speaker 1: our sky? You know, kind of like star wars? Yeah? 209 00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: What would that mean for when you have to go 210 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,800 Speaker 1: to work and abaly make our days longer? Yeah, it 211 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 1: would make our days longer and much more irregular. Right, 212 00:12:04,679 --> 00:12:07,000 Speaker 1: you wouldn't have regular patterns. You have times when both 213 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:09,240 Speaker 1: stars were in the sky and times when only one 214 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:11,079 Speaker 1: of them was in the sky. Have you ever read 215 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,200 Speaker 1: the three body problem? You know, the calendar on that 216 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:16,800 Speaker 1: planet is very complicated. All right, let's jump into it, Daniel. 217 00:12:16,880 --> 00:12:19,040 Speaker 1: What makes something a star versus a planet? I guess 218 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:21,839 Speaker 1: let's start with that question. What happens at that fourth 219 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: in the road for a big ball of gas where 220 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 1: it turns into a jupiter, or it turns into a star, 221 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:29,680 Speaker 1: and or can it kind of switch over? Yeah? So 222 00:12:29,840 --> 00:12:33,079 Speaker 1: really it's all about mass, Like if you are a 223 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: big enough blob of stuff, then gravity will pull you 224 00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,000 Speaker 1: in and compress you hard enough that you will start 225 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:45,160 Speaker 1: to fuse. You'll create the conditions necessary to squish these 226 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:48,559 Speaker 1: particles together so they fuse, which releases a huge amount 227 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: of energy. And that's really the distinction between a planet 228 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: and a star. A star is using, it's releasing energy, 229 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:57,360 Speaker 1: it's burning itself, and a planet is much more inert 230 00:12:57,559 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: than no fusion happening at the center of the Earth 231 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:01,960 Speaker 1: or at the center of Jupiter, for example, And that's 232 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: just because we don't have enough stuff, Like if we 233 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 1: had more stuff, it would be heavier, and things get 234 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:09,680 Speaker 1: more compressing you sort of get to that pressure where 235 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:12,160 Speaker 1: fusion happens. That's right. It's all about the stuff, and 236 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,320 Speaker 1: it depends on which kind of stuff. Like if you're 237 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:18,360 Speaker 1: just hydrogen, just gas, then you need less stuff. Then 238 00:13:18,440 --> 00:13:21,160 Speaker 1: if you're like a huge ball of oxygen or carbon, 239 00:13:21,280 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: because the heavier elements take higher pressure or higher temperature 240 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: conditions in order to fuse, So hydrogen is the easiest. 241 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,160 Speaker 1: So if you're gonna go all hydrogen, you need a 242 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:32,560 Speaker 1: big ball of gas. If you're gonna go all carbon 243 00:13:32,679 --> 00:13:35,559 Speaker 1: or all oxygen or something heavier, you need a bigger bone. 244 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:38,320 Speaker 1: But in principle, if you took the Earth and made 245 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:41,600 Speaker 1: it much more massive, same stuff, same mixture of stuff, 246 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:45,040 Speaker 1: it would turn into a star. Wow, how much more stuff? 247 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:46,680 Speaker 1: I guess? I guess The question is what does it 248 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:48,960 Speaker 1: take to be a star? How much stuff do you need? 249 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:50,640 Speaker 1: And we can think about it in terms of like 250 00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 1: pounds or kilograms or squirrels, but those units are hard 251 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,319 Speaker 1: to grasp because the numbers are so big. Let's just 252 00:13:57,360 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: talk about in terms of stuff. So let's talk about 253 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,760 Speaker 1: in terms of units of like one sun. So the 254 00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:05,680 Speaker 1: minimum amount of stuff you need to reach any sort 255 00:14:05,679 --> 00:14:08,960 Speaker 1: of fusion is about one one of the mass of 256 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 1: the sun of our son, of our son. Yeah, we're 257 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:14,400 Speaker 1: using our suns as a unit. You could have something 258 00:14:14,559 --> 00:14:17,120 Speaker 1: one one of our sun and it could be a star. 259 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 1: That's right, And that's only like really special. That's the 260 00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:24,240 Speaker 1: absolute minimum. It gets you above the shelf for the lowest, weakest, 261 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,000 Speaker 1: lamest kind of fusion. And if you reach that threshold, 262 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,760 Speaker 1: you're called a brown dwarf. And it's a special kind 263 00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: of fusion. It's not just hydrogen fusion. It's deuterium fusion 264 00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: and deuterium, if you remember, is an isotope of hydrogen, 265 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: and the nucleus you have a proton and a neutron, 266 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: not just a proton, and that neutron is crucial because 267 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: it helps sort of bring those protons together and stick 268 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,440 Speaker 1: them together. I see, um, that sounds small, like one 269 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:52,880 Speaker 1: hundreds the size of the Sun. But that's it like 270 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:56,400 Speaker 1: what like ten earth? That's yes, something like ten thou earths. 271 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: It's a lot bigger than the Earth, and so it's 272 00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:01,120 Speaker 1: not that small, all right. I mean, it's small compared 273 00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: to our Sun, but it's a big object. And they're 274 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,640 Speaker 1: called brown dwarfs, but they're pretty badly named because they're 275 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,960 Speaker 1: not actually brown. They're not actually dwarves if they're ten 276 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:15,320 Speaker 1: thousand earths. Also, so two strikes there for the physics 277 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:18,760 Speaker 1: community in one name their dwarfs compared to the other stars. 278 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 1: But they don't look at all brown. They look magenta 279 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,600 Speaker 1: or like orange red. And that's just because the kind 280 00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:26,400 Speaker 1: of fusion that happens in the kind of light that 281 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,440 Speaker 1: they admit I see. But they're still sort of big 282 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:31,920 Speaker 1: balls of fiery stuff. They just they don't glows brightly 283 00:15:32,040 --> 00:15:34,640 Speaker 1: and they're kind of tinged in a certain color, and 284 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:37,360 Speaker 1: these things exist and they're not that rare in the universe. 285 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: Is one like six and a half light years away 286 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: from us. It's called Luman sixteen. And so they're not 287 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:46,440 Speaker 1: that easy to see because they're not that bright. But 288 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:49,200 Speaker 1: you know, theoretically we understand that they should exist and 289 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:51,400 Speaker 1: we see them out there, and so this is totally 290 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: a possibility. It's the minimum threshold to become a star. 291 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:57,560 Speaker 1: And then those are the smallest stars. So then what's 292 00:15:57,600 --> 00:15:59,680 Speaker 1: the next step up? Next step up is you know, 293 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,400 Speaker 1: really you might call the first kind of real star, 294 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: and this is a red dwarf, a brown dwarf. People argue, like, 295 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 1: you know, is it a big, hot burning planet. Is 296 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:10,520 Speaker 1: a star that's you know, it's kind of lame, but 297 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:13,960 Speaker 1: a red dwarf nobody argues about, Like, it's definitely a star. 298 00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:18,280 Speaker 1: It burns hydrogen. Like essentially, this is the minimum star 299 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:20,440 Speaker 1: you need if you just start from hydrogen. If you 300 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:22,960 Speaker 1: have one tenth the mass of the Sun and a 301 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:26,480 Speaker 1: huge ball of hydrogen gas, gravity will pull it together 302 00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:29,600 Speaker 1: and squeeze it hard enough for it to fuse fuse. 303 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: But in a brown star, there's no fusion. There is fusion, 304 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,000 Speaker 1: but it's deterior and fusion. It's not hydrogen fusion. A 305 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,240 Speaker 1: brown star is not hot enough to fuse hydrogen. You 306 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: need that extra neutron in the nucleus to make the 307 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:43,880 Speaker 1: fusion happen, and so the fusion doesn't release as much 308 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: energy either. There's sort of like a cooler, weaker lam 309 00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: or kind of fusion, but it's still fusion. It's just 310 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:52,080 Speaker 1: kind of an easier fusion. It's easier and it's not 311 00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 1: as dramatic. It doesn't produce as much energy. So that's 312 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:57,520 Speaker 1: why the brown dwarfs aren't so luminous. All right. So 313 00:16:57,680 --> 00:16:59,720 Speaker 1: then when you get to one tenth of the mass 314 00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: with the Sun, then you get the real cooking coin. 315 00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 1: That's right, that's a legit star. It's a red dwarf, 316 00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:08,160 Speaker 1: and you know there's one that's only six years away. 317 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:10,840 Speaker 1: It has a name that's all like letters and acronym, 318 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:13,600 Speaker 1: so it's totally unpronounceable. But the cool thing about it 319 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,879 Speaker 1: is that it's really dense, like it has one tenth 320 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: the mass of the Sun, but it's radius it's the 321 00:17:19,359 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 1: same as Saturn. Wow, So it's tiny, but it's it's compact. 322 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 1: It's a little dwarf. It's a little red dwarf. It's 323 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:33,919 Speaker 1: perfectly named and is it red? So there you go 324 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,640 Speaker 1: to check marks for the astronomy community terms. You're you're 325 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 1: up to zero then zero zero zero physicists, this is 326 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: zero public. But you know, something the size of a 327 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:48,800 Speaker 1: planet can definitely be a star. That's not an issue. 328 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:51,760 Speaker 1: It's not just about size, it's about mass. Remember, gravity 329 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:54,440 Speaker 1: will gather this stuff together and make it really dense 330 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:57,920 Speaker 1: for density. Yeah, all right, well it's clear that things 331 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:00,560 Speaker 1: about the size of planets can become stars. And so 332 00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,600 Speaker 1: now let's talk about Jupiter and whether Jupiter could or 333 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: could have become a star. But first let's take a 334 00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:22,679 Speaker 1: quick break. All right, Daniel, we're talking about making a 335 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,200 Speaker 1: star in our own backyard. So what do we need? 336 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:29,119 Speaker 1: A grill, some matches, a lot of flower which is 337 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 1: on short supply. Oh no, better order a crate of it. 338 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,200 Speaker 1: All right, So let's we're talking about whether Jupiter could 339 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,959 Speaker 1: be one day become a star, which is a crazy idea. 340 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: But you're telling me that it's all about the stuff. 341 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,439 Speaker 1: You have enough stuff and you're compressed enough, then almost 342 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:46,959 Speaker 1: anything can become a star. Yeah, And so let's talk 343 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:50,280 Speaker 1: about Jupiter. How how massive is Jupiter. Jupiter is about 344 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,840 Speaker 1: one tenth of one of the mass of the Sun, 345 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:57,840 Speaker 1: so one of the song Okay, so it's it's ten 346 00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:00,680 Speaker 1: times too small to be a brown Earth. Yeah, I 347 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:03,159 Speaker 1: remember the threshold is one hundred of the Sun for 348 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: a brown dwarf, one tenth of the Sun for a 349 00:19:05,840 --> 00:19:09,879 Speaker 1: red dwarf. And so Jupiter it's ten times too small 350 00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:12,400 Speaker 1: to be a brown dwarf and a hundred times too 351 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:14,560 Speaker 1: small to be a red dwarf. And it's made out 352 00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:17,720 Speaker 1: of roughly the right stuff. It's mostly hydrogen. It's just 353 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 1: not big enough icy and you need that stuff because 354 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,720 Speaker 1: I mean, while you like, the Earth could become a 355 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:26,600 Speaker 1: star if you compress it down enough, but there's nothing 356 00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: really compressing the Earth that much except for its gravity, 357 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: and so without that stuff to create the gravity, you 358 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:34,479 Speaker 1: can't turn into a star. Yeah, the Earth is like 359 00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:38,359 Speaker 1: one three hundred thousand's the size of the Sun, and 360 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,680 Speaker 1: so we're nowhere near massive enough to ever become a star. 361 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:44,840 Speaker 1: Jupiter is like it's in within shouting distance, you know, 362 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: like ten times too small to be a pathetic little 363 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:50,680 Speaker 1: brown dwarf is like it's you know, ten times. It's 364 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,120 Speaker 1: not a small thing to overcome, but it's still ten 365 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:55,960 Speaker 1: times too small. Like that doesn't seem likely to happen 366 00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:59,239 Speaker 1: anytime soon. No, And Jupiter is already really big, right, 367 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: So it sends the In order for Jupiter become a star, 368 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,680 Speaker 1: you have to multiply its mass by a factor of ten. 369 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:10,199 Speaker 1: That means like gather nine more jubiters somewhere somehow and 370 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: added to junior. Al Right, well, it doesn't sound very 371 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,440 Speaker 1: likely then that Jupiter is going to turn into star. 372 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:19,679 Speaker 1: Why was NASA worried about it years ago? You know, 373 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:22,200 Speaker 1: I think they just thought that crashing a probe into 374 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:24,760 Speaker 1: it could spark a reaction. You know, the process we're 375 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,159 Speaker 1: talking about, a sort of a natural gathering due to gravity. 376 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 1: You know, the Hindenburg went into flames without being the 377 00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:33,679 Speaker 1: mass of the Sun, and so people were just worried 378 00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:35,760 Speaker 1: that adding a spark to a ball of gas could 379 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: potentially ignite it. But I think that was a small 380 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:42,359 Speaker 1: community of paranoid voices inside NASA, and most people weren't 381 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:44,480 Speaker 1: too worried. But you know, if you know the story, 382 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:47,560 Speaker 1: we were worried about igniting the atmosphere when we tested 383 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,639 Speaker 1: the first atomic bomb in New Mexico. Really, yeah, that 384 00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:53,439 Speaker 1: was a possible concern. Yeah, before they tested it, they 385 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:57,280 Speaker 1: did the calculations and they couldn't rule out igniting the atmosphere. 386 00:20:57,359 --> 00:20:59,560 Speaker 1: But you know, they went ahead and tried it. Anyway, 387 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:03,840 Speaker 1: what's the worst that can happen? So it's not just 388 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:08,120 Speaker 1: particle physicists that are potentially ending the world. Okay, oh good, 389 00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:12,840 Speaker 1: it's other kinds of physicists, that's right, and even ending 390 00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: potentially other worlds. Yeah. So if you wanted to turn 391 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:21,120 Speaker 1: Jupiter into a star, you'd have to somehow gather these materials. Yeah, 392 00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:23,119 Speaker 1: let's talk about that. If you're an alien in the 393 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:25,919 Speaker 1: Arthursday Clark novel, how would you do it? Well, you know, 394 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:28,280 Speaker 1: where can you get these materials? Like, what is the 395 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:30,920 Speaker 1: source of raw materials you need to turn Jupiter into 396 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:33,920 Speaker 1: a star. There's really the biggest things in the Solar 397 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:36,399 Speaker 1: system are the Sun and Jupiter, and after that everything 398 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 1: else is a tiny detail. So the only place to 399 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:41,919 Speaker 1: get this up is from the Sun. So you have 400 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:45,359 Speaker 1: to basically steal from the Sun, siphon off a huge 401 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:49,440 Speaker 1: amount of matter, and you know, feed that into Jupiter somehow. Really, 402 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:52,760 Speaker 1: there's not enough gas floating around or asteroids floating around 403 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,400 Speaker 1: to kind of feed Jupiter. There's only a tiny little 404 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:57,440 Speaker 1: bit of gas and asteroids. Most of the stuff is 405 00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:00,399 Speaker 1: coalesced into the Sun and into Jupiter. And you know, 406 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 1: even Jupiter is like a tiny fracture. Remember it's one 407 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:05,719 Speaker 1: one thousands of the mass of the Sun. So if 408 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,359 Speaker 1: you like made a bar chart of all the stuff 409 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:10,639 Speaker 1: in this solar system, it would basically just be the 410 00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:13,800 Speaker 1: Sun and then you know, a few crumbs. So Jupiter 411 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:15,960 Speaker 1: is just like the biggest crumb, and after that there's 412 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:19,159 Speaker 1: basically nothing of note. Al Right, So you would need 413 00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 1: Jupiter to be ten times bigger, and so maybe let's 414 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,680 Speaker 1: talk about how that would look like, Like, let's say 415 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: we increase the massive Jupiter by two how would it 416 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,200 Speaker 1: look different. It wouldn't have enough energy to fuse, right, 417 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:32,800 Speaker 1: and so it just looks like a bigger Jupiter. It 418 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,400 Speaker 1: just you know, be bigger and fatter, and it would 419 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,200 Speaker 1: have just as many crazy storms, but really no fundamental change. 420 00:22:39,359 --> 00:22:42,119 Speaker 1: It might emit more radiation because it would have more 421 00:22:42,160 --> 00:22:45,399 Speaker 1: activity in the interior do the increased pressure, Like the 422 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:47,560 Speaker 1: surface would look sort of the same, would just be bigger. 423 00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:49,359 Speaker 1: It would just be bigger yeah, and the service would 424 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:52,480 Speaker 1: look sort of the same. But we don't really understand jupiters, 425 00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 1: like cloud patterns and what's going on there, the crazy vortices, 426 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: the red spot. That's the kind of thing we don't understand. 427 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:03,400 Speaker 1: And if we preet Jupiter's mass, then all the features 428 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,399 Speaker 1: that contribute to that craziness would be doubled, and so 429 00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: we'd probably get it, as you know, twice as many 430 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: bands and much more craziness, and maybe the red spot 431 00:23:11,119 --> 00:23:13,359 Speaker 1: would be even more insane. Right, But there are a 432 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:15,879 Speaker 1: lots of questions about these gas giants. Remember, Saturn has 433 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: a hexagon on his north pole that we don't understand either, Right. 434 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:21,960 Speaker 1: We did a whole podcast about that mystery. It would 435 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,600 Speaker 1: be a fascinating experiment to do to double the massive 436 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:27,040 Speaker 1: Jupiter and just see what happens, Like, hey, turn that 437 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:29,880 Speaker 1: knob and see how crazy these planets get. Yeah, let's 438 00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:33,280 Speaker 1: do it, Daniel, Okay, I'll write a proposal. What's the 439 00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:35,919 Speaker 1: worst that can happen? Well, what what would be happening 440 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:37,639 Speaker 1: on the inside, Like I know that the inside of 441 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 1: Jupiter there's like what is it frozen hydrogen or something? 442 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:46,159 Speaker 1: Metallic hydrogen? Metallic hydrogen yea oceans of liquid hydrogen is 443 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: all these layers of more and more compressed hydrogen, and 444 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: as you add more stuff to it than those layers 445 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,040 Speaker 1: get denser and denser, right until at the very core 446 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:57,640 Speaker 1: that's where the fusion would begin. When you get enough 447 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:00,560 Speaker 1: match you sort of like gradually approved and you get 448 00:24:00,560 --> 00:24:04,920 Speaker 1: these layers and layers of more intensely squeezed hydrogen. Okay, 449 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:07,440 Speaker 1: so then as I increased man, let's say I'm I'm 450 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: pouring more hydrogen into Jupiter. Now we're at like four 451 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: times the size of Jupiter right now or the mass? 452 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: Do things still change? Like, you know, does it suddenly 453 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: become more solid at the core or does it become 454 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:23,000 Speaker 1: like a this nebulous ball of gas or does it 455 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: Would it look the same just bigger. It would look 456 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:27,400 Speaker 1: the same, just bigger. I don't know that you would 457 00:24:27,440 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: see much different from the outside. Like again, we don't 458 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:32,600 Speaker 1: understand the patterns on the surface, so it's hard to 459 00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 1: predict what those would look like. But on the inside 460 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: you be getting new layers, you'd be getting the core 461 00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: would be denser. Right as you add more mass, you're 462 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,639 Speaker 1: creating new layers in the core that are denser and hotter, 463 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:47,160 Speaker 1: and eventually you're gonna make the one that's going to fuse. 464 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: I wonder if it would grow another eye. Wouldn't that 465 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:55,159 Speaker 1: be cool? Totally awesome. In fact, we wonder if that happened, 466 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,800 Speaker 1: if it was typical or unusual. So really, we should 467 00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:00,800 Speaker 1: replicate this project. We should make like d you know, 468 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,959 Speaker 1: double jupiters or ten quad jupiters, just to see if 469 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 1: it's a systematic or not. Wow. I mean, while we're 470 00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 1: scooping matter out of the sun and playing god, let's 471 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:13,640 Speaker 1: be systematic about it, all right. So now let's say 472 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:15,919 Speaker 1: I keep going and I'm now I've pumped up Jupiter 473 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:19,399 Speaker 1: up to one on the size of the mass of 474 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: the Sun, where it could become a brown dwarf. I 475 00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: guess would it just automatically turn into a brown dwarf 476 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:27,320 Speaker 1: or does it need like some kind of event to 477 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: trigger it, or does it happen slowly? Jupiter wouldn't actually 478 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:32,280 Speaker 1: turn into a brown dwarf if you've got it to 479 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,440 Speaker 1: one mass of the Sun, because that's a special kind 480 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,600 Speaker 1: of process. It needs deuterium. And if we're just adding hydrogen, 481 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:41,760 Speaker 1: remember which just protons and electrons that needs to get 482 00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:44,680 Speaker 1: to one tenth the mass of the Sun. Deuterium is 483 00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:47,639 Speaker 1: a special thing, and you need a proton and a 484 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:51,679 Speaker 1: neutron and the electron around it, and the neutron helps 485 00:25:51,720 --> 00:25:54,359 Speaker 1: that fusion happen. You might think like, well, that's weird. 486 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,800 Speaker 1: How's a neutron help fusion happen. It's neutral anyway, right, 487 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:01,600 Speaker 1: Remember neutrons and these ound objects of quarks that have 488 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:04,720 Speaker 1: the strong force. The neutron is what helps hold things together, 489 00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:08,600 Speaker 1: like in heavier elements. The neutron is the reason why 490 00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:11,520 Speaker 1: the element is stable. It keeps the protons separated, and 491 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: the little residual strong force from the quarks helps tie 492 00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: everything together. So the neutrons are like the little helper 493 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:22,120 Speaker 1: assistant particles making the fusion happen. The Brown Doors used 494 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:26,120 Speaker 1: this special channel only available when you have deterior So 495 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:29,919 Speaker 1: Jupiter isn't mostly deterium, it's mostly hydrogen. Oh man, alright, 496 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:32,920 Speaker 1: So I did all this work. I inflated Jupiter to 497 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:38,080 Speaker 1: ten times in size, and apparently nothing happens. Yeah, exactly. 498 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:40,879 Speaker 1: So let's let's keep going. Let's keep pressing the accelerator 499 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,040 Speaker 1: and see what happens to juventer. But first, let's take 500 00:26:44,040 --> 00:27:00,639 Speaker 1: a quick break, all right, Daniel. If I pop Jupiter 501 00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,679 Speaker 1: to one one hundreds the size of the Sun or 502 00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:05,720 Speaker 1: the mass of the Sun, nothing would happen. I would 503 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:07,800 Speaker 1: need to take it to one tenth of the mass 504 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,040 Speaker 1: of the Sun in order for Jupiter to be a star. 505 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,159 Speaker 1: That's right, Make a blob of gas that's one tenth 506 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,760 Speaker 1: the mass the Sun. Then gravity will coalesce it and 507 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:19,159 Speaker 1: it will start to fuse, and it will start to glow, 508 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:21,200 Speaker 1: and it will be a new star and you can 509 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:25,840 Speaker 1: name it whatever you like. Well, now I feel all 510 00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: this pressure to come up with a grid name. But 511 00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,399 Speaker 1: basically you need a hundred jupiters. You need Juiver to 512 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,960 Speaker 1: be a hundred times bigger or more massive in order 513 00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: for it to ever become a star. And even then 514 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:38,879 Speaker 1: it would be a red dwarf, which is not like 515 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:41,320 Speaker 1: the shiniest, prettiest kind of star. That's right. It would 516 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:43,920 Speaker 1: be much smaller than our star and not as bright. 517 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:46,880 Speaker 1: And would it ignite right away? Or is this like 518 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:49,520 Speaker 1: like a slow burn where it slowly turns into a 519 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:51,840 Speaker 1: red torch. Well, it depends on how dense it is 520 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:53,480 Speaker 1: when you start, Like if you just start from a 521 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:57,000 Speaker 1: big diffused cloud of gas the way our solar system started. 522 00:27:57,240 --> 00:27:59,160 Speaker 1: Then it's going to take a long time for gravity 523 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,520 Speaker 1: to pull that together. There. If you start from a 524 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:04,800 Speaker 1: place where it's already pretty dense, like about it Densis Jupiter, 525 00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:07,400 Speaker 1: then it's not going to take gravity that long because 526 00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:10,639 Speaker 1: everything is already pretty close together. But it'll start to 527 00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:13,280 Speaker 1: burn from the inside, right, and then that we'll have 528 00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:15,159 Speaker 1: to heat the next layers and the next layers and 529 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:17,159 Speaker 1: the next layers, and so this isn't the kind of 530 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:19,680 Speaker 1: thing that's going to happen, you know, in five seconds. 531 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:21,560 Speaker 1: But it's also not going to take a billion years. 532 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:23,720 Speaker 1: Oh I see. It's gonna start at the inside, and 533 00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: then it's the heat the explosion of that. It's going 534 00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,360 Speaker 1: to gradually make it to the surface, and then that's 535 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:34,000 Speaker 1: when you'll see its glow exactly. And it's just like 536 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: any other kind of fire, you know, the energy put 537 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,520 Speaker 1: out by it sustains it, keeps that temperature hot, keeps 538 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:44,640 Speaker 1: those fusion processes going. All right, Well, it sounds like 539 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,800 Speaker 1: we're not likely to get a hundred jupiters all in 540 00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:51,080 Speaker 1: the same spot suddenly, although it's kind of cool to 541 00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:53,840 Speaker 1: think about, and so maybe um step aster, what is 542 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,840 Speaker 1: the future of Jupiter. What's going to happen to it. 543 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:59,280 Speaker 1: It's not going to become a star, but what is 544 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:01,160 Speaker 1: it going to become? Yeah, and you know, even if 545 00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:03,520 Speaker 1: Jupiter did become a star, like if it turned on, 546 00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: I just want to mention that it's not going to 547 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:08,480 Speaker 1: be as bright as our sun. And it's much further 548 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:11,280 Speaker 1: from us, right, Jupiter is much further from us than 549 00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 1: the Sun is. So even if it became a star, 550 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:17,200 Speaker 1: it wouldn't be nearly as bright in our sky as 551 00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:19,040 Speaker 1: the Sun. It wouldn't even be as bright in the 552 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:22,120 Speaker 1: sky as the moon is. Actually, one of our sharp 553 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: listeners did this calculation, Dmitri Rudoi, found that a red 554 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 1: dwarf would be a bit brighter than the moon in 555 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:31,360 Speaker 1: our sky. Thanks for keeping us honest, Dmitri. So it 556 00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,120 Speaker 1: would just be like a fairly bright star in the sky. 557 00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:39,040 Speaker 1: Oh really, even as is without inflating in Jupiter. If 558 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,400 Speaker 1: suddenly Jupiter ignited became a star, which we said, well, 559 00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:45,280 Speaker 1: it couldn't happen. But even if you turn Jupiter into 560 00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:47,800 Speaker 1: a red dwarf, if you made it a hundred times 561 00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:50,600 Speaker 1: as big and it ignited and it was a red dwarf, 562 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:53,120 Speaker 1: it wouldn't be as bright as our Sun, and it's 563 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,040 Speaker 1: much further away from us, so it would appear dimmer 564 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:58,440 Speaker 1: in our sky, So it wouldn't be very bright. Oh, 565 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:02,040 Speaker 1: the distance from us to the Sun is much closer 566 00:30:02,080 --> 00:30:06,479 Speaker 1: than us to Jupiter. Yeah. Wow, Jupiter six times as 567 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:09,440 Speaker 1: far away from the Sun as we are, which means 568 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: that at its closest approach, it's like four times as 569 00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: far away from Earth as the Sun is. And so 570 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:18,960 Speaker 1: that makes it one is bright if it was the 571 00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:21,520 Speaker 1: same brightness as the Sun, but it's going to be, 572 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:25,000 Speaker 1: you know, much smaller than the Sun at the minimum threshold, 573 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:27,840 Speaker 1: and so maybe just not that bright in the sky 574 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 1: compared to the Sun or even the Moon. So pretty 575 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:34,600 Speaker 1: much nothing would change if Jupiter suddenly became a star. Yeah, 576 00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:36,280 Speaker 1: it wouldn't really change at all. I mean, it wouldn't 577 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:39,000 Speaker 1: be as bright as elon Musk's star link satellites. Even 578 00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:43,280 Speaker 1: we wouldn't get that dramatic too, suns floating in the sky. 579 00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:47,240 Speaker 1: Look Skywalker looking out into the sundown of two stars. 580 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:49,760 Speaker 1: It would just be like a bright star in the sky. Yeah, 581 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:51,520 Speaker 1: And so for that to happen to have like two 582 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,360 Speaker 1: effective suns in your sky. You really need a second 583 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,320 Speaker 1: star that's as big, as bright and as close. That's 584 00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:02,320 Speaker 1: really critical, and that that would probably be kind of 585 00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: a mess, wouldn't it, Like if you had would be 586 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,959 Speaker 1: acute these sons that close together to each other and 587 00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:11,000 Speaker 1: to you, It wouldn't be a happy, happy solar system. Yeah. 588 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,760 Speaker 1: And if you somehow created that son and then inserted 589 00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:16,520 Speaker 1: in there our existing solar system, there's no way that 590 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:18,760 Speaker 1: any of our orbits would be stable, right, would like 591 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,960 Speaker 1: completely gravitationally perturbed all the orbits. Like say, for example, 592 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:26,720 Speaker 1: a huge sun came and ate Jupiter, like some sun 593 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:29,720 Speaker 1: from another solar system happened to intersect our solar system 594 00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:31,480 Speaker 1: and just gobbled up Jupiter, and then we call that 595 00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: the new Jupiter for some reason, that would totally destroy 596 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:36,600 Speaker 1: our solar system, Like Earth would get flung out into 597 00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:39,560 Speaker 1: interstellar space. There's almost no chance that all the planets 598 00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:42,840 Speaker 1: would then like suddenly fall into a new stable set 599 00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:46,360 Speaker 1: of orbits around this pair of suns. Like that's very 600 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:51,400 Speaker 1: totally disrupt our our orbits and probably tosses out into space. Yeah, yeah, 601 00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:53,280 Speaker 1: we'd become a rogue planet. We'd end up with no 602 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:57,200 Speaker 1: stars all right. Well, so then what is more likely 603 00:31:57,240 --> 00:32:00,640 Speaker 1: to happen to Jupiter. What is Jupiter's most like feature? 604 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:03,600 Speaker 1: Jupiter future is actually not that exciting. I mean, planets 605 00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:07,280 Speaker 1: are pretty stable. They're just hunks of stuff that are 606 00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:09,560 Speaker 1: mostly inert. I mean the stuff going on in the 607 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,160 Speaker 1: center of the Earth, but it's not burning itself, it's 608 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 1: not consuming itself. So like stars have a lifespan because 609 00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: they're burning their fuel and eventually they can't manage that 610 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 1: anymore and they collapse. Right The fire from that fusion 611 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:25,880 Speaker 1: is sustaining them. But we're not really burning anything here 612 00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:28,720 Speaker 1: on Earth, and Jupiter isn't burning anything. It's just a 613 00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:30,840 Speaker 1: lump of stuff in space. And they can do that 614 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,880 Speaker 1: basically forever. Lump of gas. Yeah, Like if you just 615 00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:35,480 Speaker 1: have a blob of gas, it can just be a 616 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,520 Speaker 1: blob of gas forever. Yeah, exactly. And you know, the 617 00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:41,160 Speaker 1: Earth has an uncertain future because we're so close to 618 00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,400 Speaker 1: the Sun that when the Sun evolves and becomes a 619 00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: red giant, it's going to become much much larger. In 620 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:49,480 Speaker 1: the end stages of its life, it's going to grow 621 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,320 Speaker 1: and eventually the Earth will be inside the Sun. Like 622 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:55,760 Speaker 1: the Sun will grow so large that where we are 623 00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:59,440 Speaker 1: currently will be inside the radius of the Sun, but 624 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:03,360 Speaker 1: for jim But Jupiter it's much further away. It's got 625 00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,760 Speaker 1: a good spot, so they're not going to be consumed 626 00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:09,360 Speaker 1: by the Sun or maybe even affected by it. Yeah, 627 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: when the Sun goes red giant and absorbs the Earth, 628 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,760 Speaker 1: Jupiter will be fine out there. I mean the radiation 629 00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:17,800 Speaker 1: from the Sun will increase, the heat from the Sun 630 00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:20,440 Speaker 1: will increase, and so that will increase the amount of 631 00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: solar radiation that lands on Jupiter. So it might get 632 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:26,640 Speaker 1: like more violent storms on its surface, it might affect 633 00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:29,000 Speaker 1: that red spot, might heat it up a little bit, 634 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:31,080 Speaker 1: but it's not going to be a big change for Jupiter. 635 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,200 Speaker 1: So Jupiter is in a pretty good spot. It's happy 636 00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:35,840 Speaker 1: to sit there forever and not really do anything. It 637 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:37,479 Speaker 1: sounds like we're going to have to move to Jupiter 638 00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:42,400 Speaker 1: in a few billion years. I wouldn't recommend it. Jupiter 639 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:44,640 Speaker 1: is not that great a place to land, as the 640 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 1: Galileo probe discovered. But maybe one of the moons of Jupiter, right, 641 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,200 Speaker 1: they're saying we could potentially live in one of them. 642 00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:54,600 Speaker 1: There's water maybe in some of them. Yeah, there's lots 643 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,320 Speaker 1: of moons of Jupiter. That we think might already have life. 644 00:33:57,360 --> 00:34:00,720 Speaker 1: We did some fun podcast episodes about what's happening in 645 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:04,719 Speaker 1: the potential underground oceans on some of those frozen moons. 646 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: Some of them have like a thick layer of ice 647 00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:10,200 Speaker 1: with water underneath, and so that could be a nice 648 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:12,600 Speaker 1: place to live. Absolutely. Yeah, there's a big ball of 649 00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:14,680 Speaker 1: ice and water out there just waiting for us. Yeah, 650 00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,120 Speaker 1: assuming the aliens don't come and turn Jupiter into a star. 651 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,759 Speaker 1: But but they can't. They would have to grow it 652 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,480 Speaker 1: by a hundred. They would have to grow by a hundred, Yeah, exactly, 653 00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,839 Speaker 1: So they have to steal all that mass from our Sun. 654 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:27,239 Speaker 1: So I don't know what the aliens were thinking in 655 00:34:27,239 --> 00:34:30,840 Speaker 1: two thousand ten. Well, I wonder if the future Jupiter 656 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:34,879 Speaker 1: juve and astronomers are then gonna be laughing at our astronomers, 657 00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:38,200 Speaker 1: just like we were just laughing at the dinosaur astronomers saying, man, 658 00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:41,560 Speaker 1: that should have seen the sun, should have known that 659 00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 1: the Sun was going to turn the red giant and 660 00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:45,600 Speaker 1: gone it out of the way. Yeah, well that's gonna 661 00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 1: be in like a billion years, and so I hope 662 00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:50,040 Speaker 1: that we're still doing astronomy in a billion years, and 663 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:52,040 Speaker 1: then we have those kind of things to think about 664 00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: and to worry about. But I also hope that in 665 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,600 Speaker 1: a billion years, we've gotten off the planet and we 666 00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:02,279 Speaker 1: have our Jovian Moon calling ease and astronomy happening in 667 00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:04,840 Speaker 1: the outer reaches the Solar system, and maybe even developed 668 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:07,759 Speaker 1: warp drive to go do other solar systems. Yeah, I 669 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:09,359 Speaker 1: guess that's what you could do it you can build 670 00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:12,319 Speaker 1: a wormhole that connects Jupiter in the Sun to sort 671 00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:17,799 Speaker 1: of shunt material from the Sun directly into Jupiter. Oh no, now, 672 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:21,600 Speaker 1: now we sparked imagination of a physicist. What's the worst 673 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:23,680 Speaker 1: that can happen if we create a wormhole like a 674 00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,200 Speaker 1: nice Jupiter and the Sun? Yeah, exactly. Well, Fortunately I 675 00:35:27,239 --> 00:35:29,399 Speaker 1: don't know any engineers willing to actually build this thing 676 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:33,600 Speaker 1: for me, so I'm free to speculate wildly. Oh good, Yeah, well, 677 00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: we'll all make a pack. All of us engineers will 678 00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: make a pack. Not to help any physicists do any 679 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,080 Speaker 1: kind of crazy stuff. Don't answer emails from Daniel, even 680 00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:44,239 Speaker 1: if it seems like a good idea, yeah, even if 681 00:35:44,239 --> 00:35:49,960 Speaker 1: he has money. Don't did reply? All right, Well, it 682 00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:51,879 Speaker 1: sounds like a lot of the people who maybe we're 683 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:53,919 Speaker 1: worried that Jupiter was going to turn into a star. 684 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:57,160 Speaker 1: Can rest easy because it doesn't sound like Jupiter is 685 00:35:57,239 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 1: going to be a star anytime soon, or and even 686 00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:04,439 Speaker 1: become a star anytime soon. Or maybe that's right. Even 687 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:08,200 Speaker 1: though Jupiter totally dwarfs us, it's really small compared to 688 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,800 Speaker 1: the thresholds necessary to become even the dimmest, lamest kind 689 00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: of star. And it's much much smaller than those cosmic 690 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:18,799 Speaker 1: giants that are out there fusing and illuminating the cosmos. 691 00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,279 Speaker 1: And so while there is a lot of drama out 692 00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:24,279 Speaker 1: there in the universe, stars collapsing and forming and all 693 00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:27,160 Speaker 1: sorts of crazy things happening, it seems like Jupiter it's 694 00:36:27,239 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: pretty solid. So rest easy and relaxed because Jupiter is 695 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:34,319 Speaker 1: just gonna keep on floating out there, keeping its big 696 00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:37,360 Speaker 1: red eye on. That's right, and we recommend you invest 697 00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:41,239 Speaker 1: in Jovian moon real estate. Can you is that? Listen 698 00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,000 Speaker 1: on redfin Send me a check and I will send 699 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:48,840 Speaker 1: you a title to your new property. It sounds like 700 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:52,359 Speaker 1: you could get arrested for that, Daniel, But all right, well, 701 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,560 Speaker 1: we hope you enjoyed Dad. Thanks for joining us, and 702 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:56,680 Speaker 1: thanks for sending in your Questions. If you like a 703 00:36:56,800 --> 00:36:59,400 Speaker 1: question answered on the podcast, please send it to us 704 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,160 Speaker 1: to question at Daniel and Jorge dot com. See you 705 00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:12,640 Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and 706 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:16,000 Speaker 1: Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. 707 00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,000 Speaker 1: For more podcast For my heart Radio, visit the I 708 00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,840 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 709 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:23,880 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.