1 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:06,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff 2 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,360 Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Douglas. And 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:19,800 Speaker 1: in this episode we are venturing into the house Stuff 5 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:25,760 Speaker 1: works Awesiuary because like like a great educational institute. Um. 6 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 1: We're of course so situated over an underground catacomb stuff 7 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:34,560 Speaker 1: full of human remnants. We have this wonderful bone chandelier 8 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: hanging over us. Uh. It's a delightful place and we 9 00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:40,920 Speaker 1: hope that you will join us for this episode as 10 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: we explore some of the specimens we have around here. Indeed, 11 00:00:44,560 --> 00:00:48,240 Speaker 1: and in case your company doesn't have an osuary, UM, 12 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:50,880 Speaker 1: this is also known as the bone house, the facility 13 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,840 Speaker 1: for the storage of human of course UM now owesuaries. 14 00:00:56,080 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: You'll find these throughout human history, sometimes not with such 15 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: an elegant title. Again, going back to just a bone 16 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:05,480 Speaker 1: house or even a bone pit um you look back 17 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:10,160 Speaker 1: to ancient Persia. For instance, the Tzarastrians used a version 18 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: of of an ossiuary. They would they would take corpses, 19 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:17,280 Speaker 1: put them on top of their their towers of silence 20 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:20,680 Speaker 1: and birds and the elements to break the bodies down 21 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:22,479 Speaker 1: to the bones, and then the bones would be stored 22 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 1: away in for safekeeping. And uh. And actually we see 23 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: some truly ancient bone pits out there that provide us 24 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: with some of the earliest evidence, even DNA evidence of 25 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:36,040 Speaker 1: early humans and pre human hominids. For instance, back in 26 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:38,920 Speaker 1: two thousand thirteen, a German team from the Max Plank 27 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,280 Speaker 1: Institute was able to identify twenty eight different remains from 28 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: Spain's Semididas twices, or the bone pit, which contained four 29 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: hundred thousand year old Homo Heidelbergenis hominids. So we've we've 30 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:57,680 Speaker 1: been dumping our skeletons into various tombs and caves and 31 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:01,320 Speaker 1: nublettes for quite a while. Uh, it's a grand tradition 32 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: and uh and one that one that I hope continues, 33 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,360 Speaker 1: and it's pragmatic. Um. And we're going to actually look 34 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,360 Speaker 1: at one of probably the most stellar examples of an ossuary, 35 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: which is the Catacombs of Paris. You've been lucky enough 36 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:19,400 Speaker 1: to witness this place firsthand. Yes, I have been to 37 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:23,280 Speaker 1: the Empire of Death and it's it truly is one 38 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:26,240 Speaker 1: of the creepiest places I have ever been. At sixty 39 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:31,079 Speaker 1: underground and Uh, you know, you go through these small 40 00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:34,560 Speaker 1: little halls until you get to this marker that talks about, hey, 41 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: you're about to enter the Empire of Death, and lo 42 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: and behold you see all of these bones. Um, this 43 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,679 Speaker 1: pathway of bones stacked in such a configuration, in such 44 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: an elaborate one that it's just it's like the Vatican 45 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:55,920 Speaker 1: of bones. It's too much. It's almost it's overwhelming. And 46 00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:00,680 Speaker 1: you imagine the person responsible for arranging those bones, and 47 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: wonder if if he went absolutely mad with the task. 48 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:06,400 Speaker 1: Now are you there on an official tour or is 49 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: this like a secret underground Parisian ray? If you written, yeah, 50 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: I can't really tell you the details of how I 51 00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: got there, just that I got there. Now, of course 52 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:18,839 Speaker 1: they aren't just they're willing million for people to ply 53 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: off the sewer covers and jump down and have a 54 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:25,360 Speaker 1: party in the catacombs have a very long history that 55 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:28,160 Speaker 1: actually started with Romans. Yeah. I mean, of course, you 56 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:30,440 Speaker 1: can go back even even further, Ina, we can go 57 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: back like forty five million years to where you had 58 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:38,320 Speaker 1: just a tropical sea instead of Paris, France. And eventually, uh, 59 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 1: the seabed sediment turns into limestone and This is key, 60 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:45,119 Speaker 1: of course, because most naturally occurring caves formed from limestone 61 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:49,240 Speaker 1: via dissolution. Uh and limestone is soft yet firm, so 62 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,320 Speaker 1: it's a great stone to use in construction as well, 63 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: which is what the Romans were doing, right. Yeah, they 64 00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:57,840 Speaker 1: were like, look at all this delicious limestone. Let's carve 65 00:03:57,880 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 1: it out and make things out of it. Yeah. They 66 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,960 Speaker 1: eventually created the Roman city of Lutatia, the city that 67 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:08,320 Speaker 1: would eventually become Paris. And in the process they made 68 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:11,160 Speaker 1: they dug up these quarry pits. They resulted in roughly 69 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: a hundred eighty seven miles of underground tunnels. And these 70 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:18,839 Speaker 1: these cores ended up providing the stone for even such 71 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 1: such modern post Roman constructions as uh as Notre Dame 72 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:26,360 Speaker 1: well And and they remain that way for quite a 73 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: bit until the eighteenth century, when they were long abandoned 74 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:34,279 Speaker 1: and someone scratched their heads said, hmmm, this could really 75 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:38,600 Speaker 1: solve our public health problem, namely, like all these bodies 76 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:42,520 Speaker 1: that we have piling up from various diseases. That's right, 77 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:46,680 Speaker 1: I mean, you had you had such large central cemeteries 78 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:51,799 Speaker 1: as uh as Saints Innocence are what's the French on that, Well, 79 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:54,880 Speaker 1: this is not Holly Fry certified. But I'm going to 80 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:59,440 Speaker 1: take a step. Okay, okay, so active Germans. I'm useless 81 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,719 Speaker 1: on this one. But yes. St. Sentisen is one of 82 00:05:02,839 --> 00:05:04,960 Speaker 1: the main cemetery, is the largest cemetery in Paris. And 83 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,400 Speaker 1: you had a situation where you had the bodies were 84 00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:11,479 Speaker 1: just improperly buried or weren't weren't buried yet. It was 85 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: there's things are just stacking up. We've been burying people 86 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 1: in the cemetery for for quite a while. And so 87 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:21,480 Speaker 1: what are you gonna do. Well, you dig those bodies up, 88 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:26,040 Speaker 1: you take the bones, and you deposit them somewhere. Yeah. 89 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: It took two years to do that, by the way, 90 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 1: and then between seventeen eighty seven and eighteen fourteen, bones 91 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: from other cemeteries were also transferred in the final transfer 92 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: of bones took place in eighteen fifty nine. Now, there 93 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:42,040 Speaker 1: is a ton of history in those bones. I mean, 94 00:05:42,040 --> 00:05:46,159 Speaker 1: you have the bones of Robespierre from the French Revolution. Um. 95 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:48,760 Speaker 1: I mean, it's just it's a it's a piling up 96 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:54,720 Speaker 1: of historical events and historical diseases. Yeah, all just cataloged 97 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: there in the catacombs. Uh. Into the tune of what 98 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:01,840 Speaker 1: like seven million dead Parisians down there, Yes, seven million 99 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:07,400 Speaker 1: deporations and perhaps some people of other nationalities stirring about there. 100 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:10,960 Speaker 1: But that is why when you go into this it 101 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:14,719 Speaker 1: is so it's just like staggering to see that amount 102 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:17,599 Speaker 1: of bones configured in that way. Again, we were talking 103 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:21,679 Speaker 1: about a hundred and eighties seven miles of these tunnels 104 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 1: and various other little areas. Um, there's there's a place 105 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:29,720 Speaker 1: where I think they called it like the footbath for 106 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:33,640 Speaker 1: the quarrymen. That's just this big open pool that's sort 107 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:37,520 Speaker 1: of fascinating to to be, you know, in this configuration 108 00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:41,479 Speaker 1: and then just happened upon this pool. So um, it 109 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:44,600 Speaker 1: really is sort of this empire of death underground, which 110 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:46,560 Speaker 1: is fitting. Yeah, I mean it really gets down to 111 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: some of the you know, the fascinations we just have 112 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: with the skeleton, like what are we to make of 113 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:55,480 Speaker 1: the skeleton? This this this part of ourselves that remains 114 00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:59,479 Speaker 1: after all the flesh has has gone away, and and 115 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:02,919 Speaker 1: sometimes when there's for quite some time that that is 116 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,360 Speaker 1: it's us, but it's also just a part of us. Uh, 117 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:09,119 Speaker 1: you know, what are we to make of the skeleton? Well, 118 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: and keep in mind too that until humans really started 119 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: missing about with skeletons. I mean, the natural thing to 120 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: happen would be deterioration for it just to become part 121 00:07:18,880 --> 00:07:22,520 Speaker 1: of a leaf litter, which in large part it still does, right, Um, 122 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: if you have sort of your traditional burial um. But yeah, 123 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:29,400 Speaker 1: I mean it was for me. It's the sort of 124 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: grappling with what life and death is in this attempt 125 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:37,200 Speaker 1: to take these bones, arrange them, give meaning, preserve them, 126 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: hope that there's an Afro life for them. Yeah, yeah, 127 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: because I you know, a lot of that is what 128 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: Western funeral practices come down to, is this idea that 129 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: there's going to be an actual physical resurrection of the dead. 130 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:50,880 Speaker 1: And then we got into that a bit in uh 131 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 1: one in a couple of our episodes, the Problem of 132 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: Immortality and then also the Problem of Hell, both of 133 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 1: which deal with what do we do with our ideas 134 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: about what happens to some permanent, supposedly permanent part of 135 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: ourselves when when we pass on. Yeah, And we were 136 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:10,760 Speaker 1: actually just talking about this before we started recording this episode, 137 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: about that song dem Bones, which sort of like we 138 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: think of a children's song like to THEE. I don't know, Um, 139 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:24,840 Speaker 1: that's actually an African spiritual that is talking about if 140 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:28,360 Speaker 1: I've got this right resurrection, that all these different parts 141 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:31,880 Speaker 1: are fitting back together so that this person can you know, 142 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:35,240 Speaker 1: have a resurrection. It's pretty fascinating when you when you 143 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,400 Speaker 1: compare that to say that the practice of sky burial 144 00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: into bad and also in parts of Mongolia and elsewhere where, 145 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: the the idea is to just break everything down and 146 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,839 Speaker 1: and just have it be reabsorbed by nature to the 147 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: point where actually, uh, someone is pulverizing the bones. Now 148 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: there is an idea in terms of green burials that 149 00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:00,920 Speaker 1: ossuaries could make a comeback. In other world this practice 150 00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:05,439 Speaker 1: of moving bones could continue, um because as they decompose, 151 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:07,280 Speaker 1: you could then add it to an ossuary and then 152 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:10,080 Speaker 1: could sort of clear up that land and reuse it 153 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:13,800 Speaker 1: for another burial. Yeah, I really like the idea. The 154 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: more I read about green burial, the more I'm on 155 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,080 Speaker 1: board with it. Um. So, I guess ultimately anyone's death 156 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:21,839 Speaker 1: is you know, it's it's been a large part in 157 00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:23,960 Speaker 1: the hands of what you know, the people that come 158 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: after you. But I think there's something more, There's something 159 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: get far more beautiful about your body being broken down 160 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: becoming part of nature instead of being sealed away in 161 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: this artificial box, popped with all these artificial chemicals. Uh, 162 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:41,199 Speaker 1: you know, for what, for what purpose? Well? And again 163 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 1: I think it's as trying to grapple all the questions 164 00:09:43,559 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: of life and death and put some sort of form 165 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: to it and organize it and make ourselves feel better 166 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:52,120 Speaker 1: about it. Um. But the ossuary route is really a 167 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: lot more practical or any sort of green burial um. 168 00:09:55,679 --> 00:09:59,560 Speaker 1: You know, because again we've got the population exclusion currently 169 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: and comeing online in the next fifty years. We don't 170 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 1: have any more territory to explore to to really sort 171 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: of grow our food or bury our dead. So yeah, 172 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: I mean our cemeteries are nice, but let's maybe we 173 00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 1: should stop making new ones. You know. That's this land 174 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 1: that commute further the purposes. So yeah, for my part, 175 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:20,400 Speaker 1: I say, let the flesh fall off my body, Let 176 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: the lambur guyers have my bones, let them drop them 177 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:26,800 Speaker 1: from from from from from on high onto some stones 178 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: and then eat the marrow. Wow. So if you did 179 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:31,839 Speaker 1: have some sort of traditional barrel that would be on 180 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:34,679 Speaker 1: your tombstone, Uh, yeah, I guess I don't know where 181 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:37,360 Speaker 1: the teambstone is gonna go. There. I guess like you know, 182 00:10:37,440 --> 00:10:40,000 Speaker 1: my descendants living room or something, or you just you 183 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:42,840 Speaker 1: find some stone, you need to face it somewhere and say, hey, 184 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:47,520 Speaker 1: I existed, my body rotted and then some birds messed 185 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,760 Speaker 1: with my bones. Tombstone. There you go. All right, look 186 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: at the virtual Robert Lamb that exists online. All right, 187 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 1: we're gonna take a break and when we come back, 188 00:10:56,400 --> 00:10:58,880 Speaker 1: we're gonna handle some skulls. Does that mean that we're 189 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: going down to the basement. Yes, yes, let's look at 190 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:15,199 Speaker 1: some skulls. You know, you you look at the human 191 00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: skull and a lot of things go through your head. 192 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:20,839 Speaker 1: We've a very discussed some of this. You know, it 193 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:23,320 Speaker 1: appears to be smiling at you or laughing at you 194 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: with its uh, with its big grins, it's gaping sockets. 195 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:31,480 Speaker 1: But you know, the more we look at it, the 196 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 1: more we look at the skull, and the more we 197 00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:36,680 Speaker 1: look at the human hand and incidentally, um, the hands 198 00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: and feet contain over half the body's bones. Because these 199 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,760 Speaker 1: are you know, these are delicate instruments, uh that are 200 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: that have that have evolved for you know, the fine 201 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: manipulation of of of items and tools. The more we 202 00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:52,480 Speaker 1: look at them though we can tell that the hand, 203 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:56,600 Speaker 1: particularly the fist, was made for punching the skull, and 204 00:11:56,679 --> 00:12:01,040 Speaker 1: the skull evolved to receive the fifth. The skull and 205 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 1: the fifth are are made for each other. They are 206 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: there there, their lovers across time and uh and and 207 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 1: when you look at the science of it, it's it's 208 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: really fascinating. There. I don't know that I would say 209 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:15,040 Speaker 1: their lovers across time, but I would say they have 210 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:20,319 Speaker 1: certainly connected across time, that's right. University of Utah biologists 211 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 1: David Carrier and Michael H. Morgan, a University of Utah physician, 212 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: contend that these human faces of ours, especially those of 213 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:36,120 Speaker 1: our austral epith ancestors, evolved to minimize injury from punches 214 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:39,640 Speaker 1: to the face during fights between males, and their paper 215 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:44,280 Speaker 1: is titled Protective Buttressing of the homin In Face. Yeah, 216 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: they said, if we look back four or five million 217 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:50,640 Speaker 1: years at these ancestors, we find an increased robustness in 218 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: the particular facial bones that are most likely to suffer 219 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,600 Speaker 1: fracture during a pummeling. Uh And these are these are 220 00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:00,920 Speaker 1: the areas where we also find the greatest different between 221 00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:05,240 Speaker 1: male and female facial structures. Both in austero epiths, both 222 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:08,840 Speaker 1: in asterol epiths, and in humans because again, uh, the 223 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:11,840 Speaker 1: structures may have evolved in response to that male on 224 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: mail of violence. Now, initially the idea was something like 225 00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: the these really strong jaws were needed to you know, 226 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: break down not serving really hard foods. But more and 227 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 1: more of this evidence in these resulting studies suggests that no, 228 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:31,560 Speaker 1: it's not just to break down nuts. And there is 229 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: a difference in gender. Yes. Now, previously back at this 230 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 1: study about the skulls, come but Carrier back in two 231 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: thousand twelve had looked at the bones of the hand, 232 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:47,280 Speaker 1: and this is the study where he revealed that proportions 233 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:49,640 Speaker 1: of the human hand allow us to make a fist 234 00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: that protects all of those delicate bones and muscles and 235 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:56,880 Speaker 1: ligaments during a jaw shattering, right hook. Because again, it's 236 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: kind of crazy when you think about it, Like these hands, right, 237 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: these these these fine manipulative limbs that we use to 238 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: h to make tools, to make fire, to prepare food, 239 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: to put food in our mouth, that we're gonna then 240 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:14,000 Speaker 1: take those fine instruments and punch people in the face 241 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:16,800 Speaker 1: with it. I mean, it's like like a violinist it's 242 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: gonna take his or her strata varius and then swing 243 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:24,640 Speaker 1: it at an enemy during a battle. It doesn't make sense, right, Well, Uh, 244 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: the argument here from Carry's research is that we evolve 245 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:32,080 Speaker 1: to deal with that. No other primates um or any 246 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:35,200 Speaker 1: animal for that matter, can actually throw a punch. You 247 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 1: don't see punch is thrown with chimps, with gorillas, none 248 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:41,800 Speaker 1: of them. It's a human thing um and Carry argues 249 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:44,600 Speaker 1: that our earliest answers just may have benefited from an 250 00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 1: evolutionary advantage if they could actually punch hard without injuring. Uh, 251 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:51,960 Speaker 1: those five fingers, and they're gonna win mates, They're going 252 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,320 Speaker 1: to win resources, they're gonna win tribal honor. Furthermore, Carrier 253 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: also found that a punch is always going to be 254 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: better than a slap or a chop. Now I've about 255 00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:04,400 Speaker 1: the chop that can be really effective. Well, a chop, 256 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,360 Speaker 1: chop can be effective. And I've i when I shared 257 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:09,960 Speaker 1: this study a few years back, when it first came 258 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,160 Speaker 1: out on on social media and on our blogs, I 259 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: did have some conversations with people that were arguing against that, 260 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,880 Speaker 1: people who had a little more expertise in martial arts, saying, well, 261 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:25,760 Speaker 1: actually a chop you know, can be extremely effective, or 262 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:30,080 Speaker 1: or a palm thrust, etcetera. But Carriers research found that 263 00:15:30,160 --> 00:15:32,880 Speaker 1: a peak that peak strike force is always the same 264 00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 1: no matter what manner of handblow you're using. But the 265 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 1: fist delivers all of this force to a smaller area. 266 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:42,920 Speaker 1: So according to him, the force per area is up 267 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:45,720 Speaker 1: to three times greater with a punch of the face 268 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,000 Speaker 1: versus a slap to the face. Now, Carrier says, quote, 269 00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:52,360 Speaker 1: if indeed the evolution of our hand proportions were associated 270 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 1: with selection for fighting behavior, you might expect the primary target, 271 00:15:56,440 --> 00:16:00,320 Speaker 1: the face, to have undergone evolution to better protect from 272 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 1: injury when punched. In other words, coevolution. Yeah, I mean 273 00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 1: an arms race, essentially almost literally in arms race. Right, 274 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: you canna swing that big meat club at me? Okay, fine, 275 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:13,960 Speaker 1: I'm gonna my jaw is gonna get much bigger to 276 00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 1: absorb that so it doesn't break its easily. Now, all 277 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:20,320 Speaker 1: this being said, uh, Michael H. Morgan, one of the 278 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:24,280 Speaker 1: studies co author, says, quote, our research is about peace. 279 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: We seek to explore, understand, and confront human kinds, violent 280 00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:32,320 Speaker 1: and aggressive tendencies. Peace begins with ourselves and is ultimately 281 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: achieve through disciplined self analysis and an understanding of where 282 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: we've come from as a species. Through our research, we 283 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 1: look at ourselves in the mirror and begin the difficult 284 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:46,600 Speaker 1: work of changing ourselves for the better. I think Michael 285 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,160 Speaker 1: Jackson said the same thing. Yeah, I think so. I mean, 286 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:51,120 Speaker 1: really when it comes to changing ourselves for the better. 287 00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,080 Speaker 1: We'll get into an example this later on. But humans 288 00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:57,560 Speaker 1: have always been into finding ways to hack their bodies 289 00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:01,080 Speaker 1: and indeed hack their skeletons in ways that match up 290 00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:04,639 Speaker 1: with their own expectations of the human form. Well, you 291 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:06,840 Speaker 1: know this, this whole study to makes me think of 292 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 1: just the complexity of of evolution. Like imagine if it 293 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:16,040 Speaker 1: were a boardroom or a committee trying to determine what 294 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:19,920 Speaker 1: shape that the fifth or the skull would take. Because 295 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:22,960 Speaker 1: on one hand that you would have individuals saying, all right, look, 296 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,080 Speaker 1: it needs to be a delicate a delicate system of 297 00:17:26,119 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: fingers so that we can do some fine manipulation of 298 00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: crafting projects of uh, you know, of the various interactions 299 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:36,760 Speaker 1: with the natural environment. But also it needs to be 300 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:38,520 Speaker 1: able to punch somebody in the face. And likewise, the 301 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:42,560 Speaker 1: face department are saying, well, this is essentially a communications array. 302 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,359 Speaker 1: We have our sense organs frontloaded at the at the top. 303 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:48,119 Speaker 1: We want, you know, all the faces to kind of 304 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:50,520 Speaker 1: look look the same, so that there's a so that 305 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:55,399 Speaker 1: needs a small difference can have an emotional response on 306 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:57,840 Speaker 1: the viewer. But also it needs to be able to 307 00:17:57,880 --> 00:18:01,440 Speaker 1: take a punch just head on without too much damage occurring. Yeah, 308 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:03,359 Speaker 1: and especially when it comes to the hands, I really 309 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:09,240 Speaker 1: feel like that potential for peace or thoughtful um ways 310 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:13,440 Speaker 1: in which to enter a situation and war are contained 311 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,919 Speaker 1: within because you do have the intricate system that that thumb, 312 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:19,880 Speaker 1: the placement of that that is gives us that sort 313 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:23,160 Speaker 1: of advantage with tools and that grasp that no other 314 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:26,920 Speaker 1: species has. At the same time, it also gives it 315 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,480 Speaker 1: the strength that just wallet the big old punch. But 316 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:32,040 Speaker 1: I feel like that like the tool using things should 317 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,440 Speaker 1: win out here, that that thoughtfulness of like, Okay, how 318 00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,000 Speaker 1: do we proceed. We can use tools, we can use 319 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,120 Speaker 1: our minds and use communication getting into the universality of 320 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:44,600 Speaker 1: of of sign language. We can just use these hands 321 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:48,000 Speaker 1: to actually communicate. But or you know, or we can 322 00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:51,159 Speaker 1: shop people in the face and punch them. Yeah, choice 323 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,639 Speaker 1: is yours, all right? We're gonna take a quick break 324 00:18:53,680 --> 00:19:04,480 Speaker 1: and when we come back more bones. All right, we're back. 325 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:09,240 Speaker 1: Let's let's discuss another ossuary of sorts, one that is 326 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:13,359 Speaker 1: tied in with with with a central figure in the 327 00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:17,440 Speaker 1: history of of the United States of America, Ben Franklin, 328 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: of course, and he's come up before. We've talked about 329 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,040 Speaker 1: his air bath in which he would just you know, 330 00:19:23,119 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: hang out naked during the middle of the night and 331 00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:29,520 Speaker 1: read when he couldn't sleep. Well, he is associated with 332 00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:33,480 Speaker 1: this ossuary. Uh did he know about it? We're not 333 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:36,360 Speaker 1: quite sure. But let's sort of unravel this for you. 334 00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:40,199 Speaker 1: We're talking about number thirty six Craven Street in London, 335 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: which was Craven Street which was once home to Benjamin Franklin, 336 00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: who resided there between seventeen fifty seven and seventeen seventy 337 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:52,760 Speaker 1: five when he was the ambassador for the American Colonies. Now, 338 00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: that's all very fine and well, but in ninet the 339 00:19:56,080 --> 00:20:03,640 Speaker 1: house received extensive renovations and during that excavations and renovations 340 00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:08,400 Speaker 1: were halted because in the basement a thigh bone was found. Yes, 341 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:12,160 Speaker 1: the police were called. Uh, they began to dig out 342 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:14,639 Speaker 1: more from this pit. In the basement, and they found 343 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:20,360 Speaker 1: some twelve hundred pieces of bones, and initial examinations revealed 344 00:20:20,359 --> 00:20:22,800 Speaker 1: that the bones were the remains of ten bodies, six 345 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:26,639 Speaker 1: of them children, and uh, they were about two hundred 346 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:30,080 Speaker 1: years old. Um, which all of a sudden casts a 347 00:20:30,119 --> 00:20:33,480 Speaker 1: new light on ben Franklin. Yeah, and it's uh, it 348 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,000 Speaker 1: was probably a pretty interesting if maybe even a little scary. Uh. 349 00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:39,439 Speaker 1: There for for a few minutes with the friends of 350 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,800 Speaker 1: Benjamin Franklin House, who were who were orchestrating this whole 351 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:46,520 Speaker 1: attempt to get this house in shape. Because as far 352 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: as places Benjamin Franklin had lived like this one stood up. 353 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: This one was was a good one to renovate and 354 00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 1: and and and turn into the museum devoted to the man. 355 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:58,320 Speaker 1: And here you go digging around underneath it, and you 356 00:20:58,359 --> 00:21:01,600 Speaker 1: find this windowless room with a pit full of bones. 357 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: And what do you make of it? Now? Now, granted, 358 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:06,439 Speaker 1: we're talking about London here, and so in London is 359 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,120 Speaker 1: is an old city, and if you dig down deep 360 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 1: enough in a place like London, you're gonna find just 361 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: about anything. You're gonna find bones, um, mental flaws. And 362 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:18,360 Speaker 1: their article about it asked the question, well, was Franklin 363 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:22,399 Speaker 1: a serial killer. Yeah it was no. No, but that 364 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:24,399 Speaker 1: still leaves room for aout the questions like was he 365 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: a necromancer? Was he was he a ghoul? Was he 366 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,720 Speaker 1: a bone fetishist? I don't know. The more likely explanation 367 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:33,520 Speaker 1: and will never know, is that he had a friend 368 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:37,639 Speaker 1: who who definitely owned a saw and uh and a 369 00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,359 Speaker 1: drill probably even, and he happened to be an anatomous 370 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: and um. Sure enough, when people looked at further analysis 371 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:51,320 Speaker 1: of those bones, they saw saw marks, scalpel scraping, and 372 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:55,119 Speaker 1: drill holes. And so the story that begins to emerge 373 00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: is that these bodies were taken apart in a in 374 00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:03,320 Speaker 1: a very thought full manner, and probably by an anatomist. Yes, 375 00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:06,919 Speaker 1: the animis in question William Houston, who had previously been 376 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:10,359 Speaker 1: a student of anatomist William Hunter, but the two had 377 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: a falling out, Howiston broke aways, but he continued his studies. Now, 378 00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:17,879 Speaker 1: this was an interesting time to be an anatomist, because 379 00:22:18,119 --> 00:22:21,879 Speaker 1: to study human anatomy you need examples of human antomy. 380 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 1: Anatomy to study I mean even today, despite all of 381 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: our our resources, our illustrations are models, um that the 382 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:33,959 Speaker 1: use of computers to really explore the human body. You 383 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 1: need cadavers, you need medical specimens to to cut into, 384 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,879 Speaker 1: to look out, to study, and at the time these uh, 385 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:46,119 Speaker 1: we're not easily obtainable, at least in in an ethical sense. 386 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,879 Speaker 1: You can always get human bodies, but you've gotta be 387 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: willing to put in the work or pay for that work. Yeah, well, 388 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:58,160 Speaker 1: cadaverish for medical students um, which the demand for dovetailed 389 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,520 Speaker 1: with the increase in medical students, by the way, created 390 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,000 Speaker 1: a black market for dead bodies, and these bodies were 391 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:09,600 Speaker 1: obtained by people called the resurrection men. And this is 392 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:13,639 Speaker 1: just a really unsavory piece of history. And the reason 393 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: why people had to go to the black market is 394 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:20,000 Speaker 1: because the Anatomy Act of eighteen thirty two wasn't in 395 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,720 Speaker 1: place yet, and the Anatomy Act um kind of loosened 396 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 1: up the laws a bit in terms of getting cadaver 397 00:23:27,040 --> 00:23:31,159 Speaker 1: so people had to go to grave robbers essentially. And 398 00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:35,600 Speaker 1: this really marked the whole medical profession because people began 399 00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: to get, of course, a little bit paranoid and not 400 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:41,119 Speaker 1: you know, like if you introduce yourself as a doctor 401 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:44,320 Speaker 1: to cocktail party back then you might say, woe, I know, 402 00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,960 Speaker 1: I have an uncle who's terminal and and right on 403 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,440 Speaker 1: the edge. Um, please don't go hunting after him. Yeah, 404 00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:52,680 Speaker 1: I mean the idea here was that if you die 405 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,879 Speaker 1: and you're buried, there was a chance that a doctor 406 00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,679 Speaker 1: ananimous would dig you up and essentially desecrate your body. 407 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: And if you were extremely religious and literal about everything 408 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: you could, you could say, well, they're gonna undo everything 409 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,919 Speaker 1: that my my burial set out to accomplish, which loops 410 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:13,160 Speaker 1: back to Houston, because here's this guy who's just trying 411 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:17,400 Speaker 1: to further his education. He's got his friend Franklin, who 412 00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:20,240 Speaker 1: may or may not be in town, and Franklin has 413 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:22,639 Speaker 1: you know, this great little set up in this house. 414 00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:25,080 Speaker 1: And by the way, Houston's mother in law is the 415 00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:29,560 Speaker 1: landlord of this so oh in the location of of 416 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: this Craven Street house has uh at one end the 417 00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,919 Speaker 1: gallows and on the other end the cemetery. So all 418 00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 1: you have to do is take a right or left 419 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,720 Speaker 1: up the house to go ahead and get that body 420 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:43,080 Speaker 1: and get it there quickly, which would have been really 421 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:47,719 Speaker 1: helpful for Houston to practice his anatomy on. Yeah. Now, 422 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: of course you get into the question how much did 423 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: Benjamin Franklin Now on one hand, is possible that he 424 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,520 Speaker 1: didn't know anything. It's possible, you know that the fact 425 00:24:56,520 --> 00:24:59,000 Speaker 1: of friends of Benjamin Franklin house reportedly have some some 426 00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:01,879 Speaker 1: evidence that that Franklin let you he's gonna have just 427 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,639 Speaker 1: the whole house while he was living up the street 428 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:09,920 Speaker 1: with a landlady during that time. So so that's one 429 00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,480 Speaker 1: possibility is that he had no idea. He's essentially, you know, 430 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:15,920 Speaker 1: home alone, and so I brought in brought in the 431 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:19,320 Speaker 1: gadabbers for study, or he was like, the smell is 432 00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:23,080 Speaker 1: so terrible, I'm moving going up the street. Or you know, 433 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:25,119 Speaker 1: maybe to some extendion, was he was aware of it. 434 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,720 Speaker 1: I mean, Franklin, you know it seems to have been 435 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 1: a freethinker in many ways. Um, so maybe he was like, 436 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:34,200 Speaker 1: all right, you know, do what you gotta do. As 437 00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,240 Speaker 1: long as you know, I'm not going to have anything 438 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:38,400 Speaker 1: to do with it. But uh, you know, just look 439 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:40,440 Speaker 1: the other way and let you continue what you're doing. Yeah, 440 00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:43,359 Speaker 1: I'll be upstairs taking an air bath. Yeah. Or maybe 441 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,200 Speaker 1: he was in all the way. Maybe maybe he said, hey, 442 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 1: you want some corpses, let's go get it. Let's let's 443 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,000 Speaker 1: go get him. I can't sleep. I just woke up. 444 00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:54,360 Speaker 1: I was just just gonna read Naked in the setting Room. 445 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: But if you're up for you know, hitting the cemetery, 446 00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,000 Speaker 1: then let's let's go do it. I'm up for a party. 447 00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:02,120 Speaker 1: And alternate story of Ben Franklin, why not? I mean 448 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: that we have alternate fictional account of Lincoln, right is 449 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,000 Speaker 1: the vampire Slayer? Yeah, we can have something that ridiculous 450 00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:13,520 Speaker 1: with virtually nothing historical to back it up. I mean, 451 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: here's here's a piece of history, a little nugget from history. 452 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: This is begging for exploitation. And we've already we have 453 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,480 Speaker 1: properties that have exploited the Gray robbing at the time. 454 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:24,920 Speaker 1: You know, Burke and Hair and all that. I think 455 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,920 Speaker 1: there've been several movies about about those resurrectionists. But here 456 00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: you have an American icon. Uh. Then Franklin and he 457 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:37,679 Speaker 1: is living on top of a pile of bones, and 458 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:41,159 Speaker 1: their their Pilford bodies being brought into his house. You know, 459 00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:43,000 Speaker 1: you don't you don't even have to add much to that, 460 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: just on its phone. That would be a great little, 461 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:48,160 Speaker 1: uh little comedy, but it's half written already. Yeah, throwing 462 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,600 Speaker 1: some goes, throwing some necromancy, a google, what have you 463 00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: and you're you're good to go. Now. If you're interested 464 00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,399 Speaker 1: in some historical fiction about this, there is a great 465 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,239 Speaker 1: book called The Dress Lodger, but share Erri Holman, and 466 00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:04,520 Speaker 1: it's about a prostitute and a disgrace doctor and she's 467 00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 1: called that. It's called the Dress Lodger because at that time, uh, 468 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:13,280 Speaker 1: prostitutes would sometimes rent really upscale looking dresses so they 469 00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:16,959 Speaker 1: didn't look like sort of these third prostitutes that might 470 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,040 Speaker 1: be diseased, and they get more business, which is in 471 00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:23,880 Speaker 1: and of itself really interesting. Yeah, I mean dress for success, right, indeed. 472 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:27,119 Speaker 1: Embodied cognition. Yeah, yeah, all right, we've been down here 473 00:27:27,119 --> 00:27:29,800 Speaker 1: in the ossuary for quite a while. We probably need 474 00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:32,640 Speaker 1: to break and pick this up in a second episode. Yeah, 475 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:36,320 Speaker 1: I'm getting a little, i don't know, claustrophobic. Yeah, I 476 00:27:36,359 --> 00:27:39,399 Speaker 1: would say lonely, but there are a lot of bones 477 00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:42,000 Speaker 1: down here. After a while, they kind of kind of 478 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,000 Speaker 1: feel like those skulls are watching you talking. Hey. In 479 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: the meantime, be sure to check out stuff to Blow 480 00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:49,480 Speaker 1: your Mind dot com. That's where you'll find all of 481 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:52,639 Speaker 1: our podcast episodes, are blog post our videos, as well 482 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:55,360 Speaker 1: as links out to our social media accounts. And if 483 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:57,000 Speaker 1: you have a thought, please do share it with us. 484 00:27:57,080 --> 00:27:59,120 Speaker 1: You can send us an email at blow the Mind 485 00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:03,639 Speaker 1: at house to Work dot com. For more on this 486 00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:12,719 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff Works dot com.