1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,039 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: on with the show Welcome to this day in History 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot com and from the 6 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,920 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 1: it's October twenty one. The first modern planetarium opened on 11 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:39,239 Speaker 1: this day, in which probably makes this sound like an 12 00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:42,000 Speaker 1: episode that's going to be a lot happier than it 13 00:00:42,040 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: really is in the end. So before this point, there 14 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: were several ways to visually represent the Solar System and 15 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:50,879 Speaker 1: planets and things like classrooms and museums. One was an 16 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: ore ery, which was like a large scale model of 17 00:00:53,440 --> 00:00:55,920 Speaker 1: the Solar System like you might make an elementary school, 18 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: with balls and sticks that represented the planet. Some of 19 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: these were incredibly beautiful and complex. They sometimes were operated 20 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:09,160 Speaker 1: by a series of gears that made the planets actually orbit. 21 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: You might use a dome or a sphere with the 22 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:14,840 Speaker 1: stars painted on, or one that was lit from the 23 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: outside with pinholes to mimic the stars. People also placed 24 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:21,680 Speaker 1: maps of stars onto a globe to be looked at 25 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: from the outside. In ninetelve, Professor e. Henderman also invented 26 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:29,320 Speaker 1: something he called an orbit of scope, and this was 27 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: a model of two planets that orbited a sun and 28 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 1: a light that showed where their various shadows fell from 29 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:37,680 Speaker 1: a particular vantage point. This was a good way to 30 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:42,080 Speaker 1: visualize what planetary motion looked like. Then, astronomer and Privy 31 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: councilor Max Wolf suggested to Oscar von Miller of the 32 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: newly opened Deutsch's Museum in Munich that he should have 33 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:53,720 Speaker 1: some installations related to astronomy. The museum was already set 34 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,800 Speaker 1: to have observatories and telescopes, and Wolf recommended that it 35 00:01:56,840 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: also have some kind of installation that could demonstrate the 36 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: star ours and planetary motion. The museum contracted with Zeiss 37 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: Optics to work on this, and Zeiss had previously donated 38 00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:10,800 Speaker 1: telescopes to the museum. While working on this project at 39 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:15,280 Speaker 1: Zeis Optics, Walter Bowersfeld had an idea. In nineteen fourteen, 40 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: he thought he might be able to use a central 41 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,639 Speaker 1: light source to project the sun, Moon and planets onto 42 00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: the inside of a dome. Another engineer and director at 43 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: the firm named Rudolph Strabol expanded on that idea to 44 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: include the stars as well, all projected from this same 45 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:36,680 Speaker 1: central apparatus. The projection apparatus that was needed to do 46 00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:39,360 Speaker 1: this was completely new and it was a very inventive 47 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:42,560 Speaker 1: use of optics and light. The company had to put 48 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: work on this on hold during World War One, but 49 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:47,960 Speaker 1: then a sixteen meter dome was installed on the roof 50 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:52,040 Speaker 1: of the Zeiss factory in Yana in August of a 51 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: series of demonstrations and tests followed, and then the whole 52 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: thing was disassembled, taken to Munich and reassembled at the 53 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 1: Deutsches Museum UM. This first public showing happened on October 54 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:08,400 Speaker 1: twenty one, and the response was extremely excited. People nicknamed 55 00:03:08,400 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: this brand new, first ever planetarium the Wonder of Yana. 56 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,079 Speaker 1: Soon the idea of the planetarium spread, more and more 57 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:18,960 Speaker 1: of them opened in more cities. Millions of people had 58 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:22,920 Speaker 1: visited one within five years. A very incomplete list of 59 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:27,200 Speaker 1: these first planetariums. One opened in Berlin in ninety five, 60 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 1: one in Moscow in nine, one in Chicago in nineteen thirty, 61 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaker 1: and one in Osaka in nineteen thirty seven. All of 62 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: these used Zeiss technology, and the first non Zeiss planetarium 63 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: opened in Springfield, Massachusetts, and was built by the Corkas 64 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:46,640 Speaker 1: brothers in the nineteen thirties. So as I noted earlier, 65 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: the Zeiss planetarium was the work of Walter Bowersfeld and 66 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: Rudolph Straubl, but Barersfeld has gotten almost all the credit 67 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: for it. This is because Straubel was forced to resign 68 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: from Zeiss in nineteen thirty three. This was a time 69 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: of increasing Nazi policies in Germany, and the other directors 70 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: at Zeiss demanded that Rudolph divorce his wife, Marie, who 71 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: was Jewish, or else resigned his job. So he resigned. 72 00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: He and his family went on to be persecuted by 73 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,400 Speaker 1: the Nazis. He was removed from his teaching position at 74 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: the University of Yana. Marie was arrested during Crystal Knocked 75 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 1: but later released. Then Rudolph died of kidney cancer in 76 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: nineteen three. Although they had been targeted by the Nazis 77 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:34,160 Speaker 1: this whole time, Marie's marriage Rudolph had been offering her 78 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: some protection, and with that gone, she was given orders 79 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:40,840 Speaker 1: for deportation to a concentration camp. She took her own 80 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:45,039 Speaker 1: life instead in June of nine. Their sons were later 81 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 1: deported to labor camps. Rudolph Strabol was mostly written out 82 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 1: of the history of the Planetarium, with Barsfeld getting most 83 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:56,040 Speaker 1: of the credit. Barsfeld's first public acknowledgment of Strabo's involvement 84 00:04:56,520 --> 00:04:58,400 Speaker 1: after the end of the war came in a brief 85 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:01,800 Speaker 1: mention in a paper not long before his death. Thanks 86 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: to Eaves, Jeff Coop for her research work on today's podcast, 87 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:07,800 Speaker 1: Antatari Harrison for her audio work on the show. You 88 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:10,640 Speaker 1: can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, 89 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: Google Podcasts and wherever else you get your podcast, and 90 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: you can tune in tomorrow for a disappointment. Hi everyone, 91 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:27,800 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class, 92 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: a podcast where we build the time machine and all 93 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: you have to do is hop in. The day was 94 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: October twenty one, nineteen fifty six, leader of the Mau 95 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: Mau Uprising in Kenya, day Dan Kimathi was captured. The 96 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:52,120 Speaker 1: Mau Mau Uprising was a conflict in British Kenya between 97 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:55,599 Speaker 1: British colonists and the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, also 98 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:59,400 Speaker 1: known as the Mau Mau. Britain had been establishing its 99 00:05:59,480 --> 00:06:02,800 Speaker 1: rule and since the late nineteenth century as part of 100 00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:06,679 Speaker 1: the Scramble for Africa. Kenya became part of the British 101 00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:10,480 Speaker 1: Empire in nineteen twenty. As the British began to buy, 102 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: for control and exploit resources in East Africa, they also 103 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:19,240 Speaker 1: attempted to quell resistance from local Africans. Though some locals 104 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: were initially tolerant of the British, some ethnic groups rebelled 105 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: against the intrusion and violence of British forces and authorities. 106 00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: In turn, the British met this resistance with violence, including executions. 107 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:36,280 Speaker 1: On top of the suppression by British forces, famine and 108 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: disease were also affecting local populations, and European colonists were 109 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:46,280 Speaker 1: seizing and claiming land for themselves. As more Europeans moved 110 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:49,599 Speaker 1: into Kenya and indigenous Kenyans were dispossessed of their land, 111 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: Africans began forming groups that advocated for their rights, like 112 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:58,279 Speaker 1: the Kenyan African Union. There was also a large disparity 113 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:01,880 Speaker 1: of wealth between the disenfranchise Kenyans and the Europeans and 114 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:05,320 Speaker 1: Indians who lived in and around Nairobi, as well as 115 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:10,679 Speaker 1: some rural areas. Relations between colonists and indigenous canyons were hostile, 116 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: and the oppression that Kenyans faced under British rule fed 117 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:19,320 Speaker 1: the spirit of resistance and led to nationalist movements. As 118 00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: discontentment grew, nationalists with radical ideologies separated themselves from Kenyans 119 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:29,160 Speaker 1: who were working for constitutional reform. Many of them were Kikuu, 120 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: an ethnic group in Kenya that was seriously affected by 121 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: European colonization and land dispossession. In the early nineteen fifties, 122 00:07:37,480 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: Kikuu militants, along with Inbo and Meru fighters, carried out 123 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:47,160 Speaker 1: attacks when Europeans rated farms and destroyed livestock. They gained 124 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:50,120 Speaker 1: support for their anti colonial cause using a campaign of 125 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:55,240 Speaker 1: oath taking, often resorting to intimidation and threats. As the 126 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 1: movement grew, some branches of the Kenyan African Union became 127 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:03,160 Speaker 1: more radical. Still, Europeans and the colonial government made few 128 00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: concessions and continued their oppressive rule. By mid nineteen fifty two, 129 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,680 Speaker 1: an overwhelming majority of Kikiu adults had taken the Mau 130 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: Mau oath. The origin and meaning of the term Mau 131 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: Mau are nebulous, but it broughtly referred to the anti 132 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: colonial militants in the conflict. The Mau Mau went after 133 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: Kikuu who aligned themselves with the colonists, and soon the 134 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: government realized that the militants were a threat that could 135 00:08:29,320 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: not be ignored. In October of nineteen fifty two, just 136 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: weeks after a kiku U chief who opposed the Mau 137 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:41,000 Speaker 1: Mau movement was assassinated, a state of emergency was declared 138 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:45,199 Speaker 1: in Kenya and British troops were sent in. This marked 139 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: the start of the Mau Mau uprising. Police rounded up 140 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:51,800 Speaker 1: Kikiu who were suspected of being leaders of the Mau 141 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: Mau uprising, but the Mau Mau continued to organize and 142 00:08:55,679 --> 00:09:00,160 Speaker 1: kill colonists and their Kikuu supporters. Some people emerged as 143 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:05,680 Speaker 1: military commanders, including Wa rohio Itote and Dadan Kimati. The 144 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:09,840 Speaker 1: government responded by evicting kiku from land claimed by colonists 145 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: on a mass scale. It also put suspected Mau Mao 146 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 1: actors and concentration camps where they faced torture and abuse. 147 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: These actions drove more indigenous Kenyons to join the anti 148 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 1: colonial fight. The Mau Mau continued to lead raids and 149 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,200 Speaker 1: attacks against police and loyalists. Even after British forces dropped 150 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: bombs on Mau Mau camps and Itote was captured. The 151 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:38,360 Speaker 1: rebels continued fighting, but by the end of nineteen fifty five, 152 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:41,400 Speaker 1: most Mau Mau fighters had been driven out of the 153 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:45,840 Speaker 1: forest and we're basically incapable of organizing any military campaigns. 154 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:49,760 Speaker 1: The conflict lasted until nineteen sixty, when the state of 155 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 1: emergency was ended, though it effectively was over when Kimathi 156 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: was captured and put on trial in nineteen fifty six. 157 00:09:57,200 --> 00:09:59,880 Speaker 1: The true death toll is a subject of debate. The 158 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: official number of deaths is at eleven thousand Mau Mau 159 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:06,840 Speaker 1: and rebels and only thirty two white colonists along with 160 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 1: about twenty six Asians, but other estimates put the death 161 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: toll at a much higher number, with up to ninety 162 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:18,319 Speaker 1: thousand Kenyons executed, tortured or injured, and even more detained. 163 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 1: Though the Mau Mau had been defeated and endured thousands 164 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:26,839 Speaker 1: of deaths, the conflict encouraged anti colonialism and nationalism in 165 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,920 Speaker 1: Kenya and inspired a movement for independence from colonial rule. 166 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,679 Speaker 1: I'm each Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more 167 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:38,360 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. If you've seen 168 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,440 Speaker 1: any good history means lately, you can send them to 169 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:46,839 Speaker 1: us on social media at t D I h C podcast. 170 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:51,880 Speaker 1: Our email address is this Day at I heart media 171 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:56,000 Speaker 1: dot com. Thanks again for listening. We'll see same place 172 00:10:56,120 --> 00:11:05,960 Speaker 1: tomorrow MHM. For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit 173 00:11:05,960 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 174 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:09,640 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.