1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot Com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,400
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:59,000 --> 00:00:59,160
Speaker 2: Hi.

20
00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:02,920
Speaker 3: I'm David Ego from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

21
00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:05,760
Speaker 3: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean

22
00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:09,520
Speaker 3: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

23
00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:12,880
Speaker 3: three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly to

24
00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:16,679
Speaker 3: explore the relationship between your brain and your life, because

25
00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,399
Speaker 3: the more we know about what's running under the hood,

26
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,679
Speaker 3: be or we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner

27
00:01:22,720 --> 00:01:26,480
Speaker 3: Cosmos with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,

28
00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:28,280
Speaker 3: or wherever you get your podcasts.

29
00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:32,240
Speaker 4: Parents looking for a screen free, fun and engaging way

30
00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:34,319
Speaker 4: to teach your kids the Bible. As a mom, I

31
00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:37,479
Speaker 4: was looking for the same thing, so I created Kids

32
00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,880
Speaker 4: Bible Stories podcast. Thousands of families are raving about it,

33
00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:45,360
Speaker 4: and kids actually request to listen. With captivating sound effects, voices,

34
00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:48,360
Speaker 4: and an apply section at the end of spark meaningful conversations,

35
00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,560
Speaker 4: it's a hit with both kids and parents. Listen to

36
00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:55,200
Speaker 4: Kids Bible Stoice podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts,

37
00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:56,960
Speaker 4: or wherever you get your podcasts.

38
00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,840
Speaker 1: Hey, okay, I'm confused about something in the Star Wars universe.

39
00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:13,520
Speaker 2: Well, I've seen those movies, which means I have a

40
00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:15,840
Speaker 2: PhD in them. That's how they give out PhDs.

41
00:02:15,880 --> 00:02:18,440
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, it's Star Wars University. I think that's the only.

42
00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:20,760
Speaker 2: Requirement Swu go wookies.

43
00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,080
Speaker 1: So my confusion is the Star Wars universe has humans

44
00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:26,520
Speaker 1: in it, right, like people.

45
00:02:26,440 --> 00:02:29,200
Speaker 2: Ah, well that's never clear. You know, they look like humans,

46
00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:34,480
Speaker 2: but technically they're all aliens, right, they're ets extraterrestrial.

47
00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:37,960
Speaker 1: Well, they're definitely biological humans. But they also have like

48
00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:41,760
Speaker 1: super advanced technology, right, like far future stuff.

49
00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, they have warp drives and spaceships and lightsabers.

50
00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:48,040
Speaker 1: But it also says that it takes place a long,

51
00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,880
Speaker 1: long time ago, So like, is it the past or

52
00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,600
Speaker 1: is it the future with fancy technology?

53
00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:57,680
Speaker 2: Yeah? Yeah, I know. That's the beauty of Georgie Lucas's

54
00:02:57,800 --> 00:03:00,240
Speaker 2: opening line. A long time ago in a galaxy far

55
00:03:00,320 --> 00:03:02,440
Speaker 2: far away. This is something that happened a long time ago,

56
00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:05,680
Speaker 2: that's happening right now, or it's going to happen in

57
00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:06,120
Speaker 2: the future.

58
00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:08,520
Speaker 1: Maybe in the future I'll finally understand it.

59
00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:10,720
Speaker 2: Maybe you just need to rewatch the movies a few times.

60
00:03:10,919 --> 00:03:13,079
Speaker 1: Maybe it's time I get a second PhD.

61
00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:30,640
Speaker 2: Am Jorhem a cartoonist and the co author of Frequently

62
00:03:30,639 --> 00:03:32,280
Speaker 2: Asked Questions about the Universe.

63
00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:35,280
Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel I'm a particle physicist and a professor

64
00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:38,280
Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I'm not prepared to defend the

65
00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:39,680
Speaker 1: physics of Star Wars.

66
00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:41,640
Speaker 2: There's physics in Star Wars.

67
00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,280
Speaker 1: That's the problem. There isn't that much, so we can't

68
00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:44,880
Speaker 1: defend it.

69
00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:48,040
Speaker 2: Well. I think from the beginning they say it's a fantasy.

70
00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:51,000
Speaker 2: They never claim it's science. I think that's how George

71
00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:54,160
Speaker 2: Lucas conceived it. He always thought of it as a fantasy.

72
00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:57,840
Speaker 2: It's like fantasy plus Westerns in space. Yeah, anything's better

73
00:03:57,920 --> 00:03:59,360
Speaker 2: in space, right except breathing.

74
00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:02,440
Speaker 1: I guess. I don't know. Is dessert better in space necessarily?

75
00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:05,240
Speaker 2: If it's ice cream, sure that's going to stay nice

76
00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:06,080
Speaker 2: and cold, isn't it.

77
00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:08,600
Speaker 1: I've had astronaut ice cream. It doesn't compare.

78
00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:11,800
Speaker 2: Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

79
00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:14,200
Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio.

80
00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:15,800
Speaker 1: In which we think that the mysteries out in space

81
00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,880
Speaker 1: are actually quite delicious. We take a deep sip of

82
00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:22,400
Speaker 1: all of the questions we have about the nature of

83
00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:25,080
Speaker 1: the universe, the way things work, the way things are,

84
00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:27,760
Speaker 1: the way they come together to make this universe that

85
00:04:27,839 --> 00:04:33,599
Speaker 1: we can somehow amazingly inexplicably analyze and understand. With our

86
00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,600
Speaker 1: tiny little brains, we can cast our simple mathematical stories

87
00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:40,400
Speaker 1: over them and try to get some understanding for why

88
00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:42,480
Speaker 1: things happen and how things happen.

89
00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:45,120
Speaker 2: That's right. It's an amazing universe, and we like to

90
00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:49,000
Speaker 2: use the Force here in this podcast to understand things

91
00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:52,240
Speaker 2: like forces in the universe and particles and stars and

92
00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:54,919
Speaker 2: galaxies and black holes, because one day we might be

93
00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:57,400
Speaker 2: able to get really up close to these kinds of things.

94
00:04:57,640 --> 00:04:59,599
Speaker 1: We use the force. Really, are you using the Jedi

95
00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:00,920
Speaker 1: mind sh on me right now?

96
00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:04,280
Speaker 2: I'm using the electromagnetic force, That's what we're transmitting on.

97
00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:07,280
Speaker 1: That's true, we are using forces. But I thought there

98
00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:09,960
Speaker 1: was a big difference between forces and the Force. I mean,

99
00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:12,680
Speaker 1: in the Star Wars universe, they have the normal forces, right,

100
00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:14,279
Speaker 1: they also have the Force.

101
00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,600
Speaker 2: M Well, we've always talked in this podcast how there

102
00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:20,800
Speaker 2: might be one unifying force to the universe, right, so

103
00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:25,320
Speaker 2: maybe there is the force, So we also discuss midichlorians

104
00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,080
Speaker 2: or it's that far too controversial even for us.

105
00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,240
Speaker 1: See that's an attempt to describe the force in terms

106
00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:34,120
Speaker 1: of a scientific explanation. Maybe that's why it wasn't so popular.

107
00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:38,120
Speaker 2: You mean, the Star Wars movies weren't popular the prequels.

108
00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:38,320
Speaker 1: Man.

109
00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:40,960
Speaker 2: Mmmm, yes, there's a lot of controversy there.

110
00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:42,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, they only made three kajillion dollars.

111
00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:45,520
Speaker 2: Yeah, but it is an awesome universe, full of galaxies

112
00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:47,880
Speaker 2: that are far far away and lots of events that

113
00:05:47,960 --> 00:05:50,600
Speaker 2: happened a long, long time ago. Because the universe has

114
00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:53,080
Speaker 2: been around for a pretty long time, and hopefully it

115
00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:56,640
Speaker 2: will be around for quite a while longer maybe.

116
00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:59,520
Speaker 1: But because it is a physical universe, it is at

117
00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:02,920
Speaker 1: the mercy of forces. We think that forces in this

118
00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:06,839
Speaker 1: universe control the shape of everything we experience, from the

119
00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:08,800
Speaker 1: reason that you don't fall through your chair to the

120
00:06:08,839 --> 00:06:10,960
Speaker 1: reason you are held onto the Earth and the Earth

121
00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:13,840
Speaker 1: orbits around the Sun. The very structure of the galaxy

122
00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:17,120
Speaker 1: and the large scale structure of the universe are determined

123
00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:17,800
Speaker 1: by forces.

124
00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,000
Speaker 2: Wait wait, wait, are you saying gravity is a force?

125
00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:24,880
Speaker 2: Gravity is a fictitious force. Yes, absolutely, it's a Star

126
00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:26,479
Speaker 2: Wars force exactly.

127
00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:28,279
Speaker 1: It's the Star Wars of forces.

128
00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:30,280
Speaker 2: I always wonder how they can stand up in those

129
00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:32,000
Speaker 2: spaceships when they're out in space fiction.

130
00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:34,120
Speaker 1: That's how they can do it. But in our universe,

131
00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:37,360
Speaker 1: forces do determine the large scale structure of everything if

132
00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:39,880
Speaker 1: you include gravity on that list, and they control how

133
00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:42,440
Speaker 1: the universe in the past has turned into the universe

134
00:06:42,480 --> 00:06:46,280
Speaker 1: we see today, and also they will determine the universe's future.

135
00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:50,600
Speaker 2: That's right, because as still and ever lasting as the

136
00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,440
Speaker 2: universe may seem, it's actually changing. It has been changing,

137
00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:57,440
Speaker 2: and it will keep on changing. It used to be

138
00:06:57,480 --> 00:07:00,600
Speaker 2: super super diverse small, or at least super super dens

139
00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,520
Speaker 2: and now it's much bigger, and it might keep changing

140
00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:04,040
Speaker 2: in the future.

141
00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:06,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, it can be difficult to sort of think on

142
00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:09,400
Speaker 1: the timescale of the universe. You're used to looking up

143
00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:11,640
Speaker 1: in the night sky and seeing it always be the same.

144
00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,560
Speaker 1: The stars are not disappearing, they're not changing, they're not dancing.

145
00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:17,480
Speaker 1: But we have learned in many situations that the universe

146
00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:20,880
Speaker 1: or even just the Earth changes on time scales that

147
00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:23,720
Speaker 1: are well beyond what humans are used to thinking about.

148
00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:26,720
Speaker 1: Millions of years ago, the Earth looked quite different. Billions

149
00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:29,920
Speaker 1: of years ago, the Earth didn't even exist, And so

150
00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,240
Speaker 1: the universe itself is rapidly changing. And we don't know

151
00:07:33,560 --> 00:07:36,000
Speaker 1: if we are a significant fraction of the way through

152
00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:38,200
Speaker 1: the history of the universe or if this is just

153
00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:41,360
Speaker 1: the first brief flash of a universe that will last

154
00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:45,040
Speaker 1: for trillions or quadrillions or quintillions of years.

155
00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:47,320
Speaker 2: Are you asking if the universe is peaked already?

156
00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:51,440
Speaker 1: Exactly is it time to buy or sell shares in

157
00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:52,000
Speaker 1: the universe?

158
00:07:52,280 --> 00:07:52,440
Speaker 5: Well?

159
00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:54,600
Speaker 2: I think you buy shares of the universe, you just

160
00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:58,360
Speaker 2: won't be alive, probably by the time someone catches.

161
00:07:58,080 --> 00:08:00,720
Speaker 1: In the universe. Who exactly can you see ellier shares

162
00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:03,320
Speaker 1: the universe too? I suppose is there a market out there,

163
00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:04,840
Speaker 1: the multiverse stock market?

164
00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,440
Speaker 2: Mean? You just enjoy the dividends. Life is pretty good, right, Life.

165
00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:10,520
Speaker 1: Is pretty good. In fact, I enjoy the universe. But

166
00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:13,920
Speaker 1: I wonder how long this situation will last? How long

167
00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:16,520
Speaker 1: will we be able to sit on a nice cozy

168
00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,120
Speaker 1: rock toasting our toes by the fire of a distant sun.

169
00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,080
Speaker 1: Is this something which will last for billions or trillions

170
00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:24,600
Speaker 1: of years in our universe? Or is it a brief

171
00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:27,320
Speaker 1: moment of respite on this resort we call Earth.

172
00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,240
Speaker 2: Yeah, because the universe has been changing and it will

173
00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:33,160
Speaker 2: keep on changing probably, And so we can ask what

174
00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:35,920
Speaker 2: does the future hold? Can we predict what's going to

175
00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:38,880
Speaker 2: happen to the universe? Can we measure it? And how

176
00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:40,480
Speaker 2: do we know that's what it's going to do?

177
00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:42,719
Speaker 1: Are we better able to predict the future of the

178
00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:45,320
Speaker 1: universe than we are able to predict the future of

179
00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:46,720
Speaker 1: the stock market, for example?

180
00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:48,760
Speaker 2: And so today on the podcast, we'll be asking the

181
00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:57,600
Speaker 2: question what is the Big Rip? Does this related to

182
00:08:57,640 --> 00:09:00,440
Speaker 2: anyone's pants? Daniel, It's what happens if you eat too

183
00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:02,720
Speaker 2: much astronaut ice cream or you sit down to watch

184
00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:04,960
Speaker 2: the Star Wars movies one too many times.

185
00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:08,920
Speaker 1: No, it's a fun speculative idea about the potential future

186
00:09:09,120 --> 00:09:12,599
Speaker 1: of the universe. Because we are still developing our understanding

187
00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:14,640
Speaker 1: of how the universe works and what all the forces

188
00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:18,080
Speaker 1: at play are, and there are enormous gaps remaining in

189
00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:21,840
Speaker 1: that understanding. There's a large set of possible futures for

190
00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,480
Speaker 1: the universe, and the Big Rip is one of the

191
00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:25,480
Speaker 1: craziest ones.

192
00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:27,880
Speaker 2: Yeah. I think we've talked a little bit in this

193
00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:30,640
Speaker 2: podcast about the end of the universe. Right. We had

194
00:09:30,880 --> 00:09:33,480
Speaker 2: Katie mag here talk about her book The End of Everything,

195
00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:35,360
Speaker 2: and she kind of walked us through a couple of

196
00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:37,160
Speaker 2: the possible scenarios for the universe.

197
00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:38,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, that was a lot of fun and it's a

198
00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:40,800
Speaker 1: great book. Folks should check out if you're interested in

199
00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:44,080
Speaker 1: cosmology in reading about depressing ways we can all die.

200
00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:46,480
Speaker 1: And we also talked in great depth on the podcast

201
00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:48,880
Speaker 1: about some of the forces that are at play there

202
00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:51,400
Speaker 1: and what we understand about them and what we don't

203
00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:55,120
Speaker 1: understand about how they are still shaping our universe today.

204
00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:57,920
Speaker 2: Now this is called the big Rip. Now our physics

205
00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:00,920
Speaker 2: is gonna change the name a little bit it later on, though,

206
00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:05,320
Speaker 2: the bigger rip or the even larger, the even bigger rip.

207
00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,840
Speaker 1: I'm looking forward to the super rip because then the

208
00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:09,240
Speaker 1: rs blend together.

209
00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:11,520
Speaker 2: The cosmic rip. Wouldn't the cosmic rip be a better name.

210
00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:13,040
Speaker 1: For it, yeah, or the cosmic rift.

211
00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:15,080
Speaker 2: Well, we do have a lot of ideas about how

212
00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,000
Speaker 2: the universe might evolve and what might happen to it

213
00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:20,400
Speaker 2: trillions of years into the future or maybe billions of

214
00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:22,720
Speaker 2: years into the future, and this is one of those ideas,

215
00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:24,800
Speaker 2: and it's pretty interesting. It's one of maybe what like

216
00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:27,440
Speaker 2: three or four possible things that might happen to the universe.

217
00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,079
Speaker 1: I think it's actually an infinite spectrum of possible outcomes

218
00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:31,520
Speaker 1: to the universe. So, yeah, this is one of.

219
00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:34,079
Speaker 2: Those right right, that's right. There could be a big rip,

220
00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:37,040
Speaker 2: a bigger rip, small rib, a medium size rip, a

221
00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:38,280
Speaker 2: pocket size rip, and.

222
00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:40,240
Speaker 1: Then of course there's all the ideas we just can't

223
00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,439
Speaker 1: anticipate because we are just so clueless about how the

224
00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:47,480
Speaker 1: universe works. We've only understood recently pretty basic stuff about

225
00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,240
Speaker 1: things that are controlling the evolution of the universe. So

226
00:10:50,280 --> 00:10:53,839
Speaker 1: we should definitely avoid being too confident by even categorizing

227
00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:55,400
Speaker 1: the amount of our understanding.

228
00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:57,160
Speaker 2: All right, so today we're going to focus in one

229
00:10:57,200 --> 00:10:59,560
Speaker 2: possible thing that might happen to the universe, and so

230
00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:01,680
Speaker 2: it's usually over. Were wondering how many people had thought

231
00:11:01,679 --> 00:11:03,719
Speaker 2: about the big rip or what it could be.

232
00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:06,760
Speaker 1: So thanks very much to everybody who answers these questions

233
00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,079
Speaker 1: for the podcast, and if you would like to participate

234
00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:12,679
Speaker 1: for future episodes, please don't be shy. It's easy, it's fun,

235
00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:15,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't hurt at all. Just write to me two

236
00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:17,720
Speaker 1: questions at Danielandhorge dot com.

237
00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:19,240
Speaker 2: So think about it for a second. What do you

238
00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:22,880
Speaker 2: think the big rip is? Here's what people have to say.

239
00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:24,800
Speaker 6: I think the big Rip is one of the possible

240
00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,560
Speaker 6: ways the universe might end, where something in the subatonic level,

241
00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,839
Speaker 6: basically the whole universe unravels on itself, and I want

242
00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:33,319
Speaker 6: to say it has something to do with antimatter.

243
00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:39,040
Speaker 1: Maybe this was discussed too, like a meeting.

244
00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:44,360
Speaker 5: Took place where a lot of known physicists We're talking

245
00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:52,000
Speaker 5: about how the universe might end and theories, and reportedly

246
00:11:54,559 --> 00:11:59,240
Speaker 5: at this meeting, buttono burritos were served, So I think

247
00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:02,880
Speaker 5: somehow it's linked to dimitting.

248
00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:05,160
Speaker 7: So the big Rip is a scenario for the end

249
00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:08,520
Speaker 7: of the universe where basically space time expands so quickly

250
00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:13,199
Speaker 7: that every particle, every subparticle gets ripped apart from each

251
00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:16,160
Speaker 7: other and basically can never meet another because the distance

252
00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,200
Speaker 7: between anyone and another is expanding faster from the speed

253
00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:21,160
Speaker 7: of light, so not very fun.

254
00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,840
Speaker 2: The big rip is when the universe just rips itself

255
00:12:23,880 --> 00:12:26,880
Speaker 2: apart because it doesn't have enough mass for the gravity

256
00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:28,600
Speaker 2: to crunch back in on itself.

257
00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:32,280
Speaker 8: The Big Group is a theory that posits that at

258
00:12:32,280 --> 00:12:35,040
Speaker 8: the autos the end of the universe, there would be

259
00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:40,120
Speaker 8: almost like an inflation that causes everything in the universe

260
00:12:40,679 --> 00:12:44,360
Speaker 8: to move further apart, but at a rapid rot almost

261
00:12:44,679 --> 00:12:45,720
Speaker 8: like an explosion.

262
00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:49,040
Speaker 2: I think, all right, some pretty definite ave answers here.

263
00:12:49,880 --> 00:12:51,320
Speaker 2: It's when everything rips apart.

264
00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:54,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, in that sense, you might say it's a well

265
00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:55,800
Speaker 1: named physics theory.

266
00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:57,480
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, I'll get I'll get it to them.

267
00:12:57,520 --> 00:12:57,640
Speaker 5: Ah.

268
00:12:57,720 --> 00:12:59,479
Speaker 2: Well, let's find out what it is first.

269
00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:01,800
Speaker 1: Though, and see if it's related to a banana burrito.

270
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:02,760
Speaker 2: And ripping into a banana.

271
00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:06,160
Speaker 1: You mean, I'm not sure where that comment was going.

272
00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:08,200
Speaker 1: It was like a burrito made out of banana peels.

273
00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:08,959
Speaker 1: Is that the reference?

274
00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:11,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, I don't know. That's a slippery slope there to

275
00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:13,679
Speaker 2: mess with burrito wrappings.

276
00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:16,080
Speaker 1: I don't know if you're supposed to eat a banana

277
00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:17,240
Speaker 1: burrito or smoke it.

278
00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,040
Speaker 2: Oh, that's actually not a bad idea to put plantains

279
00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,280
Speaker 2: instead of a burrito. I think you got something here, listener, Well,

280
00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:26,079
Speaker 2: let's get into a Daniel step us through what is

281
00:13:26,120 --> 00:13:26,800
Speaker 2: the big rip?

282
00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:28,760
Speaker 1: So the Big Rip is sort of like a super

283
00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,840
Speaker 1: accelerated version of what we already think is happening to

284
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,920
Speaker 1: our universe. Current accepted idea of the cosmology of the

285
00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:40,400
Speaker 1: universe is that the universe is expanding, and that that

286
00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:44,920
Speaker 1: expansion is accelerating, meaning things are getting further and further apart.

287
00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:47,640
Speaker 1: New space is being created all the time everywhere in

288
00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:50,800
Speaker 1: the universe, and that's happening faster and faster every year.

289
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,560
Speaker 1: So even our current universe is sort of already tearing

290
00:13:54,559 --> 00:13:58,080
Speaker 1: itself apart. That expansion is happening, and it's happening faster

291
00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:00,520
Speaker 1: and faster every year. The Big Rip is like a

292
00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:04,200
Speaker 1: super charged version of that that's going to accelerate the

293
00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:08,760
Speaker 1: acceleration of that expansion, so that everything gets pulled apart

294
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:10,800
Speaker 1: to the tiniest bits at the end of time.

295
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:14,000
Speaker 2: Right, that's something we only learned about recently, right, maybe

296
00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:16,840
Speaker 2: in the last hundred years, that the universe is actually expanding,

297
00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:17,840
Speaker 2: it's not sitting still.

298
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, we learned about one hundred years ago that the

299
00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:22,960
Speaker 1: universe is not just like a bunch of stars floating

300
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,320
Speaker 1: in space. Back before Edwin Hubble, in the beginning of

301
00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,120
Speaker 1: the last century, people thought the universe was just like

302
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,800
Speaker 1: one galaxy. There's just a bunch of stars out there

303
00:14:30,840 --> 00:14:32,960
Speaker 1: floating in space, and it was the way it was,

304
00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:35,920
Speaker 1: and it always had been, And the most natural theory

305
00:14:35,960 --> 00:14:37,720
Speaker 1: for the universe was that it always had been that

306
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:39,640
Speaker 1: way and it always would be that way. It was

307
00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:42,600
Speaker 1: just sort of like static and constant. But then Hubble

308
00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:46,200
Speaker 1: saw other galaxies super dup or far away. He identified

309
00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,920
Speaker 1: smudges in the telescopes, not as nebula in our galaxy,

310
00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:53,360
Speaker 1: but actual separate galaxies far away, and he was able

311
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,120
Speaker 1: to measure the velocity of those galaxies to see they

312
00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:58,840
Speaker 1: were all moving away from us. So, surprise, surprise, the

313
00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:00,880
Speaker 1: universe is actually expanding.

314
00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:05,080
Speaker 2: Super interesting. How did he measure that the galaxies were

315
00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:05,520
Speaker 2: moving away.

316
00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:07,760
Speaker 1: You can measure the red shift of the light from

317
00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:09,320
Speaker 1: those galaxies.

318
00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:11,200
Speaker 2: So if it looks a little redder than the lighte

319
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:13,240
Speaker 2: from our galaxy, then you know it's moving away from you.

320
00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:15,120
Speaker 2: If it looked a little bluer, it would mean that

321
00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:16,320
Speaker 2: it was moving towards us.

322
00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:19,040
Speaker 1: Things that emit light and have a relative velocity, the

323
00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:22,080
Speaker 1: frequency of that light changes. It's a basic Doppler shift

324
00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:24,880
Speaker 1: kind of effect, and things that are moving away from us,

325
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,280
Speaker 1: the light gets stretched out to make it redder. And

326
00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,080
Speaker 1: Hubble was also able to measure the distance to these things,

327
00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:31,720
Speaker 1: so he was able to show that things that are

328
00:15:31,760 --> 00:15:34,960
Speaker 1: further away are moving away from us faster than things

329
00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:35,800
Speaker 1: that are closer.

330
00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:38,320
Speaker 2: Now that this makes sense, but our sort of like

331
00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,880
Speaker 2: theories about the universe and the makeup of it and

332
00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:44,680
Speaker 2: what it could do, like what did Einstein think of this?

333
00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,400
Speaker 1: Now, this was really confusing too folks like Einstein at

334
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,760
Speaker 1: the time. You know, before Einstein, we had an idea

335
00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,960
Speaker 1: of gravity as a force. Mass pulls on other masks,

336
00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:57,600
Speaker 1: stuff tugs together gently. Right. Einstein came up with this

337
00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:01,280
Speaker 1: idea that actually gravity is not a force, it's a

338
00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:04,320
Speaker 1: curvature of the universe. That space itself is bent by

339
00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:06,840
Speaker 1: mass and energy, and that's why things tend to sort

340
00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:10,760
Speaker 1: of roll together. The problem Einstein faced even before Hubble's realization,

341
00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:13,800
Speaker 1: was that this predicted that the universe would collapse, that

342
00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:15,640
Speaker 1: all the mass and the energy in the universe would

343
00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:18,680
Speaker 1: sort of pull itself together and shrink the universe. At

344
00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:21,360
Speaker 1: the time, they thought the universe was static, right, They

345
00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:22,960
Speaker 1: thought that it was just sort of hanging out there.

346
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:27,400
Speaker 1: So Einstein needed to invent something to balance the mass

347
00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,160
Speaker 1: pulling everything together. So he added a fudge factor to

348
00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:33,680
Speaker 1: his theory. So, I mean we now call the cosmological constant,

349
00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:37,360
Speaker 1: which would given outwards pressure to balance all the mass

350
00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,080
Speaker 1: coming in. So Einstein had this idea of a universe

351
00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,080
Speaker 1: sort of balanced on a knife edge, this outward pressure

352
00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,280
Speaker 1: providing exactly what you need to balance the inward pull

353
00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,240
Speaker 1: of all the mass, and then Hubble literally blew that

354
00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:49,880
Speaker 1: all up.

355
00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:51,680
Speaker 2: Right, because I guess if you imagine a bunch of

356
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,200
Speaker 2: stuff just floating out there in space, as far as

357
00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:56,680
Speaker 2: we knew back then, they should just all come together

358
00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:58,680
Speaker 2: because of gravity, right, Like if you put two rocks

359
00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:01,040
Speaker 2: out there in space away from a lot of other stuff,

360
00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:03,480
Speaker 2: is that their two rocks are going to attract each

361
00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:05,560
Speaker 2: other and come together, right, And so if you have

362
00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:07,800
Speaker 2: a bunch of stars or a bunch of planets out

363
00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:09,680
Speaker 2: there in space, in the universe as we saw it,

364
00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:13,000
Speaker 2: should have all sort of crunched together by now, right.

365
00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:15,160
Speaker 1: If things are just hanging out there, they have no

366
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,040
Speaker 1: relative velocity to start with. You put two rocks anywhere

367
00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:20,199
Speaker 1: in the universe, they will tug on each other, and

368
00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,960
Speaker 1: you give them enough time, they will come together. So

369
00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:25,439
Speaker 1: Einstein was sort of like puzzled, like, why does my

370
00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:28,359
Speaker 1: theory predict that the universe should collapse right into one

371
00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,800
Speaker 1: giant black hole effectively? So he added a fudge factor.

372
00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:34,439
Speaker 2: Couldn't the universe be sort of like our Solar system?

373
00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:37,720
Speaker 2: Like our Solar system is out out there in space,

374
00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:40,479
Speaker 2: but it's not collapsing, right, Things are moving around in orbits.

375
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:42,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, there is something that's keeping the Solar system from

376
00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:45,879
Speaker 1: collapsing rapidly, which is angular momentum. So the Earth, as

377
00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:48,080
Speaker 1: you say, is in orbit around the Sun, just doesn't

378
00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:51,680
Speaker 1: immediately collapse into the Sun. That orbit, though, will decay,

379
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:54,280
Speaker 1: you know, eventually the Earth will lose some of that

380
00:17:54,359 --> 00:17:57,680
Speaker 1: velocity because it's bumping into stuff and it's radiating away

381
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,879
Speaker 1: energy and gravitational waves. So if you're talking about like

382
00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:04,720
Speaker 1: the really deep future, then in Einstein's picture, eventually everything

383
00:18:04,760 --> 00:18:06,720
Speaker 1: would collapse into a black hole.

384
00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:09,920
Speaker 2: But why did Einstein feel like you needed to add

385
00:18:09,960 --> 00:18:12,680
Speaker 2: a fudge factor to make the universe static? Couldn't the

386
00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:14,920
Speaker 2: universe be on its way to crunching down into a

387
00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:15,440
Speaker 2: black hole.

388
00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:17,600
Speaker 1: It could have been, and we didn't have great measurements,

389
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,240
Speaker 1: but the sort of prevailing view of the universe was

390
00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:22,359
Speaker 1: that it was static. We didn't see anything moving, We

391
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,439
Speaker 1: didn't have great measurements. That was just sort of like

392
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:26,080
Speaker 1: the universe we thought we lived in.

393
00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:26,960
Speaker 2: It looked static.

394
00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:29,320
Speaker 1: It looks static. Yeah, And so Hubble used this really

395
00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:33,800
Speaker 1: cool observation by another astronomer, Henrietta Levitt, who discovered a

396
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,560
Speaker 1: certain kind of star called sephids. These are a particular

397
00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:38,080
Speaker 1: kind of starr, and you can use a trick to

398
00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:40,360
Speaker 1: tell how far away they are just by looking at

399
00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:42,280
Speaker 1: the light from them. We have a whole episode about

400
00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,000
Speaker 1: Hubble's discoveries. But Hubble was the first one to really

401
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:47,320
Speaker 1: be able to tell how far away things were, and

402
00:18:47,359 --> 00:18:49,680
Speaker 1: so he could measure these velocities and he could tell

403
00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,080
Speaker 1: that there was this trend that things further away were

404
00:18:52,119 --> 00:18:54,359
Speaker 1: moving away from us faster and faster. So that was

405
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,879
Speaker 1: the first clue that actually the universe is expanding.

406
00:18:58,040 --> 00:18:59,920
Speaker 2: Yeah, that must have blown people's minds. How do you

407
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,440
Speaker 2: think that was received, that people believe Hubble at first?

408
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:03,959
Speaker 2: Or were they like, nah, you're crazy.

409
00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:06,040
Speaker 1: I think the results were pretty solid because they were

410
00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,480
Speaker 1: based on these sephids, which were pretty hard to dispute.

411
00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:12,880
Speaker 1: And you can verify sephids using other distance metrics like parallax.

412
00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:15,479
Speaker 1: For things that are close enough up, you can actually

413
00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:17,720
Speaker 1: tell how far away something is based on how it

414
00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:20,280
Speaker 1: wiggles in the sky as we go around the sun.

415
00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:22,360
Speaker 1: So there were a bunch of sephids that people could

416
00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:25,879
Speaker 1: verify exactly how they work using other methods, and so

417
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,160
Speaker 1: it was kind of hard to dispute, but it did

418
00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:30,120
Speaker 1: lead to a big puzzle. Right, People were like, hold

419
00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:32,040
Speaker 1: on a second, we don't really understand what's going on.

420
00:19:32,160 --> 00:19:36,120
Speaker 1: So then Einstein actually abandoned the cosmological constant. He's like, well,

421
00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:38,760
Speaker 1: scratch that. If the universe is expanding, we don't need

422
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:42,000
Speaker 1: the cosmological constant to resist the expansion. Things are just

423
00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:45,360
Speaker 1: already zooming away from each other faster than gravity could

424
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:46,560
Speaker 1: otherwise pull them together.

425
00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:50,520
Speaker 2: So the Einstein's fudge factor was actually holding back the

426
00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:53,040
Speaker 2: universe in a way. In his view, just by virtue

427
00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:55,960
Speaker 2: of Einstein's equations, you're saying the universe would expand. So

428
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,280
Speaker 2: what you're saying, no, you're saying the opposite. Right.

429
00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:01,000
Speaker 1: Einstein's new view was like a, all right, maybe mass

430
00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:04,159
Speaker 1: is pulling the universe together, but it was already expanding.

431
00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:06,360
Speaker 1: There's sort of two different aspects to think about there.

432
00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:08,000
Speaker 1: One is the rate of the expansion and the other

433
00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:11,200
Speaker 1: is sort of the acceleration. Mass tends to like slow

434
00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:14,680
Speaker 1: down the rate of the expansion, but Einstein figured it's

435
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:18,240
Speaker 1: already expanding and expanding so fast that the mass doesn't

436
00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:20,840
Speaker 1: have time to slow it down. It's sort of like

437
00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:23,359
Speaker 1: hitting the brakes on a car that's already going super

438
00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:24,159
Speaker 1: duper fast.

439
00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:27,959
Speaker 2: Mm. So then he decided you didn't need that fudge factor.

440
00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, he figured, look, the expansion is positive, maybe the

441
00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:33,879
Speaker 1: acceleration is negative. Maybe mass is pulling everything forward, but

442
00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:37,240
Speaker 1: we don't need the fudge factor the cosmological constant to

443
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:39,600
Speaker 1: explain why the universe is expanding anymore.

444
00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:41,840
Speaker 2: Or he said, we don't need the fudge factor to

445
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:43,800
Speaker 2: explain why the universe hasn't crunched down.

446
00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:45,960
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, that's more accurate, thank you.

447
00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:49,320
Speaker 2: Because it's already like growing out of control, So you

448
00:20:49,359 --> 00:20:51,160
Speaker 2: don't need to explain why it's not crunching that because

449
00:20:51,160 --> 00:20:52,959
Speaker 2: it's on steroids the universe exactly.

450
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,040
Speaker 1: He invented the cosmological constant to explain why we had

451
00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,600
Speaker 1: a static universe, and then we discovered, oh, the universe

452
00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:01,680
Speaker 1: isn't static. So he sort of tossed it in the

453
00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:03,200
Speaker 1: bin and apologized for it.

454
00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:04,160
Speaker 2: Did it really well?

455
00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:05,840
Speaker 1: Famously, he said that he thought it was one of

456
00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:07,440
Speaker 1: his biggest scientific blenders.

457
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,320
Speaker 2: Yeah, that guy couldn't get anything right.

458
00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:13,960
Speaker 1: I like to see humility in our great geniuses, you know.

459
00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:16,560
Speaker 2: All right, well, let's talk about what could be costing

460
00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:18,960
Speaker 2: this expansion and whether or not it's going to stay

461
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:22,960
Speaker 2: the same or maybe rip the universe apart. But first,

462
00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:24,240
Speaker 2: let's take a quick break.

463
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,400
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what

464
00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,120
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

465
00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:37,240
Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With

466
00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:40,760
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, you'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

467
00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:43,080
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

468
00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:45,920
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

469
00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:48,399
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

470
00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:50,920
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

471
00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:54,200
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

472
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,320
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

473
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,879
Speaker 1: with any Mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

474
00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,320
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dig your overpriced wireless

475
00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:05,720
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

476
00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,199
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

477
00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:10,680
Speaker 1: new customer offer in your new three month premium wireless

478
00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:12,680
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile

479
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:16,200
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

480
00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,680
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless build to fifteen bucks a month at mintmobile,

481
00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,719
Speaker 1: dot Com slash Universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment required

482
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,399
Speaker 1: equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on first

483
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:27,040
Speaker 1: three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes on

484
00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:29,960
Speaker 1: unlimited plan. Additional taxi speeds and restrictions apply. See mint

485
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:31,000
Speaker 1: Mobile for details.

486
00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,200
Speaker 9: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

487
00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:37,639
Speaker 9: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

488
00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:41,919
Speaker 9: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

489
00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:44,840
Speaker 9: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

490
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,040
Speaker 9: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

491
00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,400
Speaker 9: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

492
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:55,880
Speaker 9: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

493
00:22:55,920 --> 00:23:00,879
Speaker 9: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

494
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:03,320
Speaker 9: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

495
00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:07,240
Speaker 9: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

496
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,440
Speaker 9: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

497
00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:12,679
Speaker 9: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

498
00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:15,199
Speaker 9: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

499
00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:17,440
Speaker 9: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

500
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,240
Speaker 9: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

501
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:24,159
Speaker 9: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

502
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:29,720
Speaker 9: That's Oracle dot com slash strategic Oracle dot com slash strategic.

503
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,320
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Applecard. It's the credit

504
00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:37,280
Speaker 1: card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily cash

505
00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:40,439
Speaker 1: back that can earn four point four zero percent annual

506
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:43,360
Speaker 1: percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings account

507
00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:47,000
Speaker 1: through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app subject

508
00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:50,520
Speaker 1: to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners subject

509
00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:54,080
Speaker 1: to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA,

510
00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,359
Speaker 1: Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC terms and more at

511
00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,800
Speaker 1: applecard dot com. When you pop a piece of cheese

512
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:02,159
Speaker 1: and the your mouth, or enjoy a rich spoonful of

513
00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:06,000
Speaker 1: Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact

514
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:08,480
Speaker 1: of each and every bite. But the people in the

515
00:24:08,560 --> 00:24:12,119
Speaker 1: dairy industry are US. Dairy has set themselves some ambitious

516
00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:16,520
Speaker 1: sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty to fifty.

517
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:18,680
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

518
00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:21,960
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

519
00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:25,639
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, most dairy farms

520
00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:28,840
Speaker 1: reuse water up to four times. The same water cools

521
00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:32,520
Speaker 1: the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and irrigates the crops.

522
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,720
Speaker 1: How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use

523
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:39,200
Speaker 1: anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from maneuver into renewable

524
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,359
Speaker 1: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. So

525
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:44,159
Speaker 1: the next time you grab a slice of pizza or

526
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,399
Speaker 1: lick an ice cream cone, know that dairy farmers and

527
00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:49,479
Speaker 1: processors around the country are using the latest practices and

528
00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:52,880
Speaker 1: innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we love

529
00:24:53,160 --> 00:24:55,919
Speaker 1: with less of an impact. Visit usdairy dot com slash

530
00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:57,400
Speaker 1: sustainability to learn more.

531
00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:08,000
Speaker 2: All right, we're talking about the big rip, and so

532
00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:09,840
Speaker 2: Daniel let it rip.

533
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:11,960
Speaker 1: So for a long time we knew that the universe

534
00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:15,160
Speaker 1: was expanding, that we didn't really understand what had caused

535
00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:17,480
Speaker 1: it to expand, and we thought maybe that mass in

536
00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:19,840
Speaker 1: the universe was going to slow down that expansion, but

537
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,159
Speaker 1: we didn't understand like, is there enough mass in the

538
00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:25,679
Speaker 1: universe to slow that expansion down eventually to zero and

539
00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,560
Speaker 1: maybe bring it back to a big crunch, or is

540
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:30,840
Speaker 1: there not enough mass in the universe to slow down

541
00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:33,359
Speaker 1: that expansion, Like a rock that you throw from the

542
00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:36,080
Speaker 1: moon that will just go out forever. Right, there's not

543
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,280
Speaker 1: enough mass on the moon to pull that rock back.

544
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:40,439
Speaker 1: Maybe the universe was like that. It would continue to

545
00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:43,320
Speaker 1: drift further and further apart if there wasn't enough mass

546
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:45,120
Speaker 1: in the universe. So people wanted to know the answer

547
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:47,040
Speaker 1: to that question. They wanted to know will the universe

548
00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:50,880
Speaker 1: keep drifting apart forever, gradually slower and slower, or will

549
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: eventually it slowed down and come back into a big

550
00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:55,760
Speaker 1: crunch That was sort of the big question around the

551
00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:57,199
Speaker 1: mid nineties.

552
00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:59,040
Speaker 2: Right, or is there a big plot twist in the

553
00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:02,560
Speaker 2: middle there that will totally change what we thought we'd

554
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:03,840
Speaker 2: been watching on the show.

555
00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,359
Speaker 1: So spoiler alert for those of you who've been saving

556
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:08,440
Speaker 1: papers from the mid nineties and haven't gotten to read

557
00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:11,320
Speaker 1: them yet. People developed a new way to measure distances

558
00:26:11,359 --> 00:26:15,240
Speaker 1: to even further objects, to things much much further away,

559
00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:20,000
Speaker 1: using type one a supernova, a special kind of explosion

560
00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:21,760
Speaker 1: of stars that tends to happen in the same way

561
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,240
Speaker 1: every time, so we know how bright it should be.

562
00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:26,320
Speaker 1: So we can tell just by looking at the light

563
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,359
Speaker 1: curve of those stars how far away they are. So

564
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:31,199
Speaker 1: then by looking at the red shift of them, we

565
00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:33,760
Speaker 1: can also tell how fast things are moving away. And

566
00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:37,119
Speaker 1: this let us look even further back in time to

567
00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,720
Speaker 1: see the deeper history of the expansion of the universe,

568
00:26:39,840 --> 00:26:42,040
Speaker 1: and we hoped it could help us decide between these

569
00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:45,160
Speaker 1: two options. Is the universe going to eventually slow down

570
00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:47,840
Speaker 1: into a big crunch or is it going to keep

571
00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:50,840
Speaker 1: drifting apart forever, gradually slowing down but never stopping.

572
00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:52,720
Speaker 2: Couldn't they guess at the time, I mean, if we

573
00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 2: had an idea of the expansion of the universe, wouldn't

574
00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:58,200
Speaker 2: at the time you just be able to figure out

575
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,200
Speaker 2: if you had enough masks to bring everything back to God.

576
00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:02,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, but the data were not sufficient to distinguish those

577
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:05,040
Speaker 1: two things. It's like, if you're tracking an asteroid in space,

578
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:07,439
Speaker 1: you can give a much better prediction of its future

579
00:27:07,480 --> 00:27:09,120
Speaker 1: if you have more data points, if you can look

580
00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:11,800
Speaker 1: further back in time to understand its trajectory, you can

581
00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:13,880
Speaker 1: nail down its future. In the same way, we didn't

582
00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:17,240
Speaker 1: have enough data points to distinguish between these two scenarios

583
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:19,639
Speaker 1: until we look much further back in time and give

584
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,840
Speaker 1: us like a longer lever arm to understand the evolving

585
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:23,840
Speaker 1: history of the universe.

586
00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:27,880
Speaker 2: But I guess if all we had was mass out

587
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:31,159
Speaker 2: there in the universe, then even if the universe was

588
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,080
Speaker 2: expanding pretty fast, wouldn't it all eventually come back down?

589
00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:35,720
Speaker 2: Wouldn't gravity eventually win?

590
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,040
Speaker 1: Gravity doesn't always win over velocity. Like if you're on

591
00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:40,960
Speaker 1: the surface of the Moon and you throw a baseball

592
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,880
Speaker 1: fast enough, it will leave it. We'll have enough kinetic

593
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,520
Speaker 1: energy to overcome the potential energy of gravity and it

594
00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:48,359
Speaker 1: can't escape.

595
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:50,480
Speaker 2: But if there's only the Moon and that rock in

596
00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,200
Speaker 2: the entire universe, wouldn't that rock eventually come back?

597
00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:56,120
Speaker 1: No, it's possible for it to escape the gravitational attraction

598
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,199
Speaker 1: of the Moon. If you give it enough velocity, it

599
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,040
Speaker 1: will lose some that velocity because of the gravitational pull

600
00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:04,560
Speaker 1: of the Moon. But as it gets further and further away,

601
00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:07,320
Speaker 1: that gravitational pull gets weaker and weaker, so it starts

602
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,360
Speaker 1: to lose velocity slower and slower.

603
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,440
Speaker 2: But it never goes to zero, so eventually you'll feel

604
00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:13,639
Speaker 2: it slow down, wouldn't it.

605
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:15,960
Speaker 1: No, it's possible to have escape velocity, right, That's what

606
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,600
Speaker 1: escape velocity is. Having enough kinetic energy to overcome the

607
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:21,960
Speaker 1: potential energy of the gravity of an object.

608
00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:23,680
Speaker 2: Well, you can escape grave it until you maybe fall

609
00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:27,159
Speaker 2: into another potential gravity. Well, but if it was just

610
00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:29,040
Speaker 2: you and the moon, eventually you would come back to

611
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 2: the moon, wouldn't you.

612
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:31,320
Speaker 1: If it's just you and the moon and you have

613
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:34,400
Speaker 1: enough velocity, you can escape it. Think about it this way.

614
00:28:34,440 --> 00:28:37,480
Speaker 1: Two particles moving in opposite directions in the universe don't

615
00:28:37,520 --> 00:28:40,520
Speaker 1: necessarily have to fall back together if they have enough velocity.

616
00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:43,160
Speaker 1: There's a threshold there where, if they're moving fast enough,

617
00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:45,640
Speaker 1: they overcome their gravitational.

618
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,200
Speaker 2: Attraction, even given infinite time.

619
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,080
Speaker 1: Even given infinite time. Yeah, that's the definition of escape velosity.

620
00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:52,000
Speaker 2: I mean, I can escape the velocity of the Earth,

621
00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:55,080
Speaker 2: but eventually I'll come back to the sore system. Right.

622
00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:58,520
Speaker 1: One way to understand how you can actually escape the

623
00:28:58,560 --> 00:29:01,920
Speaker 1: gravity of an object to think about the reverse process

624
00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:05,280
Speaker 1: of falling into the object. So think of ball starting

625
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:09,280
Speaker 1: like at rest, zero velocity, super duper far away, basically

626
00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,240
Speaker 1: infinity away. Now you're right that the Moon will tug

627
00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:15,000
Speaker 1: on it, and eventually it'll fall onto the Moon, and

628
00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:18,040
Speaker 1: it'll hit the Moon with a certain speed, not an

629
00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:22,760
Speaker 1: infinite speed. That speed represents basically the energy difference between

630
00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:25,800
Speaker 1: being on the Moon and being infinitely far away. So

631
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,880
Speaker 1: now instead, if you throw the ball away from the

632
00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:32,520
Speaker 1: Moon with that same speed, then what happens, Well, it

633
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,400
Speaker 1: reverses the process and it loses all that velocity as

634
00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:38,000
Speaker 1: it moves away, but it has just enough to get

635
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:41,240
Speaker 1: infinitely far away before it comes to a stop. So

636
00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:44,120
Speaker 1: what that means is that it takes a finite amount

637
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,840
Speaker 1: of velocity to get infinitely far from the Moon's surface,

638
00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:49,960
Speaker 1: and the same thing is true for any surface, it's

639
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,520
Speaker 1: just a different velocity. So now what happens if you

640
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,360
Speaker 1: throw the ball from the Moon's surface a little bit

641
00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:58,960
Speaker 1: faster than the escape velocity, then it basically gets to

642
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 1: infinity and bill has some speed left over, so it's

643
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 1: not falling back even after infinite time.

644
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:07,360
Speaker 2: All right. So then we expanded our view of the

645
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,520
Speaker 2: universe and we measured the expansion of things that were

646
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 2: really far away. And what do we find.

647
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: We found as we look deeper into the history of

648
00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:15,360
Speaker 1: the universe that we could make more confident predictions of

649
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:17,880
Speaker 1: the future. And what we found was really shocking. We

650
00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:21,320
Speaker 1: found that the expansion of the universe wasn't decreasing slowly

651
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:24,400
Speaker 1: or quickly. It wasn't decreasing at all. In fact, it

652
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:27,480
Speaker 1: was increasing. That is, at more recent times, the expansion

653
00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:30,520
Speaker 1: seemed to be happening faster and faster. That means that

654
00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:34,680
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe was accelerating rather than slowing down.

655
00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:37,880
Speaker 1: So Einstein's picture of the universe expanding and somehow mass

656
00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:40,800
Speaker 1: slowing that down was wrong. There was another piece. There

657
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,440
Speaker 1: was something else that actually was pushing out on everything

658
00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:46,760
Speaker 1: in the universe, making it move away from each other

659
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:48,600
Speaker 1: faster and faster every year.

660
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 2: Interesting, So the universe wasn't just expanding, it was expanding

661
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,000
Speaker 2: faster and faster. What if that was alarming or if

662
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,480
Speaker 2: it was just interesting, or how interesting would have been

663
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,680
Speaker 2: to find out that the universe is actually collapsing.

664
00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,800
Speaker 1: I remember when this discovery happened. I was starting grad school.

665
00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:07,280
Speaker 1: It was a huge shock. Everybody was stunned. Nobody expected

666
00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:09,880
Speaker 1: this result. It was a massive revelation. It's the kind

667
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:12,640
Speaker 1: of thing you always dream about in science, seeing something

668
00:31:12,680 --> 00:31:16,080
Speaker 1: out there which surprises everybody, which completely changes the way

669
00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:18,800
Speaker 1: you think about the universe, Like those are the best

670
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:21,760
Speaker 1: moments in science. So we were all shocked, but we

671
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: also knew that it was a far future thing, like

672
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:26,560
Speaker 1: it was not going to change our lives tomorrow or

673
00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:29,920
Speaker 1: next year or even in a billion years. We're talking

674
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:32,680
Speaker 1: about the very very deep future of the universe, not

675
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 1: prediction for whether or not you should have a picnic tomorrow.

676
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,120
Speaker 2: Right, And so we learned I guess that the universe

677
00:31:37,160 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 2: wasn't just expanding in like a coasting kind of way.

678
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:42,840
Speaker 2: It was actually like somebody was hitting the accelerator pedal

679
00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,520
Speaker 2: on it, which means there must be some kind of

680
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:48,440
Speaker 2: force or energy making this happen right exactly.

681
00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:52,280
Speaker 1: And immediately people went back to Einstein's Great blunder. Remember,

682
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:56,160
Speaker 1: Einstein added his cosmological constant, his little bit of energy

683
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:59,000
Speaker 1: to the universe to balance the mass that he thought

684
00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:00,920
Speaker 1: was going to collapse the verse. And then he got

685
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,560
Speaker 1: rid of it when he discovered the universe wasn't static.

686
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:06,240
Speaker 1: And then people revived it. They're like, well, we kind

687
00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,200
Speaker 1: of need something to push out on the universe. This

688
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:12,720
Speaker 1: cosmological constant. You stick it into Einstein's equations, and it

689
00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: does just that. Creates this negative pressure pushes out on everything,

690
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:20,680
Speaker 1: It expands space as time goes on. So people plug

691
00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:23,840
Speaker 1: this into Einstein's equations, just to describe what they saw

692
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,800
Speaker 1: was happening out there in the universe, that the expansion

693
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:29,240
Speaker 1: was accelerating, as you said, instead of slowing down.

694
00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:31,720
Speaker 2: So he was a genius, right, He didn't have to

695
00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:36,400
Speaker 2: be falsely modest. History justified his geniusness exactly.

696
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:39,360
Speaker 1: His equations were so powerful in general they can even

697
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,440
Speaker 1: describe discoveries made after his death.

698
00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:45,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, So they called this mysterious or energy making the

699
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:47,760
Speaker 2: universe expand faster and faster. They give it a name

700
00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:48,480
Speaker 2: dark energy.

701
00:32:48,720 --> 00:32:52,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, and dark energy is really just our observation that

702
00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:55,880
Speaker 1: the acceleration of the universe is expanding. We can describe

703
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,600
Speaker 1: it using Einstein's equations. If we plug a number in,

704
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:00,920
Speaker 1: we can measure that number out what number we have

705
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,560
Speaker 1: to put into Einstein's equations. That doesn't mean we understand

706
00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:08,720
Speaker 1: why that number is there or what this mechanism is

707
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,320
Speaker 1: dark energy. It's not like dark energy is a theory,

708
00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 1: a piece of physics that we understand we can make

709
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:16,320
Speaker 1: predictions for. It's really just sort of like a descriptive

710
00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:18,719
Speaker 1: framework for something we don't yet understand.

711
00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:21,920
Speaker 2: Right. And the name comes from two words dark in energy,

712
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:24,120
Speaker 2: and it's dark because you can't see it, right, It's

713
00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:26,640
Speaker 2: not like the universe is glowing from this energy and

714
00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:28,960
Speaker 2: it's energy because it's doing work. Right.

715
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:32,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, you definitely can't see dark energy. I've always something

716
00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:35,360
Speaker 1: called it dark because it was mysterious, something we'd been missing,

717
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:38,040
Speaker 1: something we couldn't yet explain. It was like a gap

718
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,320
Speaker 1: in our understanding. But yeah, it is also technically invisible.

719
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: You can't look at a piece of space and see

720
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:45,239
Speaker 1: whether or not there's dark energy in it.

721
00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:47,200
Speaker 2: Wait, do you think they named the dark energy just

722
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,600
Speaker 2: for the it's mysterious sounding name, not because it's invisible

723
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:51,680
Speaker 2: to the visible light.

724
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:53,560
Speaker 1: I think so. For example, there are also theories of

725
00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:57,560
Speaker 1: like dark gravity gravity that we hadn't accounted for yet.

726
00:33:57,960 --> 00:34:00,720
Speaker 1: I think in general, dark is applied to like mysterious

727
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:02,160
Speaker 1: things in physics.

728
00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:03,040
Speaker 2: That doesn't seem very scientific.

729
00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: Daniel, I'm not going to defend the name of dark energy.

730
00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:09,879
Speaker 2: Well, it just so happens that it's also invisible, right,

731
00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:12,920
Speaker 2: which is which makes it, either by coincidence or on purpose,

732
00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:14,359
Speaker 2: an app name for it.

733
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,600
Speaker 1: I suppose. I mean to me, dark would describe something

734
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:20,040
Speaker 1: that's not invisible, but black, like charcoal, is dark. It's

735
00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:23,120
Speaker 1: not invisible. The invisible man is not dark, right, you

736
00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:25,799
Speaker 1: can't see through him, So a more accurate name would

737
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,839
Speaker 1: be like invisible energy or invisible matter. To me, dark

738
00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:31,160
Speaker 1: is not a very visually descriptive name for it.

739
00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:34,360
Speaker 2: Well, darkened as in it's not glowing.

740
00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:37,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. It's definitely not glowing.

741
00:34:37,719 --> 00:34:40,360
Speaker 2: And it's an energy because it's doing work. I guess.

742
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:42,040
Speaker 2: But where is this energy coming from?

743
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,000
Speaker 1: I guess, Well, that's the big question. We don't know

744
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:47,239
Speaker 1: where this energy is coming from. Einstein's equations tell you

745
00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:49,359
Speaker 1: what the sort of shape of space is and how

746
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:52,760
Speaker 1: it transforms, but as input, they require you to describe

747
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:54,799
Speaker 1: the universe, to say how much mass is there, how

748
00:34:54,880 --> 00:34:58,520
Speaker 1: much radiation is there, and also how much potential energy

749
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:02,080
Speaker 1: is there. So Newton's said gravity is only between massive objects.

750
00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:05,279
Speaker 1: Einstein's generalization is to say no, gravity comes not just

751
00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:08,440
Speaker 1: from objects with mass, but all forms of energy, including

752
00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:11,800
Speaker 1: potential energy and potential energy actually has the opposite effect

753
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,960
Speaker 1: gravitationally as mass does, so things with potential energy form

754
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,200
Speaker 1: a negative pressure. They can expand the universe, they can

755
00:35:19,239 --> 00:35:22,080
Speaker 1: push things apart. So in order to describe the expansion

756
00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:24,080
Speaker 1: of the universe, you have to have some fields with

757
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,439
Speaker 1: potential energy that fill the universe that give you enough

758
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:31,319
Speaker 1: energy to accelerate the expansion of the universe super dramatically.

759
00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:34,440
Speaker 2: So you're saying that maybe the universe just by itself,

760
00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:37,839
Speaker 2: in a vacuum, in nothingness, just space itself has this

761
00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:41,960
Speaker 2: potential energy, right, which is making things expand. But why

762
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,799
Speaker 2: is it called potential Like what's its potential like it

763
00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:46,279
Speaker 2: has the potential to do work?

764
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,200
Speaker 1: Or what potential energy? Is the energy of configuration? Right,

765
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:52,760
Speaker 1: Like a book on a shelf has gravitational potential energy

766
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,919
Speaker 1: rather than kinetic energy, and waves can also have potential energy.

767
00:35:56,960 --> 00:35:59,279
Speaker 1: If you have a guitar string, for example, and you

768
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:01,560
Speaker 1: pull it out so you don't yet release it, then

769
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:03,799
Speaker 1: the tension in that string is giving it a lot

770
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:06,520
Speaker 1: of potential energy. When you release it, the string that

771
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:09,480
Speaker 1: vibrates it turns into kinetic energy. But that energy is

772
00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:12,440
Speaker 1: swashing back and forth between potential and kinetic as the

773
00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:15,680
Speaker 1: string vibrates. And quantum fields are the same way. The

774
00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,279
Speaker 1: fields that we think fills space can either oscillate with

775
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,160
Speaker 1: kinetic energy and those are particles, or they can have

776
00:36:22,239 --> 00:36:26,080
Speaker 1: potential energy because of their configuration. For example, the Higgs

777
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,319
Speaker 1: field we think has energy stored inside of it, even

778
00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:32,440
Speaker 1: when it's not wiggling, sort of like stuck on this shelf.

779
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:34,880
Speaker 1: It has a bunch of energy stored inside of it

780
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:38,080
Speaker 1: just because of its configuration, and so we think that's

781
00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 1: what dark energy is. It's some kind of potential energy

782
00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:44,200
Speaker 1: that the universe has, or that space has. We know

783
00:36:44,239 --> 00:36:47,160
Speaker 1: that space has some potential energy because of these quantum fields.

784
00:36:47,160 --> 00:36:49,359
Speaker 1: We think the quantum fields are real, We think they

785
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 1: have potential energy. We think all of space really does

786
00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:55,200
Speaker 1: have some potential energy. We also observe that the universe

787
00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:58,840
Speaker 1: is expanding, as if there is some potential energy causing

788
00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:02,200
Speaker 1: this gravitational repulse. We try to bring these two ideas

789
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,359
Speaker 1: together and say, hmm, is our estimate of the amount

790
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,480
Speaker 1: of potential energy we already know exists in space enough

791
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:10,239
Speaker 1: to describe this repulsion we see in the universe, this

792
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:13,640
Speaker 1: expansion of the universe. People do that calculation, but those

793
00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:17,160
Speaker 1: two numbers do not agree. In fact, they disagree by

794
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,800
Speaker 1: more than ten to the one hundred. So we don't

795
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:22,680
Speaker 1: have an understanding of where the potential energy comes from

796
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:25,960
Speaker 1: to create the expansion that we see in space. We

797
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,279
Speaker 1: know the space has some potential energy in it. It

798
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:30,960
Speaker 1: doesn't seem to have the right amount of potential energy

799
00:37:31,280 --> 00:37:33,960
Speaker 1: to cause the expansion we see out there in the universe.

800
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:35,480
Speaker 2: You mean from a quantum field.

801
00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:37,520
Speaker 1: We can measure how much potential energy there has to

802
00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:39,840
Speaker 1: be in order to create this expansion, and then we

803
00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:42,239
Speaker 1: can calculate how much potential energy we think there is

804
00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:45,600
Speaker 1: from the quantum fields. And those two numbers disagree by

805
00:37:45,719 --> 00:37:46,840
Speaker 1: ten to the one hundred.

806
00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:49,080
Speaker 2: Well, at least you can't explain it with the quantum fields.

807
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:50,840
Speaker 1: That you know about, right exactly?

808
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:53,640
Speaker 2: Could there be another quantum field or something or something

809
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:55,399
Speaker 2: you're not seeing or thinking about.

810
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:57,960
Speaker 1: Absolutely, there can be. There has to be. There has

811
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:00,520
Speaker 1: to be some other explanation. The point is just that

812
00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:02,960
Speaker 1: we observe some expansion, we think it might be due

813
00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:05,200
Speaker 1: to some potential energy, but we really do not have

814
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:08,719
Speaker 1: any understanding of the mechanism for that potential energy to

815
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:09,840
Speaker 1: exist in the universe.

816
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,160
Speaker 2: All right, Well, let's then assume there is some sort

817
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:16,000
Speaker 2: of potential energy hidden in the universe, and there's quite

818
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,080
Speaker 2: a lot of it, right, because it's making the universe

819
00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:21,799
Speaker 2: expand faster and faster. But it's just it's one of

820
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:25,000
Speaker 2: those things that only you can only tell from over

821
00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:27,680
Speaker 2: the whole universe, right. You can't tell, like looking at

822
00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:29,520
Speaker 2: your hand in front of you, that there is dark

823
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:32,040
Speaker 2: energy between you and your hand, although there is dark

824
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:33,480
Speaker 2: energy between you and your hand.

825
00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:36,200
Speaker 1: That's right. Something people are often confused about is why

826
00:38:36,239 --> 00:38:39,680
Speaker 1: this expansion seems to be happening only between galaxies or

827
00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:42,600
Speaker 1: clusters of galaxies, and not between you and your friend

828
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,279
Speaker 1: or you and your lunch. And the answer is that

829
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:48,719
Speaker 1: it is happening everywhere. All of space is expanding. The

830
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,080
Speaker 1: distance between us and the Moon, the distance between us

831
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:54,600
Speaker 1: and the Sun, all of space is expanding simultaneously at

832
00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:57,120
Speaker 1: the same rate, all the time. It's actually a very

833
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,960
Speaker 1: very small amount of expansion over many millillions of light years.

834
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,799
Speaker 1: Every second space grows by like seventy kilometers. It's a

835
00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:09,040
Speaker 1: tiny tiny level of expansion over short distances, and over

836
00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 1: short distances like between me and my chair or between

837
00:39:11,680 --> 00:39:15,359
Speaker 1: the Earth and the Sun, other forces are more powerful. So,

838
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:17,759
Speaker 1: for example, the Sun is powerful enough to hold the

839
00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:20,680
Speaker 1: Earth in its orbit even if space is very gently

840
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:24,800
Speaker 1: expanding between it. But over very long distances, like between galaxies,

841
00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:27,160
Speaker 1: gravity gets very very weak and dark energy gets very

842
00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:31,200
Speaker 1: very powerful, and so over those bigger distances dark energy winds.

843
00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:34,240
Speaker 1: So in our current understanding of the universe, dark energy

844
00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:36,719
Speaker 1: is only effective at pushing apart things that are very

845
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,960
Speaker 1: very far away from each other, like galaxies, not things

846
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:42,160
Speaker 1: that are closer together like you and your lunch.

847
00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:44,600
Speaker 2: Well, it's more noticeable for things that are really far apart,

848
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,720
Speaker 2: like galaxies. But it is sort of affecting our orbit

849
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,080
Speaker 2: with the Sun, right Like, it's making it just a

850
00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:52,239
Speaker 2: little bit harder for the Sun to keep the Earth

851
00:39:52,239 --> 00:39:54,280
Speaker 2: in its orbit in a way, it's sort of helping

852
00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:57,040
Speaker 2: the Earth from collapsing into the Sun a little bit.

853
00:39:57,160 --> 00:40:00,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it definitely plays a role. It's almost negligible, but yeah,

854
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:02,480
Speaker 1: not quite. The universe would be a little bit different

855
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:03,640
Speaker 1: if that didn't happen.

856
00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:06,279
Speaker 2: All right, Well, I think the assumption so far is

857
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,200
Speaker 2: that this dark energy is constant, that it's sort of

858
00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:11,640
Speaker 2: like there as a feature of the universe, and it's

859
00:40:11,640 --> 00:40:14,040
Speaker 2: always been there and maybe always will be there. But

860
00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,359
Speaker 2: the question is what if it's not. What if dark

861
00:40:16,480 --> 00:40:19,279
Speaker 2: energy changes, What if it decides that it wants to

862
00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:21,440
Speaker 2: join the dark side, And so let's get into what

863
00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:24,120
Speaker 2: might happen. But first let's take another quick break.

864
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:30,080
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

865
00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:33,320
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, You're probably

866
00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:37,400
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

867
00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:40,040
Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

868
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:44,400
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

869
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,000
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working

870
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:49,360
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

871
00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:53,640
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

872
00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:56,759
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

873
00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:00,319
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

874
00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:03,120
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

875
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:06,919
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

876
00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:10,880
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

877
00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:12,960
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

878
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,040
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

879
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:17,759
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

880
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,319
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

881
00:41:21,440 --> 00:41:24,160
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

882
00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:27,040
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

883
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:31,239
Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

884
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:34,640
Speaker 3: recently hit the number one science podcast in America. I'm

885
00:41:34,680 --> 00:41:38,400
Speaker 3: a neuroscientists at Stanford, and I've spent my career exploring

886
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:41,480
Speaker 3: the three pound universe in our heads. We're looking at

887
00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:44,759
Speaker 3: a whole new series of episodes this season to understand

888
00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:47,959
Speaker 3: why and how our lives look the way they do.

889
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,560
Speaker 3: Why does your memory drift so much? Why is it

890
00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:55,239
Speaker 3: so hard to keep a secret, When should you not

891
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:56,440
Speaker 3: trust your intuition?

892
00:41:57,239 --> 00:41:59,760
Speaker 1: Why do brains so easily fall for magic?

893
00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:03,920
Speaker 3: And why do they love conspiracy theories? I'm hitting these

894
00:42:04,040 --> 00:42:07,840
Speaker 3: questions and hundreds more because the more we know about

895
00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:11,759
Speaker 3: what's running under the hood, better we can steer our lives.

896
00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:15,800
Speaker 3: Join me weekly to explore the relationship between your brain

897
00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:20,480
Speaker 3: and your life by digging into unexpected questions. Listen to

898
00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:24,560
Speaker 3: Inner Cosmos with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

899
00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:26,399
Speaker 3: or wherever you get your podcasts.

900
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,399
Speaker 4: Parents, are you looking for a screen free, engaging way

901
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,400
Speaker 4: to teach your kids the Bible, One that's easy to

902
00:42:33,480 --> 00:42:37,880
Speaker 4: understand and enjoyable for multiple ages, Kids Bible Stories podcast

903
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:40,439
Speaker 4: is here to help. I created this for my own

904
00:42:40,520 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 4: children and it's now a favorite among thousands of families.

905
00:42:43,920 --> 00:42:47,439
Speaker 4: Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, while

906
00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:51,000
Speaker 4: parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have

907
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:54,800
Speaker 4: hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible

908
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:58,440
Speaker 4: to life when you simply press play. It's a sound

909
00:42:58,520 --> 00:43:01,919
Speaker 4: and practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach

910
00:43:01,960 --> 00:43:05,520
Speaker 4: your kids. We want kids to see how incredible God's

911
00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:09,280
Speaker 4: word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kid's

912
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:13,560
Speaker 4: Bible Stories Podcast. Listen to Kid's Bible Stories Podcast on

913
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:17,560
Speaker 4: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

914
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:22,400
Speaker 10: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a

915
00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:24,600
Speaker 10: kite in the rain, but those twerments are the most

916
00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:28,240
Speaker 10: important scientific discoveries of the time.

917
00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:29,520
Speaker 1: I'm evan RIGHTLFF.

918
00:43:29,880 --> 00:43:33,040
Speaker 11: Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with

919
00:43:33,120 --> 00:43:36,439
Speaker 11: biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story

920
00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:39,840
Speaker 11: of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted

921
00:43:39,880 --> 00:43:40,640
Speaker 11: off from history.

922
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:45,040
Speaker 10: His media empire makes him the most successful self made

923
00:43:45,160 --> 00:43:46,640
Speaker 10: business person in America.

924
00:43:46,719 --> 00:43:47,520
Speaker 2: I mean he was.

925
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:50,680
Speaker 10: Never early to bed, an early to rise type person.

926
00:43:50,880 --> 00:43:55,400
Speaker 10: He's enormously famous. Women shut wearing their hair in what

927
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:58,400
Speaker 10: was called the coiffor a la Franklin.

928
00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:00,439
Speaker 1: And who's more relevant now than ever.

929
00:44:00,840 --> 00:44:04,279
Speaker 10: The only other person who could have possibly been the

930
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:07,640
Speaker 10: fresh president would have been Benjamin Franklin. But he's too

931
00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:09,920
Speaker 10: old and once Washington been doing.

932
00:44:10,239 --> 00:44:12,600
Speaker 11: Listen to on Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the

933
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:14,920
Speaker 11: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts.

934
00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:16,160
Speaker 1: Or wherever you get your podcasts.

935
00:44:25,840 --> 00:44:28,560
Speaker 2: All right, we're talking about the Big rip now, Daniel.

936
00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:31,080
Speaker 2: Is that what happens when the Minnichlorians decide to go

937
00:44:31,120 --> 00:44:33,399
Speaker 2: and strike and the whole universe falls apart.

938
00:44:33,560 --> 00:44:35,719
Speaker 1: No, that's when Disney buy Star Wars and puts out

939
00:44:35,719 --> 00:44:37,439
Speaker 1: a bunch of low quality stuff. It's called the Big

940
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:38,000
Speaker 1: rip off.

941
00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:42,520
Speaker 2: Not a fan huh, all the news stuff? When did

942
00:44:42,520 --> 00:44:45,120
Speaker 2: you just join the Star Trek camp while you're at it?

943
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:47,840
Speaker 1: I'm in both camps. I love Star Wars and Star Trek.

944
00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:48,760
Speaker 2: You just like stars?

945
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:49,239
Speaker 1: I do.

946
00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:51,759
Speaker 2: I do like stars in fact, anything with stars in

947
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,240
Speaker 2: spaceship almost anything. Yeah, but have you seen end or Daniel,

948
00:44:55,520 --> 00:44:59,759
Speaker 2: I have seen it. Yeah, all right, I'm guessing your

949
00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:02,000
Speaker 2: son me is it not a fan either?

950
00:45:02,239 --> 00:45:04,520
Speaker 1: I like to say positive or silent on the podcast.

951
00:45:04,760 --> 00:45:07,279
Speaker 2: All right, Well, we're talking about the Big Rip, which

952
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:09,640
Speaker 2: is a possible thing that might happen to the universe,

953
00:45:09,719 --> 00:45:12,560
Speaker 2: and it's related to dark energy, which is making the

954
00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:17,600
Speaker 2: universe expand faster and faster right now. But the universe

955
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:20,560
Speaker 2: hasn't always been expanding at the same rate in its history.

956
00:45:20,360 --> 00:45:22,280
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, the history of the expansion in the universe

957
00:45:22,320 --> 00:45:25,520
Speaker 1: is quite complicated. We have some very rapid expansion early

958
00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:27,960
Speaker 1: on that we call inflation. It's sort of like the

959
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:30,840
Speaker 1: last stages of the Big Bang, when things expanded like

960
00:45:30,880 --> 00:45:33,319
Speaker 1: by a factor of ten to the thirty in ten

961
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,120
Speaker 1: to the minus thirty seconds. And then for a while

962
00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:40,080
Speaker 1: the universe was matter and radiation dominated, so the expansion

963
00:45:40,239 --> 00:45:43,280
Speaker 1: was still happening, but it was decelerating, it was slowing

964
00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: down a bit, but dark energy was quietly building. And

965
00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:50,640
Speaker 1: around five billion years ago, dark energy became the dominant

966
00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:54,439
Speaker 1: component of the universe and that's when the acceleration really

967
00:45:54,480 --> 00:45:57,279
Speaker 1: took off. And so the last five billion years the

968
00:45:57,320 --> 00:45:58,960
Speaker 1: expansion has been accelerating.

969
00:45:59,239 --> 00:46:01,800
Speaker 2: Now when you say that dark energy kind of grue.

970
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:03,840
Speaker 2: Did it actually grow or is it just that the

971
00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:04,920
Speaker 2: universe got bigger?

972
00:46:05,280 --> 00:46:07,160
Speaker 1: What's the difference between those two, Well, like.

973
00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:09,239
Speaker 2: For the same size, if the universe had been the

974
00:46:09,239 --> 00:46:12,640
Speaker 2: same size, are you saying that dark energy got stronger

975
00:46:12,680 --> 00:46:15,360
Speaker 2: in the meantime or did it just get more powerful

976
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:17,920
Speaker 2: because the universe got bigger and dark energy gets bigger,

977
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:19,080
Speaker 2: the bigger space is now.

978
00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:22,080
Speaker 1: The current theory is that dark energy is constant, that

979
00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:23,759
Speaker 1: in a certain amount of space you have a certain

980
00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:27,280
Speaker 1: amount of potential energy and that doesn't change. So dark energy,

981
00:46:27,280 --> 00:46:30,839
Speaker 1: we think, is a constant strength through time. But we

982
00:46:30,920 --> 00:46:33,560
Speaker 1: do think that the universe is expanding and is making

983
00:46:33,640 --> 00:46:37,759
Speaker 1: new space and therefore making more dark energy. Most of

984
00:46:37,760 --> 00:46:40,640
Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe dilutes as space gets bigger,

985
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:42,279
Speaker 1: Like you have a certain amount of mass in the

986
00:46:42,360 --> 00:46:45,640
Speaker 1: universe and then things expand, then the mask gets less dense.

987
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,160
Speaker 1: Dark energy doesn't get less dense as the universe expands,

988
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:52,240
Speaker 1: because it's an aspect of space itself. It's like inherent

989
00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:56,320
Speaker 1: in space, and so as the universe expands, dark energy

990
00:46:56,680 --> 00:46:59,520
Speaker 1: doesn't shrink, and so proportionally it grows to be a

991
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,320
Speaker 1: larger fraction of the energy budget of the universe.

992
00:47:02,480 --> 00:47:04,880
Speaker 2: So when you say that the universe like it inflated

993
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,560
Speaker 2: really rapidly, then it slowed down, then it picked back

994
00:47:07,680 --> 00:47:12,200
Speaker 2: up again, that's still consistent with a constant dark energy.

995
00:47:12,239 --> 00:47:15,600
Speaker 2: But is that only because you're assigning the acceleration and

996
00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:18,080
Speaker 2: the slow down to other things that you also don't

997
00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:18,719
Speaker 2: know what they are?

998
00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:20,239
Speaker 1: Well, we think we know if the rest of the

999
00:47:20,320 --> 00:47:23,160
Speaker 1: universe is right. We think there's normal matter, there's some radiation.

1000
00:47:23,360 --> 00:47:25,399
Speaker 1: We think there's a lot of dark matter. We don't

1001
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:27,680
Speaker 1: know exactly what dark matter is made out of, but

1002
00:47:27,719 --> 00:47:29,600
Speaker 1: we have a pretty good sense of how much of

1003
00:47:29,640 --> 00:47:31,680
Speaker 1: it there is and where it was and how it

1004
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,320
Speaker 1: controlled the large scale structure of the universe. But in

1005
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:37,160
Speaker 1: order to describe the expansion history that we see, you

1006
00:47:37,239 --> 00:47:39,520
Speaker 1: need to plug in a certain amount of energy per

1007
00:47:39,719 --> 00:47:42,240
Speaker 1: unit of space, and then it actually describes the history

1008
00:47:42,280 --> 00:47:42,880
Speaker 1: quite nicely.

1009
00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:45,719
Speaker 2: But we still don't know what caused in the initial inflation, right,

1010
00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:47,880
Speaker 2: the big bank that could have been also dark energy,

1011
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,600
Speaker 2: but instead you're assigning it to something else, right.

1012
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:52,120
Speaker 1: Oh, I see, yes, And there's still a lot of

1013
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:55,480
Speaker 1: confusion about what happened early on. The current theory as

1014
00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:58,360
Speaker 1: in inflation, may have been due to some other field

1015
00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:01,040
Speaker 1: with a lot of potential energy, like the Flaton field,

1016
00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:04,400
Speaker 1: because that expansion was quite different from the expansion we're seeing.

1017
00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:06,840
Speaker 2: Now, different in just the rate, or different in the

1018
00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:07,520
Speaker 2: nature of it.

1019
00:48:07,719 --> 00:48:11,600
Speaker 1: Definitely different in the rate, possibly also different in the nature.

1020
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:14,760
Speaker 1: It could have been a different field providing potential energy

1021
00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:17,239
Speaker 1: to create that expansion. We just don't know.

1022
00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:19,680
Speaker 2: Huge question mark, or it could have been dark energy

1023
00:48:19,719 --> 00:48:20,800
Speaker 2: too right, Or it could.

1024
00:48:20,680 --> 00:48:22,759
Speaker 1: Have been dark energy that was changing. And in fact,

1025
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:24,880
Speaker 1: it's not quite accurate to say that the picture of

1026
00:48:24,920 --> 00:48:28,000
Speaker 1: dark energy its constant describes the universe very well, because

1027
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,040
Speaker 1: there's some controversy there. We measure the dark energy in

1028
00:48:31,040 --> 00:48:34,160
Speaker 1: the universe in late times using supernovas and also in

1029
00:48:34,280 --> 00:48:37,920
Speaker 1: early times using its effect on the cosmic microwave background radition,

1030
00:48:38,280 --> 00:48:41,200
Speaker 1: we actually get different numbers by a little bit, and

1031
00:48:41,239 --> 00:48:43,960
Speaker 1: that's been a persistent tension. It's called the Hubble tension.

1032
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,279
Speaker 1: Whole podcast episode about that. That inspires people to come

1033
00:48:47,360 --> 00:48:49,920
Speaker 1: up with other ideas, something called early dark energy, to

1034
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:52,440
Speaker 1: like add a little bit more dark energy early on

1035
00:48:52,480 --> 00:48:55,440
Speaker 1: in the universe. So the very very beginning of the universe.

1036
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:58,359
Speaker 1: Big question marks about how much expansion there was and

1037
00:48:58,360 --> 00:49:00,839
Speaker 1: what caused it. After that, it's more steady and it's

1038
00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,280
Speaker 1: well described by universe with almost constant dark energy.

1039
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:06,680
Speaker 2: But I say it's sort of a theory, right, there's

1040
00:49:06,719 --> 00:49:11,040
Speaker 2: still the possibility that maybe dark energy will increase again,

1041
00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:15,520
Speaker 2: or maybe this mysterious you know, imfloton or other quantum

1042
00:49:15,560 --> 00:49:17,920
Speaker 2: field with potential energy might kick back in.

1043
00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:21,400
Speaker 1: Exactly because we don't have a good theoretical description, so

1044
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:25,160
Speaker 1: we can't really make predictions. We're just observing things. It's

1045
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:27,920
Speaker 1: like if you're watching the weather and you're noticing some trends, like, hey,

1046
00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:30,080
Speaker 1: in southern California, it seems to be the same temperature

1047
00:49:30,120 --> 00:49:32,800
Speaker 1: every single day. Does that mean I could predict confidently

1048
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:35,040
Speaker 1: it's always going to be the same temperature, only if

1049
00:49:35,080 --> 00:49:37,880
Speaker 1: I actually understood what caused them, Like why is it

1050
00:49:37,920 --> 00:49:39,880
Speaker 1: the same temperature every day? If I had some understanding

1051
00:49:39,960 --> 00:49:42,960
Speaker 1: of the underlying mechanism, then I could make some prediction.

1052
00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:46,960
Speaker 1: Otherwise I'm just observing and extrapolating ignorantly, And that's basically

1053
00:49:47,040 --> 00:49:50,040
Speaker 1: what we're doing now. We don't understand the mechanism underlying

1054
00:49:50,080 --> 00:49:52,360
Speaker 1: it at all. We just see these trends and we

1055
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:53,680
Speaker 1: make simplifying assumptions.

1056
00:49:53,760 --> 00:49:55,360
Speaker 2: I feel like you just describe my job on this

1057
00:49:55,400 --> 00:50:00,920
Speaker 2: podcast anyway to extrapolate ignorantly for money, and.

1058
00:50:00,920 --> 00:50:03,239
Speaker 1: Listeners shouldn't take this as a criticism, right, This is

1059
00:50:03,239 --> 00:50:05,759
Speaker 1: the first step. This is very very fresh science. We

1060
00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:08,239
Speaker 1: only discovered this was happening a couple of decades ago.

1061
00:50:08,280 --> 00:50:11,440
Speaker 1: And the first thing you do is observe and characterize

1062
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:14,120
Speaker 1: and look for patterns, and then you try to build

1063
00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:16,280
Speaker 1: up some theory that describes it. And people are hard

1064
00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:19,480
Speaker 1: at work at exactly that, trying to understand what's causing

1065
00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:21,960
Speaker 1: this and what its future might be, because, as you say,

1066
00:50:22,120 --> 00:50:24,160
Speaker 1: we don't know what's causing it. We don't know if

1067
00:50:24,160 --> 00:50:25,520
Speaker 1: it's going to change in the future.

1068
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:27,279
Speaker 2: Right, And so I think we've talked about it in

1069
00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:30,360
Speaker 2: the podcast before. How there are three possibilities. So the

1070
00:50:30,560 --> 00:50:34,000
Speaker 2: dark energy, or at least whatever is powering or whatever

1071
00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:36,279
Speaker 2: power is the expansion of the universe could do one

1072
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:39,120
Speaker 2: of their things. It can go away, it can stay

1073
00:50:39,120 --> 00:50:42,120
Speaker 2: the same, or it can get even stronger. Right, and

1074
00:50:42,200 --> 00:50:44,920
Speaker 2: so if it goes away, then what happens to the universe.

1075
00:50:44,920 --> 00:50:45,759
Speaker 2: It crunches down.

1076
00:50:45,840 --> 00:50:47,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, if it goes away, then the universe is now

1077
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:51,080
Speaker 1: matter and radiation dominated, and those things tend to pull

1078
00:50:51,120 --> 00:50:53,440
Speaker 1: things back together. And so then it's back to the

1079
00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:56,360
Speaker 1: question of like, is there enough matter to slow things

1080
00:50:56,360 --> 00:50:58,360
Speaker 1: down and pull them back together into a big crunch,

1081
00:50:58,680 --> 00:51:02,080
Speaker 1: or is there enough velocity already in that expansion so

1082
00:51:02,160 --> 00:51:05,000
Speaker 1: that things skate away from each other, slowing down but

1083
00:51:05,080 --> 00:51:07,400
Speaker 1: never actually coming back together. If you just like turned

1084
00:51:07,440 --> 00:51:08,759
Speaker 1: off the dark energy.

1085
00:51:08,560 --> 00:51:10,440
Speaker 2: We don't know we can make that calculation.

1086
00:51:10,719 --> 00:51:13,440
Speaker 1: I can't make that calculation today on the podcast, but

1087
00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:14,440
Speaker 1: maybe somebody out.

1088
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:16,359
Speaker 2: There knows, but nobody's ever done it.

1089
00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:18,799
Speaker 1: It's sort of a particular scenario where you had dark

1090
00:51:18,880 --> 00:51:21,080
Speaker 1: energy in the universe or fourteen billion years and then

1091
00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:23,720
Speaker 1: suddenly turn it off. I don't know if anybody's actually

1092
00:51:23,719 --> 00:51:24,680
Speaker 1: done that calculation.

1093
00:51:24,760 --> 00:51:27,760
Speaker 2: All right, Well, that viewers may or may not crush together.

1094
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:30,359
Speaker 2: What happens if dark energy stays the same, it's if

1095
00:51:30,360 --> 00:51:32,279
Speaker 2: it stays constant the way it is now.

1096
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,080
Speaker 1: Then the expansion of the universe continues, and it continues

1097
00:51:35,160 --> 00:51:38,880
Speaker 1: to accelerate, which means that space between things grows faster

1098
00:51:38,960 --> 00:51:42,799
Speaker 1: and faster, and over very large distances. That expansion is

1099
00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:45,759
Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light, which means that things

1100
00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:49,279
Speaker 1: are disappearing past the edge of our cosmic horizon. There

1101
00:51:49,280 --> 00:51:52,359
Speaker 1: are galaxies out there who are shooting photons at us,

1102
00:51:52,360 --> 00:51:55,720
Speaker 1: and those photons will never arrive because the space between

1103
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:58,960
Speaker 1: us and that galaxy is increasing faster than light is

1104
00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:02,239
Speaker 1: making progress through that space. So, in that scenario where

1105
00:52:02,320 --> 00:52:06,440
Speaker 1: dark energy stays constant, the observable fraction of the universe

1106
00:52:06,680 --> 00:52:09,560
Speaker 1: gets smaller and smaller as time goes on, things start

1107
00:52:09,560 --> 00:52:11,760
Speaker 1: to disappear. We don't think in that scenario the galaxy

1108
00:52:11,760 --> 00:52:13,520
Speaker 1: will get rid of the party. It'll always have enough

1109
00:52:13,520 --> 00:52:16,160
Speaker 1: gravity to hold itself together, and the Earth will still

1110
00:52:16,239 --> 00:52:19,040
Speaker 1: orbit around the Sun. But our galaxy will become more

1111
00:52:19,080 --> 00:52:21,719
Speaker 1: and more isolated relative to other galaxies.

1112
00:52:21,960 --> 00:52:22,120
Speaker 5: Right.

1113
00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:24,520
Speaker 2: We talked about how in this scenario the night sky

1114
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:27,160
Speaker 2: gets dark and darker, right, because all the stars, or

1115
00:52:27,160 --> 00:52:29,960
Speaker 2: at least all the galaxies out there, will move out

1116
00:52:29,960 --> 00:52:32,880
Speaker 2: of our view. But will are the stars move out

1117
00:52:32,920 --> 00:52:35,080
Speaker 2: of our view the ones in our galaxy? Isn't the

1118
00:52:35,080 --> 00:52:36,080
Speaker 2: opposite going to happen?

1119
00:52:36,280 --> 00:52:39,000
Speaker 1: No, the galaxy is probably strong enough has enough gravity

1120
00:52:39,040 --> 00:52:42,359
Speaker 1: to hold itself together if dark energy stays constant, So

1121
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:46,600
Speaker 1: the other galaxies will disappear, and future astronomers will look

1122
00:52:46,640 --> 00:52:48,560
Speaker 1: up at the night sky and only see stars in

1123
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:51,480
Speaker 1: our galaxy, and they will think our galaxy is the

1124
00:52:51,520 --> 00:52:54,840
Speaker 1: whole universe because they won't be able to see anything else.

1125
00:52:55,640 --> 00:52:59,600
Speaker 2: WHOA, but how about future future future astronomers. Isn't there

1126
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:02,600
Speaker 2: enough stuff in our galaxy that it will eventually crunch

1127
00:53:02,640 --> 00:53:04,120
Speaker 2: down to a black hole eventually?

1128
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:06,640
Speaker 1: Yes, it will crunch down into a black hole. Gravity

1129
00:53:06,719 --> 00:53:10,799
Speaker 1: will eventually win. Things are swirling around and avoiding the inevitable.

1130
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:12,959
Speaker 1: But you know, things bump into each other and lose

1131
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,640
Speaker 1: angular momentum and they radiate energy through gravitational waves. So

1132
00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:20,080
Speaker 1: the very very far future is that the supermassive black

1133
00:53:20,080 --> 00:53:23,040
Speaker 1: hole eats our galaxy. So the very deep future of

1134
00:53:23,040 --> 00:53:25,720
Speaker 1: the universe, if dark energy is constant, is a bunch

1135
00:53:25,760 --> 00:53:28,080
Speaker 1: of black holes isolated from each other.

1136
00:53:28,440 --> 00:53:30,759
Speaker 2: Yeah, too far away to even see each other, right

1137
00:53:30,840 --> 00:53:31,640
Speaker 2: or affect each other.

1138
00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:35,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Each one will be past the other's cosmic horizons.

1139
00:53:35,760 --> 00:53:37,920
Speaker 2: Wow, not a bright future for the universe.

1140
00:53:38,480 --> 00:53:40,440
Speaker 1: You don't want to buy shares in that universe.

1141
00:53:40,360 --> 00:53:44,400
Speaker 2: Unless shares are for flashlights. Then yeah, those are going

1142
00:53:44,440 --> 00:53:46,839
Speaker 2: to become very very valuable in the future. So then

1143
00:53:46,840 --> 00:53:49,640
Speaker 2: there's a last scenario, which is that maybe dark energy

1144
00:53:49,680 --> 00:53:52,840
Speaker 2: will somehow kick back in or whatever may the initial

1145
00:53:52,880 --> 00:53:55,480
Speaker 2: inflation of the universe happen, that might come back, and

1146
00:53:55,520 --> 00:53:58,640
Speaker 2: which will make the universe expand even faster than it

1147
00:53:58,680 --> 00:53:58,960
Speaker 2: is now.

1148
00:53:59,120 --> 00:54:01,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's this fun idea that dark energy will convert

1149
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:05,239
Speaker 1: into something called phantom energy. This is energy which will

1150
00:54:05,239 --> 00:54:08,400
Speaker 1: grow even more rapidly than just the expansion of space,

1151
00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:12,080
Speaker 1: so that as space expands, the fraction of energy in

1152
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:15,400
Speaker 1: each chunk of space also goes up, which means that

1153
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:17,960
Speaker 1: the acceleration increases faster and faster.

1154
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,160
Speaker 2: Wait, the idea is that dark energy somehow evolves like

1155
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:23,879
Speaker 2: a pokemon like it levels up.

1156
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:25,879
Speaker 1: You just need to buy more and more packs. That's

1157
00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:28,440
Speaker 1: all that has to happen for this scenario to unfold.

1158
00:54:28,520 --> 00:54:32,040
Speaker 2: Nobody is that the idea. Then it's like the same energy,

1159
00:54:32,040 --> 00:54:34,200
Speaker 2: but somehow it gets kicked up a level or something.

1160
00:54:34,680 --> 00:54:39,239
Speaker 1: The theoretical underpinnings of phantom energy are pretty fuzzy. They

1161
00:54:39,239 --> 00:54:41,760
Speaker 1: require a bunch of really weird fields that have strains,

1162
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,480
Speaker 1: things like negative kinetic energy. It's possible for them to

1163
00:54:45,560 --> 00:54:48,080
Speaker 1: exist in the universe and sort of wake up only

1164
00:54:48,160 --> 00:54:50,640
Speaker 1: in late times. This is the theories that people have

1165
00:54:50,680 --> 00:54:53,680
Speaker 1: developed and they would, yeah, accelerate the expansion of the

1166
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:57,080
Speaker 1: universe in even more surprising ways because they have very

1167
00:54:57,120 --> 00:54:58,880
Speaker 1: strange kinetic and potential energy.

1168
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:02,240
Speaker 2: I guess is that it levels up to something called

1169
00:55:02,560 --> 00:55:05,960
Speaker 2: phantom energy, because that just sounds more mysterious.

1170
00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:09,520
Speaker 1: I guess it's actually named after the movie The Phantom Menace.

1171
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,680
Speaker 1: Guy wrote this paper called The Phantom Menace the Future.

1172
00:55:13,360 --> 00:55:15,880
Speaker 2: Of the Universe, So he was a fan. He was

1173
00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:16,279
Speaker 2: the fan.

1174
00:55:16,520 --> 00:55:18,680
Speaker 1: He writes the paper quote, A phantom is something which

1175
00:55:18,719 --> 00:55:20,719
Speaker 1: is apparent to the site or other senses, but has

1176
00:55:21,040 --> 00:55:24,680
Speaker 1: no corporeal existence, an appropriate description for a form of

1177
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:29,520
Speaker 1: energy necessarily described by unorthodox physics. So he's sort of

1178
00:55:29,560 --> 00:55:31,320
Speaker 1: putting it in the ghostly category.

1179
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:33,320
Speaker 2: But did he reference the movie?

1180
00:55:33,520 --> 00:55:36,160
Speaker 1: Oh? Absolutely, It was very much a reference to the

1181
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:37,600
Speaker 1: movie The Phantom Menace that.

1182
00:55:37,680 --> 00:55:39,200
Speaker 2: Was mentioned in the economic paper.

1183
00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:42,080
Speaker 1: The Phantom Menace is part of the title of the paper. Yes,

1184
00:55:42,120 --> 00:55:45,960
Speaker 1: so phantom energy totally named after the movie The Phantom Menace.

1185
00:55:46,160 --> 00:55:48,480
Speaker 2: Or maybe he just named the title after the movie.

1186
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:51,320
Speaker 2: Doesn't mean that phantom energy was based on the movie,

1187
00:55:51,480 --> 00:55:51,839
Speaker 2: does it.

1188
00:55:52,120 --> 00:55:54,360
Speaker 1: Well, the science of phantom energy is not based on

1189
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:56,920
Speaker 1: the movie. But yeah, he named it phantom energy because

1190
00:55:56,920 --> 00:55:58,840
Speaker 1: he was inspired by the use of the word phantom

1191
00:55:59,000 --> 00:55:59,960
Speaker 1: from the Phantom Menace.

1192
00:56:00,360 --> 00:56:02,000
Speaker 2: I guess you could say he was a fan.

1193
00:56:04,160 --> 00:56:06,120
Speaker 1: I don't know if his name was Tom, he should

1194
00:56:06,120 --> 00:56:06,719
Speaker 1: have changed.

1195
00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:08,360
Speaker 2: It, But I guess the point is that maybe this

1196
00:56:08,560 --> 00:56:11,319
Speaker 2: energy is going to increase level up, get stronger, which

1197
00:56:11,360 --> 00:56:14,080
Speaker 2: is going to make the universe expand faster and faster

1198
00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:16,960
Speaker 2: and faster and faster and faster, which might rip the

1199
00:56:17,040 --> 00:56:17,640
Speaker 2: universe apart.

1200
00:56:17,719 --> 00:56:21,880
Speaker 1: Right exactly. Dark energy by itself will already rip galaxies apart,

1201
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,440
Speaker 1: but phantom energy will get more powerful, and so eventually

1202
00:56:25,520 --> 00:56:29,560
Speaker 1: it will overcome even the gravity of our galaxy, pulling

1203
00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:33,279
Speaker 1: the galaxy itself apart, and as time goes on, it

1204
00:56:33,320 --> 00:56:36,680
Speaker 1: will increase in power, eventually pulling our Solar system apart,

1205
00:56:37,040 --> 00:56:40,320
Speaker 1: and then shredding the Earth, and in the deep deep future,

1206
00:56:40,480 --> 00:56:43,080
Speaker 1: even pulling all atomic bonds apart.

1207
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,480
Speaker 2: WHOA, So you're saying, like like space itself will become

1208
00:56:47,920 --> 00:56:50,880
Speaker 2: like inhospitable almost in a way. Space will be expanding

1209
00:56:50,920 --> 00:56:54,000
Speaker 2: so much, even at the molecular sub atomic level, that

1210
00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:56,279
Speaker 2: not even quarks will be able to hang on to

1211
00:56:56,360 --> 00:56:56,719
Speaker 2: each other.

1212
00:56:57,040 --> 00:56:59,880
Speaker 1: Not even quarks will be able to pull each other apart.

1213
00:57:00,040 --> 00:57:03,880
Speaker 1: All bonds eventually will be weaker than the phantom energy,

1214
00:57:03,920 --> 00:57:08,400
Speaker 1: which will overcome everything, which will overcome everything.

1215
00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:10,480
Speaker 2: So like two quarks will be hanging on to each other,

1216
00:57:10,520 --> 00:57:12,799
Speaker 2: but then space will rip it apart, and then they'll

1217
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:14,399
Speaker 2: never see each other again ever.

1218
00:57:14,520 --> 00:57:16,600
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, the final end of the universe is sort

1219
00:57:16,640 --> 00:57:19,040
Speaker 1: of similar to what we described with dark energy, where

1220
00:57:19,080 --> 00:57:23,480
Speaker 1: you had black holes separated by essentially infinitely expanding space,

1221
00:57:23,520 --> 00:57:26,400
Speaker 1: so they can't communicate as no interaction except the phantom

1222
00:57:26,520 --> 00:57:30,160
Speaker 1: energy version of that is that particles are now separated

1223
00:57:30,160 --> 00:57:33,360
Speaker 1: by infinitely expanding space, so they can't interact with each other.

1224
00:57:33,440 --> 00:57:36,080
Speaker 1: They can't even tell that there are other particles in

1225
00:57:36,120 --> 00:57:38,080
Speaker 1: the universe. Whoa.

1226
00:57:38,160 --> 00:57:41,920
Speaker 2: So then like every single particle in the known existence

1227
00:57:41,960 --> 00:57:44,720
Speaker 2: in the universe will be by itself with no way

1228
00:57:44,760 --> 00:57:47,520
Speaker 2: to communicate with any other particle unless I guess the

1229
00:57:48,160 --> 00:57:50,520
Speaker 2: space makes a new particle next to it or something.

1230
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:50,960
Speaker 6: Right.

1231
00:57:51,080 --> 00:57:53,400
Speaker 1: Well, that's the really complicated thing about quarks, right, is

1232
00:57:53,440 --> 00:57:55,840
Speaker 1: that quarks do not like to be by themselves. We

1233
00:57:55,880 --> 00:57:58,800
Speaker 1: think that as you pull quarks apart, there's so much

1234
00:57:58,920 --> 00:58:01,360
Speaker 1: energy in the strong force that it pops new quarks

1235
00:58:01,400 --> 00:58:04,160
Speaker 1: out of the vacuum, So nobody actually knows what's going

1236
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:06,400
Speaker 1: to happen to quarks. It might be that as phantom

1237
00:58:06,480 --> 00:58:10,360
Speaker 1: energy pulls them apart, it creates this exponential cascade of

1238
00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:14,160
Speaker 1: particles being produced, filling space with all sorts of quarks.

1239
00:58:14,520 --> 00:58:16,280
Speaker 1: So we don't know who's going to win in the end.

1240
00:58:16,320 --> 00:58:18,320
Speaker 1: There the strong force or phantom energy.

1241
00:58:18,520 --> 00:58:21,160
Speaker 2: You mean, like as the universe rips apart, it's also

1242
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:24,520
Speaker 2: going to make new quarks. So what you're saying, like

1243
00:58:24,560 --> 00:58:27,040
Speaker 2: opening a bag of popcorns, you rip it open, all

1244
00:58:27,080 --> 00:58:28,040
Speaker 2: these quarks pop out.

1245
00:58:28,120 --> 00:58:30,040
Speaker 1: That's what happens when we make pairs of quarks that

1246
00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:33,240
Speaker 1: the large Hadron collider that have a large velocity relative

1247
00:58:33,240 --> 00:58:35,640
Speaker 1: to each other. They're created back to back. They're zooming

1248
00:58:35,680 --> 00:58:37,640
Speaker 1: away from each other near the speed of light, and

1249
00:58:37,680 --> 00:58:40,800
Speaker 1: they create this enormous shower of new quarks between them

1250
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:43,640
Speaker 1: out of the energy contained in the strong force bonds

1251
00:58:43,680 --> 00:58:46,320
Speaker 1: between them. And so we think the same thing might

1252
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:50,080
Speaker 1: happen to all quarks in the universe when phantom energy

1253
00:58:50,080 --> 00:58:52,720
Speaker 1: tries to pull them apart from their partners. Hmm.

1254
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:55,240
Speaker 2: But I guess it'll be sort of I mean, things

1255
00:58:55,240 --> 00:58:57,360
Speaker 2: will happen in order, like we won't be around to

1256
00:58:57,400 --> 00:59:01,080
Speaker 2: see that, right, Like, first the galaxy is gonna you know,

1257
00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:03,040
Speaker 2: rip the stars within the guys that are going to

1258
00:59:03,120 --> 00:59:06,040
Speaker 2: rip apart, but maybe it's not strong enough to rip

1259
00:59:06,080 --> 00:59:08,360
Speaker 2: apart solar systems. But eventually it's going to rip apart

1260
00:59:08,360 --> 00:59:10,680
Speaker 2: solar systems, and then eventually it's going to rip apart

1261
00:59:10,920 --> 00:59:12,080
Speaker 2: stars and planets.

1262
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,400
Speaker 1: Mm hmmm. So the final big rip, according to some calculations,

1263
00:59:15,520 --> 00:59:17,880
Speaker 1: is going to be in about twenty billion years.

1264
00:59:18,280 --> 00:59:20,120
Speaker 2: Wait, what we have a time estimate here?

1265
00:59:20,160 --> 00:59:23,160
Speaker 1: We have a time yes, based on estimates of the

1266
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:25,880
Speaker 1: amount of phantom energy that might be in the universe.

1267
00:59:25,960 --> 00:59:29,000
Speaker 1: This is total speculation, just like pick some numbers and

1268
00:59:29,040 --> 00:59:31,320
Speaker 1: see how it plays out. But it's fun to think about.

1269
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:34,160
Speaker 2: Like if dark energy starts to accelerate, now, is that

1270
00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:37,360
Speaker 2: what you mean at a certain value like a random

1271
00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:38,840
Speaker 2: value or what would value.

1272
00:59:38,720 --> 00:59:41,240
Speaker 1: Like at a random value. Yeah, there's a whole spectrum

1273
00:59:41,240 --> 00:59:43,840
Speaker 1: of possible different levels of phantom energy that might exist

1274
00:59:43,880 --> 00:59:45,560
Speaker 1: in the universe, and they just sort of like pick

1275
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:47,480
Speaker 1: a number and they put it in and they can

1276
00:59:47,520 --> 00:59:50,680
Speaker 1: make specific predictions. So these are not like weather reports.

1277
00:59:50,680 --> 00:59:53,680
Speaker 1: You shouldn't base your life around these. It's just like illustrative,

1278
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:56,160
Speaker 1: like to think about how fast things would happen, but with.

1279
00:59:56,240 --> 00:59:59,520
Speaker 2: Enough phantom energy happening tomorrow, the universe could rip apart

1280
00:59:59,600 --> 01:00:02,360
Speaker 2: the day after tomorrow. Right, So the twenty two billion

1281
01:00:02,440 --> 01:00:04,640
Speaker 2: years is just based on a number.

1282
01:00:04,760 --> 01:00:06,920
Speaker 1: It's just based on a number, but it's that plausible

1283
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:10,120
Speaker 1: number when that's not completely inconsistent with what we see

1284
01:00:10,120 --> 01:00:11,200
Speaker 1: today in the universe.

1285
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:13,840
Speaker 2: Oh, meaning like if our measurements are a little bit

1286
01:00:13,880 --> 01:00:16,240
Speaker 2: off and that we're wrong in the sense, then maybe

1287
01:00:16,240 --> 01:00:19,880
Speaker 2: the universe is expanding faster and faster and dark energy

1288
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:22,920
Speaker 2: is not constant, then this is how much time we have, Like,

1289
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:25,960
Speaker 2: this is the worst case scenario based on the fuzziness

1290
01:00:25,960 --> 01:00:26,560
Speaker 2: of our measurement.

1291
01:00:26,680 --> 01:00:29,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the good news is that we have twenty

1292
01:00:29,480 --> 01:00:32,680
Speaker 1: billion years until the final big rip. And the double

1293
01:00:32,720 --> 01:00:35,000
Speaker 1: good news is that we think that the Earth will

1294
01:00:35,040 --> 01:00:37,960
Speaker 1: survive until about thirty minutes before the end.

1295
01:00:38,360 --> 01:00:39,080
Speaker 2: Oh, that's good.

1296
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:43,160
Speaker 1: So we'll be around except for the last thirty minutes

1297
01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:45,440
Speaker 1: of it. And between thirty minutes and the end is

1298
01:00:45,440 --> 01:00:48,200
Speaker 1: when the Earth will get ripped apart and then eventually atoms.

1299
01:00:48,360 --> 01:00:50,960
Speaker 1: So we'll miss the last fireworks, but we'll still be

1300
01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:51,960
Speaker 1: here for most of it.

1301
01:00:52,160 --> 01:00:54,960
Speaker 2: Well, assuming the Earth is still here, right, this is

1302
01:00:55,080 --> 01:00:57,080
Speaker 2: the Earth supposed to be swallowed up by the Sun

1303
01:00:57,240 --> 01:00:58,480
Speaker 2: in like eight billion years.

1304
01:00:58,680 --> 01:01:00,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, the Sun only has a few more billion years.

1305
01:01:00,840 --> 01:01:03,160
Speaker 1: But assuming that we know we moved the Earth to

1306
01:01:03,200 --> 01:01:06,080
Speaker 1: some other Sun, or we rehab the Sun or something

1307
01:01:06,120 --> 01:01:08,520
Speaker 1: like that, or we maybe change the Earth's orbit and

1308
01:01:08,520 --> 01:01:11,360
Speaker 1: we end up orbiting a white dwarf for billions of years,

1309
01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:13,240
Speaker 1: that could happen if we manage to do that sort

1310
01:01:13,240 --> 01:01:16,160
Speaker 1: of solar system engineering, then the timeline is we have

1311
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,840
Speaker 1: twenty billion years until phantom energy pulls the universe apart.

1312
01:01:20,120 --> 01:01:21,640
Speaker 1: If phantom energy even.

1313
01:01:21,520 --> 01:01:23,360
Speaker 2: Is a real thing, right, it might even be like

1314
01:01:23,400 --> 01:01:26,960
Speaker 2: the descendants of Luke Skywalker who are watching this happen

1315
01:01:27,320 --> 01:01:29,439
Speaker 2: may or may not be human, as we discussed.

1316
01:01:29,120 --> 01:01:30,880
Speaker 1: Earlier, they certainly look human.

1317
01:01:31,120 --> 01:01:32,280
Speaker 2: Well so do I, Daniel.

1318
01:01:33,720 --> 01:01:35,440
Speaker 1: I do have my doubts about that. And you know,

1319
01:01:35,480 --> 01:01:39,280
Speaker 1: the current evidence suggests that dark energy seems mostly constant.

1320
01:01:39,520 --> 01:01:41,400
Speaker 1: We don't see it ticking up. That we do have

1321
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:43,840
Speaker 1: some questions about what's going on in the early universe.

1322
01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:47,040
Speaker 1: There are a few measurements that disagree with that, like

1323
01:01:47,400 --> 01:01:51,640
Speaker 1: studies of distant quasars that might suggest some slight increase

1324
01:01:51,720 --> 01:01:55,320
Speaker 1: in the energy density of dark energy in recent times,

1325
01:01:55,720 --> 01:01:58,400
Speaker 1: but for the most part, mainstream cosmologists think that dark

1326
01:01:58,520 --> 01:02:01,880
Speaker 1: energy is constant. That's a simple explanation. So again, we

1327
01:02:01,960 --> 01:02:04,520
Speaker 1: don't understand the mechanism for it, so we can't confidently

1328
01:02:04,560 --> 01:02:06,960
Speaker 1: make hard predictions. Right, we don't know.

1329
01:02:06,920 --> 01:02:08,280
Speaker 2: What it is. And in fact, I feel like we're

1330
01:02:08,280 --> 01:02:10,400
Speaker 2: sort of defining it to be constant, and so we're

1331
01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:13,240
Speaker 2: measuring it to be constant. But actually the history says

1332
01:02:13,240 --> 01:02:14,880
Speaker 2: that it maybe wasn't constant.

1333
01:02:14,960 --> 01:02:17,880
Speaker 1: That's exactly true. And as we make observations, we add

1334
01:02:17,880 --> 01:02:21,400
Speaker 1: bells and whistles to our models to accommodate what we see,

1335
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:23,720
Speaker 1: and then we try to explain it and describe it.

1336
01:02:23,960 --> 01:02:26,240
Speaker 2: Wow to me. In the far future, they'll somebody who

1337
01:02:26,280 --> 01:02:28,120
Speaker 2: will make a movie that says, a long time ago,

1338
01:02:29,040 --> 01:02:32,520
Speaker 2: nic galaxy, far far away, they figured out the phantom

1339
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:36,400
Speaker 2: energy and two guys talked about it on a podcast.

1340
01:02:36,640 --> 01:02:39,960
Speaker 2: Not a very exciting movie. But you know, that's as

1341
01:02:39,960 --> 01:02:43,120
Speaker 2: you say, as you need to think, that's the trend.

1342
01:02:42,800 --> 01:02:46,840
Speaker 1: For these Disney Plus shows. No comment, We're.

1343
01:02:46,680 --> 01:02:49,800
Speaker 2: Just doing it in the in the fall with less

1344
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:53,960
Speaker 2: special effects. All right, Well, I guess stay tuned for

1345
01:02:54,040 --> 01:02:55,880
Speaker 2: two twenty two billion years, and then we'll find out

1346
01:02:55,920 --> 01:02:57,680
Speaker 2: if that's true or not exactly.

1347
01:02:57,760 --> 01:03:00,000
Speaker 1: And as time goes on, we'll learn more and more

1348
01:03:00,160 --> 01:03:02,640
Speaker 1: about the universe, and we will refine our models and

1349
01:03:02,680 --> 01:03:06,800
Speaker 1: hopefully be able to anticipate it long before it happens, or.

1350
01:03:07,040 --> 01:03:09,360
Speaker 2: Just hang on as long as we can. All right, Well,

1351
01:03:09,360 --> 01:03:12,120
Speaker 2: we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1352
01:03:12,120 --> 01:03:12,640
Speaker 2: you next time.

1353
01:03:20,560 --> 01:03:23,360
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain

1354
01:03:23,440 --> 01:03:27,440
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1355
01:03:27,440 --> 01:03:32,080
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1356
01:03:32,160 --> 01:03:45,360
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1357
01:03:45,360 --> 01:03:47,680
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1358
01:03:47,720 --> 01:03:50,600
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1359
01:03:50,640 --> 01:03:53,760
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1360
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:56,840
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1361
01:03:56,960 --> 01:04:00,840
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House you as dairy tackling

1362
01:04:00,840 --> 01:04:04,600
Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the

1363
01:04:04,640 --> 01:04:09,040
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

1364
01:04:09,080 --> 01:04:12,360
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's last

1365
01:04:12,360 --> 01:04:14,280
Speaker 1: sustainability To learn more.

1366
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,560
Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

1367
01:04:18,560 --> 01:04:21,400
Speaker 3: recently hit the number one science podcast in America.

1368
01:04:21,480 --> 01:04:22,960
Speaker 1: I mean neuroscientists at.

1369
01:04:22,800 --> 01:04:26,200
Speaker 3: Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the three pound

1370
01:04:26,280 --> 01:04:27,560
Speaker 3: universe in our heads.

1371
01:04:27,880 --> 01:04:30,920
Speaker 1: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

1372
01:04:30,280 --> 01:04:33,240
Speaker 3: Between your brain and your life, because the more we

1373
01:04:33,360 --> 01:04:36,040
Speaker 3: know about what's running under the hood, that or we

1374
01:04:36,080 --> 01:04:39,600
Speaker 3: can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos with David

1375
01:04:39,640 --> 01:04:43,160
Speaker 3: Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

1376
01:04:43,160 --> 01:04:44,280
Speaker 3: get your podcasts.

1377
01:04:44,840 --> 01:04:48,240
Speaker 4: Parents looking for a screen free, fun and engaging way

1378
01:04:48,280 --> 01:04:50,320
Speaker 4: to teach your kids the Bible. As a mom, I

1379
01:04:50,480 --> 01:04:53,520
Speaker 4: was looking for the same thing, so I created Kids'

1380
01:04:53,520 --> 01:04:56,880
Speaker 4: Bible Stories podcast. Thousands of families are raving about it,

1381
01:04:57,000 --> 01:05:01,280
Speaker 4: and kids actually request to listen. With captivating sound effects, voices,

1382
01:05:01,360 --> 01:05:04,360
Speaker 4: and an apply section at the end to spark meaningful conversations,

1383
01:05:04,640 --> 01:05:07,520
Speaker 4: it's a hit with both kids and parents. Listen to

1384
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:11,200
Speaker 4: Kid's Bibles Choice podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1385
01:05:11,280 --> 01:05:12,960
Speaker 4: or wherever you get your podcasts.