1 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:11,039 Speaker 1: If pulling off one of the largest cash heights in 2 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: US history was the easiest step in Victor Horaina's mission 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:19,000 Speaker 1: to help fund Puerto Rico's independence movement, it's what happened 4 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:22,919 Speaker 1: after that day in that became the more difficult part 5 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:27,160 Speaker 1: of the operation, getting himself and the stolen seven million 6 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:32,120 Speaker 1: dollars in cash out of the country. For that, Victor 7 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:37,400 Speaker 1: would need help, a lot of it. Fortunately for him, 8 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 1: he had it. Remember those two car hanks the guards 9 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,840 Speaker 1: heard on the night of the robbery. According to police documents, 10 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,200 Speaker 1: they were to alert a senior member of Los macha 11 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: Ros who was waiting outside the Wells Fargo depot in 12 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:56,080 Speaker 1: his own car. Nobody knew at the time was one 13 00:00:56,200 --> 00:01:01,560 Speaker 1: Cigar and sat Hey Rios lurking around in the shadows 14 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: as the masterminds of this thing, waiting for Victor to 15 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: do what he was gonna do previously on White Eagle, 16 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:23,400 Speaker 1: and no only law enforcement had any clue that a 17 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,600 Speaker 1: group of radical independent east is at an island of 18 00:01:27,640 --> 00:01:31,400 Speaker 1: the Caribbean. We're knocking off armored cars and Harker Kennectic. 19 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:36,040 Speaker 1: A lot of Puerto Ricans that joined probably independence movement 20 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:42,319 Speaker 1: in the sixties seventies, grew up facing discriminations raising some party. 21 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:44,920 Speaker 1: Even in the community. People would talk about it from 22 00:01:44,920 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: a perspective of look, he took some of that and 23 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:49,680 Speaker 1: he gave out toys, and you know, he did it 24 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:53,160 Speaker 1: out of frustration the master arrests, who were upset that 25 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: they were getting the attention that they thought they deserved 26 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: for this patriotic expressionation and they wanted to get some 27 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:04,160 Speaker 1: p policy forward. My name is em William Phelps. I'm 28 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:07,720 Speaker 1: an investigative journalist and author of more than forty true 29 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:10,600 Speaker 1: crime books. What you were about to hear is the 30 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:14,880 Speaker 1: true story of a heist, one that funded an international 31 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:19,920 Speaker 1: independence movement and sparked an investigation spanning nearly four decades. 32 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:35,240 Speaker 1: This is White Eagle. There are a few key players 33 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: in this story. Victor Harraina is one, Philiberto Ojeda Rios 34 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: is another. A third, and the man I immediately set 35 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: my sights on when I set out to do this 36 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 1: podcast was Juan Zigara Palmer. At the time of the robbery, 37 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: he was considered one of the Macha Tero's top soldiers 38 00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:59,799 Speaker 1: and is often called one of its founders. And as 39 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:03,960 Speaker 1: Fred current reporter Ed Mahoney explains Jan was more than 40 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,160 Speaker 1: just an accomplice on the night of the robbery. He 41 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: was a mentor to Victor Harrina in the months proceeding 42 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 1: and following that night. The cigar is the big cup 43 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: of tier on this thing, and so he's training Victor 44 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: on what to do with the robbery and the money 45 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:22,800 Speaker 1: and that sort of thing. In many ways, one was 46 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: the go between for Victor and Los MACHOs. He claims 47 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 1: to be the person who introduced Victor to Philiberto and 48 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,240 Speaker 1: other members of the group, and according to several sources 49 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: I've spoken with, he remains in close contact with Victor's 50 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: family to this day. His father was a well reputated 51 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: lawyer in Puerto Rico who send his kids to this 52 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: boarding school in New England and then he goes through hardbar. 53 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: Doctor Jose Attila's, who you heard in the last episode, 54 00:03:57,480 --> 00:04:01,440 Speaker 1: is an expert on anti colonial movements, which includes Los 55 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 1: ma Teros the story. I'm sure that you might have 56 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: access to him and to his history. He's really interesting. 57 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: Dr Attila's is right. I did have access to one. 58 00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,960 Speaker 1: I had interviewed him at length and planned to use 59 00:04:20,080 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: hours of recorded conversations in the podcast. But after weeks 60 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,960 Speaker 1: of back and forth, One abruptly pulled out of the project, 61 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:33,080 Speaker 1: deciding it was in his best interest not to participate. 62 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:37,080 Speaker 1: It was disappointing, of course, here's a man who was there, 63 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: an intricate spoken the wheel of the Wells Fargo operation, 64 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,720 Speaker 1: who expressed a great desire to share his side of 65 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:49,239 Speaker 1: the story, but then declines. Fortunately for us, though One 66 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: is a talker, He's spoken at length about the heist 67 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: and his time with Los mag Terro's, most notably in 68 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: the Last American Colony, a documentary produced by Northern Light Productions. 69 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: The producer graciously shared One's interviews from the documentary with 70 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: me because in the end, to truly understand what really 71 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:13,559 Speaker 1: happened that night in West Harford and in the years 72 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:17,599 Speaker 1: that followed, to get both sides of this story, you 73 00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: need to hear from someone who was there every step 74 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:24,479 Speaker 1: of the way. I was waiting for him outside. It 75 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:28,719 Speaker 1: was the longest hour or whatever of my entire life. 76 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:33,000 Speaker 1: By the mid eighties, law enforcement knew about Juan Zigara 77 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:36,880 Speaker 1: and Los mata Tero's involvement in the Wells Fargo robbery, 78 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:41,279 Speaker 1: but the specifics, the detailed accounts of what actually happened 79 00:05:42,040 --> 00:05:47,159 Speaker 1: took decades to unravel, thanks in a large part to Wangara. 80 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,719 Speaker 1: One has always been squirrely about his initial introduction to 81 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: Victor Haraina, but has admitted that Victor traveled at some 82 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: point to see Philiberto in Puerto Rico to discuss logistics 83 00:05:58,680 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: of the robbery and future as a fugitive. After Victor 84 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:05,440 Speaker 1: was given the green light for the job, the group 85 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:10,039 Speaker 1: went into planning mode, and by March of Victor was 86 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:14,400 Speaker 1: having regular conversations with Wan Sagara using local pay phones 87 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: to avoid a paper or electronic trail. For much of 88 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:22,280 Speaker 1: the spring and summer of nighte Wan Zigara and Los 89 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:27,799 Speaker 1: macha Ros were laser focused on Aguila Blanca White Eagle, 90 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: the code name given to the West Tarford Wells Fargo operation. 91 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:37,039 Speaker 1: Then in August that same year, Juan and Philiberto flew 92 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: to Connecticut to help Victor finished polishing every last detail, 93 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 1: including rehearsing the more risky aspects of the robbery scheduled 94 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:50,000 Speaker 1: for the following month. We did several role plays in 95 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: motels in the Hartford area. We rented a room so 96 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:58,480 Speaker 1: he practiced grabbing me by the nag and take me 97 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: to the ground, so there was gonna be no question 98 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: about him being able to a mobilized the guy with 99 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:09,720 Speaker 1: the element of surprise and then take him down. Wand 100 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: told the producer of The Last American Colony that he 101 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: and Victor also practiced driving from the Wells Fargo depot 102 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: to local motels, timing each trip until they had it 103 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: down to a science. After the robbery, they drove directly 104 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:27,800 Speaker 1: to the Swiss Chalet, in emptied the money out of 105 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 1: the bugles saber, and took off. By the time they 106 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,120 Speaker 1: were gone, police would have just arrived at the Wells 107 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: Fargo depot. I felt we had pulled off a great job. 108 00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:44,840 Speaker 1: Nobody had been caught, nobody was hurt. Yeah, I was arrogant. 109 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: From there, both men would help Victor embark on a 110 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: daring interstate journey, the first part of which included a 111 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:55,920 Speaker 1: less conspicuous form of transportation. They bought a motorcycle. They 112 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,120 Speaker 1: put him on the motorcycle, and Victor left from there. 113 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:04,600 Speaker 1: During his drive north from West Tarford, Connecticut to Springfield, Massachusetts, 114 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,000 Speaker 1: Victor tossed his wallet at a rest stop along the 115 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 1: Massachusetts Turnpike. That wallet, which contained his I D was 116 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: later discovered by Department of Transportation employees. Victory eventually ended 117 00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:21,240 Speaker 1: up in Boston, and the cash and up in Springfield, 118 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: where it was hidden. The motorcycle was the perfect solution 119 00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: to Los Macha terros first obstacle, how to get one 120 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,800 Speaker 1: of the country's most wanted men safely out of West Tarford. 121 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,520 Speaker 1: The second, much larger hurdle, was how to get about 122 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:42,880 Speaker 1: a half ton of stolen cash where it needed to go. 123 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: Turns out, Juanzagara and Philipperto oheed Rios had already thought 124 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: that scenario out as well. It's a combination of the 125 00:08:53,520 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: match terrists. Principally Ojeda and Cigar are up in Austin. 126 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:06,240 Speaker 1: They buy a loader home and they have somebody one 127 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: of these Maga Terros is some kind of a carpenter, 128 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:12,199 Speaker 1: you know, pulls a bunch of false walls and things 129 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:16,640 Speaker 1: like that into this thing. About two weeks after the heist, 130 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: one hit Victor and some of the money behind the 131 00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: walls of a camper trailer, and the pair headed to Mexico, 132 00:09:24,679 --> 00:09:27,680 Speaker 1: taking some of the stolen cash with them. In the 133 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 1: months that followed, other members of Los MACHOs and their 134 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: associates would follow suit, traveled to New England, load up 135 00:09:35,760 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: a car or camper, and take chunks of cash across 136 00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: the border into Mexico. In all, the group transported more 137 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: than two thirds of the Wells Fargo money out of 138 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: the US that first year, despite having some dangerously close 139 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,680 Speaker 1: calls with law enforcement. Case in point, in August of 140 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:03,120 Speaker 1: Juanzigara's cash heavy ampor trailer flipped over on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. 141 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:07,559 Speaker 1: My friend loaned me his pickup truck and camper. We 142 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: were on the turnpike in in Pennsylvania going down this 143 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: pretty steep hill and this semi blew past us and 144 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:23,400 Speaker 1: we ended up flipped over, facing in the opposite direction 145 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: on the right hand lane of the vehicle. The money 146 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: that was hidden in the wall behind the walls of 147 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:36,120 Speaker 1: the of the trailer, you know, the panels burst. One 148 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:41,719 Speaker 1: of us jumped in the trailer and started throwing the 149 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: money and bags and stashing it back before the state 150 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:49,960 Speaker 1: police arrived, and you know, sure got past that one. 151 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:54,800 Speaker 1: Mexico was the pit stop of choice for Los Macha Terras. 152 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: It was also a place where they could easily communicate 153 00:10:58,080 --> 00:11:02,079 Speaker 1: with operatives from the Cuban gu government, including the man 154 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: who would help smuggle Victor Harana out of the country. 155 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:08,000 Speaker 1: I always called it a Cuban spy, and he was 156 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:11,480 Speaker 1: always upset with me for saying that, because he considered 157 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: himself some kind of diplomatic. But you know, Cuba's had 158 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,280 Speaker 1: a diplomatic department called the Department of the America's whose 159 00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:24,240 Speaker 1: function was to fallment, you know, left his insurgencies across 160 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:32,120 Speaker 1: Latin America, and he was associated with that. The Cuban spy, 161 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 1: whose real name is Jorge Massetti, eventually became disillusioned with 162 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:41,080 Speaker 1: Fidel Castro and left his job with the government. He 163 00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:44,439 Speaker 1: even wrote a book about it. But back in three 164 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: he played an instrumental role in the Macha Teros as 165 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:53,240 Speaker 1: wells Fargo heist. According to Ed Mahoney, Massetti had met 166 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: Juan Zigara and other members of Los Macha Teros in 167 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: the months before the robbery and even gave them fifty 168 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:04,560 Speaker 1: tho dollars to help pull it off an investment. Perhaps 169 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:11,680 Speaker 1: they provided the bunch of terrells with the stuff that 170 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:15,439 Speaker 1: they injected the guards with, and some type of crazy 171 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:19,760 Speaker 1: radio transmitter that probably didn't work anyway, and a bunch 172 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,320 Speaker 1: of things like that. Massetti told Ed Mahoney that The 173 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:26,600 Speaker 1: group went to great lengths to help Victor get out 174 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:29,360 Speaker 1: of the country. They dyed his hair and Victor head 175 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 1: out in Mexico's Cuban embassy, where they helped him acquire 176 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: a fake passport. From there, Victor bordered a flight to Cuba, 177 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:41,199 Speaker 1: along with the first batch of cash tucked inside Cuba's 178 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 1: diplomatic pouch. The thing is, the FBI is not doing 179 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 1: anything because they don't know anything about this. I mean, 180 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: they're still looking, you know, for some gang of Irish 181 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:53,559 Speaker 1: drugs from Charlestown, you know who came down and knocked 182 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:55,679 Speaker 1: off at Aubrey car I mean, they have no idea 183 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:58,640 Speaker 1: what's going on. By that time, Victor her own had 184 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:03,160 Speaker 1: been secreted in Cuba. The plan was they would get 185 00:13:03,240 --> 00:13:05,120 Speaker 1: Victor over there and he would be out of their 186 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:08,800 Speaker 1: ancient American authorities. There's all kinds of people in Cuba there, 187 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 1: you know, hiding out from American authorities. If you've grown 188 00:13:21,960 --> 00:13:24,680 Speaker 1: up in the United States, chances are you've heard a 189 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:28,160 Speaker 1: lot about Cuba. Our time capsule island of a neighbor 190 00:13:28,280 --> 00:13:33,000 Speaker 1: just ninety miles off the coast of Florida. The relationship 191 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:36,200 Speaker 1: between the two countries is far too complex to explain 192 00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: in one sitting. For that we'd need an entire episode, 193 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:44,040 Speaker 1: but here are some of the broad strokes. Like Puerto Rico, 194 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:48,040 Speaker 1: Cuba was annexed by the United States after the Spanish 195 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:53,080 Speaker 1: American War. It was granted independence soon thereafter, but the 196 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:57,880 Speaker 1: United States retained large swaths of land, military bases like 197 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:02,440 Speaker 1: Guantanamo Bay, and a cho cold on Cuba's economy. All 198 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: that changed into fifties when its enigmatic former leader, Fidel Castro, 199 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:12,880 Speaker 1: helped mount a revolution that toppled the country's American backed president. 200 00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:18,440 Speaker 1: While the US initially recognized Cuba's new government, the relationships soured, 201 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: American citizens fled the island, and the US government launched 202 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: dozens of unsuccessful attempts to overthrow Castro's government economy. Fidel 203 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:33,720 Speaker 1: Castro died in t s after nearly a half century 204 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: in power. Critics called him a terrorist and dictator who 205 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:43,440 Speaker 1: bankrupted Cuba's economy and ruthlessly punished all forms of dissent. 206 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: Admirers saw him as a revolutionary icon who oversaw improvements 207 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:53,920 Speaker 1: to literacy and life expectancy, and helped mobilize anti imperialist 208 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: movements around the world, including Puerto Rico. There is a 209 00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:02,000 Speaker 1: famous song says that Cuba and Puerto Rico are the 210 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:05,560 Speaker 1: two wings of one bird. And so obviously our histories 211 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:09,640 Speaker 1: are tied through the Spanish American War, and we've always 212 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:11,680 Speaker 1: been kind of looking to see what the other is 213 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: doing and in close connection among artists and intellectuals. That's 214 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:21,160 Speaker 1: Dr Yarimar Bonia Ramos. She's a political anthropologist and the 215 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,560 Speaker 1: director of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter 216 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 1: College in New York. For a long time, Puerto Rico 217 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:32,000 Speaker 1: is a kind of ambiguous zone, and during that time 218 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,840 Speaker 1: politics cemented around two main currents. There were the folks 219 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 1: who wanted Puerto Rico to be part of the United 220 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:41,840 Speaker 1: States and who always imagined that to be what was 221 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:44,480 Speaker 1: to be expected. But other folks felt that that was 222 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: not what they wanted and they wanted to be their 223 00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:50,160 Speaker 1: own nation, and so there was always an independence movement 224 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:54,880 Speaker 1: growing and growing steadily. Castro and many others behind Cuba's 225 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:59,080 Speaker 1: revolution understood this, and while there were thousands of people 226 00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: who fled the islands in Cuba for Puerto Rico, others 227 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:06,880 Speaker 1: saw the Cuban Revolution as a model for sovereignty. Among 228 00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: them Philiberto Ojeda Rios, the leader of Los mace Teros. 229 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: After the Bay of Pigs, I became aware of him 230 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:20,800 Speaker 1: initially in New York. Actually, Bob Hybel, who spoke in 231 00:16:20,840 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 1: the last episode, spent twenty five years with the FBI, 232 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:28,480 Speaker 1: finishing his incredible career as a sack or special agent 233 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: in charge. If there's an agent who knows the relationship 234 00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: between Puerto Rico and America and how Los mace Tero's 235 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: factor into that equation, it's Bob. Now, the Cuban Intelligence Service, 236 00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:42,880 Speaker 1: which was called G two at that time, to stay 237 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: offensive and began to send sleeper agents out, and Philiberto 238 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: was one of those sleeper agents. The G two is 239 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:57,920 Speaker 1: a military intelligence service, or as others call it, state security. 240 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:01,520 Speaker 1: Its agents were trained by the German Stasi and the 241 00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 1: Soviet KGB, and we're responsible for intelligence, counter intelligence and 242 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:13,160 Speaker 1: disinformation activities inside Cuba and abroad. So from the beginning, 243 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: the Castro was a total supporter of Kenning independence for 244 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:24,440 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico and his modus OPERANDAI of course was supporting 245 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:30,240 Speaker 1: revolution to do that in any form that worked. In 246 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,399 Speaker 1: ninety six, Castro told the Group of World Leaders, quote 247 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:38,240 Speaker 1: any revolutionary movement in any corner of the world can 248 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: count on the help of Cuban fighters, and he made 249 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,880 Speaker 1: good on that promise. About a decade later, right as 250 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:48,639 Speaker 1: the US of Cuba were in talks to improve diplomatic relations, 251 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: Castro intervened in an armed operation of the African nation 252 00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:57,840 Speaker 1: of Angola, and more important for US in Puerto Rico's 253 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:02,919 Speaker 1: pro independence organization to move the rail talks between Cuba 254 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:06,520 Speaker 1: and the US, but appeal to Filiberto or hey To Rios, 255 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: who believed deeply that colonized people, which in his view 256 00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:14,360 Speaker 1: included Puerto Ricans, had a right to arm struggle. What's more, 257 00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: he felt it was critical to reclaiming their identity. Filiberto 258 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:24,439 Speaker 1: is a very interesting fear. First of all, he was 259 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:30,919 Speaker 1: a trumpet player with one of the fifties bands that 260 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: started moving to more pro independence radicalize if you wish, 261 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:43,760 Speaker 1: and at some point he started moving to ARMStrokes or 262 00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:48,880 Speaker 1: more to left wing of the pro independence movement. At 263 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:52,560 Speaker 1: some point he ended up in Cuba getting in training. 264 00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:55,880 Speaker 1: I think it was a revolution that show a lot 265 00:18:55,920 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: of Puerto Ricans that they could have an arm move 266 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:07,720 Speaker 1: and that created a condition for mass moblization. Cuba's revolution 267 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:11,959 Speaker 1: in the fifties. Inspired Philiberto, and Castro's government gave him 268 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:15,600 Speaker 1: the tools he needed to try and replicate it. He 269 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:19,240 Speaker 1: viewed himself as a patriot and he was fighting for truth, 270 00:19:19,359 --> 00:19:21,159 Speaker 1: justice to the American white He thought he was at 271 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:25,480 Speaker 1: George Washington and Puerto Rico. After Cuba, Philiberto went to 272 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: New York and later Puerto Rico, eventually recruiting Juan Zigara, 273 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: whom he met in nineteen seventy two. Like Philiberto, Juan 274 00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:37,679 Speaker 1: was born in Puerto Rico. His family was wealthy, and 275 00:19:37,720 --> 00:19:40,720 Speaker 1: he had a long history of resistance to Spanish and 276 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:44,960 Speaker 1: American colonialism. As a teen, he attended the prestigious Phillips 277 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:49,200 Speaker 1: Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and later Harvard University, where in 278 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:54,680 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine Juan witnessed the violent suppression of hundreds 279 00:19:54,680 --> 00:20:01,000 Speaker 1: of students protesting the Vietnam War. Then trying take was 280 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:07,160 Speaker 1: that Vietnam had one The Cuban Revolution at that time 281 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: was like a beacon to a lot of Latin America. 282 00:20:10,119 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: The tide of history is on the side of anti colonialism. 283 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:21,920 Speaker 1: We should be able to prevail. In those years. After Harvard, 284 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 1: wand began training with Philiberto and in nineteen seventy six 285 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: helped found Los Materos. Like Cuba's revolutionaries, Los mach Teros 286 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:38,280 Speaker 1: used a clandestine cell system to organize its activities. A 287 00:20:38,359 --> 00:20:42,360 Speaker 1: central committee led the organization, but individual cells carried out 288 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: operations and information was kept to a need to know basis. 289 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:52,480 Speaker 1: Government documents show that Los Machteros cultivated dozens of fake identities. 290 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: For example, in order to buy weapons for the group, 291 00:20:56,480 --> 00:21:00,399 Speaker 1: one would troll graveyards, picking out and then using names 292 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:04,680 Speaker 1: of the deceased to apply for birth certificates and driver's license. 293 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:08,240 Speaker 1: He also led weapons training, having learned to fire a 294 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: gun at the Harvard Shooting Club. My expectation was that 295 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:17,160 Speaker 1: either we won or I would end up in prison 296 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:21,760 Speaker 1: or dead. Those were the three options, and you know 297 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:25,200 Speaker 1: felt that more likely than not the prison or death 298 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:28,600 Speaker 1: would be the more likely outcomes. But at that time 299 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,480 Speaker 1: of my life, I was I was ready to take 300 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: on that that risk and that responsibility. In many ways, 301 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:39,920 Speaker 1: Philiberto and Juan were the ideal match for the pro 302 00:21:40,119 --> 00:21:45,560 Speaker 1: independence mission. Intellectual, courageous and ready and willing to give 303 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:49,360 Speaker 1: up their lives for a cause they believed in deeply. 304 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 1: After founding Los macha Ros. They would go on to 305 00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,480 Speaker 1: mastermind more than a dozen violent attacks against the U. 306 00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,280 Speaker 1: S Government and major institutions in Puerto Rico in the 307 00:22:00,359 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: name of independence. Then in January, the group made international 308 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:10,080 Speaker 1: headlines as part of its protest to a draft registration 309 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: on the island. A Puerto Rican independence group which calls 310 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,560 Speaker 1: itself the Maschity Wielders, claims that knocked out half the 311 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 1: planes or the island's Air National Guard order Today time 312 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:25,440 Speaker 1: bombs planted at uns Air Base blew up nine jet 313 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: fighters and damage to others. Nobody was injured. Damage was 314 00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:34,159 Speaker 1: put at forty five million dollars. One Cigara was integral 315 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,920 Speaker 1: and planning and carrying out that attack, even touring the 316 00:22:38,119 --> 00:22:41,639 Speaker 1: Munese Air National Guard base with his family and taking 317 00:22:41,680 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: pictures in front of the planes to indicate where the 318 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:49,080 Speaker 1: bombs would go. The final gift was when the National 319 00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: Guard had an open house on the base, so I 320 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 1: brought my kids in to look at the planes when 321 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:58,639 Speaker 1: right up to the blades, took pictures of them, and 322 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:01,159 Speaker 1: that helps us to stay which is exactly where the 323 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:05,480 Speaker 1: explosives was going to be located. To fund its efforts, 324 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:11,240 Speaker 1: Los Mater's frequently robbed major corporations. In fact, before the 325 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,919 Speaker 1: West Harford success, the group made at least four attempts 326 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: at robbing Wells Fargo armored vehicles in Puerto Rico, the 327 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:22,320 Speaker 1: last of which involved a number of heavily armed militants 328 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:26,360 Speaker 1: who got away with five and eighty seven thousand dollars 329 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:30,800 Speaker 1: in cash and checks before shooting and killing the driver. 330 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:34,480 Speaker 1: While the money from these robberies helped, the group kept 331 00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: many members on its payroll and needed cash for salaries, 332 00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: so after recruiting Victor Harrina, they jumped at the Wells 333 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:46,919 Speaker 1: Fargo opportunity. There's no way to really know the complete 334 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: or even true story of how Los MACHOs first connected 335 00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: with Victor he Rena, but in the Last American Colony documentary, 336 00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: Wan tells his version about how he met Victor. The 337 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,600 Speaker 1: sky approached me and he says, you know, he's working 338 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:07,040 Speaker 1: on an armored truck and he transports between seven to 339 00:24:07,119 --> 00:24:10,360 Speaker 1: ten million dollars every Monday, and he wants to donate 340 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,639 Speaker 1: it to the struggle. It's like, whoa, it's almost too 341 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:26,440 Speaker 1: good to be true. Six weeks after the West Harford heist, 342 00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:31,119 Speaker 1: Los Mao's grew even Boulder. Hours after they fired the 343 00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 1: law rocket on the FBI's federal building in San Juan, 344 00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:39,000 Speaker 1: a woman phoned the local Associated Press offices on behalf 345 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:42,480 Speaker 1: of Los Macha Tero's taking credit for the attack. What 346 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:45,840 Speaker 1: she said was launched in support of the people of 347 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: Grenada at the height of the US invasion. There here's 348 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:57,040 Speaker 1: reporter Ed Mahoney one Cigaris. You know, protests about this 349 00:24:57,160 --> 00:25:00,959 Speaker 1: being a non violent situation that wasithstanding. The FBI at 350 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:03,760 Speaker 1: a different point of view. They thought it was very violent, 351 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:06,679 Speaker 1: and they thought there was a lot of property damage. 352 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,520 Speaker 1: And you know, there was aqua ducts getting blown up, 353 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:13,040 Speaker 1: their bombard cars getting ripped off, the thanks getting knocked off, 354 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: there were saras getting shot, there were jet planes getting 355 00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:17,560 Speaker 1: blown up. I mean, there's a lot of stuff going on. 356 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:20,800 Speaker 1: And you know, somebody in Washington said, you know something, 357 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,280 Speaker 1: we can't let this continue to go down, and stop it. 358 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:27,720 Speaker 1: However careful It's soldiers tried to be Mistakes like the 359 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:31,200 Speaker 1: one Los Macha Teros made after firing the law rocket 360 00:25:31,359 --> 00:25:36,600 Speaker 1: were costly. Take for example, that seemingly inconsequential parking ticket 361 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:40,080 Speaker 1: found in a car near the Federal building. That one 362 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,000 Speaker 1: scrap of paper set off a chain of events that 363 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:48,720 Speaker 1: eventually led to the FBI surveying Philiberto Ohada Rios's car 364 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:52,199 Speaker 1: and a number of Los Macha terrorist is safe houses. 365 00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:56,680 Speaker 1: Pilaberto was on everybody's top ten list because you know, 366 00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:02,000 Speaker 1: Philiberto was a member Boma to Charter, member of the 367 00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:06,120 Speaker 1: Cuban Director in General with intelligence, So that got everybody's 368 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:13,440 Speaker 1: at catching. It was in April when federal agents obtained 369 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,400 Speaker 1: the warrant to go inside one of the safe houses. 370 00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:22,240 Speaker 1: There they found dozens of internal Machtero's documents, including code 371 00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:26,240 Speaker 1: names for various operatives and proof of a relationship with 372 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:30,680 Speaker 1: the Cuban government. It was more than enough to justify 373 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:35,480 Speaker 1: installing wire taps. And then those conversations. They learned about 374 00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: the group's involvement in the Wells Fargo robbery, and heard 375 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: conversations between Wan and Philip Berto discussing whether to smuggle 376 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:48,120 Speaker 1: Victor's fiancee, Anna Soto out of the US and into 377 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:52,320 Speaker 1: Cuba as they had promised Victor from the start. They're 378 00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: talking about trying to smuggle Victor into Cuba so they 379 00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,520 Speaker 1: can be together again. You know, the Cubans are saying 380 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,239 Speaker 1: to forget about him. You know, what do you think 381 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:05,119 Speaker 1: we're running here? You know, this isn't some kind of 382 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: lonely hearts that we've got going over here. The wire 383 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:13,480 Speaker 1: tapped conversations would also highlight the ideological differences in the organization, 384 00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:17,800 Speaker 1: as we saw with Wells Fargo, Los Macha. Taro's weren't 385 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:22,000 Speaker 1: shy about taking credit for their work, but how and 386 00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,600 Speaker 1: when to seek out the press became a major point 387 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:30,080 Speaker 1: of contention within the organization. Should they send money to 388 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:34,159 Speaker 1: local publications, When was the right time to take credit 389 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:38,320 Speaker 1: for the heist? Most importantly, who should have access to 390 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:42,240 Speaker 1: all that stolen cash? They split up the money, But 391 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,960 Speaker 1: what happens was Casper didn't have a lot of money, 392 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: but he gave him guns, and he gave him trading, 393 00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:50,880 Speaker 1: and he gave him encouragement, and he gave him support, 394 00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:53,600 Speaker 1: and he gave him back up. I think the money 395 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: went to Cuba on the plane with Victor. And in 396 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,760 Speaker 1: the final analysis, they said, is our money? And they 397 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:03,880 Speaker 1: ast us at one money and they said the money 398 00:28:03,880 --> 00:28:05,240 Speaker 1: at we still we said, when you could have it, 399 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,600 Speaker 1: that we're going to take half of it. And that 400 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:12,239 Speaker 1: caused a lot of adja among the macha tarots because hey, 401 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:16,400 Speaker 1: we stole the money. It's our money. But money, especially 402 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:23,080 Speaker 1: stolen money, changes everything, particularly as Ed Mahoney explains, for 403 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:26,879 Speaker 1: folks planning big things for the cash. But they were 404 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:31,400 Speaker 1: gonna launch diplomatic initiatives with the insurgents of nic owaugu 405 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:33,800 Speaker 1: Or and El salad Or. They're going to finance revolutions 406 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 1: and said, and these people were kind of crazy with 407 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: their ideas and being doctor near Maoists and Marxists. They kept, 408 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:46,280 Speaker 1: you know, beautiful notes that really internal discussion and the 409 00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:48,880 Speaker 1: date they ever had, and there was a lot of 410 00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: the scent and disappointment that they didn't get to keep 411 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,800 Speaker 1: all their money because the Cubans took halfol it or 412 00:28:55,840 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: Castor took cabinet. There was actually some conversation from Philiberto saying, hey, buddies, 413 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:04,920 Speaker 1: love with it, all right, what are we gonna do 414 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:06,840 Speaker 1: about it? We're gonna attack you. But but forget about it. 415 00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: They got the money. They got the money. That's the 416 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: way it goes. Here's former FBI agent Bob Hybel. Again, 417 00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,440 Speaker 1: what the money did was corrupted the man who had 418 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:19,480 Speaker 1: them break into different groups. Some wanted to keep the money. 419 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 1: They didn't want to send any more money to Cuba. 420 00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,200 Speaker 1: You had some of them who had access to the 421 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:27,440 Speaker 1: money and began to spend the money. My source in 422 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:31,920 Speaker 1: the organization agrees, he said. By late nineteen four, the 423 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:35,800 Speaker 1: group had started to fracture. Even publicity efforts like the 424 00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:38,960 Speaker 1: toy giveaway on three Kings, they became controversial in a 425 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: point of contention. They wanted to own it, and they 426 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:45,880 Speaker 1: wanted to create the impression of being a group that 427 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 1: you know, looked out for the poor, just to get 428 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:56,920 Speaker 1: their name out. Lo Sma Terros wanted to own it, 429 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:01,600 Speaker 1: and they did. But all that talk about the money, 430 00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:04,400 Speaker 1: how to spend it, when to admit they've taken it 431 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:10,000 Speaker 1: now those discussions would have major consequences and forced the 432 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:20,760 Speaker 1: first domino in a long line to topple over next 433 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:25,360 Speaker 1: time a White Eagle, The FBI raids began after dawn 434 00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:28,800 Speaker 1: in San Juan and nearby cities. Eleven people were rounded 435 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,800 Speaker 1: up in Puerto Rico, Another was arrested in Dallas, one 436 00:30:31,880 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: more in Boston. Things fall Apart. White Eagle is written 437 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,160 Speaker 1: and executive produced by me Em William Phelps and I 438 00:30:41,360 --> 00:30:46,720 Speaker 1: Heart executive producer Christina Everett. Additional writing by our supervising producer, 439 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: Julia Weaver. Our associate producer and script supervisor is Darby Masters, 440 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:56,560 Speaker 1: Audio editing and mixing by Christian Bowman. Our series theme 441 00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,200 Speaker 1: forms Regal or Grand is written by Aaron Offer. Thanks 442 00:31:01,240 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: to Arlene Santana and Will Pearson at I Heart Radio, 443 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,440 Speaker 1: and a very special thank you to Northern Light Productions 444 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,360 Speaker 1: and Bester Cram for allowing us to use clips from 445 00:31:11,440 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: the documentary The Last American Colony, which is available to 446 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:20,760 Speaker 1: stream on demand. For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, 447 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,400 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcast, or wherever 448 00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:26,240 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.