1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:17,959 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry, and I'm Tracy B. Wilson. Tracy Happenstance 4 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:19,880 Speaker 1: has been on my mind a lot lately for a 5 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:24,119 Speaker 1: variety of reasons. Things that are coincidental or um the 6 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,800 Speaker 1: people accidentally have fallen into good fortune have just come 7 00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: up in lots of conversations lately for no particular reason 8 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:33,919 Speaker 1: I can discern um. And I have also had a 9 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:36,720 Speaker 1: list brewing for a while of topics that are kind 10 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 1: of happy accidents, and so uh, it seemed like maybe 11 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: the universe was conspiring to tell me to look at 12 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: that list again. One category of those happy accidents that 13 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:50,560 Speaker 1: I have on my list is accidental inventions. So we're 14 00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:53,520 Speaker 1: going to talk about a couple of those today. Here's 15 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:56,200 Speaker 1: my true confession upfront. I had planned to make this 16 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:03,080 Speaker 1: three accidental inventions, but the two that we're covering today, 17 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:06,839 Speaker 1: as I was researching, got too big, and so another 18 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: got cut. But that means that probably another installment or 19 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:15,000 Speaker 1: two of of accidental inventions happened on the road, and 20 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:20,000 Speaker 1: a wonderful confluence of happy accidents see it's all about UH, 21 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:24,440 Speaker 1: accidents and happiness. Both of these accidental inventions, although one 22 00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: might not have been an accident we'll talk about that 23 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:29,760 Speaker 1: have to do with cooking and food. So first we'll 24 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:32,560 Speaker 1: have a main course if you will UH and if 25 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:35,120 Speaker 1: you're nice and flexible in that definition, and then a 26 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:38,520 Speaker 1: dessert but has a little bitterness to be how you 27 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:40,840 Speaker 1: look at it. You will see what I mean when 28 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:43,960 Speaker 1: we get there. So today we're covering two accidental inventions. 29 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: We'll start with a very very common household appliance. Microwaves 30 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:53,080 Speaker 1: are high frequency electromagnetic waves, and as it turns out, 31 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:55,960 Speaker 1: you can use them to cook food. Here's a very 32 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:59,160 Speaker 1: quick and simple explanation of how that works. If you 33 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: put food in an electromagnetic field, the fats and water 34 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: and other elements of the food will absorb those waves 35 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:11,040 Speaker 1: and then start to vibrate. They're excited to a point 36 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:14,200 Speaker 1: of hyperactivity, and they vibrate so much that it produces 37 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:17,239 Speaker 1: heat within the food itself. That's a faster way to 38 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: cook things than when the heat is coming from an 39 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: external source like an oven. Right, So usually you'll see 40 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 1: people say that it's UH fats, waters and sugars that 41 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: are the primary drivers of that heat. Just as an aside, 42 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 1: I wanted to get this out there because I bet 43 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:35,959 Speaker 1: people are like ready to dash off a listener mail. 44 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:39,120 Speaker 1: If you have heard that cooking with a microwave destroys 45 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:43,040 Speaker 1: food nutrients, that is a myth because the cooking time 46 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: is so reduced, nothing is ever cooked long enough for 47 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:49,960 Speaker 1: the microwave radiation to actually destroy any nutrients. And you're 48 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,760 Speaker 1: also not using any additional water like you might if 49 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: you were boiling something to cook it, so no nutrients 50 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: are leaching out into the cooking substance like a water 51 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:05,679 Speaker 1: at all, just stays right there. You're fine. Uh. When 52 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:08,280 Speaker 1: I was in massage school, one of my massage school 53 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: classmates insisted that one should not cook with the microwave 54 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:14,760 Speaker 1: because microwaves made all the molecules in the food you 55 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:18,280 Speaker 1: were cooking spin backwards. And yeah, I've heard lots of 56 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: similar myths. We had an argument about that on like 57 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: last day of massage school. Even though that is not true. 58 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:33,799 Speaker 1: You can get uneven cooking with a microwave when you're 59 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: heating something up that has different ingredients with different moisture content, 60 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:41,000 Speaker 1: and that's why you'll sometimes take something out find that 61 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: part of it is still cool, presumably a drier part 62 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:47,000 Speaker 1: like the crust, and then another part is blazing hot 63 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: like a filling. Of course, that means you can't really 64 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: get something crispy on the outside either. Crisping sleeves help, 65 00:03:54,880 --> 00:03:57,760 Speaker 1: but you're not gonna make fried chicken in a microwave. 66 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: That's what's up um. This year, while we're recording this two, 67 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: will be the fifty fifth anniversary of what's usually called 68 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: the first home microwave oven. Uh, there's actually a precursor, 69 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:10,800 Speaker 1: but that's the one that gets all the credit. That 70 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: was introduced to the market by manufacturer Amana. But that 71 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:17,600 Speaker 1: wasn't the first microwave oven, even though it was the 72 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:21,440 Speaker 1: first successful consumer one. Industrial kitchens started using them in 73 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:25,400 Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties, well before the nine seven debut of 74 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 1: Amana's home use radar range. All of this is older 75 00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:33,479 Speaker 1: than I thought, because my households first microwave was much 76 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 1: later than that. Oh, I have plans to ask you 77 00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,159 Speaker 1: all about it, Okay, in our behind the scenes so 78 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:43,360 Speaker 1: radar as you may recall the text objects by sending 79 00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:46,679 Speaker 1: radio waves and then identifying objects when the waves bounce 80 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:49,919 Speaker 1: back from the surface. Of those objects. Radar was first 81 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:54,480 Speaker 1: used to create a detection system by physicist Sir Robert 82 00:04:54,480 --> 00:05:00,360 Speaker 1: Watson watt In and radar systems require magnature wants to 83 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: produce all those radio waves. So during World War Two, 84 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: the military needed magnetrons. They needed a lot of magnetrons. 85 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:11,719 Speaker 1: They needed more magnetrons than they could possibly get their 86 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:15,840 Speaker 1: hands on. Yes, you will sometimes see this contract as 87 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:19,640 Speaker 1: happening that we're about to talk about coming from the 88 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:25,400 Speaker 1: US military or from the British military. I think after 89 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: reading a bunch of different versions of it, what had 90 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: happened was the British military was kind of asking the 91 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:34,279 Speaker 1: US to help them as well, and that's how it 92 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: kind of gets confused there of who actually wanted to 93 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:42,680 Speaker 1: contract this company called Raytheon, and there was an engineer 94 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: named Percy LeBaron Spencer. Spencer was born in eight in Howland, Maine, 95 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,200 Speaker 1: and his early years were really marked by pretty extreme poverty. Uh. 96 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: He started working when he was still just a kid, 97 00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:58,040 Speaker 1: taking a job at a weaving mill at age twelve, 98 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:00,680 Speaker 1: because he had to take care of himself and his 99 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,080 Speaker 1: aunt who was raising him at the time. He was 100 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:07,760 Speaker 1: a very very smart kid, just a couple of years later. So, 101 00:06:07,839 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: when he was still a pretty teenager, Percy, who had 102 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:15,839 Speaker 1: no formal education past grammar school, taught himself everything that 103 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:18,919 Speaker 1: he could about electrical wiring so he could apply for 104 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 1: a job at a paper plant that needed someone to 105 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: wire the entire factory for electricity. And he got that 106 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: job and did it. In nineteen twelve, at the age 107 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: of eighteen, Spencer joined the Navy as a radio operator, 108 00:06:32,320 --> 00:06:36,240 Speaker 1: and he devoured all the information he could about radio technology. 109 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 1: And he didn't stop there. He was curious about almost everything, 110 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: it seems, and he continued to be an autodiet act. 111 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:48,479 Speaker 1: He taught himself calculus, chemistry, physics, and even metallurgy. He 112 00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:51,640 Speaker 1: did all of that from books. Later on in life 113 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:53,720 Speaker 1: he said, quote, I just got hold of a lot 114 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: of textbooks and taught myself while I was standing watch 115 00:06:56,640 --> 00:07:00,080 Speaker 1: at night. I have such admiration for him. Uh. The 116 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 1: World War One had ended and Percy Spencer had fulfilled 117 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,359 Speaker 1: his enlistment contract. He took a job with a new company, 118 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,800 Speaker 1: the American Appliance Company, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the late 119 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:14,360 Speaker 1: ninety twenties. The company went through several reorganizations and a 120 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: reincorporation and it became Raytheon Manufacturing Company. Raytheon in partnership 121 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:23,720 Speaker 1: with M I. T. That allowed the company to use 122 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:28,160 Speaker 1: the school's radiation laboratory. Got this government contract to build 123 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: magnetrons pretty early in World War Two, and Spencer got 124 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: to work and he did innovate magnatron production. He developed 125 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: a way to cut pieces needed for assembly from sheet 126 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 1: metal instead of needing every single component to be made separately, 127 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,120 Speaker 1: and he kept working with the magnetrons that Raytheon produced 128 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 1: to work on improving them and expanding their uses. Raytheon 129 00:07:52,280 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: ended up developing a shipboard radar system and producing about 130 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: eighty percent of the magnetrons that were used by the Allies. 131 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:05,280 Speaker 1: But the expansion into cooking was really an accident. Yeah, 132 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: they were a defense contractors. They were not like and food. 133 00:08:09,400 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: So the story goes that one day at work, Spencer 134 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: had a candy bar in his pocket that was a 135 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: peanut cluster according to his grandson, because he used to 136 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:21,440 Speaker 1: break up the nuts and feed them to squirrels and 137 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 1: chipmunks during his lynches. And after working near a live 138 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:29,120 Speaker 1: magnetron with this candy bar in his pocket, he noticed 139 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:32,080 Speaker 1: that it had gotten a bit melty. He had not 140 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:34,480 Speaker 1: been near a heat source, so he suspected that the 141 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: magnetron and its radio waves might have had something to 142 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,640 Speaker 1: do with it. So he got to work and did 143 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:45,160 Speaker 1: some testing. The first thing that Spencer purposely targeted with 144 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: the radio waves was an egg, and after just a 145 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:53,120 Speaker 1: brief exposure, the egg exploded. Next, he tested corn kernels, 146 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:56,880 Speaker 1: so that's right. He basically made microwave popcorn. After some 147 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:01,200 Speaker 1: additional testing and refinement of magnetron's them for cooking food 148 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 1: instead of producing radar, Spencer filed for a patent for 149 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:09,080 Speaker 1: what he called method of Treating food Stuffs. That opens 150 00:09:09,120 --> 00:09:12,200 Speaker 1: with quote, my present invention relates to the treatment of 151 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:15,720 Speaker 1: food stuffs and more particularly to the cooking thereof through 152 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:19,480 Speaker 1: the use of electromagnetic energy. Yeah, if you look at 153 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:21,920 Speaker 1: this story, depending on your source, some people will say 154 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:26,240 Speaker 1: the popcorn came first. His grandson did a recent interview 155 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: last year with Popular Mechanics and he said the egg 156 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: was the first thing. People's memories are sieves could go 157 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:38,800 Speaker 1: either way, right, so uh. In this patent application, Spencer 158 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: goes on to describe all of the various parts needed 159 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: for the device and how they function together. And then 160 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:47,719 Speaker 1: touts quote, with the system described, I have found that 161 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,360 Speaker 1: an egg may be rendered hard boiled with the expenditure 162 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:54,920 Speaker 1: of two kilowatts per second. This compares with an expenditure 163 00:09:54,920 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: of thirty six kilowatts per second to conventionally cook the 164 00:09:58,760 --> 00:10:01,319 Speaker 1: same I have all so found that with my system, 165 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:04,800 Speaker 1: a potato requires the expenditure of about two hundred forty 166 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:07,960 Speaker 1: kilowats per second, when compared with the seventy two thousand 167 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: kilowat seconds necessary to bake the same in an electric oven. 168 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:16,720 Speaker 1: These examples are, it is to be clearly understood merely illustrative. 169 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: I have observed similar results with other food stuffs. In 170 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:23,200 Speaker 1: each instance, where the wavelength of the energy is of 171 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:25,720 Speaker 1: the order of the average dimension of the food stuff 172 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:29,440 Speaker 1: to be cooked, the process is very efficient, requiring the 173 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 1: expenditure of a minimum amount of energy for a minimum 174 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:36,480 Speaker 1: amount of time. He also indicates that cooks will no 175 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:40,280 Speaker 1: doubt find many uses for his invention, writing quote, other 176 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 1: objects and advantages of my present invention will readily occur 177 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 1: to those skilled in the art to which the same relates. 178 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: The patent request was submitted on October and was granted 179 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:56,120 Speaker 1: as Patent number two four nine five four to nine 180 00:10:56,240 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 1: on January nine fifty. But even before the patent was 181 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:05,640 Speaker 1: officially awarded, Raytheon had started working on microwave ovens, and 182 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:09,000 Speaker 1: the first was the commercial Radar Range, which was named 183 00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:15,480 Speaker 1: via an employee contest. This was first demonstrated in a 184 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:19,400 Speaker 1: Boston restaurant got the chance to use one as a test. 185 00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:23,640 Speaker 1: Was the size of a refrigerator, and depending on specific features, 186 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: that costs between two thousand and three thousand dollars. It's 187 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: a lot of money. In a moment, we were going 188 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:32,880 Speaker 1: to talk about how that behemoth machine was followed by 189 00:11:32,920 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 1: smaller models and how the microwave became a household standard, 190 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: but first we will pause for a sponsor break. Thanks 191 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:52,040 Speaker 1: to the commercial microwave oven, it was soon on the 192 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,079 Speaker 1: minds of many engineers at manufacturing companies that a smaller 193 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: version of the radar Range or a similar device could 194 00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 1: be marketed for home use. Raytheon partnered with Tappen Stove 195 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:07,640 Speaker 1: Company in nineteen fifty two to produce a reduced sized model, 196 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:10,839 Speaker 1: and they had one available to consumers in nineteen fifty five. 197 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 1: This is that precursor I mentioned earlier, but it was 198 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 1: twelve hundred to thirteen hundred dollars depending on the source 199 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: you look at, far outside the budget of most homes. 200 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,560 Speaker 1: We always caveat that converting currency through time is a 201 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: tricky and inaccurate thing. But I looked at several different 202 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:33,040 Speaker 1: inflation calculators. They all quoted an equivalency of more than 203 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:36,680 Speaker 1: twelve thousand dollars in current currency, some quite close to 204 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:40,360 Speaker 1: thirteen thousand. So, needless to say, the tap and radar 205 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:43,560 Speaker 1: range really did not catch on. In nineteen sixty five, 206 00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: Raytheon acquired a company called a Manner Refrigeration, Inc. At 207 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:51,640 Speaker 1: the time, they made, as the name suggests, refrigerators as 208 00:12:51,679 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: well as air conditioners, and the company had already started 209 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 1: working on commercial and industrial microwave ovens. Under Raytheon, the 210 00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:03,760 Speaker 1: company expanded to include a consumer division, and this meant 211 00:13:03,760 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: that not only was a Manna already working on a 212 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:10,439 Speaker 1: home microwave, but it already had a consumer distribution process 213 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:12,920 Speaker 1: that made it easy to get to market once all 214 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:16,680 Speaker 1: the engineering and design were perfected. As we mentioned a 215 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: moment ago, the first consumer model, the r R one 216 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: radar range, became available in nine That was a one 217 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,720 Speaker 1: volt countertop model that cost a little less than five 218 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: hundred dollars, so still very much a luxury item, but 219 00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:35,560 Speaker 1: much less expensive than that earlier attempt. It had a 220 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:40,480 Speaker 1: start button and a timer, obviously not digital, and it 221 00:13:40,559 --> 00:13:43,240 Speaker 1: did not have a stop or cancel button. You just 222 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,480 Speaker 1: had to open it to stop it. The following year, 223 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:49,600 Speaker 1: a new model appeared with a stop button and a 224 00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:52,160 Speaker 1: timer that allowed for up to thirty minutes of cooking. 225 00:13:52,240 --> 00:13:55,000 Speaker 1: That was an addition of five minutes from how long 226 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: the first model would have allowed. The reliability and the 227 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 1: lower cost of the Amana radar range compared to it's 228 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:07,600 Speaker 1: it's briefly run predecessor made it very popular, very quickly. 229 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:10,680 Speaker 1: By the middle of the nineteen seventies, it was estimated 230 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:14,439 Speaker 1: that one million microwaves were being sold annually, and we 231 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:18,080 Speaker 1: really cannot overstate how much of a sensation this was. 232 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:22,120 Speaker 1: It was reported in papers regularly. In December of nineteen 233 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:26,280 Speaker 1: sixty eight, the daily Memphis Tennessee paper, The Commercial Appeal, 234 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,880 Speaker 1: ran an article about microwave ovens that featured a huge 235 00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:34,200 Speaker 1: photograph of the first Memphis woman to have one. She 236 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:38,040 Speaker 1: is referenced as Mrs Ralph ur Sneed. We don't know 237 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: what her first name was, and even the delivery man. J. L. 238 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: Jetting of Jetting Appliances gets a shout out for this 239 00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: momentous occasion. Yeah, there's a very cute like the delivery 240 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: man standing there having handed it off, and she's already 241 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:55,120 Speaker 1: starting to put something in it. Like I'm like, are 242 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:57,440 Speaker 1: you cooking for the delivery man? I don't know, but 243 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:01,240 Speaker 1: it's what seemed very exciting for everyone involved. This article 244 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: goes on to list the details and capabilities of this 245 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:08,360 Speaker 1: quote cooking method of tomorrow. And some of these I 246 00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,720 Speaker 1: found extraordinarily charming because when you look at them through 247 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: today's lens, they're quite witty. So I'm going to read 248 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,000 Speaker 1: them off. It gave it a bulleted list. So number one, 249 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: the microwave oven is priced under five hundred dollars to 250 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: it operates on a hundred and fifteen volts. Just plug 251 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: it in. Three it brown's meat, will cook anything. Four 252 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: it saves seventy cooking time. Five it saves on the 253 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: fuel bill. It uses less electricity than an ordinary frying pan. 254 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:44,600 Speaker 1: Six it saves on the food bill. Seven it produces 255 00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 1: a much cooler kitchen, no heat whatsoever. Eight foods actually 256 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:54,680 Speaker 1: taste better for natural juices are retained and not lost. Okay, 257 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:58,080 Speaker 1: most people would probably agree that the microwave is not 258 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: really the best way to took most meals, and whether 259 00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 1: they taste better or not depends a lot on exactly 260 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:06,440 Speaker 1: what you are cooking. But you can see how the 261 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:10,239 Speaker 1: idea of a more efficient kitchen that is not swelteringly 262 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: hot would have a huge appeal and also feel legitimately revolutionary. 263 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 1: One of the funnier attributes of the microwave mentioned in 264 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:22,680 Speaker 1: that particular article is portability. There's this suggestion that you 265 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:24,840 Speaker 1: can take it out on the patio or even into 266 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:29,160 Speaker 1: your living room to cook if you wanted. That cracked 267 00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: me up so much when I was reading it, like 268 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,920 Speaker 1: just picturing putting a meal in the microwave, as I 269 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: said on the couch, I don't know, I don't know. 270 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 1: It just made me crack up. Um. The Honolulu Star 271 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:44,120 Speaker 1: Bulletin ran an article of its own in December nine 272 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:48,400 Speaker 1: under the headline microwave ovens put the space age in 273 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:52,080 Speaker 1: the kitchen and it offers, in addition to the article itself, 274 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: a pictorial on just how fast you can make cake 275 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,720 Speaker 1: in a cup. It shows a user setting the time. 276 00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:03,840 Speaker 1: It's like this four part developmental chronological pictures thing, So 277 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:06,080 Speaker 1: it shows the user setting the time like a close 278 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: up on the hands, and then how the cake looks 279 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:11,480 Speaker 1: at ten seconds and twenty seconds, and then tenda done 280 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: at thirty seconds. The paper's food editor, Betsy Ballsley tells 281 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: readers quote, I recently spent a weekend using a radar 282 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:22,400 Speaker 1: range for all of the baking and roasting I normally 283 00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:25,119 Speaker 1: would do in the oven of my stove. It was 284 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:30,359 Speaker 1: a fascinating experience. Fascinating is a good choice of words there. 285 00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:34,160 Speaker 1: It's not really committing to whether roasting something in the 286 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:38,359 Speaker 1: microwave worked out. Betsy, though, gives a really truthful account 287 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: of for learning curve at first overcooking everything because she 288 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,400 Speaker 1: couldn't adjust to the speed. But she claimed that by Sunday, 289 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:46,960 Speaker 1: her third day using the microwave, she'd gotten the hang 290 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:49,920 Speaker 1: of it and even cooked a turkey quote to perfection 291 00:17:50,880 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: in an hour and fifteen minutes. So that's a lot 292 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,720 Speaker 1: quicker than the four hours that would have taken in 293 00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:01,920 Speaker 1: the oven. I still have questions about how me too. 294 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:06,240 Speaker 1: She's honest that anything that needs leavening is just not 295 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:10,520 Speaker 1: gonna work, but that vegetables convenience foods and leftovers all 296 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:14,320 Speaker 1: come out perfectly. Yeah, she's pretty balanced in her thing 297 00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: of like. I mean, she says that turkey was great, 298 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:18,720 Speaker 1: and she cooked a roast in there, like she did 299 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:20,960 Speaker 1: a lot of meats which I would not usually cook 300 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,440 Speaker 1: large meat entredes in a microwave, but she claims it 301 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,879 Speaker 1: went quite well. Um. These two write ups and many 302 00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:31,040 Speaker 1: others like them, Alright, we're talking about them because they 303 00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:34,480 Speaker 1: showed just how excited people were to have an entirely 304 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:38,440 Speaker 1: new way of cooking, and one that seemed completely futuristic 305 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:43,240 Speaker 1: and almost unreal in its speed. The word microwave dates 306 00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: back to nineteen thirty one. It was used to describe 307 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:47,520 Speaker 1: the short waves that are kind of at the heart 308 00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:50,280 Speaker 1: of this whole story in its technology, and it was 309 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:53,280 Speaker 1: used to describe the appliance itself right from when it 310 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:56,959 Speaker 1: was introduced. But this method of cooking changed things so 311 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:00,240 Speaker 1: much and so quickly that by nine seventy three, so 312 00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:03,200 Speaker 1: just six years after the Amana radar range came out, 313 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:07,680 Speaker 1: the word microwave was being used as a verb. Safety 314 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:11,600 Speaker 1: regulations have been in place for consumer microwaves for decades, 315 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: so for example, you could put your candy bar right 316 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,440 Speaker 1: next to your modern microwave while cooking something, and unlike 317 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:23,680 Speaker 1: Percy Spencer's experience, it will not melt unless your kitchen 318 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:26,440 Speaker 1: is incredibly hot, which is a situation I for sure 319 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: had before. While the microwaves certainly won't replace the oven 320 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:33,960 Speaker 1: completely when it comes to making things like bread and pie, 321 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:37,000 Speaker 1: or the grill for things like burgers or steaks, it's 322 00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:40,280 Speaker 1: just it's a everyday part of life for many people. 323 00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:46,080 Speaker 1: I would say, every day a microwaves something, yeah, yeah, 324 00:19:46,080 --> 00:19:50,280 Speaker 1: and Raytheon technology still exists, focused on aerospace and defense, 325 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: although Amana is no longer part of the company. Amana 326 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:57,959 Speaker 1: was sold to Goodman Global in and then the company 327 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:02,119 Speaker 1: was split into its heating and cooling division, which Goodman retained, 328 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 1: and its home appliance division, which was sold to Maytag 329 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: in two thousand one. Whirlpool acquired Maytag in two thousand six, 330 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: and a manner remains part of Whirlpool, still making a 331 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:17,680 Speaker 1: wide range of home appliances, including microwaves. Percy Spencer saw 332 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,800 Speaker 1: his inventions early success as a consumer product, but not 333 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:24,199 Speaker 1: how deeply it became a part of modern life. He 334 00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:27,359 Speaker 1: died on September eight, nineteen sixty nine, which was two 335 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:30,520 Speaker 1: years after the amount of rador range had been introduced. 336 00:20:31,280 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: And now we're moving on to our other invention, which 337 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:39,440 Speaker 1: is chocolate chip cookies. Who doesn't love cookies? Okay, I'm 338 00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:42,280 Speaker 1: sure some people don't love cookies. I'm not going to judge. 339 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 1: I don't get it, but that's fine. Um, But whether 340 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:47,239 Speaker 1: you like cookies or not, I think most folks were 341 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: recognized that the chocolate chip cookie is one of the 342 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:53,479 Speaker 1: most popular bake treats to pop out of an oven, 343 00:20:53,480 --> 00:20:57,320 Speaker 1: old school or even microwave. And like the microwave, they 344 00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:03,080 Speaker 1: were invented accidentally. Maybe uh, there's actually so conflicting information here. 345 00:21:03,359 --> 00:21:06,440 Speaker 1: But to talk about the rise of the chocolate chip cookie, 346 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:10,040 Speaker 1: we have to talk about the woman credited with inventing them, 347 00:21:10,080 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 1: and that is Ruth Wakefield. That is someone we've gotten 348 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,880 Speaker 1: requests to talk about on the show before. I don't 349 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:21,359 Speaker 1: know if they would like how it goes. So. Ruth 350 00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:25,200 Speaker 1: was born Ruth Graves and East Walpole, Massachusetts, on June 351 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:29,480 Speaker 1: se n oh three. She grew up in eastern Massachusetts 352 00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:34,160 Speaker 1: with her parents, Fred Graves and Helen vest Jones Graves. 353 00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: She attended the precursor to Framingham State University which was 354 00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 1: Framingham State Normal School, Department of Household Arts. Graduated from 355 00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:47,840 Speaker 1: there in nineteen Ruth had a number of jobs early 356 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:50,720 Speaker 1: in her adult life after she graduated. She taught high 357 00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:54,119 Speaker 1: school economics, she worked as a dietitian in a hospital, 358 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,159 Speaker 1: and she even worked for a utility company and customer service. 359 00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,400 Speaker 1: She managed their customer service team. But she eventually became 360 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:05,639 Speaker 1: an innkeeper. Really a restaurant tour that happened after she 361 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 1: met Kenneth Wakefield and married him. Wakefield had worked in 362 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:12,639 Speaker 1: meat packing. He was an executive when they met, but 363 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: the couple decided that they would like to run a 364 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,320 Speaker 1: restaurant together, so they bought a place in Whitman, Massachusetts, 365 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,520 Speaker 1: on Bedford Street, and they started there in in nineteen thirty. 366 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: She had a very recognizable name, the toll House. In 367 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:28,800 Speaker 1: this house had a sign out front that read toll 368 00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:32,800 Speaker 1: House in seventeen o nine, and you will see on 369 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,720 Speaker 1: occasion write ups that say that it was once used 370 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,240 Speaker 1: as a toll house and that it was built in 371 00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:42,479 Speaker 1: the early eighteenth century. But that was apparently a quaint 372 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:46,240 Speaker 1: fiction that was cooked up by the Wakefields for marketing purposes. 373 00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: The house was really built by a man named Jacob 374 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:51,960 Speaker 1: Bates and his brother in law Lebas Smith in the 375 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,520 Speaker 1: eighteen teens. And it may have been on a toll road, 376 00:22:56,240 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 1: doesn't appear to have actually been used as a toll house, right. Ah. 377 00:23:02,119 --> 00:23:05,280 Speaker 1: That's you know, just just kind of adding to the mystique. 378 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: This was to be very clear. I mean, you've probably 379 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,200 Speaker 1: already thought this a dicey time to open a restaurant. 380 00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 1: The Wall Street crash of had just happened, plunging the 381 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: US into a depression. But according to Ruth, she and 382 00:23:20,160 --> 00:23:23,600 Speaker 1: Ken had always noted the various disappointing things they had 383 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:26,800 Speaker 1: encountered when they went out for dinner, and they thought 384 00:23:26,840 --> 00:23:30,040 Speaker 1: that they could do better. They basically had like the 385 00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: dream of the ideal restaurant their heads. So they bought 386 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:37,080 Speaker 1: this building. They renovated it, they burned through most of 387 00:23:37,119 --> 00:23:40,480 Speaker 1: their investment money in the process. Ruth later said that 388 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,040 Speaker 1: they only had fifty dollars when they opened their doors 389 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: to customers in August nine thirty, and after just a 390 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:50,320 Speaker 1: couple of days of serving only a handful of customers, 391 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:54,679 Speaker 1: that fifty dollars had dwindled in supply purchases and one 392 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:59,399 Speaker 1: really messy miscommunication where the Wakefields thought they had a 393 00:23:59,520 --> 00:24:03,040 Speaker 1: large table of paying customers, and the woman who brought 394 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,439 Speaker 1: them believed that they had understood she was bringing her 395 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:07,960 Speaker 1: ladies group as a way to help them get the 396 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,080 Speaker 1: word out about their new business, and that it was 397 00:24:10,119 --> 00:24:13,240 Speaker 1: going to be a compt affair. But within a few 398 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:16,160 Speaker 1: months it had all turned around. By Christmas, they needed 399 00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:18,920 Speaker 1: to hire ten more employees in addition to the two 400 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:21,800 Speaker 1: they started with. By the end of the nineteen thirties, 401 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: they had a hundred employees and the seven tables they'd 402 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:28,119 Speaker 1: started with had expanded to dozens. They had to add 403 00:24:28,119 --> 00:24:31,959 Speaker 1: on to the building to accommodate this growing stream of 404 00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: regular customers. Many of those people that they were seeing 405 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,879 Speaker 1: were locals, but a lot were travelers. And for a dollar, 406 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:43,439 Speaker 1: diners got a full meal with whatever they desired with 407 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,720 Speaker 1: it from soup to dessert. If you wanted seconds, no 408 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,399 Speaker 1: extra charge. That was all part of your dollar. It 409 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: was a pretty good deal. But it was also a 410 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: very nice experience because Ruth Wakefield had extremely high standards. 411 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:01,200 Speaker 1: The linen's were always perfect and a augily. Wait staff 412 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:04,400 Speaker 1: were not allowed to write anything down. They were expected 413 00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: to memorize all orders as part of making the customers 414 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,720 Speaker 1: feel at home. We'll talk more about Ruth and Ken's 415 00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:14,480 Speaker 1: restaurant after we hear from one of the sponsors that 416 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:26,840 Speaker 1: keep Stuffy miss and History class going. So for all 417 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:29,800 Speaker 1: of its homeliness, the toll house end did have a 418 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:32,280 Speaker 1: rather stern side, at least when it came to the staff. 419 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: Ruth was very, very particular in the way everything ran. 420 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,200 Speaker 1: We mentioned already that servers were not allowed to write 421 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:45,479 Speaker 1: down orders. Servers also had a three month training period 422 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,480 Speaker 1: to learn the seven page service manual before they worked 423 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,320 Speaker 1: a shift on their own, and they only got two 424 00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:55,600 Speaker 1: tables on a shift. Few have ever waited tables, that's nothing, 425 00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,200 Speaker 1: but that was because they were responsible for those tables 426 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: in their hirety, including setting them perfectly with silver placed 427 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:08,480 Speaker 1: quote one thumb print away from the edge of the table. Apparently, 428 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: if you had not done it correctly, you had to 429 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,960 Speaker 1: clear the whole table and reset it. Ruth was also 430 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:17,359 Speaker 1: known to yell at staff that did not perform as expected, 431 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,040 Speaker 1: and the food had a reputation for excellence. Ruth had 432 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:23,840 Speaker 1: a background in food from her college days, and she'd 433 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:27,400 Speaker 1: also inherited her grandmother's recipes. She was just a really 434 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:31,960 Speaker 1: good cook with a gift for recipe creation. Once the 435 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,159 Speaker 1: restaurant was successful, she and Ken went on a trip 436 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,720 Speaker 1: to an overseas location once a year to taste foods 437 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,600 Speaker 1: of the world and seek out flavors they might incorporate 438 00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: into their menu. The Toll House in became well known 439 00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: enough that all manner of celebrities started stopping in when 440 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,119 Speaker 1: they were in New England, so everyone from Betty Davis 441 00:26:51,119 --> 00:26:54,359 Speaker 1: to Eleanor Roosevelt said to have stopped there for a meal. 442 00:26:55,240 --> 00:27:00,679 Speaker 1: In Ruth published a cookbook, Toll House Tried and True Recipes. 443 00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:04,560 Speaker 1: That cookbook was reprinted twenty eight times in less than 444 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: twenty five years. I read that ultimately it got reprinted 445 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: something like thirty nine times. Don't quote me on that number, 446 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:14,200 Speaker 1: but it's in that range. And it grew with each 447 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: subsequent printing because she would expand and add new recipes 448 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:21,480 Speaker 1: they were using at the restaurant. Ruth's recipes and particularly 449 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:25,480 Speaker 1: her desserts, were renowned, and even food critic Duncan Hinds 450 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:29,159 Speaker 1: raved about her meringue. So how did this lead to 451 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:34,280 Speaker 1: a chocolate chip cookie? There are multiple versions, and probably 452 00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:38,359 Speaker 1: the most commonly repeated version of the story Ruth was improvising. 453 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:40,880 Speaker 1: She had run out of the nuts that she usually 454 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:44,480 Speaker 1: put in her brown sugar cookie dough or baker's chocolate, 455 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,359 Speaker 1: and added in bits of dark chocolate that she broke 456 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:50,679 Speaker 1: off of a semi sweet chocolate bar. The nut version 457 00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:53,159 Speaker 1: of the story was told by almost all of her 458 00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:58,320 Speaker 1: employees and ex employees for years. Another version was that 459 00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,879 Speaker 1: the vibration of a mix sir had caused the chocolate 460 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:05,320 Speaker 1: to fall into the cookie batter, and in both of 461 00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:08,520 Speaker 1: these versions, the batter was baked into cookies and Vala 462 00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:12,480 Speaker 1: it was delicious. So there are some other less popular 463 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,440 Speaker 1: versions of this story, like one that she had run 464 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:17,119 Speaker 1: short of butter and was trying to make up the 465 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:21,040 Speaker 1: moisture with chocolate, but that and similar tales aren't really 466 00:28:21,080 --> 00:28:23,640 Speaker 1: supported by any of the accounts given by people who 467 00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:27,719 Speaker 1: actually worked at the toll house. In There is also 468 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:30,840 Speaker 1: a version that says Ruth expected the chocolate to melt 469 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: into the dough and create a chocolate cookie, But that 470 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:37,800 Speaker 1: version kind of suggests that she would have had subsizeable 471 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:41,000 Speaker 1: gaps in her knowledge of mixing ingredients, and that makes 472 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: no sense because remember, she had a degree in what 473 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,720 Speaker 1: was called household arts. At the time, and she taught 474 00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:49,040 Speaker 1: home mac and she had also just been a really 475 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:52,640 Speaker 1: good cook for a long time. There is also another version, 476 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,360 Speaker 1: Ruth's version, but we're going to get to that in 477 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,719 Speaker 1: a minute. However, it happened, and that mixer story seems 478 00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: like a long shot because it would have dumped a 479 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: whole or mostly whole bar of baking chocolate into the 480 00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: mix instead of broken apart pieces. Probably still would have 481 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:14,800 Speaker 1: been big pieces, even after going through one giant chocolate 482 00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: chip that's eight ounces. Yeah, Regardless of that, a new 483 00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:23,320 Speaker 1: cookie was born, and restaurant visitors loved it so much 484 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:25,440 Speaker 1: so that if you asked afterward how to make these 485 00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: cookies yourself, you would get a hand typed card with 486 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:33,000 Speaker 1: the recipe from your server. The recipe went into the 487 00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:36,360 Speaker 1: toll House Cookbook in the late nineteen thirties. Yeah, they 488 00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: just got so tired of people asking that they just 489 00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:41,280 Speaker 1: started typing up recipe cards and having them ready at 490 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:46,080 Speaker 1: the start of every ship. The restaurant and it's amazing 491 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: cookies were featured on a radio show called Famous Foods 492 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:53,280 Speaker 1: from Famous Eating Places, which was hosted by Betty Crocker herself, 493 00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:58,200 Speaker 1: whose name was actually Merjuri hosted the recipe and variations 494 00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:01,360 Speaker 1: on it soon started a peer in papers, and from 495 00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:04,840 Speaker 1: there the company known as Lamont Corless and Company, which 496 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:08,080 Speaker 1: was making Nestle chocolate products in the US and eventually 497 00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 1: became part of Nestleie, became interested in part because their 498 00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: semi sweet chocolate bars were suddenly being sold in greater volume. 499 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:20,040 Speaker 1: They sent a representative to the toll House in and 500 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: while Nestley was not the only chocolate company that had 501 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:25,360 Speaker 1: approached Ruth and wanted to talk to her about this, 502 00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,360 Speaker 1: it was their chocolate that she liked to bake with 503 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:32,200 Speaker 1: and they struck a deal. This is another point that 504 00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:35,160 Speaker 1: is told sometimes with some variations, because you might also 505 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:38,560 Speaker 1: see it told that Ruth approached Nestle and not the 506 00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:42,800 Speaker 1: other way around. According to Ruth Wakefield, Nestley paid her 507 00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:45,680 Speaker 1: a dollar and exchanged for the rights to the toll 508 00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:49,520 Speaker 1: House cookie recipe. We don't know the exact details of 509 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 1: the deal that Ruth and Nestley worked out, but she 510 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,080 Speaker 1: was shrewd enough not to give up her recipe for 511 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:59,400 Speaker 1: just a dollar. Speculation over the years has been that 512 00:30:59,480 --> 00:31:02,680 Speaker 1: she was given in a complimentary chocolate supply for life 513 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,600 Speaker 1: and also that she served as a paid consultant for 514 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,880 Speaker 1: nest Lee on recipe development as part of that deal. 515 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:11,480 Speaker 1: That would make a lot more sense than just saying 516 00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: sure for a buck. Uh. If you live in the 517 00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 1: United States, you have probably seen that recipe printed a 518 00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 1: bazillion times on the backs of packets of chocolate chips, 519 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: but for a while it was just printed on the 520 00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:27,040 Speaker 1: wrapper of solid bars of chocolate. To add interest and 521 00:31:27,160 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: appeal to getting the recipe and chocolate from Nestley, the 522 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,440 Speaker 1: company started scoring their bars so that they could easily 523 00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:37,040 Speaker 1: be broken into one hundred sixty pieces that were, according 524 00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:41,440 Speaker 1: to them, exactly the right size for baking cookies. The 525 00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:45,000 Speaker 1: chocolate morsel soon followed in the early nineteen forties, so 526 00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:46,920 Speaker 1: that that's when it went into bags and those cute 527 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,320 Speaker 1: little drops, And soon after that, other chocolate companies were 528 00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:54,200 Speaker 1: introducing their own chocolate chips perfect for baking, and often 529 00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:57,280 Speaker 1: their own cookie recipes as well to try to compete. 530 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:01,120 Speaker 1: But Wakefield's toll House Cookie had the benefit of the 531 00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:03,920 Speaker 1: name recognition that the Toll House in had achieved in 532 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:06,320 Speaker 1: the decade plus it had been in business, so that 533 00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:10,240 Speaker 1: kind of continued to reign supreme even during World War Two, 534 00:32:10,360 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: when chocolate was in shorter supply, Nestlee used the shortage 535 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: as a marketing angle. They ran ads that read quote, 536 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:20,800 Speaker 1: now that Nestlee's semi sweet chocolate is harder to get, 537 00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:24,800 Speaker 1: put it to the best possible useless add went on 538 00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:27,880 Speaker 1: to suggest that women make toll House cookies to send 539 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:32,040 Speaker 1: to their soldiers overseas. Ruth also started selling the cookies 540 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:35,920 Speaker 1: from the restaurant to be shipped overseas to troops. This 541 00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,440 Speaker 1: is according to employees at the end, when they shifted 542 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,560 Speaker 1: the recipe to exclude nuts because they just didn't hold 543 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: up that well in shipping. The recipe that appears on 544 00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:50,360 Speaker 1: bags of chocolate morsels has actually changed several times over 545 00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:53,560 Speaker 1: the years as ingredients have changed and things like pre 546 00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,480 Speaker 1: sifted flour have become readily available. I'm pretty sure the 547 00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:02,440 Speaker 1: recipe now does have nuts. As one example. It might 548 00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: but gross, Yeah, I don't. I don't put them in mind. 549 00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:09,440 Speaker 1: I will talk about my favorite chocolatep recipe in our 550 00:33:09,480 --> 00:33:13,479 Speaker 1: Behind the Scenes um. In nineteen sixty seven, after thirty 551 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:16,440 Speaker 1: seven years in the restaurant business and being very successful 552 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:19,400 Speaker 1: about it, Ruth and Ken sold the toll House in 553 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: and they retired to Duxbury, Massachusetts. Ruth died ten years 554 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:27,280 Speaker 1: later in nineteen seventy seven. The toll House in burned 555 00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:29,720 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty four and it was not rebuilt, although 556 00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:31,720 Speaker 1: the sign has been restored and there is now a 557 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:35,600 Speaker 1: historical marker plaque on the site. For a very very 558 00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:39,600 Speaker 1: long time, Ruth herself was kg about how the chocolate 559 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:43,760 Speaker 1: cookie was invented. She never explained what prompted the change 560 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,280 Speaker 1: and the recipe, and in the nineteen eight version of 561 00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:48,960 Speaker 1: her cookbook she even says that it's quote really a 562 00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:53,840 Speaker 1: story by itself, but doesn't elaborate any further. And then suddenly, 563 00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,960 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy four she told a very different story. 564 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:01,160 Speaker 1: She told a reporter for The Boss and Harold American 565 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:04,520 Speaker 1: that it had been very carefully invented, not an accident, 566 00:34:05,120 --> 00:34:07,600 Speaker 1: and her account quote, we had been serving a thin 567 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: butterscotch nut cookie with ice cream. Everybody seemed to love it, 568 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:13,719 Speaker 1: but I was trying to give them something different, so 569 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,280 Speaker 1: I came up with the toll house cookie. She claims 570 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:19,640 Speaker 1: she had worked out the recipe as they were traveling 571 00:34:19,680 --> 00:34:22,920 Speaker 1: home from Egypt. She also told a reporter from the 572 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,760 Speaker 1: Christian Science monitor that she had worked on the recipe 573 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:29,120 Speaker 1: with her pastry cook Sue Brides once she returned to 574 00:34:29,160 --> 00:34:33,600 Speaker 1: the restaurant. There was incidentally, both a nut tea wafer 575 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,120 Speaker 1: and a chocolate crunch cookie in the nine edition of 576 00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:39,879 Speaker 1: her cookbooks, So there is some evidence that backs up 577 00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:44,319 Speaker 1: her story, but because Ruth was so evasive about it 578 00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,239 Speaker 1: for four decades and she was known to do some 579 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:52,560 Speaker 1: savvy fibbing for marketing purposes, it's hard to know for certain. Incidentally, 580 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:56,279 Speaker 1: the original recipe for Wakefield's cookies that was first used 581 00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:59,839 Speaker 1: in the restaurant isn't quite like the cookie that you'll 582 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,080 Speaker 1: it if you make the recipe. If you find it today, 583 00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:06,319 Speaker 1: it's a lot less sweet and lighter and crunchier. It 584 00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:08,920 Speaker 1: was to be baked all the way through and not 585 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:13,400 Speaker 1: left chewy in the middle. I mean, why would you 586 00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:17,560 Speaker 1: not want chewy in the middle. I don't, Ruth, we 587 00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:23,560 Speaker 1: gotta talk about this. UM. So that is where microwave 588 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:30,719 Speaker 1: ovens and chocolate chip cookies from. UM. I'm suddenly having 589 00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:35,279 Speaker 1: a reminiscence about those microwave chocolate chip cookie packs when 590 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:37,359 Speaker 1: they were introduced, which I think you can still get, 591 00:35:37,360 --> 00:35:40,640 Speaker 1: but I do not use them. Um, we'll probably have 592 00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:43,560 Speaker 1: more accidental or not accidental inventions in the future because 593 00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: they're kind of fun. They're a nice uh refresher after 594 00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:49,399 Speaker 1: we talk about murder all the time, which I've been doing. 595 00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:54,279 Speaker 1: Uh so all of that. I also have listener mail 596 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,560 Speaker 1: from our listener cam which is going to talk about 597 00:35:56,560 --> 00:35:59,640 Speaker 1: one of the murders. Are several murders in fact, Cam Rights. 598 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:02,200 Speaker 1: Hello ladies. I am a longtime listener and have emailed 599 00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 1: about transcripts a few times as many of your podcasts 600 00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:08,279 Speaker 1: are very useful for my criminal justice class. I feel 601 00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:10,960 Speaker 1: they're well researched and they provide insights that students might 602 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:13,399 Speaker 1: not get from a textbook, and the material you cover 603 00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,279 Speaker 1: is often barely glazed over. I wanted to write to 604 00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:19,840 Speaker 1: applaud your discussion about the relationship between crime and media 605 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:23,040 Speaker 1: and the Widemont episodes. I spent a lot of time 606 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,360 Speaker 1: in class talking about the media and how it impacts 607 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:28,560 Speaker 1: how we see crime and criminal justice in the United States. 608 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:31,640 Speaker 1: Our perceptions of how dangerous the world is and what 609 00:36:31,719 --> 00:36:35,319 Speaker 1: appropriate punishment for a crime might be depends greatly on 610 00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:38,319 Speaker 1: how it's portrayed. I always ask students to think about 611 00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:41,359 Speaker 1: why a particular victim or offender is getting so much 612 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:44,280 Speaker 1: media attention and who is not receiving the same levels 613 00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:47,360 Speaker 1: of attention e g. Is one of the victims or 614 00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,760 Speaker 1: offenders attractive, does the offense violate societal norms and expectations? 615 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,879 Speaker 1: And what role is race ethnicity playing in these portrayals. 616 00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:57,800 Speaker 1: There's a significant amount of research in this area that 617 00:36:57,840 --> 00:36:59,760 Speaker 1: I won't bore you with, but I'm glad you highlighted 618 00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:02,680 Speaker 1: this issue. We must always remember that very few media 619 00:37:02,719 --> 00:37:04,879 Speaker 1: outlets are not for profit and they need to gain 620 00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:08,840 Speaker 1: an audience, which often occurs through interesting headlines and selecious details. 621 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:13,480 Speaker 1: Preach cam Uh and then says thank you for all 622 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:16,799 Speaker 1: your hard work. I'm including a few pet photos. One 623 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:20,200 Speaker 1: is from Luna Ray Cosmos fluffy uppies first Gotcha Day 624 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,160 Speaker 1: a few days ago, are good, good boy, Prince Fury, 625 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,080 Speaker 1: Gronkey Bear, these names are spectacular, by the way, sitting 626 00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:30,120 Speaker 1: lying next to his little sister, one of our kittens, 627 00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:32,640 Speaker 1: Nebula and Aurora. When they were little, it took two 628 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:34,840 Speaker 1: kitties to fill the space left by my giant orange 629 00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:38,040 Speaker 1: basketball of a cat bite. And finally, one of Nebulous 630 00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:40,480 Speaker 1: sitting with her boy. She is the most patient kitty, 631 00:37:40,560 --> 00:37:44,120 Speaker 1: who thankfully also gently enforces boundaries. I hope you're having 632 00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:47,400 Speaker 1: a lovely day. Uh. Cam gives some episode suggestions and 633 00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,040 Speaker 1: then writes, PS. I am listening to the Maria Gratrudis 634 00:37:50,080 --> 00:37:53,080 Speaker 1: Barcelo episodes as I write this, and wanted to mention 635 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,960 Speaker 1: one funny thing. I grew up in Nevada and my 636 00:37:56,040 --> 00:37:58,759 Speaker 1: mom was a casino worker, often dealing cards, which is 637 00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:01,719 Speaker 1: a very common job. When I moved to upstate New 638 00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:03,800 Speaker 1: York and people would ask what she did, I would 639 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,400 Speaker 1: use the common parlance I grew up with, she's a dealer. 640 00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:10,160 Speaker 1: When that obviously confused folks, I would say she's a 641 00:38:10,160 --> 00:38:12,920 Speaker 1: card dealer, but people would often mishear it and then 642 00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:16,319 Speaker 1: wonder what vehicles she sold. Never would I have thought 643 00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:21,239 Speaker 1: about that as being a locational confusion problem as you 644 00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:24,680 Speaker 1: move away from that location. But see how that would go. 645 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:28,080 Speaker 1: I was talking to my hygienist about the episode when 646 00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:31,279 Speaker 1: I got my last teeth cleaning, and I think she 647 00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:38,480 Speaker 1: thought I was talking about drugs, right, Cam, Thank you 648 00:38:38,520 --> 00:38:42,880 Speaker 1: so much. Also, man, those are beautiful pets, um and 649 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,920 Speaker 1: kiss every one of their faces for me. Uh. If 650 00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:47,960 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us. Tell us your 651 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:51,000 Speaker 1: funny story about how you accidentally make your mom's career 652 00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:57,359 Speaker 1: sounds delicious, or how you are working to make sure 653 00:38:57,360 --> 00:39:00,239 Speaker 1: people understand that there is nuance in the ways stories 654 00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:02,120 Speaker 1: are told in the media. Well, any of the or 655 00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:03,960 Speaker 1: any of the other show. Just send us your kiddies 656 00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:06,480 Speaker 1: and puppies. That's good too. You could do that at 657 00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:09,200 Speaker 1: History Podcast at i heeart radio dot com. You can 658 00:39:09,239 --> 00:39:11,799 Speaker 1: also find us on social media pretty much everywhere as 659 00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:14,200 Speaker 1: Missed in History, and you can subscribe in the I 660 00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:17,640 Speaker 1: heart radio app or wherever you listen to your favorite podcasts. 661 00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:25,239 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 662 00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,520 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 663 00:39:28,719 --> 00:39:31,720 Speaker 1: visit the I heart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 664 00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:33,280 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.