WEBVTT - Anarchism In Brazil, Pt. 1 feat. Andrew 0:00:01.800 --> 0:00:04.800 Alz Media. 0:00:04.920 --> 0:00:07.840 Welcome to krapp and Here I'm Andrew Sage, a futue 0:00:07.880 --> 0:00:08.920 channel andrewism. 0:00:09.360 --> 0:00:12.600 I'm joined by Garrison Davis. 0:00:12.640 --> 0:00:17.119 Hello there, once again Hello, and today I regret to 0:00:17.120 --> 0:00:20.200 inform you that you must come to Brazil. 0:00:20.600 --> 0:00:25.319 I've heard mixed things about Brazil currently, but I'm not 0:00:25.400 --> 0:00:27.760 against the idea. I have considered it before. 0:00:28.200 --> 0:00:31.960 Yes, well, we're not going to the Brazil of present times. 0:00:32.040 --> 0:00:36.360 Will actually be time traveling, continuing the somewhat informal series 0:00:36.360 --> 0:00:39.160 I've been doing on Latin American anarchism. Will be dipping 0:00:39.200 --> 0:00:42.280 our tours into the sand and the sea, the farmlands 0:00:42.280 --> 0:00:45.159 and jungles, the mountains and deserts, the cities and villages 0:00:45.200 --> 0:00:48.120 that make up the land and ground of the potential 0:00:48.600 --> 0:00:54.800 liberty of the people Brazil, particularly the struggles for anarchism 0:00:55.040 --> 0:00:58.840 that they would have had in the late nineteenth. 0:00:58.320 --> 0:00:59.680 And early twentieth century. 0:01:00.120 --> 0:01:02.240 All this is of course down to the scholarship of 0:01:02.360 --> 0:01:08.120 people like Edgar Rodriguez, Jesse Cone, Philippe Corea, Rafael Vienna, 0:01:08.280 --> 0:01:14.039 the Silver Quan, William Dosantos, Edeline Toledo, and Luigi Biondi. 0:01:14.720 --> 0:01:18.320 And without further Ado, let's get into it, so the 0:01:18.319 --> 0:01:21.240 Portuguese landed in the region, they will become known as 0:01:21.280 --> 0:01:25.520 Brazil in fifteen hundred. Prior to their colonization, the land 0:01:25.600 --> 0:01:28.960 was home to ethnic groups linked to four main language groups, 0:01:29.240 --> 0:01:33.160 the Irawak, the Tupi, Guarani, the Je and the Kalinago. 0:01:33.840 --> 0:01:39.480 Some of the specific ethnic groups included the Portiguara, Trema, Membe, Tabajara, Kayete, 0:01:39.680 --> 0:01:45.480 and so on. After Pedro Alvarez Cabra landed, the following 0:01:45.520 --> 0:01:49.520 centuries were marked by colonization and enslavement. His lands were 0:01:49.520 --> 0:01:54.080 dispossessed and cleared. Plantations were established, roads were laid, bridges 0:01:54.080 --> 0:01:56.720 were built, and so on, all by the auctioned and 0:01:57.040 --> 0:02:01.040 purchased efforts of whipped and exploited human muscle the president. 0:02:01.080 --> 0:02:04.080 Slaved Africans in the society would sometimes flee into the 0:02:04.160 --> 0:02:09.320 jungles and form quilombos or fugitive slave settlements, including the 0:02:09.320 --> 0:02:12.560 famous Palmeris, which survived for almost a century with a 0:02:12.600 --> 0:02:16.960 population of between eleven and twenty thousand. After Brazil gains 0:02:16.960 --> 0:02:20.560 independence from Portugal in eighteen twenty two, retaining its own monarchy, 0:02:21.200 --> 0:02:26.520 it experienced numerous maroonaghes, reforms and popular revolts, including the 0:02:26.520 --> 0:02:31.600 Setembrada and Novembrada revolts, the uru Preto Opriisin, the Sabinada 0:02:31.840 --> 0:02:37.480 and Bailadda revolts, the Carmanachem revolt, the Guera dos Ferapos revolts, 0:02:37.560 --> 0:02:41.440 Liberal Revolution, the Prior Revolution, the extremely late abolition of 0:02:41.440 --> 0:02:44.160 slavery in eighteen eighty eight, and the proclamation of the 0:02:44.200 --> 0:02:47.760 First Brazilian Republic in eighteen eighty nine. It was in 0:02:47.800 --> 0:02:52.320 this tumultuous sociopolitical landscape that anarchism would take root. As 0:02:52.360 --> 0:02:54.880 in much of Latin America, anarchism would be brought by 0:02:54.960 --> 0:03:00.280 immigrants through port cities like Rodighenio and Santos. Revolutionary ideas 0:03:00.280 --> 0:03:02.880 would also come to Brazil by way of Brazilians themselves. 0:03:03.360 --> 0:03:06.440 Some went to France and Portugal for their studies and 0:03:06.480 --> 0:03:10.200 discovered anarchism there. Others would find the words of Kropotkin 0:03:10.240 --> 0:03:13.840 and Malchesta in the bookstores of their native cities. Doctor 0:03:13.880 --> 0:03:18.480 Fabio Luis, a Bahian hygienist and doctor, wrote two novels 0:03:18.520 --> 0:03:21.200 which sort to grapple with the social question of exploitation 0:03:21.320 --> 0:03:24.560 of man by man in Brazil. Doctor Luis also spent 0:03:24.639 --> 0:03:28.000 his time working alongside unions and helping to fight the 0:03:28.120 --> 0:03:32.560 yellow fever and smallpox epidemics of playing his Natia. Another novelist, 0:03:32.840 --> 0:03:37.480 Manuel de men Doncha, also published in this time, contributing 0:03:37.560 --> 0:03:42.560 to a slow growing libertaria and literary universe. These anarchist intellectuals, 0:03:42.600 --> 0:03:46.240 alongside others, would go on to launch a popular university. 0:03:47.040 --> 0:03:50.320 Other contributors the propagation of anarchism in Brazilian soil included 0:03:50.360 --> 0:03:56.520 Alisio de Carvallo, j Martins, Fontes, Pedero, Docuto Rocha, Pombo Due, 0:03:56.640 --> 0:04:01.000 Gonzalves de Silver, Maximino Maciel, Benja min Moota. 0:04:01.280 --> 0:04:03.240 Francisco Viot, et cetera. 0:04:03.880 --> 0:04:06.760 Anarchism in Brazil was actually quite diverse as well, as 0:04:06.760 --> 0:04:11.680 it found immigrants from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, 0:04:11.760 --> 0:04:16.240 Canada and England. Alongside former black slaves and mestizos. It 0:04:16.360 --> 0:04:21.120 found children, and it found women. Limo Berreto Domingos Pasos, 0:04:21.240 --> 0:04:24.800 who was kind of known as the Brazilian Bcunan, Nino Vascos, 0:04:25.160 --> 0:04:29.960 Edgar Luinroth, Jose Oitica, Mariela le Serda de Mura and 0:04:30.040 --> 0:04:34.280 Maria and Helios Suarez all made key contributions to development 0:04:34.360 --> 0:04:40.960 of anarchism in Brazil. Dozens of newspapers like clichiaf Pianchi, Levine, 0:04:42.200 --> 0:04:46.719 Livitario and O Desperta would also be published. Hundreds of 0:04:46.800 --> 0:04:50.760 lectures would be hosted, alongside language classes and artistic activities 0:04:51.320 --> 0:04:54.800 at anarchist cultural centers or at ten ems and schools 0:04:54.839 --> 0:04:58.599 like the Iliziuricluse School and the Modern Schools in South Paolo, 0:04:58.880 --> 0:05:03.520 which also provided letters courses, a vocational trainer. Revolutionary plays 0:05:03.520 --> 0:05:05.840 we put on in theaters by groups such as Grupo 0:05:05.880 --> 0:05:09.720 at the Instructure How and Group of Dramatical Heremina, blending 0:05:09.839 --> 0:05:13.000 entertainment with the syndicalist propaganda and front raising efforts for 0:05:13.000 --> 0:05:18.120 the labor movement. Worker's festivals featuring poetry, song, dance and sport, 0:05:18.520 --> 0:05:22.160 raise money for anarchist syndicalist organizations and reinforced a sense 0:05:22.160 --> 0:05:27.160 of solidarity. The anarchist workers, being so numerously immigrant, attempted 0:05:27.240 --> 0:05:31.760 to create a cosmopolitan counterculture centered on working class values 0:05:31.760 --> 0:05:35.400 and priorities. So all these projects and institutions, with the 0:05:35.440 --> 0:05:39.680 results of their efforts, over one thousand foreign agitators would 0:05:39.680 --> 0:05:42.800 be deported from Brazil as a result of their radical efforts, 0:05:42.960 --> 0:05:45.880 and a few would even be killed. The first anarchists 0:05:45.880 --> 0:05:48.160 be murdered by the state in Brazil was the Italian 0:05:48.200 --> 0:05:52.240 Polonice Mattei, killed in South Paolo on the twentieth September 0:05:52.320 --> 0:05:56.160 eighteen ninety eight. Earlier that year, the first gathering of 0:05:56.200 --> 0:05:59.159 socialist leading workers in Brazil would take place in Rio 0:05:59.240 --> 0:06:04.159 Grande Rossou, attended by delegates from various associations, anarchist groups 0:06:04.279 --> 0:06:09.040 and a newspaper. As usual, the Italian immigrants were heavily represented. 0:06:09.720 --> 0:06:12.599 The anarchist immigrants you've managed to establish a settlement known 0:06:12.600 --> 0:06:16.120 as the Guera Rima anarchist colony organized by Italian anarchists 0:06:16.200 --> 0:06:20.600 ar Tour Campanili. Perhaps the most notable contribution to anarchism 0:06:20.640 --> 0:06:24.039 by the Italians in Brazil was the Cecilia Colony, which 0:06:24.080 --> 0:06:28.320 deserves special attentions, mentioning, of course, that this project, as 0:06:28.680 --> 0:06:31.279 with everything taking place in Brazil in this time, took 0:06:31.279 --> 0:06:35.000 place on colonial land, which seemingly went unacknowledged by the 0:06:35.040 --> 0:06:38.120 anarchists themselves, but it was regrettably common in the colonial 0:06:38.160 --> 0:06:51.719 conditions of Brazil. In the southern state of Perana, in 0:06:51.800 --> 0:06:55.560 the ural municipality of Palmira. A group of Italian anarchists 0:06:55.640 --> 0:06:59.600 led by Giovanni Rossi and Gigi Damiani founded the Cecilia 0:06:59.640 --> 0:07:03.200 Colony in eighteen ninety The land was originally granted to 0:07:03.240 --> 0:07:06.480 them by Emperor Pedero dis second, but after the proclamation 0:07:06.520 --> 0:07:09.240 of the First Brazilian Republic, the new government did not 0:07:09.279 --> 0:07:11.880 acknowledge that land grant, and so the anarchists had to 0:07:11.880 --> 0:07:15.320 purchase it instead. The anarchists sought to experiment and creating 0:07:15.320 --> 0:07:18.880 a society based on collective ownership and free love. They 0:07:18.920 --> 0:07:21.680 built of communal shared for shelter and began the process 0:07:21.760 --> 0:07:25.440 constructing individual homes. The population of the colony quickly grew 0:07:25.480 --> 0:07:29.480 to almost three hundred people, including the Rossi himself, but 0:07:29.520 --> 0:07:31.760 by the end of eighteen ninety one, the colony was 0:07:31.800 --> 0:07:36.040 facing its first big challenge. They'd outgrown the infrastructure. With 0:07:36.120 --> 0:07:39.400 only twenty wooden houses in one community shed, the settlements 0:07:39.400 --> 0:07:42.320 simply couldn't sustain the influx of people had to make 0:07:42.360 --> 0:07:45.200 matters worse. Many of the settlers were industrial workers with 0:07:45.320 --> 0:07:48.840 little or no agricultural experience, and this lack of farm 0:07:48.840 --> 0:07:51.240 and knowledge made it difficult for them to produce enough 0:07:51.240 --> 0:07:54.640 food to feed themselves. They tried to organize tasks based 0:07:54.640 --> 0:07:58.600 on people's existing skills. Artisans stuck to their trades, but 0:07:58.640 --> 0:08:02.120 the farmers struggled, especially with the differences between Italian and 0:08:02.160 --> 0:08:05.840 Brazilian soil. While they managed to plant crops like maize, 0:08:06.000 --> 0:08:09.320 the results weren't immediate. The money they brought they could 0:08:09.320 --> 0:08:12.200 buy groceries, tools, and seeds, but it wasn't enough to 0:08:12.240 --> 0:08:15.560 sustain them until their crops started yielding results, so many 0:08:15.560 --> 0:08:18.640 settlers had to seek work elsewhere, with some even taken 0:08:18.720 --> 0:08:22.760 government jobs. The colony wasn't just about farming, though. Over 0:08:22.760 --> 0:08:25.680 the years, they built roads, sheds, barns, a mill. 0:08:25.520 --> 0:08:26.440 And even a fish tank. 0:08:26.960 --> 0:08:30.280 They planted a huge cornfield, dug wells, and set up 0:08:30.560 --> 0:08:33.840 a nursery for seedlands. They even tried out free love 0:08:33.960 --> 0:08:39.280 with rossiumself participates in a polyamorous relationship. Many such cases, 0:08:39.520 --> 0:08:43.920 many such cases. But despite all these efforts, the cracks 0:08:43.920 --> 0:08:47.440 were starting to show. In eighteen ninety two, seven families 0:08:47.480 --> 0:08:50.080 packed up and returned to Italy. By the end of 0:08:50.080 --> 0:08:53.600 the year, the colony's population had dwindled to just twenty people. 0:08:53.679 --> 0:08:57.800 Oh dang, yeah, it's a very very rapid decline. 0:08:58.000 --> 0:08:58.360 Yeah. 0:08:58.840 --> 0:09:01.800 The sustainability was typed projects is always like the big thing, 0:09:01.840 --> 0:09:05.160 and especially when it comes to like food and farming 0:09:05.200 --> 0:09:08.640 like that is unfortunately the joke whenever people talk about 0:09:08.640 --> 0:09:11.320 these sorts of projects. Now all of these artists and 0:09:11.360 --> 0:09:14.680 craftsmens don't want to spend out time toiling away in 0:09:14.720 --> 0:09:15.320 the fields. 0:09:15.640 --> 0:09:20.840 Yeah, yeah, it's a challenge that the pasisticity. 0:09:21.520 --> 0:09:24.760 So far, it seems like there's like a decent mix 0:09:24.760 --> 0:09:29.040 of like labor organizing, like social organizing, like with like newspapers, 0:09:29.080 --> 0:09:31.400 like theaters, plays like that kind of like more like 0:09:31.480 --> 0:09:36.520 cultural engagement stuff with like unions and this little like 0:09:36.679 --> 0:09:39.760 anarchist society that they try. They've kind of like like 0:09:40.120 --> 0:09:42.360 sped run through a whole bunch of like I don't 0:09:42.360 --> 0:09:44.160 want to say like social anarchism, because that is a 0:09:44.240 --> 0:09:46.840 term that means something else. But there is a lot 0:09:46.840 --> 0:09:49.120 of stuff that's kind of very similar to that, at 0:09:49.200 --> 0:09:52.800 least like so far, and I'm not hearing very much 0:09:52.840 --> 0:09:54.960 stuff that leads me to believe there's like you know, 0:09:55.080 --> 0:09:59.720 a large degree of conflictuality towards the actual Brazilian Republic. 0:09:59.760 --> 0:10:01.959 But was that also like an aspect during this time 0:10:02.000 --> 0:10:03.040 period they. 0:10:02.960 --> 0:10:06.200 Would end up engaging in a lot more heavy, like 0:10:06.360 --> 0:10:08.400 you're talking about like direct engagement with the state. 0:10:09.000 --> 0:10:09.360 Yeah. 0:10:09.760 --> 0:10:11.760 I think in this early period, when they were still 0:10:11.920 --> 0:10:14.760 building up and spread in the wood, it was sort 0:10:14.760 --> 0:10:18.240 of a honeymoon period for the movement in a sense. 0:10:18.320 --> 0:10:24.680 A lot of the dramatic confrontations are very soon pendent. Okay, okay, 0:10:25.760 --> 0:10:29.000 So the cracks were certain to show. Families had packed 0:10:29.080 --> 0:10:31.480 up and returned to Italy. The colony had gone down 0:10:31.480 --> 0:10:34.680 to just twenty people, and because a lot of the 0:10:34.679 --> 0:10:39.240 colonies made up of intellectuals, doctors, engineers, artisans, many of 0:10:39.240 --> 0:10:42.360 them left for nearby cities where they founded the juessepe 0:10:42.400 --> 0:10:47.040 Garibali Society, which I couldn't find much information on that 0:10:47.040 --> 0:10:50.360 particular society from that particular historical period in my research, 0:10:51.120 --> 0:10:53.840 but it seems to have been a mutual aid society. 0:10:54.400 --> 0:10:55.480 I'm not one hundred percent sure. 0:10:55.640 --> 0:10:57.400 I mean that would make sense as it it's like 0:10:57.520 --> 0:10:59.000 within like a bigger city. 0:10:59.760 --> 0:11:00.760 Yeah, yes, yes. 0:11:01.520 --> 0:11:05.839 And Garibaldi has a rather interesting history that I'm only 0:11:05.880 --> 0:11:09.160 recently learning about. And I didn't even know he went 0:11:09.240 --> 0:11:12.600 all the way to South America and sclevantin and stuff, 0:11:12.640 --> 0:11:16.800 But like I learned very recently that he had married, 0:11:16.920 --> 0:11:20.920 I believe, an indigenous or a Mestizo woman while he 0:11:20.960 --> 0:11:24.679 was in South America, and they had like this very romantic, 0:11:25.400 --> 0:11:29.440 dramatic life together, leading battlefield side by side and. 0:11:29.400 --> 0:11:30.079 All that stuff. 0:11:30.400 --> 0:11:31.840 Yeah, yeah, yeah, So I'm. 0:11:31.720 --> 0:11:38.880 Not surprised that the Italian anarchists were perhaps inspired by Garibaldi, 0:11:38.960 --> 0:11:43.120 even if he himself was not an anarchist. Sure so, anyway, 0:11:43.240 --> 0:11:46.880 by eighteen ninety three new settlers had arrived, thankfully, and 0:11:47.000 --> 0:11:51.160 the colony was trying to manufacture shoes and wine barrels 0:11:51.200 --> 0:11:53.960 so they could make some sort of an income. They 0:11:54.000 --> 0:11:57.280 eventually grew to sixty four residents, and they established two 0:11:57.320 --> 0:12:00.280 wells and a new access road. But even with those 0:12:00.320 --> 0:12:03.160 new developments, the colony was still struggling. They were dealing 0:12:03.160 --> 0:12:08.199 with material poverty, the neighboring Catholic communities were extremely hostile 0:12:08.280 --> 0:12:11.640 toward them, and they also had to deal with very 0:12:11.679 --> 0:12:15.520 poor sanitation conditions. And then in their fourth year they 0:12:15.559 --> 0:12:19.440 also had a crop epidemic that pretty much decimated the colony. 0:12:20.520 --> 0:12:23.760 And of course, as high minded as the ideas may 0:12:23.800 --> 0:12:26.360 have been, they were the internal struggles. 0:12:26.600 --> 0:12:26.840 You know. 0:12:27.160 --> 0:12:30.040 Free love and communal living may have been central to 0:12:30.080 --> 0:12:34.439 the colony's philosophy, but not everyone adapted well to the ideals. 0:12:34.520 --> 0:12:38.360 In theory, they embraced the values, but in practice there 0:12:38.360 --> 0:12:42.240 were some insecurity and jealousy that other rose out of. 0:12:42.120 --> 0:12:45.160 That also, many such cases. 0:12:45.040 --> 0:12:47.840 Many such cases. By the end of eighteen ninety three, 0:12:47.920 --> 0:12:52.160 it was abundantly clear that the colony couldn't survive. Labor 0:12:52.240 --> 0:12:55.160 was in high demand the nearby cities, and despite efforts 0:12:55.160 --> 0:12:58.400 to attract new settlers through socialist propaganda in Europe, the 0:12:58.440 --> 0:13:01.760 colony just couldn't maintain its proper and eighteen ninety four 0:13:02.280 --> 0:13:04.959 Celie Colony officially came to an end. They have in 0:13:05.040 --> 0:13:09.920 many players and dramatizations of the story Cecilia Colony. Most 0:13:09.920 --> 0:13:13.400 of them, as you would imagine, are in Brazilian Portuguese, 0:13:13.440 --> 0:13:17.280 so good luck finding them. 0:13:17.720 --> 0:13:19.719 I'll try to find a dub somewhere. 0:13:19.320 --> 0:13:25.760 Maybe yeah, and Ittilian Portuguese, but anyway, so, the experiment 0:13:25.760 --> 0:13:30.640 had held on for four dramatic years, defined pressure from 0:13:30.679 --> 0:13:34.120 the newly established Brazilian Republican government, heavy taxes and even 0:13:34.160 --> 0:13:38.599 military inclusions, eventually material conditions disease and until the conflicts 0:13:38.600 --> 0:13:51.880 brought to tone. And how are we entering into the 0:13:51.880 --> 0:13:55.320 twentieth century nineteen oh three, so the founding of the 0:13:55.360 --> 0:13:59.480 first four wal structure, inspired by international syndicalism, the Federation 0:13:59.600 --> 0:14:02.959 of Class Associations. This organization would take part in the 0:14:03.000 --> 0:14:05.800 first Workers Congress in nineteen oh six, which brought together 0:14:05.920 --> 0:14:10.000 forty three delegates, predominantly anarchist from across Brazil, in over 0:14:10.040 --> 0:14:14.400 twelve sessions, discussing twenty three items of discussion. Giovanni Rossi, 0:14:14.480 --> 0:14:17.440 the guy behind the Cecilia Colony, was among the attendees. 0:14:18.320 --> 0:14:22.040 The Congress sought to advocate for economic resistance societies and 0:14:22.160 --> 0:14:25.880 laid the foundation for the Brazilian Workers Confederation or COBB 0:14:26.440 --> 0:14:30.680 for Sure, in nineteen oh eight, which united over fifty unions, 0:14:30.720 --> 0:14:34.720 primarily from Rio Deshaneiro, South Paolo and Rio Grande Rossul. 0:14:35.400 --> 0:14:38.200 Between nineteen oh five nineteen oh eight, the workers movement 0:14:38.200 --> 0:14:42.800 witnessed a surge in strikes, notably among shoemakers, raallymen and 0:14:42.840 --> 0:14:46.400 other industrial sectors. Portoalle des cre saw at the general 0:14:46.440 --> 0:14:49.440 strike in nineteen oh six. South Paulo was the scene 0:14:49.440 --> 0:14:52.160 of insurrectionary strikes in nineteen oh six and nineteen oh 0:14:52.240 --> 0:14:55.040 seven as part of the campaign for the eight hour workday, 0:14:55.720 --> 0:14:58.360 in Santos. The strike for the eight hour day only 0:14:58.480 --> 0:15:02.160 ended in nineteen twenty one, meaning they spent well over 0:15:02.200 --> 0:15:05.280 a decade close to two decades fighting for. 0:15:05.240 --> 0:15:05.960 The eight hour day. 0:15:06.520 --> 0:15:07.040 Yeah. 0:15:07.200 --> 0:15:09.960 The workers movement also held several congresses in this time, 0:15:10.040 --> 0:15:13.040 including the first and second Sal Paulo State Congresses, the 0:15:13.120 --> 0:15:17.760 first mass Cares, the first mass Heires State Labor Federation Congress, 0:15:17.800 --> 0:15:21.240 and the Parana Labor Congress, which affirmed the movement's commitments 0:15:21.320 --> 0:15:24.920 to anarchist cynicalism, and as with other anarchist groups around 0:15:24.920 --> 0:15:27.920 the world, they organized a demonstration to commemorate the death 0:15:27.960 --> 0:15:31.560 of Francisco Ferrer, the Modern School founder who inspired rational 0:15:31.720 --> 0:15:35.440 education efforts across Brazil. They also supported the Russian workers 0:15:35.440 --> 0:15:39.040 in both nineteen oh five and nineteen seventeen, sported Mexican 0:15:39.040 --> 0:15:42.280 workers and peasants in nineteen ten, and commemorated the Chicago 0:15:42.360 --> 0:15:47.280 Martyrs on subsequent mediates. Nineteen thirteen marked the second Brazilian 0:15:47.320 --> 0:15:50.120 Labor Congress, much larger than the first, were delegates from 0:15:50.120 --> 0:15:53.920 one hundred and seventeen bodies across eight states debated twenty 0:15:53.960 --> 0:15:58.120 four items. In nineteen fourteen, anarchists in Sal Paulo organized 0:15:58.120 --> 0:16:01.360 a conference and select two delegates to represent Brazil at 0:16:01.360 --> 0:16:05.800 the London Anarchist Congress, which is eventually and unfortunately canceled 0:16:06.160 --> 0:16:07.960 due to the outbreak of War one. 0:16:09.000 --> 0:16:12.360 This is such an interesting moment in like international anarchism 0:16:12.560 --> 0:16:15.800 that at least right now, just like we have like 0:16:15.840 --> 0:16:19.760 the Internet, but that sucks. Like this style of like 0:16:19.880 --> 0:16:24.000 actual like like international like anarchism. It's just something that 0:16:24.080 --> 0:16:27.880 is I've I've never really been able to like experience before. 0:16:27.800 --> 0:16:31.320 But Garrison, you forgets in something we have discourse. 0:16:32.640 --> 0:16:35.480 Oh I'm sure they also had discourse, but they got 0:16:35.520 --> 0:16:38.640 to go to London to do their discourse, which sounds 0:16:38.840 --> 0:16:41.520 which sounds much better than doing it from my toilet 0:16:41.600 --> 0:16:43.240 on Twitter dot com. 0:16:43.280 --> 0:16:45.840 Sorry x X dot com. My apologies. 0:16:46.720 --> 0:16:49.280 No, that's that's true, though, I would much rather the 0:16:49.320 --> 0:16:53.320 discourse take place in person over you know, the discord 0:16:53.360 --> 0:16:56.320 suvas and the Switzer and Breddit threads. 0:16:56.560 --> 0:16:59.120 I mean, like especially in that like international aspect. Like 0:16:59.160 --> 0:17:02.480 there's there's certainly like like anarchists gatherings and like conferences 0:17:02.480 --> 0:17:05.440 and convergences, you know, within within countries. 0:17:05.480 --> 0:17:07.520 I've been to many in the United States. 0:17:07.840 --> 0:17:11.439 But yeah, this sort of like like having anarchists in 0:17:11.480 --> 0:17:15.320 Brazil go to London to talk with anarchists from everywhere 0:17:15.320 --> 0:17:18.800 else in the world, like compare their experiences and compare notes. Yeah, 0:17:19.080 --> 0:17:21.800 then talk about like what their actual like political goals are. 0:17:22.119 --> 0:17:24.200 It's something that I think is just steally doesn't really 0:17:24.200 --> 0:17:24.920 exist anymore. 0:17:24.960 --> 0:17:28.320 And that's really a vital component of international solidarity, because 0:17:28.480 --> 0:17:32.200 that's kind of solidarity, that kind of portunity is very 0:17:32.200 --> 0:17:36.880 difficult to find just through virtual interaction. There's something meaningful 0:17:36.920 --> 0:17:39.479 in shaking a Pulson's hand and embrace in them and 0:17:39.920 --> 0:17:42.680 laughing and crying together in Pusa and sharing a meal. 0:17:43.640 --> 0:17:44.920 I think really makes a difference. 0:17:45.040 --> 0:17:47.280 I mean, yeah, especially when you have, like the spread 0:17:47.280 --> 0:17:50.000 of anarchism is so built on that internationalism, like you 0:17:50.000 --> 0:17:53.520 have anarchists from Portugal and Italy and Spain. 0:17:53.760 --> 0:17:57.520 The immigrant influence exactly is very very profound. 0:17:57.800 --> 0:17:58.639 Yeah. 0:17:58.840 --> 0:18:01.919 But although there was the break of war one closer 0:18:01.960 --> 0:18:05.760 to home, the anarchists were still involving themselves in that 0:18:05.800 --> 0:18:07.680 sort of regional discourse. 0:18:07.720 --> 0:18:08.400 They may have been. 0:18:08.280 --> 0:18:11.040 Flying to London, but they managed to meet with delegates 0:18:11.080 --> 0:18:15.080 from Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay at the International Peace Conference 0:18:15.119 --> 0:18:18.280 and the South American Anarchist Congress in October nineteen fifteen, 0:18:19.040 --> 0:18:22.120 all in an aim to foster both regional and international 0:18:22.160 --> 0:18:26.679 anarchist cooperation as the war raged on. In addition to 0:18:26.720 --> 0:18:30.119 the anti war propaganda, Brazil's anarchists continue to rally against 0:18:30.200 --> 0:18:34.800 unemployment rise and living costs scarcity of basic foodstuffs, while 0:18:34.800 --> 0:18:37.920 resisting the capitalists the clergy in the state, which sent 0:18:38.040 --> 0:18:41.280 young men to the slaughter on the battlefield. In response 0:18:41.320 --> 0:18:44.680 to the pressure levied by the libertarian proletaria, the government 0:18:44.720 --> 0:18:47.440 gave the go ahead for direct sale by the producer 0:18:47.520 --> 0:18:51.320 to the consumer without taxes levied, easing the hugging crisis 0:18:51.320 --> 0:18:55.639 in the country. So their struggles worked. This period and 0:18:55.640 --> 0:19:00.520 particularly from nineteen twelve to nineteen twenty, marked significant working walization. 0:19:01.080 --> 0:19:03.640 The period from nineteen seventeen to nineteen twenty in particular 0:19:04.040 --> 0:19:08.280 was marked by significant strikes, including the South Paulo General 0:19:08.320 --> 0:19:12.440 Strike of nineteen seventeen, which saw seventy thousand workers participate 0:19:12.680 --> 0:19:16.480 with sympathy strikes in Rio Grande, Rasul and Pirana, demanding 0:19:16.520 --> 0:19:20.800 better working conditions, wages, and dad hour workday. This period 0:19:20.800 --> 0:19:23.760 also witnessed an increase in unionization and the growth of 0:19:23.760 --> 0:19:28.200 the workers Press, which provided critical platforms revolutionary ideas. In 0:19:28.280 --> 0:19:32.520 nineteen nineteen, an uprising exploded in Rio de Janeiro, leading 0:19:32.560 --> 0:19:35.040 to the death of three workers and the imprisonment or 0:19:35.119 --> 0:19:39.320 deportation of nearly one hundred. The government deployed police, troops 0:19:39.359 --> 0:19:43.200 and even naval warships to crush the resistance of the workers, 0:19:43.800 --> 0:19:47.320 and they also attempted to exploit racial divisions. They would 0:19:47.320 --> 0:19:50.760 take Afro Brazilians and use them as scabs, and then 0:19:50.920 --> 0:19:53.120 once the strike was over. Once they broke up this strike, 0:19:53.119 --> 0:19:56.280 they would fire those same black workers to reaffirm the 0:19:56.280 --> 0:19:59.840 privilege of white labor. Eventually, the government would concede and 0:20:00.160 --> 0:20:03.680 was capitalists to make some concessions where wages were concerned, 0:20:04.400 --> 0:20:07.440 but this came at a cost. Alongside the mass imprisonment 0:20:07.480 --> 0:20:11.639 and deportations, the state's efforts included infiltration of the unions, 0:20:11.840 --> 0:20:15.159 which eventually stayed reformist unions into the leadership position of 0:20:15.160 --> 0:20:20.840 the working classes, supplanting the more revolutionary organizations. Thus, anarchism 0:20:20.920 --> 0:20:25.239 arguably entered a new era. In the nineteen twenties, there 0:20:25.240 --> 0:20:28.399 were still anarchist led labor congresses, including the Third Brazilian 0:20:28.480 --> 0:20:30.760 Labor Congress and the second and third Riuro granded as 0:20:30.800 --> 0:20:34.639 Seoul Labor Congresses, the latter of which endorsed a declaration 0:20:34.680 --> 0:20:38.240 of principles from the IWA and established an International Anarchists 0:20:38.280 --> 0:20:41.040 Uidiarity Pact. But by the four to three or Granded 0:20:41.040 --> 0:20:44.720 there are Seul Labor Congress attended by sixteen workers organizations, 0:20:44.880 --> 0:20:48.400 two newspapers, six anarchist groups, sub power militants and delegates 0:20:48.400 --> 0:20:52.560 from Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. Anarchist efforts in Brazil had 0:20:52.600 --> 0:20:58.040 to become much more clandestine following the deportations, the state intervention, 0:20:58.240 --> 0:21:00.760 the general repression of the success of priscils in regimes. 0:21:01.119 --> 0:21:04.560 The anarchist movement had indeed weakened, and I took another 0:21:04.600 --> 0:21:07.960 blue with the establishment to the Brazilian Communist Party the PCB, 0:21:08.560 --> 0:21:12.600 partially inspired by Bolshevism in nineteen twenty two, which absorbed 0:21:12.600 --> 0:21:16.760 many former anarchists, including Edgar Lunov, who authored its charter, 0:21:17.240 --> 0:21:20.720 and Astriguilo Perera, who served as its secretary general for 0:21:20.800 --> 0:21:24.360 nearly a decade before he was expelled. The PCB competed 0:21:24.400 --> 0:21:27.160 for union leadership and worked with the governments of Artur 0:21:27.280 --> 0:21:32.320 Bernandez Washington. Louise and Catulio Vargas, the suppressed the libertarian 0:21:32.359 --> 0:21:36.160 movement and the free trade unions. The Brendees government, by 0:21:36.160 --> 0:21:39.800 the way, sent to thousands of political prisoners, including anarchists, 0:21:39.880 --> 0:21:43.199 into the remote penal colony of Clevelandia, thousands with the 0:21:43.240 --> 0:21:48.479 harsh conditions killed hundreds. Wow, And the Louis san Vargas governments. 0:21:48.520 --> 0:21:49.600 Of course we're not any better. 0:21:50.040 --> 0:21:52.080 I was also wondering, like where are these people like 0:21:52.160 --> 0:21:54.879 deported to Like it sounded like they've been in Brazil 0:21:54.920 --> 0:21:57.520 for quite a while. When you were like mentioning there 0:21:57.560 --> 0:22:00.399 was all those all those other people who were deported 0:22:00.400 --> 0:22:03.920 out of the country, Like where where did they go? 0:22:04.760 --> 0:22:07.639 Yeah, there was a story reading about that. I didn't 0:22:07.800 --> 0:22:10.119 maintaince in my notes. Some only half remember in it, 0:22:10.200 --> 0:22:12.840 but one of my sources would have had it of 0:22:12.920 --> 0:22:15.040 the names that listed at the beginning. 0:22:15.400 --> 0:22:16.760 But they were spoken. 0:22:16.400 --> 0:22:21.840 About how there were these I believe Portuguese people in Brazil, 0:22:22.000 --> 0:22:24.600 as in Portuguese from Portugal who have been there, in 0:22:24.640 --> 0:22:26.640 there and working there and whatever for years and years 0:22:26.640 --> 0:22:31.000 and years, and because they hadn't naturalized, they were like 0:22:31.040 --> 0:22:34.159 subject to like these heavy attacks. And I believe some 0:22:34.160 --> 0:22:35.960 of them were deported as well, And so I'm assuming 0:22:36.960 --> 0:22:38.879 whenever a country of origin they could be traced to, 0:22:38.920 --> 0:22:41.600 they would be deported there, or they're'd be deported to 0:22:41.840 --> 0:22:43.600 a neighbor in South American country. 0:22:43.920 --> 0:22:44.920 But I didn't really find. 0:22:44.720 --> 0:22:48.080 Specific details on where they were sent. I assume it's 0:22:48.119 --> 0:22:51.480 mostly their home countries or neighboring countries. 0:22:51.840 --> 0:22:55.920 Between that and like setting thousands of people to appeedal 0:22:56.000 --> 0:22:59.560 quality with hundreds dying like that, this is a massive 0:22:59.680 --> 0:23:02.800 way of of repression they're dealing with in like the 0:23:02.960 --> 0:23:03.960 early twenties here. 0:23:04.160 --> 0:23:09.800 Indeed, indeed, and unfortunately, their supposed allies weren't exactly a help. 0:23:10.160 --> 0:23:14.200 In nineteen twenty seven, the anarchists Antonio Dominguez and Damiao 0:23:14.280 --> 0:23:18.520 the Silver who murdered by the communists, who also wounded 0:23:18.520 --> 0:23:21.399 another ten members of the printers Union and attacked and 0:23:21.480 --> 0:23:24.720 stole the assets of the footwear workers Union start further 0:23:24.840 --> 0:23:27.399 weakened the anarchists struggle when they were already dealing with 0:23:27.400 --> 0:23:32.200 that government repression. And in a sense, anarchists are like roaches. 0:23:32.240 --> 0:23:37.560 We just keep on shruggling and surviving, and the persistence 0:23:37.720 --> 0:23:40.320 of anarchist resistance in spite of all this repression, what 0:23:40.400 --> 0:23:44.480 would trigger a further backlash by the bourgeoisie, which should 0:23:44.480 --> 0:23:46.960 also arise to challenge the survival of anarchism and the 0:23:47.119 --> 0:23:50.840 left in general in Brazil. From the very same Italy 0:23:50.880 --> 0:23:54.879 that brought Many an anarchist, also came Many a fascist, 0:23:55.640 --> 0:24:00.199 which brings us to the Brazilian integralist movement. But to 0:24:00.200 --> 0:24:02.640 find out what happened in the nineteen twenties and thirties 0:24:02.680 --> 0:24:05.320