1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,880 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. 3 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It is time for our 4 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:23,160 Speaker 1: latest installment in our series we call Unearthed, which if 5 00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:25,279 Speaker 1: you're new to the show, that's when we talk about 6 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:28,760 Speaker 1: things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed over the 7 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:34,519 Speaker 1: last few months. This has grown over the many years 8 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,680 Speaker 1: that we've been doing this podcast, and now it tends 9 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:38,880 Speaker 1: to be two parts, which is the case this time. 10 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:43,360 Speaker 1: So today's episode, we're kicking off with some updates and 11 00:00:43,360 --> 00:00:46,199 Speaker 1: then we'll talk about books and letters and edibles and 12 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:50,360 Speaker 1: potables and art. We will have some other things in 13 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:55,160 Speaker 1: Wednesday's episode to talk about, so I'll let Holly kick 14 00:00:55,200 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: it off, all right. So, last time on Unearthed, we 15 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:02,240 Speaker 1: talked about how you'rs ago someone had stolen a pair 16 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 1: of ruby slippers used in the movie The Wizard of 17 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 1: Oz from the Judy Garland Museum. That museum is in 18 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: Grand Rapids, Minnesota, not Grand Rapids, Michigan, which is what 19 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,600 Speaker 1: we said in the episode, but we corrected it in 20 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:15,319 Speaker 1: a listener mail. 21 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 2: We messed it up. It was my fault. 22 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: The slippers were recovered, but when the case went to trial, 23 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:25,560 Speaker 1: part of the defense involved the perpetrator's lawyer saying that 24 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:29,559 Speaker 1: his client had thought they were real rubies. And then 25 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:33,920 Speaker 1: there was another late breaking development involving an accessory to 26 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:37,399 Speaker 1: the case being charged for his involvement, and that had 27 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: a whole revenge porn element. Yeah, it was a kind 28 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 1: of a wild twist of things that happened with those shoes. 29 00:01:46,120 --> 00:01:47,680 Speaker 2: As we said last. 30 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:50,720 Speaker 1: Time, the Ruby Slippers are going to go up for auction, 31 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: was announced that that was the plan. The Judy Garland 32 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: Museum wants to buy them because while the shoes were 33 00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: stolen from the museum, the museum did not actually own 34 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:04,760 Speaker 1: them when that happened. The shoes were actually on loan 35 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:09,560 Speaker 1: from collector Michael Shaw. So now the museum is accepting 36 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,959 Speaker 1: donations to try to raise enough money to buy these shoes. 37 00:02:13,720 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: It's not completely clear how much money they will need 38 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:19,239 Speaker 1: to raise, though, since when things are auctioned the final 39 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:24,399 Speaker 1: selling price is sometimes a lot higher than expected. The museum, 40 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 1: which is housed in Judy Garland's birthplace, is also now 41 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:33,920 Speaker 1: offering a Ruby Slipper Theft guided tour. I'm so into it. 42 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: This auction is expected to take place in December, so 43 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:40,400 Speaker 1: it may be a little while before we know the outcome. 44 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:44,920 Speaker 1: I know, I'm kind of pretty tempted to make a donation. 45 00:02:47,639 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: You can find out how to do that on the 46 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:53,320 Speaker 1: museum's website. Prior hosts of a show as we move 47 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:56,880 Speaker 1: on from that. Prior host did a show on Pompeii 48 00:02:57,160 --> 00:03:00,520 Speaker 1: in October of two thousand and nine, and pomp has 49 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: come up a number of times on Unearthed since then. 50 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:07,760 Speaker 1: There have been a lot of new findes at Pompeii recently. 51 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: A lot of them are connected to an effort to 52 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:14,560 Speaker 1: kind of establish a perimeter between the areas of Pompeii 53 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:17,320 Speaker 1: that have been excavated and the areas that have not. 54 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:21,600 Speaker 1: One of the newly excavated rooms is a banquet room 55 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,960 Speaker 1: with walls that are adorned with murals depicting scenes from 56 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:28,760 Speaker 1: the Trojan War. These murals are on a black background, 57 00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: which archaeologists believe may have been an attempt to cut 58 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: down on the appearance of smoke residue from lamps that 59 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 1: were in the room. Figures in the panels include Helen 60 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:44,119 Speaker 1: of Troy, Paris, and Paris's sister Cassandra. There's also a staircase, 61 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: and underneath its arches archaeologists discovered two gladiators drawn in 62 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:53,280 Speaker 1: charcoal and a depiction of an enormous phallus. There are 63 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:58,600 Speaker 1: many of those in Pompeii. Archaeologists have also excavated another room. 64 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:02,640 Speaker 1: This one's decorated all in blue, and they've interpreted it 65 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: as a Roman shrine known as a secrarium, that would 66 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: have been used for sacred or ritual purposes. The walls 67 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:14,280 Speaker 1: in this room are decorated as well, this time with 68 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: female figures representing the seasons of the year. Some of 69 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:23,720 Speaker 1: these figures also seem to be allegorical representations drawn from agriculture. 70 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: There's graffiti all over Pompeii, and some of the latest 71 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: discoveries also include drawings on the walls that appear to 72 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:34,760 Speaker 1: have been done by children, and some of these are 73 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:39,240 Speaker 1: quite violent, gladiators fighting one another and hunters attacking boars 74 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: with spears. This area also includes places where it looks 75 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,599 Speaker 1: like children trace their hands onto the wall. One part 76 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: of this room has traces of whitewash, suggesting that at 77 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: some point someone tried to paint over the children's drawings. 78 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: We also have a couple of fines that are kind 79 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:59,320 Speaker 1: of Pompeii adjacent, so we will talk about those now. 80 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working north of Mount Vesuvius have found what may 81 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: have been the villa where Emperor Augustus died. That villa 82 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:14,000 Speaker 1: was destroyed in the same eruption that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, 83 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,520 Speaker 1: so Augustus did not die in this eruption. He died 84 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: in the year fourteen CE, but the site of the 85 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: villa where he died was lost. This find is not definites, 86 00:05:25,839 --> 00:05:28,680 Speaker 1: but the villa that has been unearthed is from the 87 00:05:28,760 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: correct time period. Also, in a prior on Earth, we 88 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 1: talked about efforts to read scrolls that had been buried 89 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 1: in Herculaneum in this same eruption. One team has had 90 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: a new breakthrough with these efforts, using infrared and X 91 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: ray scanners to create what researchers describe as a bionic eye. 92 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:50,960 Speaker 1: This allowed them to read parts of a papyrus called 93 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: History of the Academy written by philosopher Philademus that had 94 00:05:55,440 --> 00:06:00,160 Speaker 1: previously gone undeciphered. The History of the Academy describes it's 95 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 1: the school Plato founded in Athens as well as information 96 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,880 Speaker 1: about the life of Plato. Some of what's in this 97 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: history contradicts other accounts. For example, this newly read text 98 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:16,280 Speaker 1: makes it sound as though Plato was captured and enslaved 99 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: just after the death of Socrates sometime around four hundred BCE, 100 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,599 Speaker 1: but other accounts suggested that happened much later, in three 101 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 1: eighty seven BCE. The scroll also includes information about where 102 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:34,479 Speaker 1: Plato was buried, specifically saying that he was buried on 103 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:38,599 Speaker 1: the Academy grounds. Some of the headlines around this paper 104 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:42,560 Speaker 1: really focused on Plato's burial place, but there's already been 105 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: some commentary about these headlines being overstated. Among other things, 106 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:50,359 Speaker 1: there are questions about how two specific words in the 107 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:54,360 Speaker 1: account have been translated, and whether Philademus's account is more 108 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:58,919 Speaker 1: accurate than other contradictory descriptions of Plato's death and burial. 109 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,479 Speaker 1: Being on from the Pompeii stuff, the National Trust for 110 00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 1: Scotland announced the discovery of a number of artifacts at 111 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: the site of the Battle of Cullawden. They made this 112 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: announcement ahead of the two hundred and seventy eighth anniversary 113 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: of the battle. The battle took place on April sixteenth, 114 00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: seventeen forty six, and it marked the end of the 115 00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 1: Jacobite Rising of seventeen forty five. Our episode on the 116 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,119 Speaker 1: Jacobite Rising of seventeen forty five came out on July fourth, 117 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:33,520 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen. Unearthed items there include musket balls and grape shot, 118 00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:37,240 Speaker 1: as well as a broken copper shoe buckle. The broken 119 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:39,840 Speaker 1: buckle and a flattened piece of grape shot were found 120 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:42,800 Speaker 1: near one another, so there is some speculation that the 121 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:47,000 Speaker 1: buckle belonged to Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Hereditary Chief of 122 00:07:47,080 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: Clan Cameron. Cameron was part of the uprising and was 123 00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: described as being wounded about both ankles by grape shot 124 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:57,200 Speaker 1: as he was advancing at the head of his regiment. 125 00:07:57,480 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 1: So it makes sense they would put together the shoe 126 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: buckle in the grape shitt. Yeah, a couple of the 127 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: articles that I read about it didn't include that part, 128 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,240 Speaker 1: and so it was sort of like, this buckle may 129 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: have belonged to Donald Cameron, but like without saying why, 130 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: why they believe that to be the case because of 131 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:21,280 Speaker 1: this account of how he was wounded. Next, we released 132 00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:24,960 Speaker 1: an updated version of our episode on the Voyage Manuscript 133 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: on May seven, twenty fourteen, and the Voyage Manuscript has 134 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: come up on Unearthed several times since then. Unlike many 135 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,040 Speaker 1: of the Voyage manuscripts stories that we have covered on 136 00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:38,240 Speaker 1: on Earth, though, the one that we have to talk 137 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,559 Speaker 1: about this time is not from somebody claiming that they have. 138 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:43,840 Speaker 2: Solved the code. 139 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:48,880 Speaker 1: Instead, research published in the journal Social History of Medicine 140 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: builds a hypothesis that this manuscript might be a work 141 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:57,679 Speaker 1: devoted to women's health, particularly sexual health, and that it 142 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: was inciphered as an act of self censorship. This draws 143 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: from the work of fifteenth century doctor Johannes Hartlib, who 144 00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:10,720 Speaker 1: called for the use of quote secret letters to hide 145 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:14,800 Speaker 1: recipes for preparations meant to prevent or end pregnancies from 146 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: common people, sex workers, and children. In an article originally 147 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:23,760 Speaker 1: published in The Conversation, author Keegan Brewer points out that 148 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,200 Speaker 1: the Voyage Manuscript is full of depictions of naked women, 149 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: many of them holding objects near their genitals or pointing 150 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:35,720 Speaker 1: those objects toward their genitals. This paper also hypothesizes that 151 00:09:35,760 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: the rosettes that are found in one part of the 152 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 1: manuscript are a coded representation of conception and development. Moving on, 153 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,560 Speaker 1: we've talked about the domestication of chickens a few times 154 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: on the show. We talked in the most detail about 155 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:53,360 Speaker 1: that in our episode on The Chicken of Tomorrow on 156 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: May seventeenth, twenty twenty three. Chickens were probably domesticated from 157 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:02,240 Speaker 1: red jungle fowl, which are native to Southeast Asia. That 158 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:07,480 Speaker 1: happened possibly as far back as sixteen fifty BCE. Research 159 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: published in the journal Nature Communications in April looks at 160 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:15,559 Speaker 1: the question of where and when domesticated chickens were introduced 161 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: after that. This can be tricky to study because it 162 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:23,880 Speaker 1: is often hard to distinguish the bones of wild birds 163 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:27,040 Speaker 1: from the bones of domesticated chickens that look a lot 164 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:30,520 Speaker 1: like them, and also the bones themselves tend to be 165 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:35,079 Speaker 1: very brittle and not preserved very well in the archaeological record. 166 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: This team was working with eggshell fragments in Central Asia, 167 00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:45,160 Speaker 1: collecting them from twelve archaeological sites representing about fifteen hundred years. 168 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,720 Speaker 1: They analyze these shells using a type of biomolecular analysis 169 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: known as we think zoo ms or zooms. It's spelled 170 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:56,960 Speaker 1: zoo and then a capital MS at the end, and 171 00:10:57,000 --> 00:10:59,880 Speaker 1: they concluded that the chickens were widespread in Central Asia 172 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: from four hundred BCE to one thousand CE, and that 173 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:07,600 Speaker 1: they were spread followed the Silk Road. One reason that 174 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:12,559 Speaker 1: archaeologists believed these shells were from domesticated chickens rather than 175 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:16,320 Speaker 1: wild birds that had been imported into the area is 176 00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:19,920 Speaker 1: that red jungle fowl only nest once a year, and 177 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,960 Speaker 1: they lay about six eggs at a time, But there 178 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:26,480 Speaker 1: were just way too many eggshells present for them to 179 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:30,000 Speaker 1: have come from this once a year laying cycle. It's 180 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:33,320 Speaker 1: really likely that this year round access to eggs was 181 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:37,679 Speaker 1: a big part of the spread of domesticated chickens. In 182 00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: February of twenty seventeen, we did a two part podcast 183 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:44,880 Speaker 1: on Executive Order ninety sixty six and the incarceration of 184 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:48,800 Speaker 1: Japanese immigrants to the US and their citizen children during 185 00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:52,119 Speaker 1: World War Two, and in one of our Unearthed installments 186 00:11:52,160 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty two, we talked about the creation of 187 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:58,680 Speaker 1: a massive book called the Erecho, which compiled the names 188 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: of one hundred twenty five five thousand, two hundred and 189 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 1: eighty four people who were imprisoned at these camps. The 190 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: names contained in the book were also included on a website. 191 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: The nonprofit organization. ERA Project is dedicated to preserving the 192 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:17,120 Speaker 1: memory of these people through the book, an online archive 193 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:20,480 Speaker 1: of its contents that was launched in February, and light 194 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: sculptures that are currently being created. Those are expected to 195 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:27,880 Speaker 1: be unveiled in twenty twenty six. In April, it was 196 00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:31,679 Speaker 1: announced that the ERA Project was also working with ancestry 197 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: dot com to make this information available on their platform 198 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:39,560 Speaker 1: in a section that's freely accessible to the public. Some 199 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 1: of the reporting around this made it sound like the 200 00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 1: ancestry dot Com partnership was like the first time this 201 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:50,760 Speaker 1: information had been made publicly available, but the website with 202 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,200 Speaker 1: the names that was already included that was something that 203 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:57,319 Speaker 1: we had talked about on the show before. This though, 204 00:12:57,400 --> 00:12:59,960 Speaker 1: makes it a lot easier for people to cross reference 205 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:05,400 Speaker 1: the information from the ERA Project with other information that's 206 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:09,800 Speaker 1: available at ancestry dot com. This past December, we did 207 00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,480 Speaker 1: an episode on the Stone of Destiny also called the 208 00:13:12,520 --> 00:13:15,800 Speaker 1: Stone of scun and its removal from Westminster Abbey in 209 00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty four. In March, the stone was moved from 210 00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:23,480 Speaker 1: Edinburgh Castle to its new home at Perth Museum, and, 211 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:26,600 Speaker 1: according to analysis done ahead of that move, before it 212 00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,160 Speaker 1: became part of the installation of the Kings of Scotland. 213 00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:32,120 Speaker 1: The stone may have been part of a doorstep or 214 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:37,400 Speaker 1: a threshold. This work was conducted by Historic Environments Scotland, 215 00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: and this basic conclusion comes from the fact that there's 216 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:43,959 Speaker 1: just too much wear on the surface of this stone 217 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,839 Speaker 1: for that where to have come only from Kings standing 218 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:52,000 Speaker 1: or putting a foot onto it during installation ceremonies. If 219 00:13:52,040 --> 00:13:55,400 Speaker 1: the stone was something that was regularly stepped on or 220 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: stood on, we don't yet know for sure exactly why 221 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,560 Speaker 1: that was. We did an episode on Stonehenge in December 222 00:14:02,559 --> 00:14:06,160 Speaker 1: of twenty fourteen and it has made many appearances on 223 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:11,280 Speaker 1: On Earth since then. This time, UNESCO has recommended adding 224 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,200 Speaker 1: Stonehenge to its World Heritage in Danger List, something that 225 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:18,440 Speaker 1: will be voted on in July. This comes after a 226 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,560 Speaker 1: highly controversial decision to build a tunnel as part of 227 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:25,120 Speaker 1: the A three oh three road improvement scheme. The A 228 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:27,480 Speaker 1: three O three is a major road that's part of 229 00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: a connection from London to Cornwall and it gets a 230 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: lot of traffic which currently runs right past Stonehenge. I've 231 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: never personally been to Stonehenge, but photos of it are 232 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 1: framed to not show that there's a highway like right there. 233 00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:48,440 Speaker 1: So National Highways and UK Heritage Charities have argued that 234 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: this tunnel will be an improvement because the part of 235 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:55,200 Speaker 1: the road that runs so close to Stonehenge will no 236 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 1: longer be visible from the surface, it will be underground. 237 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: But critics have argued that this tunnel should actually be 238 00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: a lot longer, so that the entry and exit for 239 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:07,400 Speaker 1: it are farther away from the monument and more of 240 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,800 Speaker 1: the road is underground. There are also people who are 241 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 1: concerned that the tunnel construction itself could destroy as yet 242 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:20,880 Speaker 1: unidentified archaeological sites or cause other damage. This is not 243 00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: even a surface overview of this debate. Really, this like 244 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:29,320 Speaker 1: how to handle this road debates and discussions over it 245 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,120 Speaker 1: have been going on for years and years at this point. 246 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 2: Yeah. 247 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: So we're going to end our update section with a 248 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:38,960 Speaker 1: work of art from an artist we've covered on the show, 249 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: Lavinia Fontana, who we'd covered in September of twenty twenty two. 250 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:48,280 Speaker 1: Her painting portrait of Bianca daily Utili Macelli and her children, 251 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:51,480 Speaker 1: which she created around sixteen oh four, has been acquired 252 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 1: by the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. You'll see 253 00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:59,040 Speaker 1: that listed as famsf This painting was in private collections 254 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: for about four cents trees, and its display at the 255 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:05,160 Speaker 1: museum is the first time that it's been publicly available. 256 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: We will get to some other works of Arn't after 257 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. Okay, we are back with some more art. 258 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working on the coast of South Africa believe an 259 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 1: unusually symmetrical rock found there might actually be a sand 260 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:36,600 Speaker 1: sculpture of a blue sting ray made around one hundred 261 00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:40,880 Speaker 1: and thirty thousand years ago. This age estimate is based 262 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:45,360 Speaker 1: on optically stimulated luminescence studies of rocks in the same area, 263 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:48,480 Speaker 1: because the team did not want to destroy part of 264 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:51,520 Speaker 1: this rock in an effort to date it, so the 265 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 1: paper itself and some of the authors writing about it 266 00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: acknowledges that a lot of this is speculative. This is 267 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: really one interpretation of what this rock could be. But 268 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 1: if it is a sculpture of a stingray, that's someone made. 269 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:09,159 Speaker 1: That's the oldest known example of a human making a 270 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:13,879 Speaker 1: representation of another creature. And it is definitely shaped a 271 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 1: lot like a stingray, and one side of it has 272 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:20,080 Speaker 1: faint markings that resemble the shape of a StingRay's back. 273 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,240 Speaker 1: There's also an area on one corner that looks like 274 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:25,639 Speaker 1: there may have been a tail at some point, but 275 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:29,920 Speaker 1: that tail is no longer there. If someone intentionally made this, 276 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:33,400 Speaker 1: it's possible that they started by tracing a recently caught 277 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: stingray into the sand with a finger or a tool. 278 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:41,440 Speaker 1: Other possibilities involved scooping out the surrounding sand until a 279 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 1: stingray shape remained, or packing sand onto another surface to 280 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:50,920 Speaker 1: create this sculpture. Next, researchers from the University of Rockoth 281 00:17:51,040 --> 00:17:55,720 Speaker 1: in Poland believe a juvenile bare bone might be the 282 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:59,960 Speaker 1: oldest known piece of decorative art ever found in Eurasia. 283 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:03,520 Speaker 1: Uh this is art that was made by a Neanderthal. 284 00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: This bone was originally believed to be a rib, but 285 00:18:07,680 --> 00:18:10,840 Speaker 1: it was identified as a leg bone after some closer study. 286 00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: The team has since created a three D digital model 287 00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:18,400 Speaker 1: of this bone using three D microscopy and X ray 288 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: computed tomography, and this allowed them to get a much 289 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: better look at seventeen markings on the bone. These are 290 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:30,520 Speaker 1: markings that are very parallel and organized. They seemed too 291 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: intentional to have been the results of something like butchering 292 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:37,000 Speaker 1: an animal or using the bone as some kind of 293 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: a tool. This research also involved some attempts to recreate 294 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:45,240 Speaker 1: the markings using a range of tools and techniques, and 295 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:47,919 Speaker 1: they concluded that the marks were likely made quickly in 296 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:52,120 Speaker 1: one sitting using a flint knife. It's possible that similar 297 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: marks on other bones were also meant to serve some 298 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,959 Speaker 1: kind of artistic purpose. In another ancient find, etchings on 299 00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:05,000 Speaker 1: rocks along the Orinocre River in Colombia and Venezuela may 300 00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:09,119 Speaker 1: have been meant as territory markers. Some of these engravings 301 00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:12,360 Speaker 1: are really huge, like snake engravings that are more than 302 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 1: forty meters long. Many of these sites were known to 303 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:20,399 Speaker 1: archaeologists and anthropologists prior to now, but this work is 304 00:19:20,440 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 1: part of the first really comprehensive project to try to 305 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: map all of these sites, and researchers during this process 306 00:19:26,359 --> 00:19:29,680 Speaker 1: found some engravings that they had not previously known were there. 307 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: In addition to the snakes, these engravings also include other 308 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:38,160 Speaker 1: human and animal motifs, including animals that have a religious 309 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,000 Speaker 1: significance to the indigenous peoples who live in this part 310 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680 Speaker 1: of South America, and because of their size and placement, 311 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,000 Speaker 1: it's believed that they were meant to be seen very 312 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:50,880 Speaker 1: easily from far away. The team worked with local guides 313 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: to get to these sites, and they are also working 314 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:56,200 Speaker 1: with indigenous groups who live in these areas to keep 315 00:19:56,240 --> 00:20:01,639 Speaker 1: the sites protected. And Lastly, geologist and scholar of the 316 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:06,120 Speaker 1: Italian Renaissance and Pizzeruso has announced that she believes she's 317 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 1: determined the location shown in the background of the Mona Lisa. 318 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 1: She believes that it depicts Leko in northern Italy. That's 319 00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:19,640 Speaker 1: a conclusion that she made after visiting this area. Specifically, 320 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:22,680 Speaker 1: she argues that the bridge that shown in the background 321 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 1: of the painting is the fourteenth century Ponte Aizona Visconti. 322 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 1: This is, of course, not the first speculation about the 323 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:34,240 Speaker 1: location shown in that background. Pizzeruso has argued that other 324 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: conclusions are incorrect because they do not match up with 325 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:41,240 Speaker 1: the geology that is also evident in the backgrounds, specifically 326 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:46,240 Speaker 1: the presence of what Pizzeruso identifies as limestone formations that 327 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: are apparent in the background. Moving on to some books 328 00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:55,240 Speaker 1: and letters, the National Institute of Anthropology and History in 329 00:20:55,359 --> 00:21:01,480 Speaker 1: Mexico ORNAH has acquired the sixteenth and early seventeenth century 330 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: as tech documents known as the San Andres Teteplico Codices. 331 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,320 Speaker 1: These documents had been in a private collection where they 332 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:14,199 Speaker 1: were passed down through a family through several generations, but 333 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:19,040 Speaker 1: an assortment of sponsors and companies raised nine point five 334 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:22,960 Speaker 1: million pesos or about five hundred and seventy thousand dollars 335 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: to purchase them from this family. This was a year's 336 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:31,440 Speaker 1: long effort. Authorities had learned of the manuscript's existence back 337 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,919 Speaker 1: in two thousand and nine. It was legal under Mexican 338 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,680 Speaker 1: law for them to remain in private hands as long 339 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,320 Speaker 1: as they remained in Mexico, and it seemed like the 340 00:21:40,359 --> 00:21:44,000 Speaker 1: family who had them saw themselves as stewards and protectors 341 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: of these documents. So there are about five hundred known 342 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:51,720 Speaker 1: Mesoamerican codices, and about two hundred of them are now 343 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 1: in Mexico's National Library of Anthropology and History. These newly 344 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:02,440 Speaker 1: acquired codices involved the history of Tenochtieplun, something that's not 345 00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:05,919 Speaker 1: covered in many of these other codeses. There are some 346 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:10,159 Speaker 1: plans now to publish these both physically and digitally so 347 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:14,840 Speaker 1: people can have easier access to them. Next up, archaeologists 348 00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:18,600 Speaker 1: excavating a pet cemetery in southern Egypt have unearthed the 349 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,880 Speaker 1: collection of letters written by Roman centurions who were stationed nearby. 350 00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:26,640 Speaker 1: These letters were written on papyrus by officers who were 351 00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: in command of Roman legions in Berenice during the time 352 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:34,520 Speaker 1: of Emperor Nero. Some of the letters include pretty mundane information, 353 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: like the price of various goods, which helps shed some 354 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:40,479 Speaker 1: light into what it was like in Bearnice roughly nineteen 355 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,800 Speaker 1: hundred years ago. If you're thinking why were these letters 356 00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,439 Speaker 1: in a pet cemetery, the team said that it was 357 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 1: likely that they had been in a nearby office that 358 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 1: was destroyed, and that when the office was destroyed, the 359 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:56,560 Speaker 1: letters were scattered into the cemetery. This particular description did 360 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: not say specifically how or why the office was destroy 361 00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:05,439 Speaker 1: and I did not look deeper into it. Lastly, for 362 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:09,640 Speaker 1: the books and letters, the Jane Austen's House Museum has 363 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,640 Speaker 1: been working with volunteers to transcribe a memoir written by 364 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:19,560 Speaker 1: her brother, Admiral Sir Francis Austen, whose handwriting is reportedly challenging. 365 00:23:21,359 --> 00:23:24,760 Speaker 1: The memoir is seventy eight pages long, handwritten, and on 366 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:29,560 Speaker 1: page sixty eight this handwriting changes. That's presumably because Austin 367 00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,280 Speaker 1: had kind of put this document aside and then came 368 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:36,360 Speaker 1: back to it much later after developing arthritis in his hands. 369 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:41,400 Speaker 1: The museum acquired the memoir just last year, and they 370 00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 1: know that it covers his early life in Chotten, along 371 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:48,200 Speaker 1: with his naval career and later life, so it's possible 372 00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: that it will yield some new information about his famous 373 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:55,520 Speaker 1: sister as well. The museum put out a call for 374 00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:59,560 Speaker 1: volunteers in April and was immediately inundated with more than 375 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:03,680 Speaker 1: two thousand and applications to participate. They have allocated these 376 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,720 Speaker 1: pages to the volunteers who are working from high resolution photos, 377 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:10,720 Speaker 1: and the goal is to have the full memoir eventually 378 00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:14,919 Speaker 1: published on the museum's website. I am I have a 379 00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:19,960 Speaker 1: very hard time reading a lot of old handwriting, even 380 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:24,120 Speaker 1: old handwriting that is not described as difficult to read 381 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:29,160 Speaker 1: in particular, so good on you, volunteers. I hope everyone's 382 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:33,200 Speaker 1: having a fun time. We will have another sponsor break 383 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:46,480 Speaker 1: and then talk about some edibles and potables. In late 384 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:50,040 Speaker 1: June of this year, we started getting notes from listeners 385 00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:55,720 Speaker 1: about the discovery of intact bottles containing preserved cherries at 386 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 1: George Washington's Mount Vernon, and I had a whole moment 387 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:02,639 Speaker 1: of questioning my own memory because I was like, didn't 388 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 1: we already talk about this? I felt absolutely sure that 389 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,439 Speaker 1: not only had I heard about the cherries at Mount Vernon, 390 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,320 Speaker 1: but I had also put them into an installment of 391 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:17,640 Speaker 1: Unearthed quite recently. It was particularly memorable because it did 392 00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:19,320 Speaker 1: not feel like it had been that long ago. 393 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 2: And also I. 394 00:25:20,080 --> 00:25:23,880 Speaker 1: Remembered seemingly every article on the subject having some kind 395 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:26,640 Speaker 1: of reference to the myth of George Washington shopping down 396 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: a cherry tree and then saying he could not tell 397 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: a lie. 398 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:31,000 Speaker 2: Uh. 399 00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,160 Speaker 1: But then I looked back at old outlines to try 400 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,720 Speaker 1: to point people in the direction of which Unearthed episode 401 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:40,320 Speaker 1: we had discussed this on, and I found no such thing. 402 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: It was when I actually started working on this installment 403 00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,640 Speaker 1: of on Earth that I realized what had happened, which 404 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:50,400 Speaker 1: is that I did not hear about these cherries long 405 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:54,199 Speaker 1: enough ago to have previously put them in Unearthed. I 406 00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:58,720 Speaker 1: heard about them in April, and in April, archaeologists at 407 00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: Mount Vernon announced the discovery of two intact glass bottles 408 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 1: still containing liquid that were unearthed during the privately funded 409 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:11,760 Speaker 1: mansion revitalization project. That's currently going on there. These bottles 410 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: were taken to the archaeology lab at Mount Vernon, where 411 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,920 Speaker 1: the liquid inside was removed in an effort to help 412 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,480 Speaker 1: stabilize the glass. In the words of a Mount Vernon 413 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:25,040 Speaker 1: press release quote, cherries including stems and tits, were preserved 414 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: within the liquid contents, which still bore the characteristic scent 415 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,200 Speaker 1: of cherry blossoms familiar to residents of the region during 416 00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:37,200 Speaker 1: the spring season. Then in June, archaeologists that Mount Vernon 417 00:26:37,359 --> 00:26:42,200 Speaker 1: announced the discovery of thirty five more glass bottles found 418 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: in the Mansions cellar as part of this same forty 419 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:50,760 Speaker 1: million dollar mansion revitalization project. Twenty nine of these bottles 420 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,520 Speaker 1: were still intact, and most of them still contained cherries, 421 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:58,879 Speaker 1: which are technically a stone fruit, or berries such as 422 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: gooseberries or currence. Most of the cherry fruit is pulp 423 00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,520 Speaker 1: at this point, but there are still some intact stems 424 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: and pits, and as of when the press release was 425 00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: issued on this, researchers were working to see whether any 426 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 1: of those cherry pits might be able to germinate. 427 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 2: That's exciting I have. 428 00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:22,159 Speaker 1: The Mount Vernon's press release on this second discovery quoted 429 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:25,840 Speaker 1: its President and CEO Doug Bradburn is saying, quote, we 430 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:30,240 Speaker 1: were ecstatic last month to uncover two fully intact eighteenth 431 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:34,680 Speaker 1: century bottles containing biological matter. Now we know those bottles 432 00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:39,359 Speaker 1: were just the beginning of this blockbuster discovery. To our knowledge, 433 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:42,680 Speaker 1: this is an unprecedented fine and nothing of this scale 434 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: and significance has ever been excavated in North America. Principal 435 00:27:47,760 --> 00:27:51,520 Speaker 1: archaeologist Jason Burrows also noted that these discoveries add to 436 00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: the knowledge of the enslaved people who managed virtually everything 437 00:27:55,880 --> 00:28:00,199 Speaker 1: about food production, preparation, and preservation at Mount vere In 438 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:04,720 Speaker 1: when the Washingtons lived there. The revitalization project that has 439 00:28:04,800 --> 00:28:08,600 Speaker 1: led to both of these discoveries is an effort to repair, preserve, 440 00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:11,760 Speaker 1: and stabilize the mansion at Mount Vernon. Since it was 441 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,080 Speaker 1: built in the eighteenth century as a private residence, but 442 00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,879 Speaker 1: has seen more than ninety six million visitors since it 443 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:21,679 Speaker 1: was first opened to the public in eighteen sixty, that 444 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: is a lot of wear and tear. This work has 445 00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:27,919 Speaker 1: also given archaeologists a chance to study parts of the 446 00:28:27,960 --> 00:28:30,680 Speaker 1: property that have not been accessible to them in the past. 447 00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:34,000 Speaker 1: It's how we're suddenly finding a whole lot of bottles 448 00:28:34,119 --> 00:28:38,120 Speaker 1: that still have stuff in them. Next, researchers in Morocco 449 00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:41,840 Speaker 1: have concluded that prior to the development of agriculture, hunter 450 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:45,480 Speaker 1: gatherer peoples living there had a largely plant based diet. 451 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: This research involved isotopic analysis of the bones and teeth 452 00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,400 Speaker 1: of people buried at Tafour, aalt cave in northeastern Morocco. 453 00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:57,800 Speaker 1: These people were intentionally buried in the cave about fifteen 454 00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:00,840 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, which makes it one of the oldest 455 00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:05,440 Speaker 1: cemeteries in Northern Africa, if not the oldest. These people 456 00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:08,400 Speaker 1: did hunt barbary sheep and other animals that lived in 457 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,800 Speaker 1: the area, but they ate a lot of wild plants. 458 00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:17,600 Speaker 1: Edible plant foods from the area include acorns, pine nuts, oats, beans, 459 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:21,840 Speaker 1: and pistachios. This research also showed that babies were fed 460 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:25,400 Speaker 1: a plant based food, possibly prepared as a porridge or 461 00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: a soup, as they were being weaned from breast milk. 462 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:33,520 Speaker 1: Researchers in Syria have drawn some similar conclusions about people 463 00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: living there from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, 464 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,320 Speaker 1: or from about twenty six hundred BCE to about three 465 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:45,920 Speaker 1: hundred thirty three BCE. Isotopic analysis showed that particularly during 466 00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:48,960 Speaker 1: the Middle Bronze Age, people living in this region ate 467 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:52,440 Speaker 1: a diet that was really rich in grains and olives, 468 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 1: while the remains of sheep, goats, and cattle also suggest 469 00:29:56,640 --> 00:30:00,440 Speaker 1: that they sometimes ate meat or use these animals for dairy. 470 00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:05,120 Speaker 1: A lot of writeups of this research that were meant 471 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,880 Speaker 1: for a more general audience drew parallels to the quote 472 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:13,600 Speaker 1: Mediterranean diet of plant based foods and healthy fats that's 473 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:19,840 Speaker 1: touted for its health benefits. Some of them made it 474 00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: sound like this was somehow unexpected. However, Syria is on 475 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,280 Speaker 1: the Mediterranean Sea, so it really should not be surprising 476 00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:30,480 Speaker 1: that the people who were living there were eating a 477 00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:35,400 Speaker 1: quote Mediterranean diet. Wouldn't it by definition be a Mediterranean 478 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:38,720 Speaker 1: diet no matter what they ate. I saw, like, I 479 00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:42,480 Speaker 1: have these an RSS reader that just collates all of 480 00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:45,200 Speaker 1: these things, and suddenly there were all of these headlines 481 00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:49,880 Speaker 1: that were like people in ancient Syria ad a Mediterranean diet, 482 00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:50,440 Speaker 1: And I was. 483 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:54,040 Speaker 2: Like, have you looked at a map? 484 00:30:55,120 --> 00:31:00,960 Speaker 1: Recently, no speaking of plants, though, researchers in Oregon, working 485 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:03,720 Speaker 1: with the approval of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Rond 486 00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:08,200 Speaker 1: Historic Preservation Office, have been studying the indigenous stewardship of 487 00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:11,960 Speaker 1: the camus plant. This plant produces edible bulbs that have 488 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,120 Speaker 1: a flavor somewhat like sweet potato when they've been baked 489 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:18,560 Speaker 1: for two or three days. That's something that historically was 490 00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:23,760 Speaker 1: usually done in underground ovens using heated rocks. Researchers studied 491 00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: the remains of some of these ovens and camas bulbs 492 00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:31,600 Speaker 1: dating back about eight thousand years, and they concluded that 493 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,280 Speaker 1: around thirty five hundred years ago, indigenous people in the 494 00:31:36,360 --> 00:31:40,680 Speaker 1: area started intentionally harvesting these bulbs in a way to 495 00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:44,240 Speaker 1: allow the plants to be the most productive and sustainable 496 00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:48,440 Speaker 1: over time, and then they continued these harvesting practices over centuries. 497 00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:53,640 Speaker 1: This involved the participation of the whole community to replant 498 00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:56,720 Speaker 1: immature bulbs during the harvest and leave them in the 499 00:31:56,760 --> 00:32:01,960 Speaker 1: ground until they reached sexual maturity. Lead author Molly Carney 500 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:06,560 Speaker 1: described seeing indigenous people today doing the same during their harvests, 501 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:11,360 Speaker 1: and Greg Archiletta, cultural policy analyst for the Confederated Tribes 502 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:16,040 Speaker 1: of Grand Rond, also described this research as reinforcing the 503 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:20,240 Speaker 1: knowledge of tribes in the Willamette Valley. In addition to 504 00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:24,600 Speaker 1: these harvesting practices. This research also found evidence of periodic 505 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: controlled burns to keep areas where these plants were growing healthy. 506 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 1: Camus is an ecological and cultural keystone, so these practices 507 00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:37,720 Speaker 1: also affected the overall ecosystem and the human communities that 508 00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,760 Speaker 1: relied on them. Next, researchers in the Pyrenees Mountains have 509 00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:46,120 Speaker 1: found the earliest direct evidence of the consumption and processing 510 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:51,800 Speaker 1: of dairy there thanks to residues from pottery fragments. Researchers 511 00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:55,840 Speaker 1: examined fragments from two different settlements dating back seventy five 512 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,160 Speaker 1: hundred years and found evidence of dairy use at both 513 00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:03,400 Speaker 1: of them. It had previously been believed that dairy consumption 514 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:08,040 Speaker 1: had started at these higher altitudes a lot later. They 515 00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:11,960 Speaker 1: had found earlier evidence on in places along the coastline, 516 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,880 Speaker 1: but like not up in the mountains. This research also 517 00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:20,760 Speaker 1: discovered some residues from pigs and vegetables. Moving on, archaeologists 518 00:33:20,760 --> 00:33:24,600 Speaker 1: excavating a Roman tomb in Spain have found the oldest 519 00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:28,520 Speaker 1: ever wine still in its liquid form. This was in 520 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:32,160 Speaker 1: an urn and is described as a white sherry like wine, 521 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:34,960 Speaker 1: although over the two thousand years since it was put 522 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,640 Speaker 1: in the container it has turned a reddish brown this 523 00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:41,000 Speaker 1: wine was not meant to be drunk, though at least 524 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:44,600 Speaker 1: not by a living person. This urn was a funerary 525 00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:49,280 Speaker 1: urn and also contained cremated remains. Also in the urn 526 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:52,800 Speaker 1: was a gold ring decorated with the Roman god Janus. 527 00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:57,200 Speaker 1: One of the researchers in that story reportedly tasted some 528 00:33:57,280 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: of that wine for some reason, no thank you, I know, 529 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,160 Speaker 1: I was like, why, hmm, Cremaine's delicious in your cuptails. 530 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:09,920 Speaker 1: Beyond you know, tasting that seems ill advised to me. 531 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:15,400 Speaker 1: We don't get to talk about actually podable potables that 532 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:19,360 Speaker 1: often on Unearthed, so we will end with one this time. 533 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:24,319 Speaker 1: Dylan McDonald, a homebrewer from Utah, has created what he 534 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:28,680 Speaker 1: called Sinai Sour using three thousand year old yeast and 535 00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:32,560 Speaker 1: a beer recipe from the Ebers Papyrus. He was apparently 536 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:37,120 Speaker 1: inspired by Seamus Blackley's baking of bread using forty five 537 00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: hundred year old yeast, which we talked about on Unearthed 538 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,400 Speaker 1: in twenty nineteen and twenty twenty. With the help of 539 00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:47,080 Speaker 1: a friend who was doing research in Egypt, McDonald sourced 540 00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: some sycamore figs that were included as part of the recipe. 541 00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:54,680 Speaker 1: His grains were purple Egyptian barley and emmer wheat, and 542 00:34:54,719 --> 00:34:57,040 Speaker 1: then the yeasts that he used came from a company 543 00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:01,880 Speaker 1: called Primer's Yeast. It's a strain called Pta nine hundred BCE. 544 00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:06,320 Speaker 1: According to a write up in Smithsonian Magazine, the resulting 545 00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,319 Speaker 1: beer was similar to a German style called goza, which 546 00:35:10,360 --> 00:35:13,080 Speaker 1: is tart and a little salty, and since there are 547 00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:15,839 Speaker 1: no hops, it's closer to a cighter or a meed. 548 00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:18,839 Speaker 1: You can actually get this recipe by putting your name 549 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,600 Speaker 1: an email address into a form at the Primer's Yeast website. 550 00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:24,120 Speaker 2: We will have. 551 00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: More unearthed things on Wednesday. You have listener mail in 552 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,960 Speaker 1: the meantime. Yeah, rather than reading one specific message, we 553 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: have gotten notes from three people on the same subject. 554 00:35:36,440 --> 00:35:40,320 Speaker 1: They are Paul, Stephen, and Heather, who all wrote about 555 00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 1: the behind the scenes discussion that we had regarding the 556 00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 1: Google Street View images that are inside the Franklin Institute 557 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,279 Speaker 1: Museum in Philadelphia, and we talked about that in our 558 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,439 Speaker 1: behind the scenes in our episode on Francisco de Miranda. 559 00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,680 Speaker 2: I first wanted to clarify. 560 00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,759 Speaker 1: One of these people I misunderstood, but another person I 561 00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:07,600 Speaker 1: feel like maybe I did not misunderstand. I was not 562 00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:11,760 Speaker 1: being serious when I said, did they drive a car 563 00:36:12,239 --> 00:36:17,399 Speaker 1: a street view car through the Franklin Institute, Like that was. 564 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 2: Did you say that? Or did I? 565 00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:21,640 Speaker 1: That sounds like some off the cuff, very foolish thing. 566 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:24,000 Speaker 1: I would say, I think I said it, but I 567 00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:27,200 Speaker 1: didn't go back and re listen. But I like that 568 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:29,920 Speaker 1: was not a serious question, Like that was sort of 569 00:36:30,239 --> 00:36:37,000 Speaker 1: a rhetorical joke question. Having been inside that museum, there 570 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,120 Speaker 1: are places that you could get to with the car, 571 00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:43,400 Speaker 1: but like some of the paths that are shown like this, 572 00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:46,040 Speaker 1: it was not a serious question, right, that was sort 573 00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:48,960 Speaker 1: of a joke question. The question was like, uh, what's 574 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,759 Speaker 1: up with these images? Where did they come from? All 575 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:56,200 Speaker 1: three of these folks wrote to talk about Google having 576 00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,560 Speaker 1: a thing called street view Trekker, and the street view 577 00:36:59,640 --> 00:37:04,520 Speaker 1: Treker was possibly still is kind of a backpack mounted 578 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,839 Speaker 1: thing that can serve the purpose of the StreetView car 579 00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 1: and go to places that cars are not accessible. And 580 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:15,720 Speaker 1: the first public mention I found of Google talking about 581 00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:19,440 Speaker 1: the StreetView Treker where in June of twenty twelve. These 582 00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:24,520 Speaker 1: Franklin Institute images are from August of that year. So 583 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: if this was something that was like officially done through 584 00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:29,960 Speaker 1: Google with their street View treker. This like this would 585 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:34,480 Speaker 1: have been a very early use of that. Google didn't 586 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: start a pilot program to allow third parties to borrow 587 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:42,840 Speaker 1: the trekker until twenty thirteen. I can't remember if I 588 00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:44,480 Speaker 1: said this when we were talking about it, because I 589 00:37:44,640 --> 00:37:46,680 Speaker 1: again I did not go back and re listen to it. 590 00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:50,800 Speaker 1: And it's an extemporaneous conversation in our behind the scenes episodes, 591 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:51,919 Speaker 1: so who knows what I said. 592 00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:53,560 Speaker 2: The museum, though. 593 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:57,160 Speaker 1: Was obviously closed. There aren't guests in the museum when 594 00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:00,400 Speaker 1: this was happening. There is one person who mostly seems 595 00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:02,760 Speaker 1: to be awkwardly trying to stay out of the way 596 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:07,000 Speaker 1: but not successful all the time, probably the person that 597 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:09,600 Speaker 1: they have tasked with. Will you be on hand for 598 00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:12,080 Speaker 1: this project? You keep an eye on this person. So 599 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:14,640 Speaker 1: again I did not go call up the Franklin Institute 600 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:17,640 Speaker 1: to be like, what's the deal with this. I have 601 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:21,520 Speaker 1: seen other things that were obviously done with some kind 602 00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:26,640 Speaker 1: of non car Google street View image capture. These have 603 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:32,640 Speaker 1: mostly been outdoor spaces like beaches and parks, like areas 604 00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:35,719 Speaker 1: of neighborhoods that are sort of like plazas that are 605 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,920 Speaker 1: pedestrian only. And not for cars. So like, these are 606 00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:43,439 Speaker 1: things that I sort of knew existed. Currently, I don't 607 00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,719 Speaker 1: know if like the official street view Trekker thing is 608 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:49,759 Speaker 1: still being used. There is now a whole thing at 609 00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:55,520 Speaker 1: Google where people can record their own three sixty degree 610 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:59,360 Speaker 1: images with something like a GoPro that has three sixty 611 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,960 Speaker 1: capability and like upload. 612 00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:02,920 Speaker 2: That to the Google website. 613 00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:06,920 Speaker 1: Like the forms that used to exist, like officially request 614 00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:11,160 Speaker 1: the use of the StreetView Trekker, like that now redirects 615 00:39:11,239 --> 00:39:14,920 Speaker 1: to the more general page from Google that's about like 616 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,320 Speaker 1: here's how you do this, and here's how you upload 617 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:19,240 Speaker 1: your own imagery. 618 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:21,280 Speaker 2: On the map. 619 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,960 Speaker 1: The view of the street view within the Franklin Institute 620 00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:28,560 Speaker 1: is still hilarious to me because it really looks like 621 00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:32,960 Speaker 1: somebody scribbled all over the museum with StreetView. 622 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:36,280 Speaker 2: While a lot of the paths. 623 00:39:35,880 --> 00:39:38,560 Speaker 1: That I've seen that are like there's one I think 624 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:41,600 Speaker 1: of Revere Beach that's clearly like somebody went down the 625 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:45,000 Speaker 1: beach one direction and back the other direction. It is 626 00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:49,640 Speaker 1: not nearly as wandering as the path within the Franklin Institute. 627 00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,239 Speaker 1: So anyway, I wanted to thank to everyone who has 628 00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:56,040 Speaker 1: sent email about the StreetView Treker and also clarify yes, 629 00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:58,759 Speaker 1: I was joking when I said, did that we take 630 00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:03,239 Speaker 1: a car through there? And I spent way too much 631 00:40:03,239 --> 00:40:06,759 Speaker 1: time down a rabbit hole of like looking at StreetView 632 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:12,560 Speaker 1: images in like parks and national monuments and whatnot while 633 00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:18,319 Speaker 1: reviewing the emails that these folks sent over. So if 634 00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:21,560 Speaker 1: you want to send us an email about what's been 635 00:40:21,640 --> 00:40:24,520 Speaker 1: unearthed some cool stuff you saw on Google street View, 636 00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:28,759 Speaker 1: don't send us violence being enacted on Google StreetView. I 637 00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:33,520 Speaker 1: would like politely request. Sometimes people will I don't need 638 00:40:33,560 --> 00:40:37,480 Speaker 1: to see that, But you know, find a cool bird 639 00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:41,759 Speaker 1: on Google street View, feel free to share it with us. 640 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:46,239 Speaker 1: We're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and you 641 00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:49,920 Speaker 1: can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app or 642 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:58,359 Speaker 1: wherever you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed 643 00:40:58,360 --> 00:41:01,520 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more 644 00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:05,960 Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 645 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:07,920 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.