1 00:00:01,760 --> 00:00:05,040 Speaker 1: All the media. 2 00:00:06,200 --> 00:00:08,840 Speaker 2: Welcome to Karapen here. I'm Andrew Sage from the YouTube 3 00:00:08,880 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 2: channel Andrewism and I'm joined. 4 00:00:10,680 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: Today by James. It's me Hi Andrew, So James. 5 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:16,160 Speaker 2: Just before the show we were talking about it a 6 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:19,279 Speaker 2: couple of different places that we've either been to or 7 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:22,840 Speaker 2: would like to visit. Have you ever been to the Andes? 8 00:00:23,239 --> 00:00:26,160 Speaker 1: No, anything I have, Actually I'd like to I like mountains. 9 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 2: Yeah, the Andes is one of my bucket list destinations 10 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 2: for sure. They've always enticed me, you know, as a 11 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:36,640 Speaker 2: place of settlement, a center of culture, a place of 12 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,559 Speaker 2: political struggle. So, you know, I had to do an 13 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:43,560 Speaker 2: episode on the development of anarchistsinicalism in Peru. So they're 14 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:47,559 Speaker 2: continuing along with my previous research on anarchism and other 15 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:51,800 Speaker 2: parts of the group. Much information I've gathered as thanks 16 00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:55,000 Speaker 2: to the work of Stephen J. Hush and Ducent founder Wald, 17 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:59,040 Speaker 2: particularly anarchism and synicalism in the colonial and post cleaner 18 00:00:59,120 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 2: world Easy seventeen nineteen forty. And you know, people don't 19 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 2: usually think of Peru when they think of anarchist clinical struggles, 20 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 2: not even in the context of Latin America. Folks familiar 21 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:14,280 Speaker 2: with that history would quicker consider Brazil or Argentina as 22 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 2: sites of anarchist cynicalism. You know, in Brazil the roots 23 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,240 Speaker 2: of anarchism could be traced back to the late nineteenth century, 24 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:23,200 Speaker 2: to the influence of European immigrants, and at the early 25 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 2: twentieth century had anarchist ideas keen interaction across the work 26 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,720 Speaker 2: in class, with the establishment of various associations and newspapers 27 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:34,039 Speaker 2: like the Brazilian Workers Confederation found that in nineteen oh 28 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 2: six anarchists would play, of course a crucial role in 29 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:41,319 Speaker 2: the general strike of nineteen seventeen, and then unfortunately, with 30 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 2: the rise of Jitulio Vargas and his Estado Novo regime 31 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 2: in the nineteen thirties, there was a very severe oppression 32 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 2: of anarchist activities. In Argentina, you also had anarchism taken 33 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 2: route in the late nineteenth century, again largely due to 34 00:01:56,920 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 2: the influence of European immigrants, and by the early twenties 35 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,280 Speaker 2: entry Buenos Airess had become a hub of anarchist activity, 36 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 2: with numerous anarchist newspapers, clubs and unions. The Argentine Region 37 00:02:08,919 --> 00:02:12,840 Speaker 2: of Workers Federation, foundated nineteen oh one, was a leading 38 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:18,519 Speaker 2: Anachosynicus organization that advocated for workers' rights and direct action. Sadly, 39 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 2: the movement reached its peak during the first two decades 40 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:25,280 Speaker 2: of twentieth century, and fortunately, similarly to Brazil, due to 41 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 2: the repression they endured, particularly during the infamous Tragic Week 42 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 2: in nineteen nineteen, where a major workers strike led to 43 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 2: violent clashes and a crackdown on anarchists and labor activists, 44 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:39,799 Speaker 2: the overall movement went into a decline. Peru during this 45 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:43,800 Speaker 2: period was predominantly an agrarian society with a large and 46 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:49,440 Speaker 2: economically marginalized indigenous population. It hardly resembled a nation in 47 00:02:49,480 --> 00:02:53,359 Speaker 2: the throes of industrialization. So though there was significant capus 48 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:58,239 Speaker 2: growth in Peru's export sectors, chiefly mining, sugar, cotton, and wool, 49 00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:02,840 Speaker 2: fast areas of the country remained largely unaffected by these 50 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 2: capitalist changes. Aside from Lima and its adjacent port city, Callao, 51 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,799 Speaker 2: which served as the nation's administrative, commercial and financial hub, 52 00:03:11,360 --> 00:03:16,360 Speaker 2: sizeable urban economies were conspicuously absent. This lack of urban 53 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 2: centers typically associate with industrial growth post a unique challenge 54 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 2: for the development of a robust labor movement, but labor 55 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 2: one would still arise. The working class in limaclaw would 56 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:30,760 Speaker 2: emerge beginning in the eighteen nineties and early nineteen hundreds, 57 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,240 Speaker 2: spurred by the export boom that invigorated the urban economy. 58 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,720 Speaker 2: Profits from the export sectors were reinvested into new financial institutions, 59 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:43,520 Speaker 2: infrastructure projects, utility companies, and consumer goods industries by native 60 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:46,520 Speaker 2: and foreign capitalists, and this economic growth led to a 61 00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 2: dramatic rise in the urban labor force. In Lima, the 62 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:53,400 Speaker 2: number of manual workers grew from about nine thousand in 63 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,880 Speaker 2: eighteen seventy six tony twenty four thy nineteen oh eight, 64 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:00,520 Speaker 2: making up seventeen percent of Lima's estimated one hundred forty 65 00:04:00,680 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 2: thousand residents. In Kalao, the workforce grew at a slower pace, 66 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 2: doubling in size betree nineteen oh five nineteen twenty to 67 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:12,200 Speaker 2: around eight thousand out of a total population of fifty 68 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,840 Speaker 2: two thousand. So this is not a bustling industrial heartland 69 00:04:15,920 --> 00:04:19,440 Speaker 2: by any means, and peasant based society is are not 70 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 2: exactly known for their cyndicalism, But despite its unlikelihood, Peru 71 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:28,840 Speaker 2: was indeed also a place of anarchistinicalism, though most notably 72 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:33,159 Speaker 2: within Lima and Kalao. The nineteen tens and twenties were 73 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 2: the Heydi of syncalism Peru, as anarchist ideas and publications 74 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,919 Speaker 2: were circulated by a small handful of radical immigrant intellectuals, 75 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,320 Speaker 2: alongside the labor organized and efforts of craftsmen and machine 76 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 2: tenders who were inspired by Prudon, Bacunin, Kropotkin, and Manchester. 77 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 2: Thanks to their efforts, anarchistinicalism would come to dominate the 78 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:56,280 Speaker 2: still fledgling labor movement in Peru, spreading its influence beyond 79 00:04:56,320 --> 00:05:00,159 Speaker 2: Limacalau to the working classes along Peru's northern coast and 80 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 2: central and southern highlands. Workers in factories, crafts transportation, and 81 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 2: rural settings all found appeal in the ideals and practice 82 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,359 Speaker 2: of the ideology. Of course, at the size of the 83 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 2: movement of the time, the anarchists may have dominated the movement, 84 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:18,600 Speaker 2: but the movement itself and the anarchists within it constituted 85 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 2: a minority of Peru's urban and rural working classes. Keeps 86 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,719 Speaker 2: that in mind as we proceed stea emerging Peruvian working 87 00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 2: class was highly diverse. He had workers of different origins, gender, race, ethnicity, age, 88 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:36,000 Speaker 2: skill level, and despite these differences, They all were dealing 89 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:39,320 Speaker 2: with long working hours after beteen twelve to sixteen hours 90 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 2: a day in poor conditions for meager wages the barely 91 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 2: covered basic living expenses. Seeking to improve their die working 92 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:50,799 Speaker 2: and living conditions, workers began to turn to anarchism because 93 00:05:50,839 --> 00:05:53,800 Speaker 2: the elite dominated political system in Peru was simply not 94 00:05:53,839 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 2: taking them on. But there was a handful of sympathetic 95 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:01,520 Speaker 2: dissolution deletes like Manuel Gonzalez Prada and upper class intellectual 96 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 2: who became an anarchist after interacting with French and Spanish 97 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:07,800 Speaker 2: anarchists during a self imposed European exile between eighteen ninety 98 00:06:07,839 --> 00:06:11,360 Speaker 2: one and eighteen ninety eight. Gonzales Prada founded the first 99 00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 2: anarchist publication, Los Parias in nineteen oh four, and this 100 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 2: was soon followed by other anarchist newspapers like Lasimier and 101 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:25,600 Speaker 2: ter Roja, Elambriento, Umanidad and Oprimido. Anarchist slogans like Kropotkins 102 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:29,279 Speaker 2: liberties and not pistowed They're seized were prominently featured in 103 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:33,760 Speaker 2: these newspapers, and these publications mainly produced by radical intellectuals 104 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 2: such as Clicerio Tassara and hil Arihi Cali Carlos del 105 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:44,200 Speaker 2: Barrizo and Ino Sincio Lombarosi introduced workers to European anarchist 106 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:47,719 Speaker 2: ideas and perspectives on the state, the Bouchoisi, the church, 107 00:06:47,839 --> 00:06:52,600 Speaker 2: property and class relations. Anarchist study circles further promoted these 108 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 2: ideas among workers, operated by both workers and radical intellectuals. 109 00:06:57,600 --> 00:06:59,920 Speaker 2: Groups like the Center of Socialist Studies First of Me 110 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 2: in Limo and Love and Light in Calau provided spaces 111 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:07,240 Speaker 2: for discussing anarchist principles, and these study circles, like the 112 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:12,960 Speaker 2: Anarchist Press, emphasized workers self emancipation and cultural advancement. And 113 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 2: somehow this man manages to come up in practically every 114 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 2: single one of my explorations of anarchist history, that being 115 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 2: the Spanish anarchist Francisco Ferrer. He was the guy who 116 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:28,200 Speaker 2: kickstarted the modern school movement in Spain and led to 117 00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:32,480 Speaker 2: the creation of anarchist schools worldwide, and he was also 118 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 2: unjustly executed by the Spanish state. 119 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 3: YEA, for there is like a guy I like to 120 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 3: a lot I like to. If you're in Barcelona, you 121 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:44,800 Speaker 3: can visit him, along with Ascaso and de Rudy on 122 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 3: much week. They're in the cemetery there they have like 123 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 3: a little little area with the three of them. 124 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 2: I was wondering for a second therese he said, oh, 125 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:54,120 Speaker 2: you could visit him. I was like, well, really, yeah, 126 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 2: I'm pretty sure he's six feet under he's. 127 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 3: Immortal, like they've reanimated him. 128 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: It's like zombie for there. Yeah. 129 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 2: I feel like the Simpsons did an episode of that 130 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 2: with Lenin. 131 00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 3: Fortunately, I'm trying to think. I'm pretty sure that anarchids 132 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 3: have we have spared the world the embalming of our leaders. 133 00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:18,920 Speaker 2: Fortunately. Yeah, fortunately, I mean his death. Though despite not 134 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:23,280 Speaker 2: being embalmed, his death still continues to refuberate across these 135 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 2: historical episodes across the world. Upon his death, anarchists went 136 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 2: out in their numbers to protest his execution, and Peru 137 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 2: was no different. On October seventeenth, nineteen or nine, the 138 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 2: Center of Socialist Studies First of Me organized a public 139 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:41,600 Speaker 2: protest in response to the execution of perrer A by 140 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:45,320 Speaker 2: the Spanish government, and these sorts of demonstrations were not 141 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:48,360 Speaker 2: new to the workers in Peru at the time. In 142 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,120 Speaker 2: the previous year, an anarchist musical group associated with the 143 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:54,040 Speaker 2: Center held a performance to commemorate the nineteen o seven 144 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:57,440 Speaker 2: massacre of Chilian mine workers and for the more annual 145 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:01,520 Speaker 2: media celebrations in honor of the Chicago Martyrs were also 146 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:05,000 Speaker 2: supported by these study circles and the anarchist press. The 147 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:08,200 Speaker 2: first May Day celebration in Lima, organized primarily by the 148 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:11,240 Speaker 2: Federation of Bakery Workers Star of Peru, took place in 149 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:15,600 Speaker 2: nineteen oh five, highlighting international working class solidarity and the 150 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 2: struggle for the eight hour workday, while honoring Peru's first 151 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 2: worker martyr and to the dedication of anarchist leaders, publications 152 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:26,719 Speaker 2: and study circles, the early years of Peruvian anarchism and 153 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:30,360 Speaker 2: labor organization laid the groundwork for a movement committed to 154 00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:35,080 Speaker 2: justice and dignity for all workers. We can say that 155 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 2: by nineteen eleven anarchist cynicalism had truly firmly taken route. 156 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 2: Why because this was the year of the first general 157 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:47,280 Speaker 2: strike in Peru by the urban working class, spearheaded by 158 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:52,240 Speaker 2: anarcho synicalists. In March nineteen eleven, five hundred workers at 159 00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:56,679 Speaker 2: the US owned Vitarde cotton Mill initiated a strike demanding 160 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 2: higher wages, a reduction of the work day from thirteen 161 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 2: to ten hours and the elimination of the night shift. 162 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 2: And I found these demands very interesting because I'm imagining 163 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 2: even know people back then saying, you know, how lazy 164 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:15,080 Speaker 2: can you be? You know, you only want to work 165 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 2: ten hours? Like, come on, some of us, some of 166 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 2: us are putting in sixteen, seventeen, eighteen hours, pick up, 167 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:24,080 Speaker 2: pick up the slack. 168 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:29,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, And it's always like these early anarchist demands. You 169 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 3: just realize the unfathomable misery of being like part of 170 00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 3: the industrial working class in the late nineteenth and early 171 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 3: twentieth century. 172 00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,840 Speaker 2: Yes, like can you can you ease the boot off 173 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,320 Speaker 2: my neck for like two seconds a day? You know? 174 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: Yeah? 175 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's people fighting and dying right to work, like 176 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:51,240 Speaker 3: the amount of hours that most of us are awake 177 00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:54,280 Speaker 3: in a day. They would work that much without taking 178 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:58,600 Speaker 3: care of any of their family or personal or other needs. 179 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:01,960 Speaker 2: Like can I please see my family more than an already? 180 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 2: Absolutely not, no youth, And then the Pinkerton's come out 181 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:07,640 Speaker 2: and yeah. 182 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 3: Yes, exactly, like, yeah, people are asking for sixteen hour 183 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:12,200 Speaker 3: day and their response is to send out someone to 184 00:11:12,280 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 3: murder them. 185 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's ridiculous, Yeah, but I am impressed by their 186 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 2: tenacity you know, yeah, absolutely, even with the what I 187 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:26,439 Speaker 2: would consider to be rather soft demands, I mean a 188 00:11:26,559 --> 00:11:30,160 Speaker 2: ten hour worth, the higher wages, and the elimination of 189 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:32,120 Speaker 2: the night shift. I mean those are things that some 190 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:35,439 Speaker 2: people take for granted today, right, Yeah, but that's what 191 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:38,240 Speaker 2: they had to fight for. And their strike lasted twenty 192 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:39,200 Speaker 2: nine days. 193 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:41,320 Speaker 1: Oh wow, that's very impressive. Yeah. 194 00:11:41,640 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 3: This has reminded me of like, I'm working on a 195 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:46,199 Speaker 3: book right now, and I've been reading this biography of 196 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:49,760 Speaker 3: Duluti for a while. The able pass wrote and it 197 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:52,480 Speaker 3: passes book where de Ruti goes into exile for a 198 00:11:52,480 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 3: way too and turn travels across South America and these 199 00:11:56,120 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 3: these anarchist schools are being set up along the modern 200 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 3: system as envisaged by Jess fel Air. And they don't 201 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:07,079 Speaker 3: have any funding, right because everyone's so dirt poor that 202 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,920 Speaker 3: like that, there isn't much surplus to contribute to their 203 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:13,440 Speaker 3: children's education. And they have once they have taken care 204 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 3: of their subsistence needs. And there's this line in the 205 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 3: book which, for whatever reason, it's just like a line 206 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:22,320 Speaker 3: I aspire to write something this beautiful. It's de Ruty 207 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 3: was very fond of children, and so he risked his 208 00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 3: life robbing banks to fund their education, which is like 209 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:31,400 Speaker 3: I just love the pivot from like he liked kids 210 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:35,040 Speaker 3: and therefore he conducted on bank robbery throughout the world. 211 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:39,080 Speaker 2: Yeah yeah, it's like you know, put the money in 212 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:41,800 Speaker 2: the bag and maybe some textbooks while yeah at it. 213 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:46,480 Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, and like he at this time, like the 214 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 3: anarchists were so pure at this time, and like in 215 00:12:49,960 --> 00:12:54,160 Speaker 3: their sort of aspirations and in their actions in many ways. 216 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 3: In other ways, not of course that they could not 217 00:12:57,280 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 3: rid themselves to some of their gender assumptions, but they 218 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 3: would make an accounting of everything they stole, which is 219 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 3: really not like if if you're involved in crimes and 220 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:06,760 Speaker 3: you're listening, it's not a good. 221 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:09,360 Speaker 2: Idea, yeah, exact. 222 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 3: Yeah, but he would do it to to like prove 223 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:17,440 Speaker 3: sure everyone that he wasn't stealing for his own personal benefit. 224 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,440 Speaker 3: He'd be like, we get this to this school, and 225 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:21,440 Speaker 3: we bought some textbooks and like that. You know, they 226 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:24,000 Speaker 3: needed school lunches, so we got some sacks of rice 227 00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 3: and bananas, and like, as you can see, the entire 228 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 3: money from this bank heightst has been redistributed, and we're 229 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:30,840 Speaker 3: off to another country to do the same. 230 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:35,080 Speaker 2: Now, I'm just imagining this guy like he's keeping all 231 00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 2: these records because the anarchist auditor is going to come 232 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 2: and you know, check all. 233 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, exactly. Like I'm not sure who would like 234 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:45,480 Speaker 3: doubt the commitment of the man traveling around the world 235 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:48,080 Speaker 3: robbing the banks. But apparently they felt that, like no 236 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 3: one should be above approach, which is admirable. 237 00:13:50,679 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, you know what's not admirable, Andrew ads. 238 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:58,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's our obligation to include products and services in 239 00:13:58,800 --> 00:13:59,880 Speaker 3: these podcasts, but we have to. 240 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 1: So here we go. 241 00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:13,640 Speaker 3: Okay, we're back, and yeah, you're telling me about their 242 00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 3: twenty nine day general strike or that strike rather not 243 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 3: general strike. 244 00:14:17,080 --> 00:14:20,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, the strike, but you're close because the strike started 245 00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:23,920 Speaker 2: in March as a regular strike, it last twenty nine 246 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,000 Speaker 2: days and then eventually escalates into a general strike on 247 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:30,840 Speaker 2: April tenth, bring in Lema's business and transport to a 248 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 2: complete halt. And so the following day, President Leguya intervened 249 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 2: and forced the mills management to meet the workers' demands. 250 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:41,160 Speaker 1: That's a win. 251 00:14:41,560 --> 00:14:44,400 Speaker 2: It is a way of a ten hour workday, but 252 00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:45,040 Speaker 2: a win. 253 00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 3: Nonetheless, Yeah, I guess it's approved that you can force 254 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,360 Speaker 3: them to change and you can you can continue from there. 255 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:56,400 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, And so to save safeguard their heart won victories, 256 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 2: textile workers in Vitality established the Textile Workers Unification of 257 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 2: Ititarate in May nineteen eleven, dedicators to defending the rights 258 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 2: of all workers. Inspired with Ytart's example, workers at other 259 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,400 Speaker 2: major mills and Lima began forming their own resistance societies 260 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 2: dedicated to serving and defending the right of the proletariat 261 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:18,800 Speaker 2: in general and the textile workers in particular. The movement 262 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:22,200 Speaker 2: continued to gain momentum in nineteen twelve nineteen thirteen. In 263 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:26,040 Speaker 2: October nineteen twelve, the that protester group succeeded in forming 264 00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:29,480 Speaker 2: the first Workers Regional Federation of Peru, uniting various worker 265 00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:35,520 Speaker 2: resistance societies modeled after Argentina's Workers Regional Federation. The FORP, 266 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 2: as it was also called, advocated for both immediate improvements 267 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 2: and long term social revolution, aimen to unite workers across Peru. Unfortunately, 268 00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:47,480 Speaker 2: as is the case with many workers struggles in this time, 269 00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 2: economic instability and state hostelsy during World War One led 270 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:55,920 Speaker 2: to the dissolusion of the FORP in nineteen sixteen. Thankfully, 271 00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:59,760 Speaker 2: this setback was temporary, between nineteen sixteen and nineteen nineteen, 272 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:04,360 Speaker 2: anacosynicalis redouble their efforts, focusing on organizing both urban and 273 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 2: rural workers. Following the death of Manuel Gonzalez Prada nineteen nineteen, 274 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 2: work around union presses emerged, spreading anachosyniclust ideas and replace 275 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:18,560 Speaker 2: in earlier anarchist publications. This renewed activity strengthened the labor movement, theadnity, 276 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:23,680 Speaker 2: establishment of new labor federations and the revival of the FORP. 277 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 2: And with the deteriorating conditions during the war years and 278 00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 2: real wages fallen sharply, they had to be a wave 279 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 2: of strikes in nineteen eighteen. The most significant strike occurred 280 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 2: in December nineteen eighty, when nearly twenty nine hundred textile 281 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:42,360 Speaker 2: workers demanded an eight hour workday. Finally we're making some progress. 282 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:44,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, we'll get in there. 283 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:46,520 Speaker 2: What I find so interesting about the demand of an 284 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:49,160 Speaker 2: eight hour workday is if we look at their first 285 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 2: demand nineteen eleven, they fought to reduce their work day 286 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 2: from thirteen hours to ten hours, right, and then a 287 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:02,320 Speaker 2: mayor seven years later eleven to nineteen eighteen, I mean 288 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:03,240 Speaker 2: seven years. 289 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:06,240 Speaker 1: Later, Yeah, they go them down to eight They go. 290 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:09,320 Speaker 2: From ten hours to eight hours. And by the way, 291 00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:12,720 Speaker 2: by January nineteen nineteen, they organized a general strike. They 292 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 2: moved on to general strike to let to street clashes 293 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:17,840 Speaker 2: and business shutdowns, and despite the arrests and the torture 294 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:21,679 Speaker 2: of strike leaders, the strike continued until president they were 295 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 2: conceded to the eight hour weekday. So in seven years 296 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,320 Speaker 2: they went from ten hours to eight hours. Yeah, and 297 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:32,760 Speaker 2: then we've all collectively as a global society been stuck 298 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,639 Speaker 2: on eight hours for the past century, over our century 299 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:40,240 Speaker 2: this point, I mean it's twenty four this was nineteen nineteen. 300 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:42,560 Speaker 1: Yeah. Wow. Putting it that way, that is blake. 301 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 2: We should we should be down to on hour this point. 302 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, we give it extrapolate, right, we take two 303 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:50,960 Speaker 3: points and draw the line. That's what happened when like 304 00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 3: they see the success of the people in the street 305 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:55,879 Speaker 3: train and they know they had a power and they 306 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 3: can keep going. 307 00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,399 Speaker 2: Yeah yeah, because they wouldn't have felt so boll demand 308 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,760 Speaker 2: the eight hours if they didn't fight and win that 309 00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 2: that's in hours at first, just a couple of years before. 310 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,399 Speaker 3: Yeah, Like it's why we have made a versus International 311 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,440 Speaker 3: Workers Day, right, Like because like the number of rights 312 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 3: that we enjoy visa VI, our employers and the state 313 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,600 Speaker 3: were all fought for and won by people who sometimes 314 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 3: died in the process, and like, yeah, we ought to 315 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 3: remember that. I think like sometimes now organizing forgets how 316 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:29,520 Speaker 3: hard fought those were, but also like they won. Yeah, 317 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:33,159 Speaker 3: we have not had many dubs in the in the 318 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,960 Speaker 3: intervening period, of course, the state, like the state has 319 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,240 Speaker 3: grown exponentially stronger. 320 00:18:38,359 --> 00:18:40,919 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, I mean the situation has changed. We have 321 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:44,720 Speaker 2: to acknowledge that. Yeah, but it's just it is very fascinating, 322 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 2: you know that the way that you know, these small 323 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:52,400 Speaker 2: wins was able to embolden bigger wins yeah, later down 324 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,600 Speaker 2: the line, and that keeping that momentum really is vital. 325 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:57,399 Speaker 1: Hmm, yeah, definitely. 326 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,280 Speaker 3: It still works that way when I like, you know, 327 00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 3: in the last couple of years, I've been to Rajava 328 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 3: and to Mian Mahar, Like, they have done things that 329 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:08,520 Speaker 3: would have seemed inconceivable to them ten years before they 330 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,720 Speaker 3: did them. And in both cases it's by staying in 331 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:14,159 Speaker 3: the streets, right or staying in the jungles or the 332 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,359 Speaker 3: mountains or wherever you're fighting them, and then refusing to 333 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:20,640 Speaker 3: like accept that the state can tell you what to do, 334 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 3: even when the state tries to bring its coercive violence 335 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 3: against you. And like that's how all of these these 336 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:32,199 Speaker 3: winds occur. But it doesn't happen without organization, without community, 337 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 3: without like all the things that they had built in Peru, 338 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 3: right like before they did their first strike, they had 339 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:40,639 Speaker 3: to have confidence that their strike would succeed, and presumably 340 00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:43,159 Speaker 3: a strike fund and a means to collectively support the 341 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,040 Speaker 3: people who weren't getting paid, and they had to build 342 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 3: all that and then like these things can kind of 343 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 3: cascade once the once the movement has a strong base. 344 00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,360 Speaker 2: Exactly. There's the reason that I'm going through these histories. 345 00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 2: You know, these are the sort of lessons I want 346 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 2: people to be able to glean. 347 00:19:57,400 --> 00:19:57,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, totally. 348 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 3: I think it can be frustrating Otherwise, like it can 349 00:20:00,680 --> 00:20:03,919 Speaker 3: be frustrating to be people. I'm not saying people right 350 00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:05,760 Speaker 3: now aren't trying, because people do a lot and they're 351 00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,880 Speaker 3: working hard, But it can be frustrating until you see 352 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:11,640 Speaker 3: that it takes years of building that base and then 353 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:15,399 Speaker 3: things things can seem to come quickly, but it does 354 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:17,679 Speaker 3: years of work sort of behind the scenes. 355 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:19,040 Speaker 1: That has happened first. 356 00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 2: Absolutely, so In the months following the general strike, workers 357 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:28,199 Speaker 2: continue to protest the rising costs of living. Organizers like 358 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:32,480 Speaker 2: ad Alberto Funken Nicolas Gutara formed the Committee for the 359 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:37,439 Speaker 2: Cheapen Enough of Prime Necessities, mobilizing thousands. I think we 360 00:20:37,440 --> 00:20:39,240 Speaker 2: definitely need a Committee for the Cheap Enough of Prime 361 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 2: Necessities today. 362 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:44,480 Speaker 1: It's an amazing group. Like I've just what a great thing. 363 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, fantastic name. When the demands were ignored, you know, 364 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 2: here we go again. A general strike was declared in 365 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:56,359 Speaker 2: May nineteen nineteen, resulting in violent clashes with the state 366 00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 2: and the arrests of Kutara and another figure, Carlos Barper. 367 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:05,200 Speaker 2: Upon their release, resolve unshaken, Gutara and Barba defiantly addressed 368 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 2: President Leaguya, stating in part that the populace of today 369 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,760 Speaker 2: was not the team one of yesterday, which had silently 370 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:13,160 Speaker 2: borne all terrannees. 371 00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:16,560 Speaker 1: Sounds like a threat, yeah. 372 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,240 Speaker 2: Two days later, FORP was reactivated with a mission to 373 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 2: dismantle capitalism and create a society based on mutual aid 374 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:29,119 Speaker 2: and equality. Serocosilicus' movement had dissolved any linkering passivity among 375 00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:33,359 Speaker 2: Leemaclau's workers. The passion hunger and aggression towards state and 376 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:38,120 Speaker 2: employer threats had reached a crescendo by this point. For example, 377 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,639 Speaker 2: in September nineteen twenty one, textile workers seized el Inca 378 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:44,880 Speaker 2: mill in response to management's plans to close the factory. 379 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:48,879 Speaker 2: Although they were eventually dislodged by troops, their active resistance 380 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:53,160 Speaker 2: demonstrated their determination and boldness. And it isn't that fascinating 381 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,040 Speaker 2: that these workers were willing to seize the mill they 382 00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,280 Speaker 2: had worked at because the margin and plan and closing 383 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 2: it down. They were willing to take control of that 384 00:22:00,640 --> 00:22:05,480 Speaker 2: place and work at it, and you contribute to the economy. 385 00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:08,399 Speaker 2: But the troops were mobilized ensure that they did not 386 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:14,200 Speaker 2: exercise autonomy as workers to self organize their own labor. 387 00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:17,800 Speaker 2: It's either you're under management or out of a job. 388 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:21,960 Speaker 2: There's no working for yourself or working as a collective. 389 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:27,640 Speaker 2: Also in nineteen twenty one, the FORP was replaced by 390 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:32,040 Speaker 2: the Local Workers Federation or fol which lashed out against 391 00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:38,879 Speaker 2: the government's legal rules against strikes. So in nineteen twenty 392 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:44,359 Speaker 2: President Leaguiya put forward a new constitution with very strict 393 00:22:44,359 --> 00:22:48,400 Speaker 2: provisions to regulate this wave of strikes and to put 394 00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 2: the labor conflicts under arbitration by the state, and so 395 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:57,159 Speaker 2: the Local Workers Federation the FOL, which had replaced the 396 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:00,879 Speaker 2: FORP in nineteen twenty one, lashed out at this government's 397 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:05,440 Speaker 2: legal rules and vowed to completely ignore it. At the time, 398 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 2: as well, alongside the labour struggles, anaqual syncalists were struggling 399 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:14,040 Speaker 2: to transform culture. Contrary to the idea that the FOL 400 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 2: neglected cultural issues, evidence shows that they actively developed a 401 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:21,080 Speaker 2: distinct working class culture. Their strategy was a war of 402 00:23:21,119 --> 00:23:24,639 Speaker 2: position against rule elites, even to create a counterculture that 403 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:28,000 Speaker 2: challenged the dominant bourgeois values. At the nineteen twenty one 404 00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 2: FOL Congress, workers affirmed the importance of both economic improvements 405 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,880 Speaker 2: and cultural uplift, which led to the estalient of initiatives 406 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:39,600 Speaker 2: like a worker's daily newspaper, a popular library, and various 407 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:44,320 Speaker 2: cultural associations. One key example was the central musical Obrero 408 00:23:44,359 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 2: de Lima, founded in nineteen twenty two, which used music 409 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 2: to promote workers' rights and solidarity. Workers also participated in 410 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,440 Speaker 2: social events like the Fiesta de la planter, a secular 411 00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:58,520 Speaker 2: festival designed to compete with Christian holidays and promote class unity. 412 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:04,680 Speaker 2: They also held media celebrations and organized tributes for foreign comrades. Moreover, 413 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:08,119 Speaker 2: the fol supported the creation of popular universities to educate 414 00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 2: workers and foster cultural and political awareness. Meanwhile, also in 415 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:16,520 Speaker 2: the late nineteen tens and nineteen twenties, the southern highlands 416 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:19,159 Speaker 2: of Peru saw the emergence of a dynamic network of 417 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 2: anarchostynicalist movements. The network thrived amid the bursioning will export economy. 418 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 2: The will trade's expansion spurreed economic links and infrastructural development, 419 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:33,119 Speaker 2: which turned Arakeeper into a key economic center and the 420 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:37,159 Speaker 2: hub of the anarchistyndicalist network in the region. Anacosynicalism and 421 00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:41,840 Speaker 2: araqueper was influenced by four major factors. A radical liberal press, 422 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 2: the labor movement and Lema, immigrant anarchists, and cross border 423 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:51,480 Speaker 2: connections with Chilean Anaquascynicalists influenced by thinkers like Manuel Gonzaldees Prado, 424 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:56,840 Speaker 2: intellectuals and artistans critique Arakeepers conservative society through radical publications 425 00:24:56,840 --> 00:25:01,160 Speaker 2: such as Lariete and Bandera Roja. These radical ideas burned 426 00:25:01,240 --> 00:25:04,359 Speaker 2: significant actions like atta keepers first major strikes in nineteen 427 00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 2: oh two, the inaugural media celebration in nineteen oh six, 428 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 2: and the establishment of pivotal organizations such as the Workers' 429 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:14,480 Speaker 2: Social Center of Arakeeper and the Worker Coalition of the Neighborhoods. 430 00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:18,760 Speaker 2: The labor movement in Lima, along with influences Argentina and Chile, 431 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 2: further inspired at Keepers workers. By December nineteen eighteen, motivated 432 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:26,879 Speaker 2: by reports of workers struggles abroad, Artisans and Workers and 433 00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 2: Arakeeper founder of Society of Workers and Mutual Assistants the 434 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:35,679 Speaker 2: SOS in July nineteen nineteen, following Lema's example, at Keeper's 435 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:39,320 Speaker 2: main labor organizations establish a committee to combat the rising 436 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,880 Speaker 2: cost of living. When the demands were ignored, they too 437 00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:46,360 Speaker 2: launched a general strike, which lasted eight days and received 438 00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:50,160 Speaker 2: widespread support. While some wage and benefit demands were met, 439 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,760 Speaker 2: many of the committee's requests remained unaddressed. So after the 440 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,360 Speaker 2: general strike, at Keeper's workers founded the Atrakeeper Worker Federation 441 00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:01,360 Speaker 2: to advocate for their rights and demands. Further, that federation 442 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,119 Speaker 2: was one of numerous unions and federations, either being the 443 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 2: local Worker Federation of Atkeeper or Fuller, which emerged between 444 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 2: nineteen nineteen to nineteen twenty six. In response to calls 445 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 2: from the FRPEAT enhanced the worker's capacity for direct action 446 00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:19,280 Speaker 2: against capitalist and state depression. Like their counterparts in Lima, Atkeepers, 447 00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:23,160 Speaker 2: anarchysynicalists employed direct action to achieve both immediate and long 448 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:26,639 Speaker 2: term goals. The protests against a railway tariff hike in 449 00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 2: nineteen twenty three pressure the government enough to suspend the increase, 450 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:33,640 Speaker 2: but nineteen twenty five was perhaps their most pivotal year 451 00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:36,680 Speaker 2: because the Popular Workers Assembly, which was an ad hoc 452 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:40,040 Speaker 2: coalition of anarchisticalist groups to Atkeeper and Lima, called for 453 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:43,399 Speaker 2: a general strike against the Road Conscription Law, which required 454 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,360 Speaker 2: adult males to register and to work on unpaid state 455 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:50,439 Speaker 2: infrastructure projects for upward of twelve days per year. For 456 00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:53,160 Speaker 2: the Assembly, this was more than just an unfailed law. 457 00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:56,320 Speaker 2: This was a symbol of the state's utter disregard for 458 00:26:56,359 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 2: the working class. As a strike unfolded, the authorities sought 459 00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,200 Speaker 2: to crush the movement, arrest in labor leaders and attempting 460 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:07,120 Speaker 2: to dismantle the anarchist organization's influence. But even with only 461 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:10,959 Speaker 2: a small industrial sector and a relatively small population, at 462 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,199 Speaker 2: a Keeper's labor movement demonstrated a remarkable level of class 463 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 2: consciousness and solidarity beyond strikes, to use the variety of 464 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,640 Speaker 2: methods to build solidarity and consciousness among workers, from worker 465 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:27,080 Speaker 2: libraries to football clubs. One key figure in this movement 466 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:31,800 Speaker 2: was Ramon Rossignole, a Spanish architect and passionate anarcho syndic list. 467 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:36,359 Speaker 2: Arriving an arakeeper in nineteen nineteen, Roussignole turned his office 468 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:40,359 Speaker 2: into a hub of anarchist thought at activism. His influence 469 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:43,359 Speaker 2: was profound as he trained future leaders like Justine do 470 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 2: Leendo and Francisco Ramos, who would become central figures in 471 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:53,199 Speaker 2: the labor movement. Roussigno's efforts extended beyond traditional activism. He 472 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:56,680 Speaker 2: also founded a popular university in the footsteps of Francisco Frere, 473 00:27:57,080 --> 00:27:58,879 Speaker 2: and it still as a place for workers to receive 474 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:03,400 Speaker 2: education and become politically conscious. In Moyendo, a key port 475 00:28:03,440 --> 00:28:06,200 Speaker 2: city in Peru, the influence of the International Workers of 476 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:10,200 Speaker 2: the World was particularly strong. Louis Armando Trevigno, a key 477 00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:14,560 Speaker 2: chile and IWW leader, published a series of influential articles 478 00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 2: in a newspaper called Labor Testa in nineteen twenty two. 479 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:22,199 Speaker 2: He extolled the virtues the IWW's methods and called for 480 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,879 Speaker 2: international solidarity among workers. He was best received right in Moyendo, 481 00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 2: where by early nineteen twenty five maritime workers from Chile 482 00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:34,040 Speaker 2: had established close and secretive tie to the local Peruvian 483 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:38,240 Speaker 2: workers under the cover of darkness the health clandestine meetings 484 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,600 Speaker 2: and an old house at Ailey Street. These meetings would 485 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,800 Speaker 2: lead to the formation of a local iww branch right 486 00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:48,400 Speaker 2: in Moyendo. But it wasn't just a meeting of the minds, 487 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 2: but of the shared struggles and victories of the workers 488 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 2: that's event to these ties. In February nineteen twenty five, 489 00:28:55,040 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 2: a popular general strike in Moyendo saw workers fighting back 490 00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:02,960 Speaker 2: against unjust practices by British owned companies. The strike was 491 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,120 Speaker 2: a massive success, and the solidarity from Chile and IWW 492 00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 2: members bolstered the proved workers' resolve. The government's response the 493 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:14,959 Speaker 2: anarchistynicalist movement was severe fear in the spread of what 494 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 2: they saw as Bolshevik ideas. They cracked down hard on 495 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,880 Speaker 2: the Moyendo labor movement. Security forces were deploy to suppressed 496 00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:27,720 Speaker 2: protests and activists were arrested or reported to Chile. Of course, 497 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 2: government repression efforts were not fully successful due to resilience 498 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:36,400 Speaker 2: of loose, flexible and decentralized organizing. The seeds of Anarchisynopust's 499 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:40,280 Speaker 2: thought had already taken root. Throughout nineteen twenty six and beyond, 500 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:42,920 Speaker 2: the labor movement and Moyendo continued to be a site 501 00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:47,360 Speaker 2: of struggle and resistance. Workers engaged in protests and work stoppages, 502 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 2: driven am by the ideas of direct action and social 503 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 2: justice that had been nurtured through the interaction with Chilean wobblies. 504 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:56,160 Speaker 3: Do you know what was almost certainly not nurtured through 505 00:29:56,200 --> 00:30:10,920 Speaker 3: interactions with Chilean wobblies. Andrew ads Yeah, and we are 506 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:12,120 Speaker 3: back from that break. 507 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,400 Speaker 2: Beyond the cities, anachistinicalism had a profound impact on the 508 00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:21,760 Speaker 2: rural indigenous communities in Cusco and Puno. Internal migration and 509 00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:24,200 Speaker 2: the exchange of ideals led to the rise of a 510 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:29,640 Speaker 2: new political consciousness among the peasantry. Carlos Condorina, an indigenous 511 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:33,000 Speaker 2: presidant from Puno, became a key figure in the Tejuante 512 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 2: Suio pro Indian Rights Central Committee the Secret where he 513 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 2: championed indigenous labor rights and the struggle for better work 514 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:44,280 Speaker 2: and conditions. His work, along with that of other provincial 515 00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 2: migrants like Skeel Or Viola, bridged the gap between the 516 00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 2: urban anarchosynicalists and the rural Indigenous communities. Reviola was a 517 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:57,800 Speaker 2: passionate advocate for both indigenous rights and the broader anarchostnicalist course, 518 00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:01,000 Speaker 2: pushing back against the paternalism of this date toward indigenous 519 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 2: community and connecting the struggles of workers and peasants alike. 520 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:08,840 Speaker 2: He spoke out against bourgeois pigs yankee imperialism, all while 521 00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:13,680 Speaker 2: encouraging pride in one's indigeneity. Alongside with Yola, Salazar and 522 00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:16,440 Speaker 2: Ayulo were also guide the sept and Approve Young Regional 523 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:22,400 Speaker 2: Indian Workers Federation toward anarchost syndicuist ideology, organization and tactics. 524 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:26,720 Speaker 2: Even after this untimely death in nineteen twenty five, with 525 00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:32,240 Speaker 2: Viewler's legacy continue to inspire anarchists and indigenous movements. Indigenous 526 00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:35,680 Speaker 2: leaders and activists have being grown fed up with the 527 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:39,280 Speaker 2: abuse of practices of local authorities and the gaminalyists, the 528 00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:44,200 Speaker 2: rural bosses who exploited the peasants. Pedro Jose Rada Igama, 529 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:47,200 Speaker 2: the Minister of Government and Police at the time blamed 530 00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:51,680 Speaker 2: these uprisings on known agitators. He claimed that these agitators 531 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,600 Speaker 2: were convincing the indigenous people that they road conscription law 532 00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:58,560 Speaker 2: and other municipal laws were designed to oppress them, even 533 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,880 Speaker 2: though the indigenous people could see themselves the effects of 534 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:05,560 Speaker 2: the law. Both the anarchists and the indigenous organizers had 535 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,280 Speaker 2: laid the crown work, but it was the people themselves 536 00:32:08,480 --> 00:32:12,480 Speaker 2: who chose not to accept such state impositions. Uprisings broke 537 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,760 Speaker 2: out across Cusco and Puno District. Authorities had to suspend 538 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:20,600 Speaker 2: the conscription in several provinces due to the intense resistance. 539 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:25,560 Speaker 2: The shaer force of the crackdown was so extreme that 540 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:29,160 Speaker 2: the city mayor and the municipal council had to appeal 541 00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 2: to Presidentallyguya for the suspension of the law, and they 542 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:37,280 Speaker 2: succeeded at least temporarily until July nineteen twenty six, and 543 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:41,040 Speaker 2: as soon as the laws reinstated, the Popular Assembly reignited 544 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:44,480 Speaker 2: the resistance. They even went as first issuing direct threats 545 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:47,239 Speaker 2: the officials enforced in the law, noting that they had 546 00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,840 Speaker 2: the home addresses of the conscription Council and was not 547 00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 2: responsible for any potential consequences of their actions. 548 00:32:55,720 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 1: That's definitely a threat. 549 00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:00,640 Speaker 2: That's definitely out there. Yeah. They also said, delegates to 550 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 2: Lima to organize a nationwide campaign against the law, which 551 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:07,440 Speaker 2: led to their arrest and sparked even more protests in 552 00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:12,800 Speaker 2: Atkeeper and Lima throughout late nineteen twenties. Despite increasing state repression, 553 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:15,960 Speaker 2: the anarchists anarchisyndicalists did not let up for as long 554 00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:21,680 Speaker 2: as they could, so over the first three decades of 555 00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:25,560 Speaker 2: the nineteen hundreds, anarchist syndicalism in Peru spread thanks to 556 00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:30,520 Speaker 2: a mix of factors, the distribution of radical ideas through publications, 557 00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:34,800 Speaker 2: the influence of activists from other countries, and most importantly, 558 00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:38,680 Speaker 2: the work of local organizers, most prominently in Lima Kalau. 559 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:43,800 Speaker 2: Despite facing immense challenges and a significant decline by the 560 00:33:43,880 --> 00:33:47,120 Speaker 2: end of the nineteen twenties, the movement laid the groundwork 561 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:52,480 Speaker 2: for future labor politics. Former Arachas cynicalists joined new political 562 00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:56,280 Speaker 2: parties in an effort to carry forward their ideas, compromising 563 00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 2: a long way, so the influence didn't fully disappear, but 564 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:06,920 Speaker 2: it did transform. Still, their spirit lived on somewhat in 565 00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:11,359 Speaker 2: the ongoing fight for justice and equality in Peru, one 566 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:15,319 Speaker 2: that continues to this day. 567 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:18,960 Speaker 1: It Could Happen Here as a production of cool Zone Media. 568 00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,760 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website 569 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:24,000 Speaker 1: cool zonemedia dot com or check us out on the 570 00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:27,640 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 571 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: You can find sources for It could Happen Here, updated 572 00:34:30,239 --> 00:34:34,280 Speaker 1: monthly at cool zonemedia dot com slash sources. Thanks for listening.