1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry, as folks 4 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:20,599 Speaker 1: are probably aware. On March nine of this year, the 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:24,800 Speaker 1: Falcon's Maritime Heritage Trust announced that the Endurance twenty two 6 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:28,520 Speaker 1: expedition had found the wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship 7 00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: Endurance in the Wettal Seat in Antarctica. We got tons 8 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:35,600 Speaker 1: and tons and tons of notes from listeners about this, 9 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: and then I was surprised to discover that we didn't 10 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:41,560 Speaker 1: already have an episode on Shackleton or on this expedition 11 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: in which the Endurance was lost. It's kind of about 12 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: an intersection of things that are a little bit of 13 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:49,839 Speaker 1: a running theme in the show. We've got Exploration, We've 14 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:52,519 Speaker 1: got a shipwreck. So I decided it was time to 15 00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: fix that, and to fix it twice. Because while Shackleton's 16 00:00:56,320 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: expedition aboard the Endurance has become his most well known 17 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:04,760 Speaker 1: expedition to Antarctica, it wasn't the only one, and one 18 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 1: aspect of the expedition is often overlooked. This turned into 19 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,880 Speaker 1: a two parter and there's also just there's so much 20 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:13,320 Speaker 1: still going on in the world right now that I 21 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: enjoyed spending my time immersing myself in this dramatic rescue, 22 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:20,959 Speaker 1: and I thought other folks might as well. Heads up, though, 23 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:27,040 Speaker 1: this is about survival and extreme conditions. And while there 24 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:31,199 Speaker 1: is no cannibalism and there's no loss of the entire 25 00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: party as happens in a lot of these other stories, 26 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:37,679 Speaker 1: there are some human deaths, and there are a lot 27 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:41,120 Speaker 1: of animal deaths, including eating the meat from animals that 28 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:44,760 Speaker 1: might be taboo and some cultures. So while I find 29 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:50,640 Speaker 1: it to be an overall positive story, there are difficult 30 00:01:50,680 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: parts to it, less harrowing than it could be, not 31 00:01:55,120 --> 00:02:00,760 Speaker 1: entirely void of chagrin, right so. Ernest Henry Shackleton was 32 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: born in County Kildare, Ireland, on February sevent eighteen seventy four. 33 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:09,320 Speaker 1: He was the second of ten children born to Henry 34 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: and Henrietta letitiaus Sofia Shackleton. Henry Shackleton is often described 35 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,080 Speaker 1: as a doctor, but when Ernest was born he was 36 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,280 Speaker 1: a farmer. Then in eighteen seventy nine and eighty, economic factors, 37 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:25,880 Speaker 1: poor weather and potato blight sparked a famine in parts 38 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:30,079 Speaker 1: of Ireland. This wasn't nearly as deadly or destructive as 39 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:32,720 Speaker 1: the Great Famine of the eighteen forties and fifties, which 40 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: we have covered on the show before, but it did 41 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: lead to hunger and hardship, and it was after this 42 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,959 Speaker 1: that Henry Shackleton decided to become a doctor. The Shackleton 43 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:45,080 Speaker 1: family moved to Dublin so Henry could study medicine at 44 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: Trinity College. Then from there they moved to Croydon and 45 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: then to Sidnham, where Henry established a medical practice. Croydon 46 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,720 Speaker 1: and Sydnham are both part of Greater London today, and 47 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:58,480 Speaker 1: the family home in Sidnham was not far from the 48 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: Crystal Palace. Everything connects. Ernest's early education involved being taught 49 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:07,960 Speaker 1: at home by a governess. Eventually he was enrolled at 50 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,080 Speaker 1: fir Lodge Preparatory School and then at Dulwich College. He 51 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:15,800 Speaker 1: particularly loved reading, and he came in second in English 52 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 1: history and literature during his last year at the school, 53 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:22,920 Speaker 1: but much to his father's displeasure, he decided to end 54 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:25,360 Speaker 1: his education at the age of sixteen and go to 55 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:28,800 Speaker 1: see He wanted to join the Royal Navy but he 56 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 1: didn't have the money to do that, so he joined 57 00:03:31,240 --> 00:03:34,639 Speaker 1: the Merchant Marine instead. He didn't give up his love 58 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:37,720 Speaker 1: of books, though, he was always known for reading literature 59 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:41,760 Speaker 1: and poetry. While at sea. Shackleton worked his way up 60 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:44,680 Speaker 1: through the ranks, sailing all over the world, and he 61 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 1: earned his certificate as a Master Mariner in April of 62 00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight at the age of twenty four. He 63 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 1: also became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 64 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 1: During the South African War also known as the Second 65 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: Boer War, he worked as an off around ships that 66 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: carried mail and packages back and forth between Southampton, England 67 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: and Cape Town, South Africa. One of those voyages was 68 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,360 Speaker 1: aboard the Tintadgel Castle, where Shackleton served as third officer, 69 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,800 Speaker 1: and in March of nineteen hundred he and the ship's 70 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: surgeon W. McLean published O. H M. S Or How 71 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:24,000 Speaker 1: twelve hundred Soldiers Went to Table Bay. This was an 72 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: account of the voyage and it was Shackleton's first major 73 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:31,200 Speaker 1: published work. It was also on this voyage that Shackleton 74 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:35,000 Speaker 1: met Lieutenant Cedric Longstaff, whose father was one of the 75 00:04:35,040 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: major financial backers of the British National Antarctic Expedition, which 76 00:04:40,240 --> 00:04:43,839 Speaker 1: was being headed by Captain Robert falcon Scott. This was 77 00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: also called the Discovery Expedition for the ship that carried it, 78 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:51,440 Speaker 1: and Shackleton wound up joining the expedition as the Discovery's 79 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:55,640 Speaker 1: third lieutenant. For context, this was during the Heroic Age 80 00:04:55,640 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: of Antarctic exploration that spanned from eight to nineteen twenty two, 81 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 1: and during that twenty five year period, eight different countries 82 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,680 Speaker 1: embarked on sixteen major polar expeditions. This included the Race 83 00:05:09,720 --> 00:05:13,479 Speaker 1: to the South Pole between rold Amondson and Robert falcon Scott, 84 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:16,480 Speaker 1: which was a recent Saturday classic, and that race took 85 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: place roughly a decade after the Discovery Expedition. Unlike the 86 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 1: Age of Discovery roughly five hundred years before, this Heroic 87 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: Age of Antarctic exploration didn't involve purportedly exploring places that 88 00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:36,600 Speaker 1: already had an established indigenous population. Although Antarctica was known 89 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: to the Maori roughly a thousand years before it was 90 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: known to Europeans, and it may have been visited by 91 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:46,320 Speaker 1: Polynesians in about the seventh century. At the same time, 92 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:49,920 Speaker 1: though there was a similar sense of scientific inquiry and 93 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: nationalism and commercialism running all through both of these periods, 94 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: and both were competitive. The nation's involved all wanted to 95 00:05:59,160 --> 00:06:02,480 Speaker 1: be the first to discover or achieve something and to 96 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:06,800 Speaker 1: plant their flags somewhere new. The public also followed the 97 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: polar expeditions with intense interest. They were through such remote, 98 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 1: inhospitable territory with limited supplies and an even more limited 99 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,120 Speaker 1: ability to keep in touch with the rest of the world. 100 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: Everything lent itself to dramatic accounts of tragic losses and 101 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:26,680 Speaker 1: heroic rescues and courage under the most arduous and terrifying 102 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: of circumstances, which people only got to hear about after 103 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:33,600 Speaker 1: a team made it back to some semblance of safety, 104 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: or after another team found what was left of them 105 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:40,480 Speaker 1: and came back with their journals and logs. The British 106 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: National Antarctic Expedition that Shackleton joined in nineteen o one 107 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: wasn't the first British expedition to the Antarctic. That was 108 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:53,000 Speaker 1: the British Antarctic Expedition, which was also known as the 109 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:58,560 Speaker 1: Southern Cross Expedition. That expedition had embarked in but the 110 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:02,919 Speaker 1: Southern Cross Expedition and was privately financed, while the Discovery 111 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,040 Speaker 1: expedition was an official British effort that was backed by 112 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The sense 113 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:13,320 Speaker 1: of competition and bragging rights and who got to be 114 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:18,080 Speaker 1: first even extended to these two British efforts. The Royal 115 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:22,000 Speaker 1: Societies were not all that pleased that a privately financed 116 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 1: venture with a largely Norwegian crew under the command of 117 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,240 Speaker 1: a Norwegian who had settled in Australia had basically scooped 118 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: them on the way to Antarctica. Aboard the Discovery, Shackleton 119 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:37,160 Speaker 1: was in charge of the stores, which he liked, and 120 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:41,080 Speaker 1: measuring the density and salinity of seawater samples, which he 121 00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:44,440 Speaker 1: did not. He also edited and typed a magazine that 122 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:48,400 Speaker 1: the crew put together, called South Polar Times, and he 123 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,320 Speaker 1: saw some tensions aboard the ship. Scott was an officer 124 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: in the Royal Navy, but Shackleton had come up through 125 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:58,560 Speaker 1: the Merchant Navy, joining the Royal Navy Reserve. When he 126 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:01,920 Speaker 1: joined the Discovery's crew. A lot of the Royal Navy 127 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: men looked down on people like Shackleton, and Royal Navy 128 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 1: officers usually observed a formality that a lot of the 129 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: men from the Merchant Navy really didn't was sped into 130 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: a lot of divisions and stratification, and Shackleton didn't really 131 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:20,360 Speaker 1: like that. He and Scott also had different temperaments and approaches, 132 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,960 Speaker 1: and they butted heads a lot. In spite of those differences, 133 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: Shackleton was chosen to accompany Scott and zoologist Dr. Edward 134 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: Wilson on a journey over the Ross ice shelf at 135 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:34,440 Speaker 1: the time called the Great Ice Barrier. They were headed 136 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:37,040 Speaker 1: south as far as they could go, all the way 137 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: to the South Pole if possible, but they didn't get 138 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:42,680 Speaker 1: nearly as far as they wanted. They had too much 139 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:45,200 Speaker 1: gear to carry it all at once, so they had 140 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: to divide their loads and carry them in a relay. 141 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:52,559 Speaker 1: None of them really had any experience handling dogs or sledges, 142 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:56,600 Speaker 1: and many of their dogs died or had to be shot. Plus, 143 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: Scott was really determined to press on, even when they 144 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: were all sick and obviously running out of food, and 145 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,280 Speaker 1: Shackleton and Wilson had to really work to convince him 146 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: to turn back. By the time they got back to base, 147 00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: all three men had scurvy, and Shackleton's condition was bad 148 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:15,720 Speaker 1: enough that he was sent home on a supply ship 149 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:19,439 Speaker 1: in nineteen o three. Scott dismissed him with a generally 150 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: favorable note, quote, this gentleman has performed his work in 151 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:28,360 Speaker 1: a highly satisfactory manner, but unfortunately his constitution has proved 152 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: unequal to the rigors of a polar climate. It is 153 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:35,079 Speaker 1: with great reluctance that I ordered his return, and trust 154 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,240 Speaker 1: that it will be made evident that I do so 155 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: solely on account of his health, and that his future 156 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:46,520 Speaker 1: prospects may not suffer. For Shackleton's part, he later maintained 157 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 1: that he had not been nearly as sick as Scott 158 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:51,880 Speaker 1: had made it sound. So there is some speculation that 159 00:09:51,920 --> 00:09:54,800 Speaker 1: he was sent home in nineteen o three not because 160 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:57,840 Speaker 1: he was seriously ill, but because Scott was tired of 161 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 1: dealing with him. We'll get to what Shackleton did after 162 00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: getting home after a quick sponsor break. After getting back 163 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:17,079 Speaker 1: to the UK Ernest Shackleton spent some time as a journalist, 164 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,520 Speaker 1: and he published an account of the voyage. He became 165 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:24,839 Speaker 1: secretary of the Scottish Geographical Society, and he ran for parliament. 166 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:28,160 Speaker 1: He did not win that election. He also got married 167 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:31,559 Speaker 1: to Emily Mary Dorman on April nine of nineteen o four. 168 00:10:31,679 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: They eventually went on to have three children, Raymond, Cecily, 169 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:38,760 Speaker 1: and Edward, and he started planning and raising money for 170 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:43,199 Speaker 1: an expedition to reach both the geographic and magnetic South Poles, 171 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:46,920 Speaker 1: which he announced in February of nineteen o seven, and 172 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,640 Speaker 1: he was not the only person working on an expedition. 173 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: When Robert Falcon Scott heard about Shackleton's announcement, he got 174 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: in touch, noting that he also had unannounced plans for 175 00:10:57,040 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: the poll. Scott asked Shackleton not to use his base 176 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: on Ross Island at McMurdo Sound, and the two men 177 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:06,600 Speaker 1: had kind of a tedious back and forth about it, 178 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,560 Speaker 1: with Scott trying to claim the whole sound essentially as 179 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:13,040 Speaker 1: his territory and Shackleton arguing that he didn't object to 180 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 1: Scott retaining control of the base he had already established, 181 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: but he couldn't just say that no one else could 182 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: use the entire sound. By the time Shackleton departed, they 183 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,880 Speaker 1: hadn't exactly come to an agreement, but Shackleton had agreed 184 00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 1: to avoid the area if he could. Scott in this 185 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: whole exchange kind of comes across the saying I licked 186 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:36,200 Speaker 1: all of this right, all mine. I peed a circle 187 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: around Antarctica. You can't go there. So, as with the 188 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:46,679 Speaker 1: Southern Cross and Discovery expeditions back in eighteen nineteen o one, 189 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:50,080 Speaker 1: there was this sense that Shackleton and Scott were rivals 190 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: in this instead of each of them organizing expeditions for Britain, 191 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: that we're all working towards the same goal. And this 192 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:01,440 Speaker 1: extended beyond this dispute between the two men themselves. Shackleton's 193 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:04,880 Speaker 1: expedition was funded through loans and donations, and it didn't 194 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:08,600 Speaker 1: have official backing or funding from the government or the 195 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 1: British Admiralty or the Royal Geographic Society. All of those 196 00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:17,400 Speaker 1: entities were really focused on backing the expedition that Scott 197 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:22,559 Speaker 1: was still planning when the Shackleton expedition departed. Shackleton's expedition 198 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: was also known as the British Antarctic Expedition, and it 199 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,440 Speaker 1: was called the Nimrod Expedition for the ship they were on. 200 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:32,080 Speaker 1: The ship set sail that August after being inspected by 201 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:36,120 Speaker 1: King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. Shackleton himself was 202 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,040 Speaker 1: not on board though he and several other members of 203 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: the expedition stayed behind and wrapped up some loose ends 204 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 1: before taking another ship south and meeting up with the 205 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: Nimrod in New Zealand. They were kind of in a hurry. 206 00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:52,520 Speaker 1: The reason Shackleton had announced the expedition when he did 207 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:55,360 Speaker 1: and set the timeline was out of fear that some 208 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:58,360 Speaker 1: other expedition was going to get to the poll first 209 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:01,640 Speaker 1: if they didn't so some of their funding and supplies 210 00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:05,080 Speaker 1: that had to be cobbled together pretty quickly. This meant 211 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,000 Speaker 1: he had to buy a much smaller, older ship than 212 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:10,480 Speaker 1: he really wanted because it was the only one he 213 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: could afford. The Nimrod was so small that it could 214 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:17,520 Speaker 1: not hold their personnel, their gear, and enough call to 215 00:13:17,640 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: both power the ship and laugh to the expedition, so 216 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: another ship had to tow the Nimrod from New Zealand 217 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:29,040 Speaker 1: to Antarctica. While some aspects of the expedition seemed kind 218 00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: of thrown together, Shackleton had also taken the time to 219 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: consult with Norwegian explorers Fritty Off Nonsen and Auto Sufdrop 220 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: to see what he could learn from their expeditions through 221 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,200 Speaker 1: the Arctic. He didn't take all of their advice, though, 222 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:46,719 Speaker 1: when the Nimrod set sail for Antarctica, it was carrying dogs, sledges, 223 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:51,040 Speaker 1: and a prefabricated insulated hut that could be assembled once 224 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:53,720 Speaker 1: they arrived, something that freed up a lot of space 225 00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 1: on board for other materials and equipment. But he also 226 00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:01,080 Speaker 1: had a dozen Manchurian ponies and a car that was 227 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: meant to help haul all their gear. Nonsen and sur 228 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,200 Speaker 1: Drop had advised against both the ponies and the car, 229 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: but Shackleton had stuck to his plan, arguing that the 230 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:14,000 Speaker 1: ponies could haul a lot more than dogs could and 231 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:17,839 Speaker 1: that the car had been specially modified for Arctic conditions. 232 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,080 Speaker 1: Shackleton was not the only person to try to use 233 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:25,280 Speaker 1: ponies in Antarctica. That was also part of Scott's expedition 234 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: that happened later. The Norwegians were always like, I don't 235 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 1: know why the Americans think that dogs are not the 236 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,520 Speaker 1: best way to go. They keep insisting on these ponies. 237 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:39,440 Speaker 1: The Nemerod arrived in Antarcticle on January first, nine eight 238 00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:42,640 Speaker 1: after having stopped in New Zealand, but when they got 239 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: to Antarctica, many of their potential landing points were blocked 240 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,280 Speaker 1: by ice. The only place they could find that seemed 241 00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:53,480 Speaker 1: workable was not far away from Scott's base on Ross Island. 242 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:57,120 Speaker 1: Shackleton didn't think he had any other choice but to 243 00:14:57,160 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: set up his camp where he could as far away 244 00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,840 Speaker 1: from Scott's bace as he could feasibly get, but Scott 245 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: really saw this as a betrayal and an attempt to 246 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:09,520 Speaker 1: horn in on his expedition. After dropping off the shore party, 247 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,160 Speaker 1: the Nimrod returned to New Zealand. The shore team spent 248 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,480 Speaker 1: the last months of the summer establishing a camp, climbing 249 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:21,000 Speaker 1: them out Arabis Volcano, taking scientific observations and readings, and 250 00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:24,880 Speaker 1: generally preparing to ride out the Antarctic winter before departing 251 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:29,320 Speaker 1: for the polls. As a note, Antarctica has two seasons, 252 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: with summer stretching roughly from October to February and winter 253 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:39,440 Speaker 1: from March to September. On September, Edgeworth David left for 254 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: the Magnetic South Pole, and then Shackleton left for the 255 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: geographic poll on October twenty nine. Shackleton's team took the 256 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: four surviving ponies because again they had not fared very 257 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:55,680 Speaker 1: well and David's team had the car. Both teams struggled. 258 00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:58,960 Speaker 1: They had to fight against heavy winds on their outbound trip. 259 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:03,320 Speaker 1: That's specially modified car worked best on flat ice, but 260 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,560 Speaker 1: much of the terrain the team needed to cover was 261 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: not flat, or it was covered in deep snow. Even 262 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: in the best conditions, it was prone to overheating and 263 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:15,560 Speaker 1: breaking down, so David's team could only use it to 264 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: set supply depots for the return trip, and they had 265 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:22,600 Speaker 1: to haul their gear to the pole themselves. And although 266 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:27,040 Speaker 1: some expeditions to the Arctic Circle had used ponies successfully, 267 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:30,320 Speaker 1: the ones that Shackleton brought to Antarctica did not farewell. 268 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: As we said. Some had gotten sick or injured while 269 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: still at sea, or they had to be shot. Early on, 270 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: on the very first day of their trek to the poll, 271 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:41,960 Speaker 1: a pony kicked a member of Shackleton's team in the 272 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 1: legs so hard that it exposed bone. The ponies often 273 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:48,880 Speaker 1: sank in deep snow up to their bellies. It made 274 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:52,160 Speaker 1: it just impossible for them to haul their equipment. Some 275 00:16:52,320 --> 00:16:55,920 Speaker 1: of them also died after eating volcanic sand, and one 276 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: died after falling into a crevass. Shackleton's team also ran 277 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:03,720 Speaker 1: low on food and so they wound up eating or 278 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:06,399 Speaker 1: storing some of the ponies meat, and then as the 279 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:11,000 Speaker 1: ponies died, they also ate their leftover fodder. Shackleton made 280 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,639 Speaker 1: it farther during this expedition than he had during his 281 00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: attempt with Robert Falcon Scott, but on January seven, nine 282 00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:20,480 Speaker 1: o nine, he and his team turned back after realizing 283 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:22,720 Speaker 1: they would run out of food if they kept going. 284 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: They were about ninety seven nautical miles from the South Pole. 285 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: On their return trip, they had a hard time finding 286 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:32,639 Speaker 1: the supply depots that they had left on the way out. 287 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:37,280 Speaker 1: On January, they ran completely out of food, so one 288 00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: of the men went ahead to the next supply depot 289 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: and returned with some pony meat, and then they all 290 00:17:42,560 --> 00:17:47,679 Speaker 1: got dysentery after eating it. Meanwhile, David's team successfully reached 291 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: what they believed to be the magnetic South Pole on 292 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:53,320 Speaker 1: January sixteenth of nineteen o nine. They planted a British 293 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: flag there and they took pictures. Something we know today 294 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,560 Speaker 1: that they didn't know at the time is that the 295 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:01,800 Speaker 1: Earth's magnetic poles moved around due to the changes in 296 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:07,879 Speaker 1: the magnetic field. Later on, geologist Douglas Mawson also realized 297 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,840 Speaker 1: that some old calculations had been off when they had 298 00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:13,239 Speaker 1: been trying to figure out where they were going, and 299 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: so what they planted the flag on was more on 300 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: the outskirts of the magnetic polar region, not like centrally 301 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 1: located on the pole. They also dealt with snow, blindness 302 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,639 Speaker 1: and hunger, and a grueling pace on their return trip. 303 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 1: They were trying to get back to the nem Rod 304 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:35,879 Speaker 1: in time for it to depart before risking getting frozen in. 305 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: They succeeded. They were back aboard the Nimrod on February five. 306 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:43,920 Speaker 1: As ice and bad weather started to threaten the ship, 307 00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:47,199 Speaker 1: it had to leave McMurdo Sound to find a safer harbor. 308 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:50,119 Speaker 1: But that meant that when Shackleton's team got back to 309 00:18:50,240 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: camp on February there was no ship They're waiting to 310 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 1: pick them up. To make things worse, in the last 311 00:18:56,720 --> 00:18:59,960 Speaker 1: days of their return trip, surgeon and cartographer Eric Stewart 312 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,040 Speaker 1: Marshall had collapsed, so Shackleton and Frank Wilde had left 313 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:07,600 Speaker 1: him behind with second in command Jamison Boyd Adams, so 314 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:11,119 Speaker 1: they could try to get help from the Nimrod. Shackleton 315 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:14,600 Speaker 1: and wild set fire to one of their huts and 316 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,520 Speaker 1: the crew aboard the Nimrod saw their signal and returned 317 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,320 Speaker 1: to pick them up. A team went back for Marshall 318 00:19:20,359 --> 00:19:23,640 Speaker 1: and Adams, and then the Nimrod left with everyone aboard 319 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:27,880 Speaker 1: on March four nine. Some of the men were injured 320 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,120 Speaker 1: or very sick, and they had to leave a bunch 321 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:33,159 Speaker 1: of personal items and equipment behind because they were afraid 322 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:34,560 Speaker 1: if they took the time to load it on the 323 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:36,360 Speaker 1: ship they were going to get stuck there in the ice. 324 00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:40,439 Speaker 1: But ultimately they had all survived. The team had written 325 00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:43,440 Speaker 1: and printed copies of a book called Aurora Ostrallis while 326 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: overwintering in Antarctica. Shackleton, leader, worked with Edward Saunders to 327 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:50,879 Speaker 1: write a two volume work, The Heart of the Antarctic. 328 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,200 Speaker 1: We'll get to the next phase of Shackleton's life. After 329 00:19:54,280 --> 00:20:08,000 Speaker 1: another quick sponsor break, the Nimerod expedition returned to England 330 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: in June of nineteen o nine, and Shackleton reunited with 331 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,360 Speaker 1: his wife. When he was telling her about his decision 332 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,440 Speaker 1: to turn back rather than pressing on for his goal 333 00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: of the Geographic South Poll, he said, quote, better a 334 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 1: living donkey than a dead lion. I love that quote 335 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:26,120 Speaker 1: so much. I don't even know what to do with myself. 336 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:31,040 Speaker 1: I'm like yeah. Although he hadn't had official funding or 337 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:34,440 Speaker 1: backing when he departed for the South Pole, Shackleton was 338 00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: hailed as a hero. When he returned, he was knighted 339 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:41,239 Speaker 1: and awarded the Royal Geographic Society Gold Medal, and he 340 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:44,240 Speaker 1: received about twenty thousand pounds to help pay off the 341 00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:48,720 Speaker 1: expedition's debts. Shackleton went on a lecture tour. He talked 342 00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:52,280 Speaker 1: about the expedition's experiences and discoveries, and he gave away 343 00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:54,639 Speaker 1: a lot of the money he earned from that. He 344 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:58,560 Speaker 1: also used the expedition's fame to raise money for charities. 345 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,159 Speaker 1: He did things like having the m Rod towed to 346 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:04,199 Speaker 1: Temple Pier so that members of the public could tour it, 347 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:06,879 Speaker 1: and then he donated the money that they paid to 348 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: go aboard to hospitals. During this time, rold Amondson's team 349 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 1: reached the Geographic South Pole, and at that point Shackleton 350 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:21,399 Speaker 1: started thinking about another ambitious plan, the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition, 351 00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:26,080 Speaker 1: which would cross the entire Antarctic land mass. He started 352 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:29,880 Speaker 1: planning this in n and quickly realized that the crossing 353 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 1: would take almost four months at minimum, which meant that 354 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:35,560 Speaker 1: there was just no way they could carry everything they 355 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,680 Speaker 1: would need with them, so he planned for two teams 356 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: aboard two ships. The Endurance would carry one team to 357 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:46,040 Speaker 1: the wet All Sea to trek across Antarctica. The Aurora 358 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,959 Speaker 1: would carry another team, the Raw Sea Party, to McMurdo Sound. 359 00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: The raw Sea Party, under the command of A. E. McIntosh, 360 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: would travel inland and place depots every sixty miles to 361 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 1: supply the Endurance team for the second half of the journey. 362 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:04,560 Speaker 1: Funds for this expedition came from private donors and the 363 00:22:04,560 --> 00:22:09,440 Speaker 1: British Government and the Royal Geographic Society and Shackleton recruitive Team. 364 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:11,359 Speaker 1: A lot of them were people who had been to 365 00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:16,359 Speaker 1: Antarctica previously, either with him or otherwise. There's a probably 366 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,639 Speaker 1: apocryphal advertisement that comes up. A lot is part of 367 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:21,919 Speaker 1: this effort, but it's fun, so I'm gonna read it. 368 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:27,359 Speaker 1: Quote men wanted for hazardous journey, small wages, bitter cold, 369 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:32,920 Speaker 1: long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return, doubtful, 370 00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 1: honor and recognition in case of success. I want that 371 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:40,680 Speaker 1: to be like every job ad going forward. It isn't 372 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:44,680 Speaker 1: a lot of books about like best advertisements, but nobody 373 00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:49,440 Speaker 1: has been able to track down anywhere that it actually ran. 374 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:51,520 Speaker 1: And it's one of those things where the first places 375 00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:53,919 Speaker 1: that it appears in print that we've been able to 376 00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:57,840 Speaker 1: find our many years later, mostly in books about advertising. 377 00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:03,159 Speaker 1: But regardless of all of that, just as he was 378 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:08,080 Speaker 1: preparing for departure on June nineteen fourteen, Archduke friends Ferdinand 379 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,520 Speaker 1: of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenburg were assassinated. 380 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:16,600 Speaker 1: Soon Britain was at war, and of course it seemed 381 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:20,280 Speaker 1: like this expedition would no longer be a priority. Without 382 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,359 Speaker 1: talking to anyone about it, including the people financing the expedition, 383 00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 1: Shackleton offered the Endurance to the British government for the 384 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: war effort. That offer was declined, and First Lord of 385 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:36,880 Speaker 1: the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, advised Shackleton to continue as planned. 386 00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: The Endurance set sail on August eighth, nineteen fourteen. Shackleton 387 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,680 Speaker 1: was not on the ship when it left. He once 388 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: again stayed behind to handle business in Britain and caught 389 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,200 Speaker 1: up with the Endurance in Buenos Aires. When the Endurance 390 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:55,720 Speaker 1: left there for Antarctica. It carried twenty eight people, sixty 391 00:23:55,840 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: nine Canadian sledging dogs, and one cat that was Mrs Hippy, 392 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,399 Speaker 1: who turned out to be male, and that name was 393 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: given to the cat because he was particularly fond of 394 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,679 Speaker 1: the ship's carpenter, Harry McNish. Like a lot of other carpenters, 395 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:13,439 Speaker 1: he was nicknamed Chippy. One of the twenty eight people 396 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:17,280 Speaker 1: was a stowaway that was Percy Blackborow, who had been 397 00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,480 Speaker 1: turned away when he applied for the expedition because of 398 00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:25,400 Speaker 1: his youth and inexperience. Some of the crew smuggled Blackborow aboard, 399 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:28,919 Speaker 1: and although Shackleton was livid when he found out about this, 400 00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:32,159 Speaker 1: Blackborrow was eventually made the ship steward and apparently did 401 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,480 Speaker 1: a good job at that. Although Shackleton was to lead 402 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:39,960 Speaker 1: the voyage across Antarctica, the ship's captain was Frank Worsley. 403 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:44,120 Speaker 1: The team also included a biologist, a meteorologist, a physicist, 404 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:48,520 Speaker 1: and a geologist. James Francis Hurley of Australia, known as Frank, 405 00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:51,840 Speaker 1: was the official photographer and advanced sale of the rights 406 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:54,480 Speaker 1: to his work was a source of funding for the expedition. 407 00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:59,479 Speaker 1: George Marston was the expedition's official artist. They made their 408 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:02,680 Speaker 1: way to Antarctica via South Georgia Island in the Southern 409 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:06,199 Speaker 1: Atlantic Ocean. South Georgia Island is British Territory and it 410 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:10,480 Speaker 1: was home to a Norwegian whaling station at Gritviken. The 411 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:14,560 Speaker 1: Endurance arrived at grit Viken in early November of nineteen fourteen, 412 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:17,800 Speaker 1: and the sailors there told them that the weather had 413 00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,200 Speaker 1: been unusually wet. That was a signal that the sea 414 00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:25,760 Speaker 1: ice in Antarctica had not broken up yet. Shackleton had 415 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:27,920 Speaker 1: planned to stay at grit Vicken for just a few 416 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,000 Speaker 1: days to take on food and other supplies, including to 417 00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:34,960 Speaker 1: live pigs, but he wound up staying until December five, 418 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,320 Speaker 1: hoping that as the Antarctic summer progressed, the sea ice 419 00:25:38,359 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: would break up enough for the ship to pass through. 420 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: The Endurance got to the edge of the pack ice 421 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:47,200 Speaker 1: two days later, and the crew spent the next six 422 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:50,600 Speaker 1: weeks trying to make their way through it. The ship 423 00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:53,480 Speaker 1: was powered by both steam and sails, so if they 424 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:55,399 Speaker 1: found a crack in the ice they could try to 425 00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:58,679 Speaker 1: force their way through it, but this was really slow 426 00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:02,119 Speaker 1: going and sometimes they had to backtrack entirely as they 427 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 1: wound up somewhere that the ice was totally impassable. In January, 428 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,679 Speaker 1: the Endurance started to get stuck. Men got off the 429 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:12,960 Speaker 1: boat and tried to hack away at the pack ice 430 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,440 Speaker 1: with things like chisels and crowbars, trying to break through 431 00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:19,000 Speaker 1: enough that the ship's steam power could open a path. 432 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:22,119 Speaker 1: Or they would see an open channel of water and 433 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:24,320 Speaker 1: try to break away the ice so the ship could 434 00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,840 Speaker 1: just get there. But none of these efforts worked, and 435 00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:31,680 Speaker 1: as January turned into February, it became clear that they 436 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:35,280 Speaker 1: were stuck until the end of winter. Over Wintering on 437 00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:39,399 Speaker 1: the ship while stuck in the Antarctic pack ice had 438 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,240 Speaker 1: not been part of the plan, and the ship just 439 00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:46,120 Speaker 1: wasn't really outfitted for that. Most of the crew quarters 440 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:48,760 Speaker 1: were higher up in the decks. They were not insulated 441 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:51,560 Speaker 1: enough to make them livable over the winter, so the 442 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:55,640 Speaker 1: crew rearranged things to make their situation more comfortable. They 443 00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:58,280 Speaker 1: cleared out a storage area between the decks and they 444 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:02,080 Speaker 1: built these little cubicles to us his sleeping spaces. With 445 00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:06,080 Speaker 1: a stove running, it was fairly warm, and the crew 446 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,960 Speaker 1: nicknamed the space the Rits. They also used ice blocks 447 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,639 Speaker 1: to build houses on the ice for the dogs and 448 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: the pigs. They nicknamed these dog loose and pigloes. They 449 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:20,000 Speaker 1: reallocated the ship's rations to account for all twenty eight 450 00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:23,000 Speaker 1: men over wintering there, instead of leaving only a smaller 451 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:27,320 Speaker 1: party behind. They supplemented their food by hunting things like 452 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 1: seals and penguins. They also tried to keep everyone's morale 453 00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:34,879 Speaker 1: up with things like hockey and soccer games, and reading 454 00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:37,800 Speaker 1: aloud and putting on plays, just trying to think up 455 00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:42,200 Speaker 1: ways they could entertain one another. Meteorologist Leonard D. A. Hussey, 456 00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 1: had a banjo, and he and some of the others 457 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,879 Speaker 1: made up songs to play on it. They also played 458 00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:50,440 Speaker 1: with all those dogs and worked with them on sledging, 459 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:55,520 Speaker 1: sometimes holding races between the teams. Frank Hurley documented all 460 00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:58,800 Speaker 1: of this through still images and film. Many of these 461 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:03,399 Speaker 1: images still exist day, and they are hauntingly beautiful. Shackleton 462 00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:06,800 Speaker 1: had tried to prevent the kinds of divisions and hierarchies 463 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:10,160 Speaker 1: that he had seen in his first expedition to Antarctica. 464 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:14,119 Speaker 1: Everybody worked regardless of what their role was on the 465 00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,160 Speaker 1: expedition and whether that work would normally be part of 466 00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: their job. They had to keep an eye on the ice, 467 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:24,080 Speaker 1: including overnight, so if the ice suddenly cracked, they would 468 00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:27,360 Speaker 1: know what was happening. And he arranged the watch rotation 469 00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:29,720 Speaker 1: so that as many people as possible, we're getting a 470 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:32,879 Speaker 1: good night's sleep, and everyone got a turn keeping watch. 471 00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: When the rations were redivided, they were distributed so that 472 00:28:36,880 --> 00:28:39,400 Speaker 1: everybody got some of the best food, rather than keeping 473 00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:43,000 Speaker 1: all the best stuff for the officers. Although Shackleton was 474 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:47,320 Speaker 1: focused on keeping everyone's spirits up by July, he also 475 00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,600 Speaker 1: thought the loss of the Endurance was inevitable, saying to 476 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:55,640 Speaker 1: Frank Worsley, what the ice gets, the ice keeps. In August, 477 00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,160 Speaker 1: pressure started to lift up huge blocks of ice in 478 00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:02,560 Speaker 1: the ice pack. The grinding ice flattened to the dog's 479 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:05,720 Speaker 1: ice houses. The dogs had to be evacuated back to 480 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:09,000 Speaker 1: the ship, and the ice was putting enormous amounts of 481 00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:12,520 Speaker 1: pressure on the ship itself. Again and again. The team 482 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,080 Speaker 1: thought that the ice was about to overwhelm the ship 483 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:18,080 Speaker 1: and crush it or cause it to capsize. As the 484 00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:20,920 Speaker 1: weather started to warm and some of the ice started 485 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:25,080 Speaker 1: to melt, things were still very treacherous. On October, the 486 00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: ice briefly opened around the Endurance, and it was afloat again, 487 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:34,400 Speaker 1: but everything quickly refroze. On October, ice damaged the hull 488 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,560 Speaker 1: and the ship listed sharply enough that items aboard were 489 00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: thrown into disarray. The crew lashed down everything they could 490 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:44,520 Speaker 1: and they tried to move boulders of ice away from 491 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:47,920 Speaker 1: the ship with poles. But a day later it looked 492 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:50,560 Speaker 1: like the ship might be able to free itself. The 493 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:53,400 Speaker 1: pool of open water around it was big enough that 494 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:56,400 Speaker 1: they caught a glimpse of a whale down there, but 495 00:29:56,480 --> 00:30:00,080 Speaker 1: everything around that pool was frozen solid. Shackle to and 496 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,320 Speaker 1: ordered the boilers to be lit so they could get 497 00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: under way if the ice opened up, and the men 498 00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:07,560 Speaker 1: started clearing all the ice they could and the debris 499 00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,520 Speaker 1: away from the ship's rudder. Four days they did everything 500 00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 1: they could to keep the ice clear and be prepared 501 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 1: to go at a moment's notice, But then on October, 502 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:22,400 Speaker 1: pressure from the ice converged on the ship from three directions. 503 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:25,600 Speaker 1: It started taking on water, too much water for the 504 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:29,400 Speaker 1: ship's pumps to clear. The men started to remove all 505 00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:31,800 Speaker 1: the gear and supplies from the ship that they could. 506 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 1: As the ship started listing hard to one side, Shackleton 507 00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:40,040 Speaker 1: gave the order to abandon ship. On October, he wrote 508 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:44,120 Speaker 1: in his journal, quote, after long months of ceaseless anxiety 509 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:48,240 Speaker 1: and strain, after times when hope beat high, and times 510 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:51,160 Speaker 1: when the outlook was black, Indeed, the end of the 511 00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:54,840 Speaker 1: Endurance has come. But though we have been compelled to 512 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:58,080 Speaker 1: abandon the ship, which is crushed beyond all hope of 513 00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:01,920 Speaker 1: ever being righted, we are alive and well, and we 514 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:05,480 Speaker 1: have stores and equipment for the task that lies before us. 515 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:08,880 Speaker 1: The task is to reach land with all the members 516 00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,719 Speaker 1: of the expedition. It is hard to write what I 517 00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: feel to a sailor, his ship is more than a 518 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: floating home. And in the Endurance I had centered ambitions, hopes, 519 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:23,680 Speaker 1: and desires. Now straining and groaning, her timbers cracking, and 520 00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:27,280 Speaker 1: her woundscaping, she is slowly giving up her sentient life 521 00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: at the very outset of her career. And that is 522 00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:36,400 Speaker 1: where we're ending it for today, not the most upbeat place. No. 523 00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 1: And in uh In working on these two episodes over 524 00:31:40,320 --> 00:31:44,520 Speaker 1: the course of revisions, I moved this episode break so 525 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:49,440 Speaker 1: many different spots. It made, it made its own little journey. 526 00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 1: Where are we going to break this story? We're gonna 527 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: break it here with them trapped on the ice. Do 528 00:31:55,360 --> 00:31:57,440 Speaker 1: you have listener mail to tide us over while we 529 00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:00,680 Speaker 1: wait to find out what happened? I should um. I'm 530 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:03,120 Speaker 1: very excited about this listener mail because it is an 531 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:07,520 Speaker 1: update on the Lucy Parsons mural that we talked about 532 00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:11,360 Speaker 1: in the listener mail segment of our Donia Tulis episode. 533 00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:15,479 Speaker 1: Listener Catherine had written in talking about a mural and 534 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:19,080 Speaker 1: I had not been able to track down uh information 535 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,640 Speaker 1: about the mural before we got into the studio. So 536 00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: this came to us just this morning on Twitter from Stummiko, 537 00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:30,560 Speaker 1: who sent us two links to two different Lucy Parsons 538 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: murals in Chicago. So thank you Sumico for sending this. 539 00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:39,840 Speaker 1: The one that Catherine was describing at Belmont and Kenzie 540 00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:44,600 Speaker 1: is by Chema Scandal and was dedicated in And this 541 00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:48,000 Speaker 1: is uh a mural of Lucy and a pink hat. 542 00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:51,160 Speaker 1: Her face is like green on one side and a 543 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: darker pink on the other, and there's a very very 544 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:58,920 Speaker 1: colorful kind of swirly background. When I had gone googling 545 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,640 Speaker 1: to try to figure out out more about this mural 546 00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:04,160 Speaker 1: and who the artist was, the only result I got 547 00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,320 Speaker 1: about a Lucy Parson's mural in Chicago was for a 548 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:12,480 Speaker 1: totally different mural that's sadly no longer exist. That is 549 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:15,680 Speaker 1: the one by Mike ellwitts Uh. This was called Teamster 550 00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:20,760 Speaker 1: Power and it commemorated ups strike and in the mural, 551 00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:23,320 Speaker 1: which again it's like the whole side of a building. 552 00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:26,080 Speaker 1: It's very big. Lucy is on one side of it, 553 00:33:26,120 --> 00:33:28,120 Speaker 1: and Albert is on the other side, and there's a 554 00:33:28,120 --> 00:33:31,600 Speaker 1: whole lot that happens in the middle. I had incorrectly 555 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,120 Speaker 1: thought that the picture that Katherine sent was like a 556 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:36,720 Speaker 1: crop of a smaller piece of this much bigger mural. 557 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:39,880 Speaker 1: It was not. It was a totally different thing. Um. 558 00:33:39,960 --> 00:33:42,600 Speaker 1: Sadly though that building that it was painted on no 559 00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:46,920 Speaker 1: longer exists. It has been replaced, so that mural, even 560 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:48,960 Speaker 1: though that was the mural I was able to find 561 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,240 Speaker 1: when trying to answer this question, actually no longer exists. 562 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,920 Speaker 1: So now we know the mural that Katherine wrote about 563 00:33:56,560 --> 00:34:02,760 Speaker 1: is by Gemma scandal Um. The are very visually different murals. 564 00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:06,080 Speaker 1: And I was like, I feel like this has to 565 00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:08,839 Speaker 1: be a crop of the other one. I'm not sure 566 00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:12,120 Speaker 1: wearing this picture it would go. Uh. Now I know 567 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,800 Speaker 1: it's because I was wrong. Thank you against you we 568 00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:20,400 Speaker 1: go for sending some tweets about that this morning. Uh, 569 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 1: thanks to everybody who sends us email. We are at 570 00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,759 Speaker 1: history podcast that I heart radio dot com if you 571 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:31,120 Speaker 1: would like to send us a note. We're also all 572 00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:34,759 Speaker 1: over social media at Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and 573 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,279 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts or 574 00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:46,200 Speaker 1: wherever else you like to get your podcasts. 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