1 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:17,960 Speaker 1: You're listening to Part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope 2 00:00:18,120 --> 00:00:24,599 Speaker 1: and iHeartRadio. Guess what Will? 3 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:25,360 Speaker 2: What's that Mango? 4 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: So you know, I just got back from India, and 5 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 1: of course this got me thinking. Did you know that 6 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 1: passports date all the way back to sixteen hundred BCE. 7 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:38,920 Speaker 3: You know, you always come back from a trip with 8 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:42,159 Speaker 3: some really wild facts, but this one, I gotta be 9 00:00:42,159 --> 00:00:44,919 Speaker 3: honest with you, This feels hard to believe because I'm 10 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:47,800 Speaker 3: just not picturing our ancient ancestors carrying around these little 11 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 3: booklets and collected stamps from border crossings or anything like that. 12 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 2: So what do you mean by this? 13 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: If you think about it, A passport is just a 14 00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:58,400 Speaker 1: form of identification that people use when they travel far 15 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:01,320 Speaker 1: from their home and going to archaeologists. One of the 16 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:04,600 Speaker 1: earliest examples of that system is shown in this ancient 17 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:09,240 Speaker 1: Egyptian tomb drawing. It depicts a magistrate handing out identity 18 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: tablets to foreign laborers all waiting in line. 19 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:14,360 Speaker 3: I do really love the idea of this, like somebody 20 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:17,000 Speaker 3: taking the time to preserve this this sort of moment. 21 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:18,920 Speaker 3: It's like, I don't know, It's like if you painted 22 00:01:18,959 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 3: a portrait of people waiting in line at the DMV, 23 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:22,920 Speaker 3: now right, it's. 24 00:01:22,760 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: Pretty amazing, But that's not the only example. Historians also 25 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: cite the story of the Hebrew prophet Nehemiah, and this 26 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: is around four hundred and fifty BCE. He obtained a 27 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: letter from his king to show governors abroad so that 28 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:38,920 Speaker 1: they would allow him to pass through their land safely. 29 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:42,280 Speaker 1: And ancient Rome also had their own version of this, 30 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:45,640 Speaker 1: known as a diploma, and so did the Tong dynasty 31 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:46,400 Speaker 1: in China. 32 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:48,600 Speaker 3: You know, I was skeptical of this at first, but 33 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 3: it actually sounds like passports do have a much longer 34 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 3: history than I thought. And it's incredible that some of 35 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 3: them have survived all these years, especially since it gives us, 36 00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 3: you know, the little glimpse into the comings and goings 37 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 3: of people from ancient times. 38 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:03,920 Speaker 1: It really is fascinating, and there's plenty more where that 39 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:06,200 Speaker 1: came from. So today on the show, we're telling a 40 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:08,720 Speaker 1: different kind of travel story, the story of those little 41 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:11,880 Speaker 1: booklets that unlock a world of destinations. How did they 42 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: go from stone tablets to high tech documents decorated with 43 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: invisible drawings. Why do some Olympic athletes swap one passport 44 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: for another before the Games, and which country has an 45 00:02:21,919 --> 00:02:26,119 Speaker 1: adorable cartoon seal animation on its passport pages. We've got 46 00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: the answers to this and a whole lot more. So 47 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: let's dive in. 48 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 3: Hey, their podcast listeners, welcome to part Time Genius. I'm 49 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 3: Will Pearson and is always I'm here with my good 50 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:57,080 Speaker 3: friend Mangesh hot ticketter and on the other side of 51 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:00,040 Speaker 3: that booth dressed up like a shiny gold key. It 52 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:02,040 Speaker 3: took me a minute to realize what that was. That's 53 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 3: our pal and producer Dylan Fagan. Now that could be 54 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 3: a reference to the fact that passports are like a 55 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,720 Speaker 3: key that lets you into other places. But I mean, 56 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,520 Speaker 3: we know Dylan like, he loves a deep cut. So 57 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:15,720 Speaker 3: here's what I'm thinking, Mango, tell me if you think 58 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 3: I'm crazy. Here he's doing an homage to Francis Scott Key, 59 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 3: whose image appears right on the inside cover of the 60 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:25,120 Speaker 3: US passport. 61 00:03:25,200 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 2: How is that for detective work? What do you think? 62 00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 1: If that's true, that's amazing. I had no idea that's 63 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:31,640 Speaker 1: what he was doing. 64 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:32,200 Speaker 2: Yeah. 65 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: Yeah. 66 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 3: The illustration shows Key at the Battle of Baltimore looking 67 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 3: at the flag that would inspire him to write the 68 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 3: Star Spangled banner. There's even a quote from the song 69 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:44,280 Speaker 3: that's written in Key's own cursive handwriting, which I've always 70 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:45,839 Speaker 3: thought was a nice little touch there. 71 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 1: That is so weird. You know, I've used my passport 72 00:03:48,680 --> 00:03:51,400 Speaker 1: like three times this year already and I had no idea, 73 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:55,560 Speaker 1: but really nice work there, Dylan, so good. So will 74 00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: you know. My dad passed away a few years ago 75 00:03:57,520 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: and one of the things I found, like amongst his 76 00:04:00,640 --> 00:04:03,400 Speaker 1: stuff was some of his early passports from being a 77 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,560 Speaker 1: US citizen, and I think he was in his thirties 78 00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:09,640 Speaker 1: when this happened. But what's crazy about the passports is 79 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:12,960 Speaker 1: that theirs section of the passport that are like important 80 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: information that are handwritten, which is just so odd to me, Right, Like, 81 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: here's this official document at a time when there are 82 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:24,000 Speaker 1: printers and typewriters, but things like addresses and stuff like 83 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: that and what port you're coming into, like that's all 84 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: written by hand. And when I saw that, I actually 85 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:32,239 Speaker 1: told Mari and Gabe and it got me thinking about 86 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:34,640 Speaker 1: the evolution of these little things that we sort of 87 00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:35,359 Speaker 1: take for granted. 88 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's super interesting, and actually I think we should 89 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:41,159 Speaker 3: start somewhere in between those ancient scrolls blessed by Kings 90 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:44,640 Speaker 3: and your dad's first passport. And I'm thinking about eleventh 91 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,000 Speaker 3: century Britain because that's where people started to get documents 92 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 3: that are a little bit closer to the modern day 93 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 3: passport that we use today. 94 00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 2: Now. 95 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:55,360 Speaker 3: These were known as safe conduct documents, and they were 96 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:58,719 Speaker 3: issued by monarchs and given to negotiators during wartime so 97 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:02,359 Speaker 3: that they could cross borders safely. Now as an extra precaution, 98 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,159 Speaker 3: these documents were sometimes accompanied by human hostages, who were 99 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:08,880 Speaker 3: released once the negotiator had made it back home. 100 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: That's insane. They took human. 101 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:12,640 Speaker 2: Hostages with them, Yeah, it's true. 102 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:15,160 Speaker 3: And so monarchs also had the power to issue documents 103 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 3: that allowed individuals to travel freely, but they didn't really 104 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:19,560 Speaker 3: like to give those out. 105 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:20,839 Speaker 2: So do you want to guess why? 106 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,160 Speaker 1: I mean, I assumed they didn't want their subjects to 107 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: leave the kingdom or like go work or fight for 108 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: someone else. 109 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 3: No, that's exactly right. But royalty couldn't suppress travel forever. 110 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 3: So by the Middle Ages, safe conduct documents and other 111 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:38,960 Speaker 3: passport like papers they became much more widespread. Passports weren't 112 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 3: just for people either. They were also issued to ships 113 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 3: to ensure that cargo could arrive at the destination, you know, 114 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:46,240 Speaker 3: without any big issue. 115 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,040 Speaker 1: You know, speaking of cargo getting its own passport. I 116 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:52,359 Speaker 1: actually read this week in National Geographic Thought. In the 117 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:55,880 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies, the mummy of Ramses the second was sent 118 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:59,039 Speaker 1: to France to get treated for preservation, for some kind 119 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 1: of like anti funk treatment. And I guess because France 120 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 1: makes bodies that are alive travel with passports. Egypt actually 121 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:10,120 Speaker 1: created a passport for this three thousand year old king 122 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:14,920 Speaker 1: and for the occupation it read King deceased. 123 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:15,040 Speaker 2: Which. 124 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: On this past our official document. But apparently when the 125 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:21,559 Speaker 1: body landed in Paris, it was created by this huge 126 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 1: regalia like saw this French honor guard, and it was 127 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: treated like any visiting dignitary, which I really love, but 128 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:31,080 Speaker 1: I cut you off for good reason. 129 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:32,080 Speaker 2: That was a good fact there. 130 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 3: But all right, So back to the sixteenth century, and 131 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,400 Speaker 3: that's actually when we got the word passport. And there 132 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:39,720 Speaker 3: are two possible origins for the term. I know, it's 133 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:41,480 Speaker 3: always fun to try to figure out the origins of 134 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 3: these words. Now, the obvious one is that it was 135 00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:48,279 Speaker 3: meant to pass through maritime ports, but an alternative theory 136 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:52,239 Speaker 3: is that it originated with the French word port, meaning door, 137 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,159 Speaker 3: so in that case it could be a reference to 138 00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 3: passing through a city's walls. 139 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 2: But whatever the. 140 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:00,680 Speaker 3: True meaning, monarchs still weren't issuing passports just willy nilly. 141 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 3: Even other royals had trouble getting them. So in fifteen sixty, 142 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 3: when Mary, Queen of Scott's, wanted to travel from France 143 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:11,840 Speaker 3: to Scotland, Elizabeth I refused to issue a safe conduct document, 144 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 3: but you know Mary went anyway. Just as a side note, 145 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 3: it is. 146 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,520 Speaker 1: Interesting, like the sense that passports are almost a way 147 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,400 Speaker 1: to control people in their movements, Like you know, for 148 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:23,000 Speaker 1: kings to do this with their own citizens. 149 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:25,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, that would never happen today, controlling our own citizens 150 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 3: or passports, right, And it wasn't even subtle in this case, 151 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:32,520 Speaker 3: Like consider the British colonists in America. If a seventeenth 152 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 3: century colonist wanted to travel, they needed a passport from 153 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 3: the governor, plus additional approvals from a court and a 154 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:42,000 Speaker 3: special council. So after being approved, the traveler then had 155 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:44,520 Speaker 3: to post a departure announcement on the church door for 156 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:49,400 Speaker 3: two consecutive Sundays and pay their outstanding debts before departing. Now, 157 00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:52,200 Speaker 3: this wasn't just for international travel, by the way. Until 158 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 3: the Revolutionary War, passports were required just to travel from 159 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 3: one colony to another. 160 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:57,560 Speaker 2: Wow. 161 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 1: I mean, imagine having to jump through all those hoops 162 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: just to travel from like Boston to New York. And 163 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:06,560 Speaker 1: I mean my feeling was like, like, having read lots 164 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: of history, I thought you just hopped on a horse 165 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: and kind of giddy up from like place to place. 166 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,000 Speaker 3: Basically, yeah, I feel like we heard so many stories 167 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:15,440 Speaker 3: people just hop on a horse. But you know, throughout 168 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 3: the seventeenth century, other nations began adopting these orderly, if 169 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:23,080 Speaker 3: you know, sometimes complex systems for issuing and verifying passports. 170 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 3: The documents were handwritten, issued by scribes and clerks, and 171 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,560 Speaker 3: checked by authorities at border crossings. So in England, for example, 172 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 3: these clerks of the Passage, as they were known, were 173 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 3: posted at ports to check travelers documentation and they would 174 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:39,200 Speaker 3: track their departure numbers. And early on one of the 175 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 3: jobs was to stop young men who were trying to 176 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 3: leave the Kingdom to receive a Catholic education abroad somewhere. 177 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 3: And here you see the theme of state control once again. Meanwhile, 178 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:53,319 Speaker 3: in the US, despite growth and population and infrastructure, passports 179 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:57,240 Speaker 3: were inconsistent in size and format. So one famous founding 180 00:08:57,280 --> 00:09:00,320 Speaker 3: father stepped in to help streamline the whole process of 181 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:01,160 Speaker 3: passport printing. 182 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: I mean, I think that's going to be my man, Benji, right. 183 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 3: Franklin, That's exactly right, It is your man. So, while 184 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:11,280 Speaker 3: working in Paris, Franklin designed American passports based on the 185 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 3: French ones and printed them up actually in his house. 186 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 3: So by eighteen fifty six, the US had given the 187 00:09:18,080 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 3: Department of the State legal authority over its passport system, 188 00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 3: and a passport for overseas travel now came in a 189 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 3: cost of one whopping dollar. 190 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: Well, you know, being from Delaware, I've gone to Benjamin 191 00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:34,120 Speaker 1: Franklin's house so many times. Anytime someone came to visit 192 00:09:34,200 --> 00:09:36,400 Speaker 1: the US, we were taking to ben Franklin's house. 193 00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:39,000 Speaker 3: The constitutional. 194 00:09:40,240 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: I am glad you've brought us up to mid eighteen hundreds, 195 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 1: because that leads me to something that became popular around then, 196 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:51,200 Speaker 1: which is photography. So those early passports you described didn't 197 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,160 Speaker 1: include photographs of their holders, and they were actually pretty 198 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,960 Speaker 1: light on details. In general. They sometimes featured physical descriptions, 199 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:01,360 Speaker 1: or they might say something like British subjec or English gentleman. 200 00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:02,880 Speaker 1: But really that was about it. 201 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:04,800 Speaker 3: Which honestly, when you think about that, it sounds like 202 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:06,319 Speaker 3: a recipe for identity theft. 203 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, and it was like in the early days of 204 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,320 Speaker 1: World War One, this German spy named Carl Hans Lodi 205 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: used a fake name to get a real American passport 206 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:17,439 Speaker 1: from the embassy in Berlin, and then he used this 207 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: passport to travel undetected to the UK where he snuck 208 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:24,200 Speaker 1: around and collected all this military intelligence. He was, you know, 209 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:26,760 Speaker 1: finally captured and sentence to death. But the scandal made 210 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,520 Speaker 1: it clear that without unique identifiers, things like photographs, right, 211 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: passports were actually a security risk. So the US added 212 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: a photograph requirement. And this was in nineteen fourteen, just 213 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:40,600 Speaker 1: weeks after Lodi was executed by the Brits, and many 214 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:43,680 Speaker 1: other countries followed suit and they began requiring that their 215 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:47,040 Speaker 1: passports have photos attached. This was literally attached, right, Like 216 00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: passport layouts didn't have like this designated space for a photo, 217 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: so it would just be clipped or stable to the top. 218 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 1: Sometimes it would cover up important information like like the 219 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:59,440 Speaker 1: holder's name or country of origin. And since all of 220 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:02,640 Speaker 1: that was kind of clunky. Most nations created new passport 221 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:05,959 Speaker 1: designs with room for a photo, and at first people 222 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,319 Speaker 1: just submitted any old photo that they had, which sometimes 223 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: included like a backdrop provided by the photographer. Sometimes there'd 224 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: be a railing to lean on or a scenic fake waterfall. 225 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:17,319 Speaker 1: It was kind of like the glamour shots of their day. 226 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,720 Speaker 1: But some people even wore hats in their passport photos, 227 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,560 Speaker 1: which it just looks amazing, but it's fantastic. 228 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 2: I really want to see these. I'm kind of love 229 00:11:26,840 --> 00:11:27,440 Speaker 2: the idea of this. 230 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,680 Speaker 1: I know all of that was eventually banned. Actually, my 231 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 1: brother in law and their family for Christmas cards go 232 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:37,120 Speaker 1: all out like every year, and they do insane family 233 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: photos where they look like they're like a nineteen seventies 234 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: sports catalog or like wearing all denim from like a 235 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:47,840 Speaker 1: Western shoot or whatever. And then they also did one 236 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: where they were in black turtlenecks with serious poses. They 237 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:52,960 Speaker 1: looked like magicians, but they had snakes. 238 00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:55,280 Speaker 2: Around their necks, like real snakes. 239 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:59,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, they got like a ball python or two or something. 240 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: It's really close, but like, I kind of want to 241 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: see those picks on a passport. That's incredible anyway. So 242 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:08,040 Speaker 1: World War One played a huge role in the evolution 243 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:11,800 Speaker 1: of the modern passport and taking all that personality out 244 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:15,960 Speaker 1: and adding photos and standardization and of course these international 245 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 1: rules and designs. But what's interesting is before the war, 246 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:22,760 Speaker 1: in the late nineteenth century, passports had actually been falling 247 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: out of favor, like some countries had abolished the passports 248 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:32,680 Speaker 1: system entirely, including France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden, and 249 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:34,840 Speaker 1: a lot of South American countries took pride in the 250 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 1: fact that they offered the constitutional right to travel without 251 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:40,320 Speaker 1: a passport. There was this idea that people could and 252 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:43,320 Speaker 1: should be able to travel more freely. But with the 253 00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:47,360 Speaker 1: war came all these fresh concerns about spies and national security, 254 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:51,160 Speaker 1: so passports came roaring back, and this time for good. 255 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 1: Now we have to take a quick break, but when 256 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:55,640 Speaker 1: we come back, more about the modern passport, including the 257 00:12:55,679 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: incredibly nitpicky rules that we all have to follow and 258 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,040 Speaker 1: some of them most creative passport designs in the world. 259 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:19,559 Speaker 1: Stay tuned, Welcome back to Part Time Genius. If you're 260 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,320 Speaker 1: enjoying this episode, share it with your travel buddy, especially 261 00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:24,959 Speaker 1: if they need something to listen to On a long layover. 262 00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:27,200 Speaker 1: You can also leave us a nice rating and interview 263 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: on your favorite podcast app. It really helps the show, 264 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:33,800 Speaker 1: but also it totally makes our day, So thanks in 265 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:34,760 Speaker 1: advance for doing that. 266 00:13:35,559 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 3: All right, Meg, I'm still trying to get my head 267 00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 3: around the idea that passports nearly went extinct. But you know, 268 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:42,840 Speaker 3: as you said, the world win in the opposite direction, 269 00:13:42,920 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 3: and that brings us up to nineteen twenty. And of 270 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 3: course the League of Nations, Now you remember what that was, right. 271 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, of course, it's kind of this like precursor to 272 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 1: the UN, and it was meant to promote i don't know, 273 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:56,559 Speaker 1: like peace and international cooperation. 274 00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:59,800 Speaker 3: Well done, you clearly did well in your ap history class. 275 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 3: But one of the things the League of Nations did 276 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:06,240 Speaker 3: was hold an international conference on passports. Actually it was 277 00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 3: on passports, customs formalities and through tickets as they were called. Now, 278 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:14,840 Speaker 3: this conference passed a resolution establishing an international passport and 279 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:17,960 Speaker 3: it had the following rules. It had to measure exactly 280 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 3: fifteen point five centimeters by ten point five centimeters, had 281 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,000 Speaker 3: to have thirty two pages be in both French and 282 00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 3: the national language of wherever it was issued. And after 283 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 3: the UN was established, its International Civil Aviation Organization began 284 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:36,040 Speaker 3: working to further standardize these travel documents, which it still 285 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 3: does to this day. Now, as a result of all 286 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 3: of this, modern passports maintain a pretty consistent layout from 287 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 3: country to country. I've always wondered about this, right, because 288 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 3: you see passports from all over the world. Is fun 289 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,200 Speaker 3: to see, but they're all relatively the same, right, and 290 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,680 Speaker 3: so it helps expedite travel and immigration, or at least 291 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:53,600 Speaker 3: that's the idea of it. 292 00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:56,960 Speaker 1: I mean, it is cool to see how passports represent 293 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:01,080 Speaker 1: this kind of special cooperation between nations of the world, right, 294 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: Like it's this one document that's accepted worldwide as proof 295 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:05,560 Speaker 1: of who you are. 296 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's worth noting that a passport isn't always enough 297 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:12,200 Speaker 3: to enter a foreign country. These days, many nations also 298 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 3: require visitors to have a visa. And there's actually an 299 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,640 Speaker 3: organization that ranks global passports for their ability to allow 300 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:22,360 Speaker 3: holders into places without having a prior visa. It's called 301 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:25,960 Speaker 3: Henley in Partners, and they create the Henley Passport Index 302 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:27,320 Speaker 3: four different times a year. 303 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 2: Now. 304 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:30,640 Speaker 3: The index ranks one hundred and ninety nine different passports 305 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,640 Speaker 3: by their power to provide access to two hundred and 306 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 3: twenty seven different countries and territories. According to the latest 307 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 3: Henley Passport Index, which was released just back in January, 308 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:44,440 Speaker 3: the strongest passport in the world is actually Singapore's, which 309 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,000 Speaker 3: provides visa free access to one hundred and ninety two 310 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:52,280 Speaker 3: different destinations. Japan and South Korea are tied for second place. 311 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,120 Speaker 3: Those passports offer visa free access to one hundred and 312 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 3: eighty eight places. Then in the tier below that you 313 00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:02,680 Speaker 3: have a five way tie between Luxembourg, Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, 314 00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:05,840 Speaker 3: and Sweden, each of which provides visa free access to 315 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 3: one hundred and eighty six destinations. 316 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:11,120 Speaker 1: I feel like, as a kid, I had always heard 317 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: that the US was had a very powerful passport in 318 00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:16,160 Speaker 1: this way, But like I'm curious, like, how is the 319 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:17,960 Speaker 1: US doing on this index today? 320 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:20,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's not that far behind in terms of the 321 00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 3: number of destinations. There's visa free access to one hundred 322 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 3: and seventy nine destinations currently sitting at number ten on 323 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,239 Speaker 3: the list. Now, this would be right behind Canada, Iceland, 324 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:32,920 Speaker 3: and Lithuania. Now keep in mind that you know, in 325 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:35,640 Speaker 3: previous years US passports were ranked number one, but that 326 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 3: rank has steadily declined as the US started banning travelers 327 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,560 Speaker 3: from other nations and receiving reciprocal bands in turn. 328 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:45,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, that makes sense. And what about last place, Like, 329 00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:47,200 Speaker 1: who's pulling up the rear on this list? 330 00:16:47,440 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 3: You know that would be Afghanistan, whose passport holders have 331 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:53,560 Speaker 3: visa free access to a mere twenty four destination, so 332 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 3: way down there on the list. 333 00:16:55,760 --> 00:16:57,920 Speaker 1: It is crazy how the luck of geography or where 334 00:16:57,920 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: you're born plays such a role in your billy to 335 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,120 Speaker 1: move around the globe and experience the world. Like, like 336 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 1: my colleagues and I were just talking about this last week, 337 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:11,159 Speaker 1: and we have an employee in Sri Lanka and the 338 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:14,080 Speaker 1: passport really confines where all you can go. It's pretty stunning. 339 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: But let's switch gears to passport design. So, as we've mentioned, 340 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,439 Speaker 1: the size and layout may be standardized, but many countries 341 00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:25,360 Speaker 1: actually use the passport as an opportunity to showcase their 342 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:29,400 Speaker 1: national pride. And this is one thing I always love, 343 00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:32,280 Speaker 1: kind of like peeking over when I'm in line at 344 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:35,159 Speaker 1: airports or going through customs to see what other people's 345 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:38,200 Speaker 1: passports look like and what colors other countries use and 346 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,720 Speaker 1: stuff like that. But there is plenty you cannot see 347 00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: as a nosy neighbor. 348 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 2: And what do you mean by that. Well, some of these. 349 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,439 Speaker 1: Graphic design elements are actually invisible to the naked eye, 350 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:52,000 Speaker 1: and that is to prevent forgery, so the features only 351 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 1: appear when viewed under a UV light. For example, the 352 00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:58,640 Speaker 1: Australian passport has a page that shows the outback during 353 00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:00,680 Speaker 1: the day, but when you hit it with UV light, 354 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,000 Speaker 1: it transforms into this nighttime scene with stars in the 355 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,760 Speaker 1: sky and a red kangaroo in the bottom corner. It's 356 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:08,000 Speaker 1: really pretty beautiful. 357 00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:10,400 Speaker 3: I mean, I appreciate the need for security, but it's 358 00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:11,919 Speaker 3: too bad that the rest of us don't get to 359 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 3: enjoy that kangaroo. 360 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:13,840 Speaker 2: I want to see the kangaroo. 361 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:17,639 Speaker 1: Well, I mean, this is Australia we're talking about, So 362 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:20,720 Speaker 1: there are several other kangaroos on the passport and they're 363 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:24,960 Speaker 1: visible in any light. So speaking of the night sky, 364 00:18:25,119 --> 00:18:28,439 Speaker 1: the Bahrain Passport actually has won multiple design awards for 365 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:32,160 Speaker 1: its beautiful depictions of the nation's history and monuments and symbols, 366 00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:36,199 Speaker 1: and under UV light, all these constellations appear on different pages. 367 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,120 Speaker 1: The designers collaborated with the Kingdom of Bahrain's top astronomers 368 00:18:40,119 --> 00:18:43,120 Speaker 1: to get the details just right, which is pretty amazing, 369 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:46,160 Speaker 1: and the visa pages of the Canadian passport are pretty 370 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:48,840 Speaker 1: great too. They represent the four seasons as a way 371 00:18:48,840 --> 00:18:53,760 Speaker 1: to honor the nation's natural beauty. You'll see bears, narwalls, owls, 372 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 1: and plenty of other wildlife on display. But the one 373 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: thing you won't find is the Stanley Cup had pride 374 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: of place on their previous passports, but wasn't carried over 375 00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:05,479 Speaker 1: into the current one. 376 00:19:05,920 --> 00:19:07,960 Speaker 3: You know, I'm surprise Canadians let that go. I mean, 377 00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:10,280 Speaker 3: but to be fair, it's tough to compete with an arwall. 378 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:13,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, one hundred percent. And there's lots of nature hiding 379 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 1: in other countries' passports too. Latvia's passport features a grand 380 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:21,239 Speaker 1: total of twenty native birds, including the crane, which is 381 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:24,240 Speaker 1: known from long migrations, so it's kind of the perfect 382 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: representative for international travel. Another country with pride in its 383 00:19:28,640 --> 00:19:32,520 Speaker 1: local animals is Finland, which currently has a little cartoon 384 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:35,080 Speaker 1: seal at the bottom of its passport pages and if 385 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 1: you flip them, it looks like he's flopping around, which 386 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:41,440 Speaker 1: is super now way Yeah, and actually their previous passport 387 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,720 Speaker 1: had a flip book element of a cartoon moose that 388 00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:45,719 Speaker 1: appeared to walk when you flip the pages, which is 389 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: just so great. But my favorite passport of all has 390 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:52,520 Speaker 1: to be Belgium's, which highlights the Smurfs and Tintin. 391 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:54,879 Speaker 2: That is hilarious. 392 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,000 Speaker 3: It's so funny that the Smurfs basically live on a 393 00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:59,480 Speaker 3: passport for him. And also when we were talking about that, 394 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,240 Speaker 3: the the flip books, Like I haven't thought about those 395 00:20:02,240 --> 00:20:03,120 Speaker 3: in so long. 396 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,080 Speaker 2: I remember, like flip books would have made. 397 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:06,680 Speaker 3: As a kid, just to watch the stick you're dunk 398 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:07,879 Speaker 3: the basketball or whatever. 399 00:20:08,119 --> 00:20:09,119 Speaker 2: It's so fun. 400 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:14,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's pretty amazing. The Belgian passport is also decorated 401 00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:17,600 Speaker 1: with a bunch of other lesser known comic characters, at 402 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 1: least in the US, so like Lucky Luke, Blake and 403 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: Mortimer and Bob and Bob Att. Belgium's foreign minister actually 404 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: addressed this in twenty twenty two. He said, quote, we 405 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 1: have chosen a design that represents our country, it's arts 406 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:35,040 Speaker 1: and culture, with a touch of talent, expertise, humor and humility. 407 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:36,120 Speaker 2: Yeah. 408 00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 3: I feel like Gay would love to become a dual 409 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:40,600 Speaker 3: citizen just to get his hands on one of those passports. 410 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: Definitely. 411 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:44,200 Speaker 3: But speaking of dual citizenship, it struck me this week 412 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:46,800 Speaker 3: how that used to be extremely rare. Like In fact, 413 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:48,800 Speaker 3: until the end of the twentieth century, the idea of 414 00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:52,280 Speaker 3: dual citizenship was pretty frowned upon, and as we discussed 415 00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:54,520 Speaker 3: at the top of the show, historically kings didn't like 416 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 3: their subjects leaving their borders, let alone holding other allegiances. 417 00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:00,840 Speaker 1: I know, I actually remember learning when I was a 418 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:03,760 Speaker 1: kid that at eighteen, I could choose whether to be 419 00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: an Indian citizen or not because my mom was an 420 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: Indian citizen and my dad was an American citizen. But 421 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: you know, my mom became an American citizen along the way. 422 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:15,919 Speaker 1: But it's so weird that you could have dual citizenship 423 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: in like other parts of the world, but not between 424 00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: the US and India. 425 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:21,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, I guess many leaders of the past 426 00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:24,920 Speaker 3: believe that people owed their total allegiance to the nation 427 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:28,560 Speaker 3: that they were born and by extension, to that nation's ruler. 428 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,199 Speaker 3: So how could a citizen who was totally loyal to 429 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:34,000 Speaker 3: their king also be a member of another nation? Even 430 00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:37,440 Speaker 3: if someone moved their country of origin typically wouldn't recognize 431 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:40,679 Speaker 3: that change in national affiliation. But as time went on, 432 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,680 Speaker 3: and as travel and immigration became more accessible. It became 433 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:47,040 Speaker 3: clear that countries couldn't stop people from leaving, but the 434 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:50,280 Speaker 3: idea of dual nationality was still looked down on, and so, 435 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,439 Speaker 3: you know, many people viewing it as disloyalty, like we 436 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 3: talked about, And so countries expatriated citizens for committing certain 437 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 3: acts in the nation they moved to, like you know, 438 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:03,440 Speaker 3: like voting or joining the army or holding public office. 439 00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:05,840 Speaker 3: And actually, in some cases, when a young immigrant became 440 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:08,159 Speaker 3: an adult, they were forced to choose, like did they 441 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 3: want to be a citizen of where they were born 442 00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:11,600 Speaker 3: or where they currently lived? 443 00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:14,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, luckily I was born in New Jersey 444 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:15,800 Speaker 1: and we lived in the stay outside. Didn't really have 445 00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:16,919 Speaker 1: to consider that. 446 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 3: Exactly, you know. But eventually the tides started turning. So 447 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 3: a modern focus on human rights led to more widespread 448 00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:27,200 Speaker 3: belief that you could hold multiple nationalities and a more 449 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:31,399 Speaker 3: stable globalized world. Show the existence of multiple citizenship didn't 450 00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:34,879 Speaker 3: lead to major conflicts. So now many nations don't revoke 451 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 3: citizenship when somebody naturalizes elsewhere, and they don't require people 452 00:22:39,119 --> 00:22:41,720 Speaker 3: to choose one country or the other. And because of that, 453 00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 3: it's much more common for people to hold passports from 454 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,600 Speaker 3: multiple nations. In fact, according to a recent poll, six 455 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:51,119 Speaker 3: percent of Americans are actually dual citizens. That's roughly twenty 456 00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 3: one million people. 457 00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,440 Speaker 1: That's pretty incredible. Well, we have to take one more break, 458 00:22:55,480 --> 00:22:57,359 Speaker 1: but when we come back, we're going to talk about 459 00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,359 Speaker 1: one of the most interesting perks of carrying multiple passports 460 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:02,919 Speaker 1: and it has to do with the Olympic Games. So 461 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: don't go anywhere. 462 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:20,800 Speaker 3: Welcome back to part time genius. Okay, we've been waiting 463 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,240 Speaker 3: for this mango. What do passports have to do with 464 00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:26,439 Speaker 3: the Olympics aside from letting athletes, you know, travel to 465 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:27,160 Speaker 3: the Olympics. 466 00:23:27,560 --> 00:23:30,080 Speaker 1: So one of the perks of being a dual citizen 467 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: is you can choose which country you compete for, which 468 00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:35,400 Speaker 1: might just come down to which country you feel most 469 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,199 Speaker 1: connected to, but it also means you can be a 470 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: little strategic, like if your odds of making the national 471 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 1: team and country B are better than in Country A, 472 00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:48,280 Speaker 1: maybe you decide to compete under the Country B flag. Now, 473 00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:51,480 Speaker 1: the exact rules vary by sport, but Rule forty one 474 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,199 Speaker 1: of the Olympic Charter requires each athlete to be a 475 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:57,159 Speaker 1: national of the country they represent at the Games, and 476 00:23:57,200 --> 00:23:59,719 Speaker 1: it states that if a competitor is a national of 477 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,560 Speaker 1: two or more countries. They may represent any of them, 478 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:06,040 Speaker 1: but if they've already competed for one internationally, they can't 479 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,159 Speaker 1: switch until three years have passed, although that part of 480 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: the rule can be waived on a case by case basis. 481 00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:14,200 Speaker 3: I mean that seems kind of fair. The first time 482 00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:15,960 Speaker 3: I've thought about it. It seems pretty fair, right. 483 00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:19,679 Speaker 1: Yeah, But it can get controversial when an athlete acquires 484 00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:21,840 Speaker 1: a passport for a nation they don't have a strong 485 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,639 Speaker 1: connection to. So One example is Killian Albrecht, who is 486 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: an alpine ski racer who originally competed for his native 487 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:31,680 Speaker 1: Austria before switching to Bulgaria in two thousand and six. 488 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 1: He said Austria's ski team froze him out, so he pivoted, and, 489 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:38,399 Speaker 1: in his words quote, I skied for myself, not for 490 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,760 Speaker 1: my country. I just wanted to continue my job as 491 00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,840 Speaker 1: a ski racer and that wasn't possible, So that's why 492 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,520 Speaker 1: I looked for an option and ended up skiing for Bulgaria. 493 00:24:47,119 --> 00:24:49,280 Speaker 1: When asked by a New York Times reporter how often 494 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:52,359 Speaker 1: he'd visited Bulgaria before his trip to get his new passport, 495 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: Aldrech laughed and declined to answer. He has since said 496 00:24:56,359 --> 00:24:58,439 Speaker 1: that his decision did lead to some people calling him 497 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:00,720 Speaker 1: a trader, but he also claimed he heard from fellow 498 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,200 Speaker 1: athletes who also wanted to make a similar switch. 499 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:05,879 Speaker 3: You know, I'm sure it's tempting, and especially for athletes 500 00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 3: who feel like competing for another country is really their 501 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:10,400 Speaker 3: only shot, even if they don't have a strong connection 502 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:12,119 Speaker 3: to it right right. 503 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:14,639 Speaker 1: And there are examples here in the US too. So 504 00:25:14,840 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: in twenty sixteen, California native Kylie Dixon competed in gymnastics 505 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,280 Speaker 1: at the Rio Olympics for Belarus, and basically the Belarus 506 00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: Gymnastics Federation invited her to join their team, so she 507 00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:29,760 Speaker 1: acquired a Belarusian passport despite having no ties to Belarus 508 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,040 Speaker 1: and despite never having set foot in the country. And 509 00:25:33,520 --> 00:25:35,720 Speaker 1: there could be controversy even when an athlete does have 510 00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:38,160 Speaker 1: deep ties to another country, like you probably heard about 511 00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:42,880 Speaker 1: the incredible freestyle skier Aileen Gu who won three medals 512 00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:46,920 Speaker 1: at the Milan Courtina Games just recently. Gu was born 513 00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:49,359 Speaker 1: and raised in California to a Chinese mom and an 514 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 1: American dad, but she spent her summers back in China 515 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: with her family and in twenty nineteen, she announced that 516 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,680 Speaker 1: she would compete for China in the twenty twenty two 517 00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: Winter Games, even though China doesn't recognize dual citizenship. So 518 00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:05,600 Speaker 1: shortly after Goo's announcement, the Chinese government made a new 519 00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:09,080 Speaker 1: rule and it let foreigners who have achieved international recognition 520 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:12,920 Speaker 1: in sports and other fields gained permanent residency and thus 521 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,680 Speaker 1: be eligible for the national team. And that change actually 522 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: allowed Good to play by the rules, and she set 523 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:22,440 Speaker 1: her goal in addition to bagging medals, is to help 524 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: build friendship between nations and to inspire Chinese kids to 525 00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:29,119 Speaker 1: try skiing. This obviously has to stopped people from criticizing 526 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:32,240 Speaker 1: her for changing her allegiance, but in the end, she's 527 00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 1: actually the one with the gold medals, which she would 528 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:36,280 Speaker 1: have won regardless of which passport she carried. 529 00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:38,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, Well, I feel like we should talk 530 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,400 Speaker 3: a little bit about how much passport technology has improved 531 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:44,080 Speaker 3: over the years, not just in design, but I'm sure 532 00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 3: athletes who do a lot of travel to international competitions 533 00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:51,520 Speaker 3: appreciate how it's helped improve security and streamline the border process. 534 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:56,080 Speaker 3: So nowadays we have e passports or biometric passports. These 535 00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:59,000 Speaker 3: contain electronic chips with the same personal information as a 536 00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 3: regular passport, plus data like fingerprints and iris patterns. Malaysia 537 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,320 Speaker 3: was actually the first country to adopt E passports. This 538 00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:09,440 Speaker 3: was back in nineteen ninety eight. The US started using 539 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:12,000 Speaker 3: them in two thousand and six. But E passports were 540 00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:15,439 Speaker 3: controversial when they were first introduced, especially after report surface 541 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:17,679 Speaker 3: that they were easy to clone. You know, there are 542 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:21,280 Speaker 3: so many added security and anti skimming measures now that 543 00:27:21,359 --> 00:27:23,680 Speaker 3: cloning really isn't that much of an issue anymore. 544 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: I actually had no idea E passports had been around 545 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,240 Speaker 1: for that long. Yeah, and I'm assuming that means there's 546 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:31,720 Speaker 1: even newer tech on the horizon. 547 00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:34,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, there are a few areas that security and tech 548 00:27:34,440 --> 00:27:37,800 Speaker 3: companies are exploring. One is a digital passport. Now, these 549 00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:41,600 Speaker 3: probably wouldn't replace physical passports, but they could be sent 550 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:43,800 Speaker 3: ahead to the border control of a country that you're 551 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 3: about to visit that allows for smoother travel and transition there. 552 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,080 Speaker 3: Or they could make it possible to receive digital travel 553 00:27:50,119 --> 00:27:54,080 Speaker 3: documents quickly in case of emergency situations or like during 554 00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:55,760 Speaker 3: peak passport demand seasons. 555 00:27:56,359 --> 00:27:58,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean I could see how that would be valuable, 556 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:01,560 Speaker 1: but I still kind of love the old fashion paper passports. 557 00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:03,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, I mean it's just so much fun to 558 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,400 Speaker 3: hold them, flip through them, remember where you've been. And 559 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:08,400 Speaker 3: I think this will be around for a while still, 560 00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,399 Speaker 3: but there are innovations happening at the same time. Just 561 00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:14,480 Speaker 3: actually talk of using more recycled materials and reducing the 562 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:17,080 Speaker 3: number of visa pages in order to make them more sustainable. 563 00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:20,600 Speaker 3: That's especially plausible now that passport stamps are becoming less 564 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:23,879 Speaker 3: and less common thanks to e passports. Now, as of 565 00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:27,280 Speaker 3: October twenty twenty five, twenty nine different European countries have 566 00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 3: begun the process of phasing out stamps. Some countries, including Australia, 567 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:36,480 Speaker 3: Argentina and Singapore have already eliminated them, and many airports 568 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,720 Speaker 3: here in the US have discontinued them as well, which. 569 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:41,600 Speaker 1: I find so sad. I mean, one of the things 570 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,560 Speaker 1: I used to love was to like admire all the 571 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: places you'd visited in a passport, like they're saying, But 572 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:48,960 Speaker 1: you know, I guess it makes sense, all. 573 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 3: Right, mango, Well, there is one thing that won't make 574 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,960 Speaker 3: you sad, and that's a good old fashioned fact off. 575 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: Turn that fround around. 576 00:28:56,760 --> 00:29:03,719 Speaker 2: Let's do it, all right. 577 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:05,680 Speaker 3: So, if you've ever wondered what it's like to check 578 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:06,840 Speaker 3: passports for a living. 579 00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:08,240 Speaker 2: I have a video game for you. 580 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:12,120 Speaker 3: It's called Papers Please, and it was designed by Lucas 581 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,200 Speaker 3: Pope in twenty thirteen. I sort of love this. You 582 00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:17,680 Speaker 3: play as a border agent in the year nineteen eighty 583 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 3: two in the fictional Soviet inspired country of Ourstotiska, and 584 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:25,920 Speaker 3: you know, at first your job seems pretty straightforward. This 585 00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:28,520 Speaker 3: traveler comes through your line, you check the passport, the 586 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,080 Speaker 3: visa work permits. Then you decide whether to allow them 587 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:36,160 Speaker 3: across the border with a green, big accepted stamp. But 588 00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 3: as time goes on, things get a little more complicated. 589 00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:41,520 Speaker 3: Do you reject someone who has the wrong documentation even 590 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:43,760 Speaker 3: though it will mean separating them from loved ones? You 591 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,480 Speaker 3: start flagging more people for detention in order to claim 592 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 3: a cash bonus like it gives the player a lot 593 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:52,520 Speaker 3: to chew on, because it's impossible to do the morally 594 00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:56,400 Speaker 3: right thing without facing some sort of consequences. The game's 595 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,400 Speaker 3: been praised for its powerful depiction of how bureaucracy and 596 00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:01,840 Speaker 3: fascism can actually work hand in hand. 597 00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 1: And zero parallels today. This is nowhere near as thought 598 00:30:07,240 --> 00:30:11,280 Speaker 1: provoking as that, But I also had no idea about this. Apparently, 599 00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 1: celebrity passports sometimes pop up for sale. Do you know this? 600 00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:15,680 Speaker 2: I did not know this. 601 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,080 Speaker 1: No. The most expensive one to ever sell it auction 602 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,960 Speaker 1: was Lou Garrigg's passport, which went for two hundred and 603 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:23,840 Speaker 1: sixty three thousand times. 604 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:24,680 Speaker 2: It's crazy. 605 00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:28,360 Speaker 1: I wonder how that stacks off against a Luga baseball card. 606 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,120 Speaker 2: I'm sure it's Yes, that's funny. 607 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:34,400 Speaker 1: But second place is Marilyn Monroe's, which sold for one 608 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: hundred and fifteen thousand dollars. Also, speaking of celebrity passports, 609 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:42,320 Speaker 1: the Pope, who I guess counts as celebrity, has a 610 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:46,160 Speaker 1: passport to match his prestige. Despite having no border control 611 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:49,520 Speaker 1: of Vatican City, does issue passports, and they number them, 612 00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:53,680 Speaker 1: and Big Papa always gets passport number one. 613 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:54,920 Speaker 2: All right. 614 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:57,440 Speaker 3: We talked about World War One earlier, and here's a 615 00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:00,520 Speaker 3: bonus fact about that. After the fighting and there were 616 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 3: millions of displaced people who needed to be resettled. So 617 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:06,440 Speaker 3: the job of figuring this out fell to a Norwegian 618 00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:09,960 Speaker 3: scientist and explorer by the name of Friedoff Nonsen. He 619 00:31:10,080 --> 00:31:13,640 Speaker 3: was the League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Nonsen 620 00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:16,600 Speaker 3: began by negotiating the release of four hundred and thirty 621 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:19,840 Speaker 3: thousand prisoners of war in Russia. That's just so many people, 622 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:23,440 Speaker 3: and there were people of over twenty different nationalities. Then 623 00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:26,160 Speaker 3: he moved on to the issue of Russian refugees. There 624 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,440 Speaker 3: were about one point five million individuals who fled after 625 00:31:29,480 --> 00:31:35,560 Speaker 3: the Bolsheviks seized power in nineteen seventeen. They poured into Turkey, Poland, Germany, Romania, 626 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,800 Speaker 3: you know, all the Baltic states and not realize what 627 00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:42,200 Speaker 3: they needed most was documentation. So plenty of countries were 628 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:45,400 Speaker 3: willing to accept these workers temporarily, but they weren't prepared 629 00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:48,480 Speaker 3: to provide citizenship to this many people. The League of 630 00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:51,760 Speaker 3: Nations issued special documents that allowed refugees to enter new 631 00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:55,520 Speaker 3: countries and began working, and these became known as Nansen 632 00:31:55,640 --> 00:31:58,960 Speaker 3: passports now in the nineteen twenties, the documents also helped 633 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:03,840 Speaker 3: resettle Armenia Greeks, Syrians and Turks during the ethnic purges there. 634 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,720 Speaker 3: They weren't a perfect solution. It was difficult for people 635 00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,400 Speaker 3: to parlay them into permanent citizenship, and countries often only 636 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:13,240 Speaker 3: accept them if the holder had a job offer in hand, 637 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,160 Speaker 3: so they saved many lives in difficult times, and as 638 00:32:16,160 --> 00:32:20,720 Speaker 3: a result nonsensely received the nineteen twenty two Nobel Peace Prize. 639 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,040 Speaker 1: Well, here's my last fact, which is what happens to 640 00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:27,080 Speaker 1: your passport when your country stops existing? And that is 641 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:30,040 Speaker 1: the situation millions of people in the former USSR found 642 00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:33,720 Speaker 1: themselves in when the Soviet Union dissolved in nineteen ninety one. 643 00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:37,440 Speaker 1: And actually, if you're as fascinated by those events as 644 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: I am, you should check out a show that I 645 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:40,960 Speaker 1: helped make a little while back. It was called The 646 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,840 Speaker 1: Last Soviet, which tells the story of a Soviet cosmonaut, 647 00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:50,720 Speaker 1: Sergei Krikolov, who was literally in space when his country disappeared. Anyway, 648 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:53,200 Speaker 1: it takes time for passports to be designed and printed, 649 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,040 Speaker 1: so for a decade after the former Soviet republics became independent, 650 00:32:57,320 --> 00:33:01,400 Speaker 1: citizens still had to use their old uss OUR passports. Now, 651 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:04,760 Speaker 1: gradually people were able to replace them with new country passports, 652 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,680 Speaker 1: but to this day, old Soviet passports are still accepted 653 00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:11,840 Speaker 1: as valid identity documents in Russia. Isn't that amazing? Oh? 654 00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:13,360 Speaker 2: Wow, that is incredible. 655 00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,680 Speaker 3: I did not know that, all right, Well, Mango, because 656 00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:18,320 Speaker 3: this whole episode was your idea and to make up 657 00:33:18,360 --> 00:33:20,640 Speaker 3: for losing those stamps in your passport. I know that 658 00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,160 Speaker 3: made you sad. I'm going to cheer you up. I 659 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,840 Speaker 3: feel like you deserve today's trophy congratulations. 660 00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:30,400 Speaker 1: I will take it. And if anyone listening has a 661 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:33,320 Speaker 1: passport related story to share, we want to hear about it. 662 00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 1: Give us a call at three oh two, four oh five, 663 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:38,600 Speaker 1: five nine two five, or you can send us an 664 00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:43,120 Speaker 1: email at high Geniuses at gmail dot com. That's Higeniuses 665 00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:45,440 Speaker 1: at gmail dot com. You can also find us on 666 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:49,240 Speaker 1: Instagram and blue sky at part Time Genius. Today's episode 667 00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:53,240 Speaker 1: was written by the wonderful Meredith Danko. Thank you so much, Meredith. 668 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:55,680 Speaker 1: May your flights always be on time, and may your 669 00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:59,360 Speaker 1: luggage never get lost. It's a familiar blessing around here. 670 00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:02,680 Speaker 1: Will be back next week with another new episode, but 671 00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:06,440 Speaker 1: in the meantime, from Will, Dylan, Gabe, Mary, and myself, 672 00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:22,200 Speaker 1: thank you so much for listening. Part Time Genius is 673 00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:25,359 Speaker 1: a production of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. It is hosted by 674 00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,600 Speaker 1: my good pal Will Pearson, who I've known for almost 675 00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:29,640 Speaker 1: three decades now. 676 00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:31,360 Speaker 2: That is insane to me. 677 00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:36,839 Speaker 1: I'm the utter COO host Mangeshatikular aka Mango. Our producer 678 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: is Mary Phillips Sandy. She's actually a super producer. I'm 679 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:43,840 Speaker 1: going to fix that in post. Our writer is Gabe Lucier, 680 00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:47,000 Speaker 1: who I've also known for like a decade at this point, 681 00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:50,239 Speaker 1: maybe more. Dylan Fagan is in the booth. He is 682 00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,800 Speaker 1: always dressed up, always cheering us on, and always ready 683 00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:56,520 Speaker 1: to hit record and then mix the show after he 684 00:34:56,640 --> 00:34:59,239 Speaker 1: does a great job. I also want to shout out 685 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,440 Speaker 1: the executive producers from iHeart my good pals Katrina and 686 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:06,399 Speaker 1: Norvel and Ali Perry. We have social media support from 687 00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,560 Speaker 1: Calypso Rallis. If you like our videos, that is all 688 00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:14,200 Speaker 1: Calypso's handiwork for more podcasts from Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. Visit 689 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:16,000 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio. 690 00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:17,279 Speaker 2: App, Apple Podcasts, or. 691 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: Tune in wherever you listen to your favorite shows. That's 692 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,200 Speaker 1: it from us here at Part Time Genius. Thank you 693 00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:24,520 Speaker 1: so much for listening.