1 00:00:01,800 --> 00:00:04,800 Speaker 1: Alz Media. 2 00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:07,840 Speaker 2: Welcome to krapp and Here I'm Andrew Sage, a futue 3 00:00:07,880 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 2: channel andrewism. 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,600 Speaker 3: I'm joined by Garrison Davis. 5 00:00:12,640 --> 00:00:17,119 Speaker 2: Hello there, once again Hello, and today I regret to 6 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:20,200 Speaker 2: inform you that you must come to Brazil. 7 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:25,319 Speaker 4: I've heard mixed things about Brazil currently, but I'm not 8 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:27,760 Speaker 4: against the idea. I have considered it before. 9 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 2: Yes, well, we're not going to the Brazil of present times. 10 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,360 Speaker 2: Will actually be time traveling, continuing the somewhat informal series 11 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:39,160 Speaker 2: I've been doing on Latin American anarchism. Will be dipping 12 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:42,280 Speaker 2: our tours into the sand and the sea, the farmlands 13 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:45,159 Speaker 2: and jungles, the mountains and deserts, the cities and villages 14 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,120 Speaker 2: that make up the land and ground of the potential 15 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:54,800 Speaker 2: liberty of the people Brazil, particularly the struggles for anarchism 16 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 2: that they would have had in the late nineteenth. 17 00:00:58,320 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 5: And early twentieth century. 18 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:02,240 Speaker 2: All this is of course down to the scholarship of 19 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:08,120 Speaker 2: people like Edgar Rodriguez, Jesse Cone, Philippe Corea, Rafael Vienna, 20 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:14,039 Speaker 2: the Silver Quan, William Dosantos, Edeline Toledo, and Luigi Biondi. 21 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:18,320 Speaker 2: And without further Ado, let's get into it, so the 22 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 2: Portuguese landed in the region, they will become known as 23 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 2: Brazil in fifteen hundred. Prior to their colonization, the land 24 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:28,960 Speaker 2: was home to ethnic groups linked to four main language groups, 25 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:33,160 Speaker 2: the Irawak, the Tupi, Guarani, the Je and the Kalinago. 26 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:39,480 Speaker 2: Some of the specific ethnic groups included the Portiguara, Trema, Membe, Tabajara, Kayete, 27 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 2: and so on. After Pedro Alvarez Cabra landed, the following 28 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 2: centuries were marked by colonization and enslavement. His lands were 29 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 2: dispossessed and cleared. Plantations were established, roads were laid, bridges 30 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,720 Speaker 2: were built, and so on, all by the auctioned and 31 00:01:57,040 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 2: purchased efforts of whipped and exploited human muscle the president. 32 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 2: Slaved Africans in the society would sometimes flee into the 33 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:09,320 Speaker 2: jungles and form quilombos or fugitive slave settlements, including the 34 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 2: famous Palmeris, which survived for almost a century with a 35 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:16,960 Speaker 2: population of between eleven and twenty thousand. After Brazil gains 36 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 2: independence from Portugal in eighteen twenty two, retaining its own monarchy, 37 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 2: it experienced numerous maroonaghes, reforms and popular revolts, including the 38 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 2: Setembrada and Novembrada revolts, the uru Preto Opriisin, the Sabinada 39 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 2: and Bailadda revolts, the Carmanachem revolt, the Guera dos Ferapos revolts, 40 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:41,440 Speaker 2: Liberal Revolution, the Prior Revolution, the extremely late abolition of 41 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:44,160 Speaker 2: slavery in eighteen eighty eight, and the proclamation of the 42 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:47,760 Speaker 2: First Brazilian Republic in eighteen eighty nine. It was in 43 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 2: this tumultuous sociopolitical landscape that anarchism would take root. As 44 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 2: in much of Latin America, anarchism would be brought by 45 00:02:54,960 --> 00:03:00,280 Speaker 2: immigrants through port cities like Rodighenio and Santos. Revolutionary ideas 46 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 2: would also come to Brazil by way of Brazilians themselves. 47 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:06,440 Speaker 2: Some went to France and Portugal for their studies and 48 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 2: discovered anarchism there. Others would find the words of Kropotkin 49 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 2: and Malchesta in the bookstores of their native cities. Doctor 50 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 2: Fabio Luis, a Bahian hygienist and doctor, wrote two novels 51 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,200 Speaker 2: which sort to grapple with the social question of exploitation 52 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 2: of man by man in Brazil. Doctor Luis also spent 53 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:28,000 Speaker 2: his time working alongside unions and helping to fight the 54 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 2: yellow fever and smallpox epidemics of playing his Natia. Another novelist, 55 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 2: Manuel de men Doncha, also published in this time, contributing 56 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:42,560 Speaker 2: to a slow growing libertaria and literary universe. These anarchist intellectuals, 57 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:46,240 Speaker 2: alongside others, would go on to launch a popular university. 58 00:03:47,040 --> 00:03:50,320 Speaker 2: Other contributors the propagation of anarchism in Brazilian soil included 59 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 2: Alisio de Carvallo, j Martins, Fontes, Pedero, Docuto Rocha, Pombo Due, 60 00:03:56,640 --> 00:04:01,000 Speaker 2: Gonzalves de Silver, Maximino Maciel, Benja min Moota. 61 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:03,240 Speaker 5: Francisco Viot, et cetera. 62 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:06,760 Speaker 2: Anarchism in Brazil was actually quite diverse as well, as 63 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 2: it found immigrants from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, 64 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 2: Canada and England. Alongside former black slaves and mestizos. It 65 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 2: found children, and it found women. Limo Berreto Domingos Pasos, 66 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,800 Speaker 2: who was kind of known as the Brazilian Bcunan, Nino Vascos, 67 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:29,960 Speaker 2: Edgar Luinroth, Jose Oitica, Mariela le Serda de Mura and 68 00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,280 Speaker 2: Maria and Helios Suarez all made key contributions to development 69 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:40,960 Speaker 2: of anarchism in Brazil. Dozens of newspapers like clichiaf Pianchi, Levine, 70 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,719 Speaker 2: Livitario and O Desperta would also be published. Hundreds of 71 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 2: lectures would be hosted, alongside language classes and artistic activities 72 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:54,800 Speaker 2: at anarchist cultural centers or at ten ems and schools 73 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:58,599 Speaker 2: like the Iliziuricluse School and the Modern Schools in South Paolo, 74 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 2: which also provided letters courses, a vocational trainer. Revolutionary plays 75 00:05:03,520 --> 00:05:05,840 Speaker 2: we put on in theaters by groups such as Grupo 76 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:09,720 Speaker 2: at the Instructure How and Group of Dramatical Heremina, blending 77 00:05:09,839 --> 00:05:13,000 Speaker 2: entertainment with the syndicalist propaganda and front raising efforts for 78 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:18,120 Speaker 2: the labor movement. Worker's festivals featuring poetry, song, dance and sport, 79 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:22,160 Speaker 2: raise money for anarchist syndicalist organizations and reinforced a sense 80 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:27,160 Speaker 2: of solidarity. The anarchist workers, being so numerously immigrant, attempted 81 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:31,760 Speaker 2: to create a cosmopolitan counterculture centered on working class values 82 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:35,400 Speaker 2: and priorities. So all these projects and institutions, with the 83 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 2: results of their efforts, over one thousand foreign agitators would 84 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:42,800 Speaker 2: be deported from Brazil as a result of their radical efforts, 85 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,880 Speaker 2: and a few would even be killed. The first anarchists 86 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 2: be murdered by the state in Brazil was the Italian 87 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 2: Polonice Mattei, killed in South Paolo on the twentieth September 88 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:56,160 Speaker 2: eighteen ninety eight. Earlier that year, the first gathering of 89 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:59,159 Speaker 2: socialist leading workers in Brazil would take place in Rio 90 00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:04,159 Speaker 2: Grande Rossou, attended by delegates from various associations, anarchist groups 91 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:09,040 Speaker 2: and a newspaper. As usual, the Italian immigrants were heavily represented. 92 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 2: The anarchist immigrants you've managed to establish a settlement known 93 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:16,120 Speaker 2: as the Guera Rima anarchist colony organized by Italian anarchists 94 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:20,600 Speaker 2: ar Tour Campanili. Perhaps the most notable contribution to anarchism 95 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:24,039 Speaker 2: by the Italians in Brazil was the Cecilia Colony, which 96 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 2: deserves special attentions, mentioning, of course, that this project, as 97 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:31,279 Speaker 2: with everything taking place in Brazil in this time, took 98 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:35,000 Speaker 2: place on colonial land, which seemingly went unacknowledged by the 99 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 2: anarchists themselves, but it was regrettably common in the colonial 100 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:51,719 Speaker 2: conditions of Brazil. In the southern state of Perana, in 101 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:55,560 Speaker 2: the ural municipality of Palmira. A group of Italian anarchists 102 00:06:55,640 --> 00:06:59,600 Speaker 2: led by Giovanni Rossi and Gigi Damiani founded the Cecilia 103 00:06:59,640 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 2: Colony in eighteen ninety The land was originally granted to 104 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,480 Speaker 2: them by Emperor Pedero dis second, but after the proclamation 105 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:09,240 Speaker 2: of the First Brazilian Republic, the new government did not 106 00:07:09,279 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 2: acknowledge that land grant, and so the anarchists had to 107 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 2: purchase it instead. The anarchists sought to experiment and creating 108 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 2: a society based on collective ownership and free love. They 109 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:21,680 Speaker 2: built of communal shared for shelter and began the process 110 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 2: constructing individual homes. The population of the colony quickly grew 111 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,480 Speaker 2: to almost three hundred people, including the Rossi himself, but 112 00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 2: by the end of eighteen ninety one, the colony was 113 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 2: facing its first big challenge. They'd outgrown the infrastructure. With 114 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 2: only twenty wooden houses in one community shed, the settlements 115 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 2: simply couldn't sustain the influx of people had to make 116 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 2: matters worse. Many of the settlers were industrial workers with 117 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 2: little or no agricultural experience, and this lack of farm 118 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 2: and knowledge made it difficult for them to produce enough 119 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 2: food to feed themselves. They tried to organize tasks based 120 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 2: on people's existing skills. Artisans stuck to their trades, but 121 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 2: the farmers struggled, especially with the differences between Italian and 122 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:05,840 Speaker 2: Brazilian soil. While they managed to plant crops like maize, 123 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:09,320 Speaker 2: the results weren't immediate. The money they brought they could 124 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 2: buy groceries, tools, and seeds, but it wasn't enough to 125 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 2: sustain them until their crops started yielding results, so many 126 00:08:15,560 --> 00:08:18,640 Speaker 2: settlers had to seek work elsewhere, with some even taken 127 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 2: government jobs. The colony wasn't just about farming, though. Over 128 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:25,680 Speaker 2: the years, they built roads, sheds, barns, a mill. 129 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:26,440 Speaker 5: And even a fish tank. 130 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,280 Speaker 2: They planted a huge cornfield, dug wells, and set up 131 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,840 Speaker 2: a nursery for seedlands. They even tried out free love 132 00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:39,280 Speaker 2: with rossiumself participates in a polyamorous relationship. Many such cases, 133 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 2: many such cases. But despite all these efforts, the cracks 134 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:47,440 Speaker 2: were starting to show. In eighteen ninety two, seven families 135 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 2: packed up and returned to Italy. By the end of 136 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:53,600 Speaker 2: the year, the colony's population had dwindled to just twenty people. 137 00:08:53,679 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 2: Oh dang, yeah, it's a very very rapid decline. 138 00:08:58,000 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 3: Yeah. 139 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 4: The sustainability was typed projects is always like the big thing, 140 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:05,160 Speaker 4: and especially when it comes to like food and farming 141 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 4: like that is unfortunately the joke whenever people talk about 142 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,320 Speaker 4: these sorts of projects. Now all of these artists and 143 00:09:11,360 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 4: craftsmens don't want to spend out time toiling away in 144 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:15,320 Speaker 4: the fields. 145 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:20,840 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, it's a challenge that the pasisticity. 146 00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 4: So far, it seems like there's like a decent mix 147 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:29,040 Speaker 4: of like labor organizing, like social organizing, like with like newspapers, 148 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 4: like theaters, plays like that kind of like more like 149 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:36,520 Speaker 4: cultural engagement stuff with like unions and this little like 150 00:09:36,679 --> 00:09:39,760 Speaker 4: anarchist society that they try. They've kind of like like 151 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 4: sped run through a whole bunch of like I don't 152 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:44,160 Speaker 4: want to say like social anarchism, because that is a 153 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:46,840 Speaker 4: term that means something else. But there is a lot 154 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 4: of stuff that's kind of very similar to that, at 155 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:52,800 Speaker 4: least like so far, and I'm not hearing very much 156 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:54,960 Speaker 4: stuff that leads me to believe there's like you know, 157 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:59,720 Speaker 4: a large degree of conflictuality towards the actual Brazilian Republic. 158 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:01,959 Speaker 4: But was that also like an aspect during this time 159 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 4: period they. 160 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,200 Speaker 2: Would end up engaging in a lot more heavy, like 161 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 2: you're talking about like direct engagement with the state. 162 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 3: Yeah. 163 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:11,760 Speaker 2: I think in this early period, when they were still 164 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:14,760 Speaker 2: building up and spread in the wood, it was sort 165 00:10:14,760 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 2: of a honeymoon period for the movement in a sense. 166 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:24,680 Speaker 2: A lot of the dramatic confrontations are very soon pendent. Okay, okay, 167 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,000 Speaker 2: So the cracks were certain to show. Families had packed 168 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:31,480 Speaker 2: up and returned to Italy. The colony had gone down 169 00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:34,680 Speaker 2: to just twenty people, and because a lot of the 170 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 2: colonies made up of intellectuals, doctors, engineers, artisans, many of 171 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:42,360 Speaker 2: them left for nearby cities where they founded the juessepe 172 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:47,040 Speaker 2: Garibali Society, which I couldn't find much information on that 173 00:10:47,040 --> 00:10:50,360 Speaker 2: particular society from that particular historical period in my research, 174 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:53,840 Speaker 2: but it seems to have been a mutual aid society. 175 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:55,480 Speaker 2: I'm not one hundred percent sure. 176 00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 4: I mean that would make sense as it it's like 177 00:10:57,520 --> 00:10:59,000 Speaker 4: within like a bigger city. 178 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 5: Yeah, yes, yes. 179 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:05,839 Speaker 2: And Garibaldi has a rather interesting history that I'm only 180 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:09,160 Speaker 2: recently learning about. And I didn't even know he went 181 00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:12,600 Speaker 2: all the way to South America and sclevantin and stuff, 182 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:16,800 Speaker 2: But like I learned very recently that he had married, 183 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 2: I believe, an indigenous or a Mestizo woman while he 184 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:24,679 Speaker 2: was in South America, and they had like this very romantic, 185 00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 2: dramatic life together, leading battlefield side by side and. 186 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:30,079 Speaker 5: All that stuff. 187 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:31,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, yeah, So I'm. 188 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:38,880 Speaker 2: Not surprised that the Italian anarchists were perhaps inspired by Garibaldi, 189 00:11:38,960 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 2: even if he himself was not an anarchist. Sure so, anyway, 190 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 2: by eighteen ninety three new settlers had arrived, thankfully, and 191 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:51,160 Speaker 2: the colony was trying to manufacture shoes and wine barrels 192 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:53,960 Speaker 2: so they could make some sort of an income. They 193 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 2: eventually grew to sixty four residents, and they established two 194 00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 2: wells and a new access road. But even with those 195 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 2: new developments, the colony was still struggling. They were dealing 196 00:12:03,160 --> 00:12:08,199 Speaker 2: with material poverty, the neighboring Catholic communities were extremely hostile 197 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 2: toward them, and they also had to deal with very 198 00:12:11,679 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 2: poor sanitation conditions. And then in their fourth year they 199 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:19,440 Speaker 2: also had a crop epidemic that pretty much decimated the colony. 200 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 2: And of course, as high minded as the ideas may 201 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 2: have been, they were the internal struggles. 202 00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 5: You know. 203 00:12:27,160 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 2: Free love and communal living may have been central to 204 00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:34,439 Speaker 2: the colony's philosophy, but not everyone adapted well to the ideals. 205 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:38,360 Speaker 2: In theory, they embraced the values, but in practice there 206 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 2: were some insecurity and jealousy that other rose out of. 207 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:45,160 Speaker 3: That also, many such cases. 208 00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:47,840 Speaker 2: Many such cases. By the end of eighteen ninety three, 209 00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:52,160 Speaker 2: it was abundantly clear that the colony couldn't survive. Labor 210 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 2: was in high demand the nearby cities, and despite efforts 211 00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 2: to attract new settlers through socialist propaganda in Europe, the 212 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 2: colony just couldn't maintain its proper and eighteen ninety four 213 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:04,959 Speaker 2: Celie Colony officially came to an end. They have in 214 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 2: many players and dramatizations of the story Cecilia Colony. Most 215 00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:13,400 Speaker 2: of them, as you would imagine, are in Brazilian Portuguese, 216 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:17,280 Speaker 2: so good luck finding them. 217 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:19,719 Speaker 3: I'll try to find a dub somewhere. 218 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:25,760 Speaker 2: Maybe yeah, and Ittilian Portuguese, but anyway, so, the experiment 219 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 2: had held on for four dramatic years, defined pressure from 220 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:34,120 Speaker 2: the newly established Brazilian Republican government, heavy taxes and even 221 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:38,599 Speaker 2: military inclusions, eventually material conditions disease and until the conflicts 222 00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 2: brought to tone. And how are we entering into the 223 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:55,320 Speaker 2: twentieth century nineteen oh three, so the founding of the 224 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:59,480 Speaker 2: first four wal structure, inspired by international syndicalism, the Federation 225 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,959 Speaker 2: of Class Associations. This organization would take part in the 226 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 2: first Workers Congress in nineteen oh six, which brought together 227 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 2: forty three delegates, predominantly anarchist from across Brazil, in over 228 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:14,400 Speaker 2: twelve sessions, discussing twenty three items of discussion. Giovanni Rossi, 229 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,440 Speaker 2: the guy behind the Cecilia Colony, was among the attendees. 230 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 2: The Congress sought to advocate for economic resistance societies and 231 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:25,880 Speaker 2: laid the foundation for the Brazilian Workers Confederation or COBB 232 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:30,680 Speaker 2: for Sure, in nineteen oh eight, which united over fifty unions, 233 00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,720 Speaker 2: primarily from Rio Deshaneiro, South Paolo and Rio Grande Rossul. 234 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 2: Between nineteen oh five nineteen oh eight, the workers movement 235 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 2: witnessed a surge in strikes, notably among shoemakers, raallymen and 236 00:14:42,840 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 2: other industrial sectors. Portoalle des cre saw at the general 237 00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:49,440 Speaker 2: strike in nineteen oh six. South Paulo was the scene 238 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:52,160 Speaker 2: of insurrectionary strikes in nineteen oh six and nineteen oh 239 00:14:52,240 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 2: seven as part of the campaign for the eight hour workday, 240 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:58,360 Speaker 2: in Santos. The strike for the eight hour day only 241 00:14:58,480 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 2: ended in nineteen twenty one, meaning they spent well over 242 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 2: a decade close to two decades fighting for. 243 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:05,960 Speaker 5: The eight hour day. 244 00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:07,040 Speaker 3: Yeah. 245 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,960 Speaker 2: The workers movement also held several congresses in this time, 246 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 2: including the first and second Sal Paulo State Congresses, the 247 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 2: first mass Cares, the first mass Heires State Labor Federation Congress, 248 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,240 Speaker 2: and the Parana Labor Congress, which affirmed the movement's commitments 249 00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:24,920 Speaker 2: to anarchist cynicalism, and as with other anarchist groups around 250 00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 2: the world, they organized a demonstration to commemorate the death 251 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,560 Speaker 2: of Francisco Ferrer, the Modern School founder who inspired rational 252 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 2: education efforts across Brazil. They also supported the Russian workers 253 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:39,040 Speaker 2: in both nineteen oh five and nineteen seventeen, sported Mexican 254 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 2: workers and peasants in nineteen ten, and commemorated the Chicago 255 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:47,280 Speaker 2: Martyrs on subsequent mediates. Nineteen thirteen marked the second Brazilian 256 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:50,120 Speaker 2: Labor Congress, much larger than the first, were delegates from 257 00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:53,920 Speaker 2: one hundred and seventeen bodies across eight states debated twenty 258 00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:58,120 Speaker 2: four items. In nineteen fourteen, anarchists in Sal Paulo organized 259 00:15:58,120 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 2: a conference and select two delegates to represent Brazil at 260 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:05,800 Speaker 2: the London Anarchist Congress, which is eventually and unfortunately canceled 261 00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 2: due to the outbreak of War one. 262 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 4: This is such an interesting moment in like international anarchism 263 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:15,800 Speaker 4: that at least right now, just like we have like 264 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 4: the Internet, but that sucks. Like this style of like 265 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:24,000 Speaker 4: actual like like international like anarchism. It's just something that 266 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:27,880 Speaker 4: is I've I've never really been able to like experience before. 267 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 5: But Garrison, you forgets in something we have discourse. 268 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:35,480 Speaker 4: Oh I'm sure they also had discourse, but they got 269 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:38,640 Speaker 4: to go to London to do their discourse, which sounds 270 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:41,520 Speaker 4: which sounds much better than doing it from my toilet 271 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,240 Speaker 4: on Twitter dot com. 272 00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:45,840 Speaker 3: Sorry x X dot com. My apologies. 273 00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:49,280 Speaker 2: No, that's that's true, though, I would much rather the 274 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:53,320 Speaker 2: discourse take place in person over you know, the discord 275 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 2: suvas and the Switzer and Breddit threads. 276 00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:59,120 Speaker 4: I mean, like especially in that like international aspect. Like 277 00:16:59,160 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 4: there's there's certainly like like anarchists gatherings and like conferences 278 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,440 Speaker 4: and convergences, you know, within within countries. 279 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,520 Speaker 3: I've been to many in the United States. 280 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 4: But yeah, this sort of like like having anarchists in 281 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:15,320 Speaker 4: Brazil go to London to talk with anarchists from everywhere 282 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:18,800 Speaker 4: else in the world, like compare their experiences and compare notes. Yeah, 283 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:21,800 Speaker 4: then talk about like what their actual like political goals are. 284 00:17:22,119 --> 00:17:24,200 Speaker 4: It's something that I think is just steally doesn't really 285 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:24,920 Speaker 4: exist anymore. 286 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:28,320 Speaker 2: And that's really a vital component of international solidarity, because 287 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:32,200 Speaker 2: that's kind of solidarity, that kind of portunity is very 288 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:36,880 Speaker 2: difficult to find just through virtual interaction. There's something meaningful 289 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:39,479 Speaker 2: in shaking a Pulson's hand and embrace in them and 290 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:42,680 Speaker 2: laughing and crying together in Pusa and sharing a meal. 291 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:44,920 Speaker 5: I think really makes a difference. 292 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 4: I mean, yeah, especially when you have, like the spread 293 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,000 Speaker 4: of anarchism is so built on that internationalism, like you 294 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,520 Speaker 4: have anarchists from Portugal and Italy and Spain. 295 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,520 Speaker 2: The immigrant influence exactly is very very profound. 296 00:17:57,800 --> 00:17:58,639 Speaker 3: Yeah. 297 00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:01,919 Speaker 2: But although there was the break of war one closer 298 00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:05,760 Speaker 2: to home, the anarchists were still involving themselves in that 299 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:07,680 Speaker 2: sort of regional discourse. 300 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:08,400 Speaker 5: They may have been. 301 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:11,040 Speaker 2: Flying to London, but they managed to meet with delegates 302 00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 2: from Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay at the International Peace Conference 303 00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 2: and the South American Anarchist Congress in October nineteen fifteen, 304 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,120 Speaker 2: all in an aim to foster both regional and international 305 00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:26,679 Speaker 2: anarchist cooperation as the war raged on. In addition to 306 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:30,119 Speaker 2: the anti war propaganda, Brazil's anarchists continue to rally against 307 00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:34,800 Speaker 2: unemployment rise and living costs scarcity of basic foodstuffs, while 308 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,920 Speaker 2: resisting the capitalists the clergy in the state, which sent 309 00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:41,280 Speaker 2: young men to the slaughter on the battlefield. In response 310 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,680 Speaker 2: to the pressure levied by the libertarian proletaria, the government 311 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,440 Speaker 2: gave the go ahead for direct sale by the producer 312 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 2: to the consumer without taxes levied, easing the hugging crisis 313 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:55,639 Speaker 2: in the country. So their struggles worked. This period and 314 00:18:55,640 --> 00:19:00,520 Speaker 2: particularly from nineteen twelve to nineteen twenty, marked significant working walization. 315 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:03,640 Speaker 2: The period from nineteen seventeen to nineteen twenty in particular 316 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 2: was marked by significant strikes, including the South Paulo General 317 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:12,440 Speaker 2: Strike of nineteen seventeen, which saw seventy thousand workers participate 318 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:16,480 Speaker 2: with sympathy strikes in Rio Grande, Rasul and Pirana, demanding 319 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:20,800 Speaker 2: better working conditions, wages, and dad hour workday. This period 320 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,760 Speaker 2: also witnessed an increase in unionization and the growth of 321 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:28,200 Speaker 2: the workers Press, which provided critical platforms revolutionary ideas. In 322 00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:32,520 Speaker 2: nineteen nineteen, an uprising exploded in Rio de Janeiro, leading 323 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 2: to the death of three workers and the imprisonment or 324 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 2: deportation of nearly one hundred. The government deployed police, troops 325 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:43,200 Speaker 2: and even naval warships to crush the resistance of the workers, 326 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:47,320 Speaker 2: and they also attempted to exploit racial divisions. They would 327 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 2: take Afro Brazilians and use them as scabs, and then 328 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:53,120 Speaker 2: once the strike was over. Once they broke up this strike, 329 00:19:53,119 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 2: they would fire those same black workers to reaffirm the 330 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 2: privilege of white labor. Eventually, the government would concede and 331 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:03,680 Speaker 2: was capitalists to make some concessions where wages were concerned, 332 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,440 Speaker 2: but this came at a cost. Alongside the mass imprisonment 333 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:11,639 Speaker 2: and deportations, the state's efforts included infiltration of the unions, 334 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:15,159 Speaker 2: which eventually stayed reformist unions into the leadership position of 335 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 2: the working classes, supplanting the more revolutionary organizations. Thus, anarchism 336 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,239 Speaker 2: arguably entered a new era. In the nineteen twenties, there 337 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:28,399 Speaker 2: were still anarchist led labor congresses, including the Third Brazilian 338 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:30,760 Speaker 2: Labor Congress and the second and third Riuro granded as 339 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 2: Seoul Labor Congresses, the latter of which endorsed a declaration 340 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:38,240 Speaker 2: of principles from the IWA and established an International Anarchists 341 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 2: Uidiarity Pact. But by the four to three or Granded 342 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,720 Speaker 2: there are Seul Labor Congress attended by sixteen workers organizations, 343 00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:48,400 Speaker 2: two newspapers, six anarchist groups, sub power militants and delegates 344 00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 2: from Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. Anarchist efforts in Brazil had 345 00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:58,040 Speaker 2: to become much more clandestine following the deportations, the state intervention, 346 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:00,760 Speaker 2: the general repression of the success of priscils in regimes. 347 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:04,560 Speaker 2: The anarchist movement had indeed weakened, and I took another 348 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,960 Speaker 2: blue with the establishment to the Brazilian Communist Party the PCB, 349 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:12,600 Speaker 2: partially inspired by Bolshevism in nineteen twenty two, which absorbed 350 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:16,760 Speaker 2: many former anarchists, including Edgar Lunov, who authored its charter, 351 00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:20,720 Speaker 2: and Astriguilo Perera, who served as its secretary general for 352 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:24,360 Speaker 2: nearly a decade before he was expelled. The PCB competed 353 00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:27,160 Speaker 2: for union leadership and worked with the governments of Artur 354 00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 2: Bernandez Washington. Louise and Catulio Vargas, the suppressed the libertarian 355 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:36,160 Speaker 2: movement and the free trade unions. The Brendees government, by 356 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:39,800 Speaker 2: the way, sent to thousands of political prisoners, including anarchists, 357 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:43,199 Speaker 2: into the remote penal colony of Clevelandia, thousands with the 358 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:48,479 Speaker 2: harsh conditions killed hundreds. Wow, And the Louis san Vargas governments. 359 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 2: Of course we're not any better. 360 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:52,080 Speaker 4: I was also wondering, like where are these people like 361 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,879 Speaker 4: deported to Like it sounded like they've been in Brazil 362 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 4: for quite a while. When you were like mentioning there 363 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,399 Speaker 4: was all those all those other people who were deported 364 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,920 Speaker 4: out of the country, Like where where did they go? 365 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:07,639 Speaker 2: Yeah, there was a story reading about that. I didn't 366 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:10,119 Speaker 2: maintaince in my notes. Some only half remember in it, 367 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 2: but one of my sources would have had it of 368 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 2: the names that listed at the beginning. 369 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:16,760 Speaker 5: But they were spoken. 370 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:21,840 Speaker 2: About how there were these I believe Portuguese people in Brazil, 371 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,600 Speaker 2: as in Portuguese from Portugal who have been there, in 372 00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:26,640 Speaker 2: there and working there and whatever for years and years 373 00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 2: and years, and because they hadn't naturalized, they were like 374 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:34,159 Speaker 2: subject to like these heavy attacks. And I believe some 375 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:35,960 Speaker 2: of them were deported as well, And so I'm assuming 376 00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:38,879 Speaker 2: whenever a country of origin they could be traced to, 377 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:41,600 Speaker 2: they would be deported there, or they're'd be deported to 378 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:43,600 Speaker 2: a neighbor in South American country. 379 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:44,920 Speaker 5: But I didn't really find. 380 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,080 Speaker 2: Specific details on where they were sent. I assume it's 381 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:51,480 Speaker 2: mostly their home countries or neighboring countries. 382 00:22:51,840 --> 00:22:55,920 Speaker 4: Between that and like setting thousands of people to appeedal 383 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,560 Speaker 4: quality with hundreds dying like that, this is a massive 384 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,800 Speaker 4: way of of repression they're dealing with in like the 385 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:03,960 Speaker 4: early twenties here. 386 00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:09,800 Speaker 2: Indeed, indeed, and unfortunately, their supposed allies weren't exactly a help. 387 00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:14,200 Speaker 2: In nineteen twenty seven, the anarchists Antonio Dominguez and Damiao 388 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:18,520 Speaker 2: the Silver who murdered by the communists, who also wounded 389 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,399 Speaker 2: another ten members of the printers Union and attacked and 390 00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:24,720 Speaker 2: stole the assets of the footwear workers Union start further 391 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,399 Speaker 2: weakened the anarchists struggle when they were already dealing with 392 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:32,200 Speaker 2: that government repression. And in a sense, anarchists are like roaches. 393 00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 2: We just keep on shruggling and surviving, and the persistence 394 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 2: of anarchist resistance in spite of all this repression, what 395 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:44,480 Speaker 2: would trigger a further backlash by the bourgeoisie, which should 396 00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:46,960 Speaker 2: also arise to challenge the survival of anarchism and the 397 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 2: left in general in Brazil. From the very same Italy 398 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:54,879 Speaker 2: that brought Many an anarchist, also came Many a fascist, 399 00:23:55,640 --> 00:24:00,199 Speaker 2: which brings us to the Brazilian integralist movement. But to 400 00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,640 Speaker 2: find out what happened in the nineteen twenties and thirties 401 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 2: and onward, you'll have to wait for the next episode. 402 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:06,919 Speaker 5: I have an Andrew sage. 403 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 2: You can find me on YouTube dot com slash Androwism and 404 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:11,959 Speaker 2: feature in dot com slast Sage True and this has 405 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:12,960 Speaker 2: been It could happen here. 406 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 5: All power to old people. 407 00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:20,560 Speaker 1: It could happen Here is a production of cool Zone Media. 408 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website 409 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:27,440 Speaker 1: Polzonemedia dot com or check us out on the iHeartRadio app, 410 00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:31,120 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can 411 00:24:31,119 --> 00:24:33,479 Speaker 1: now find sources for it could Happen here listed directly 412 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:35,800 Speaker 1: in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.