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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: Are you worried that something out there in space might

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Speaker 1: kill us.

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Speaker 3: All every day? Man? You mean like aliens. We haven't

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Speaker 3: even started the podcast yet and we're already talking about aliens.

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Speaker 1: Actually, this one time, I was not talking about aliens.

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Speaker 3: There are other things out there in space that can

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Speaker 3: kill us.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there are other things out there that could end humanity.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see what you mean, like a killer meteor.

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Speaker 1: I'm thinking about something much much stranger.

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Speaker 3: Hi. I'm Jorge, am cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm sometimes described

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Speaker 1: as a strange personality.

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Speaker 3: But welno to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain this

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Speaker 3: strange universe. A production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: That's Right, in which we go out there on mental

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Speaker 1: journeys into the universe and bring home the strange, the bonkers,

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Speaker 1: the crazy, but the real, and pipe it directly into

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Speaker 1: your brain.

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Speaker 3: That's right. We'd like to think about and talk about

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Speaker 3: all the amazing things that are out there in space,

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Speaker 3: out there in the far reaches of the universe, and

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Speaker 3: also right here in front of us, in the small

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Speaker 3: things around us that are sort of normal for the universe,

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Speaker 3: but if you view as humans sort of think about it,

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Speaker 3: they're kind of strange.

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Speaker 1: We like to peel back the layer of reality that

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Speaker 1: you encounter in your everyday life and reveal to you

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Speaker 1: that the universe is far weirder, far more amazing, far

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Speaker 1: more beautiful, far more nasty, and far more strange than

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Speaker 1: you might have imagined.

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Speaker 3: And potentially far more dangerous than you thought.

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Speaker 1: Definitely more dangerous. There's a lot of stuff out there

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Speaker 1: that could kill you.

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Speaker 3: Oh man, what other can't kill you? Love the fourth dimension.

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Speaker 1: It's all you need. It's amazing to me how many

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Speaker 1: like new ideas in physics end up being potentially deadly,

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Speaker 1: like oh, it turns out the Higgs Boson field might collapse,

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Speaker 1: ending the universe, or wow, the universe says this massive expansion,

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Speaker 1: which could isolate us from all other sorts of galaxies

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Speaker 1: out there. It's incredible that none of these new ideas

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Speaker 1: in physics like provide coziness or warmth or like, uh, you.

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Speaker 3: Know, I think it's strange to Daniel that you're not

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Speaker 3: surprised anymore. I mean, by now you should know that

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Speaker 3: every time you uncover, you lift the rock, there's something

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Speaker 3: there I can kill all of humanity. Maybe maybe you

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Speaker 3: should stop.

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Speaker 1: Maybe maybe it says something about the fragility of our

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Speaker 1: experience that anything that tells us that our situation is

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Speaker 1: not typical or not unique, and that most of the

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Speaker 1: universe is different shows us how most of the universe

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Speaker 1: is inhospitable to human life and coziness.

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Speaker 3: I think it says more about the fragility of physics funding,

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Speaker 3: because if you included in every proposal like hey, we

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Speaker 3: want to discover this, but we it might end up

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Speaker 3: destroying humanity, then somehow conveniently that doesn't get mentioned.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe we should use that as clickbit in our

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Speaker 1: physics funding like fun my research, or you know, a

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Speaker 1: black hole might eat the.

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Speaker 3: Earth and that is the birth of a supervillain right there,

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Speaker 3: Ladies and gentlemen, Daniel has now officially become a mad scientist,

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Speaker 3: a villain in a bond boy that's practiced.

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Speaker 1: I feel that just sort of bubbled up out of me,

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Speaker 1: you know, like the moment of birth of me is

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Speaker 1: a super villain. I'll go put my cape on.

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Speaker 3: Wait, villains work cape only with the big lapels. If

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Speaker 3: that giant lapels.

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Speaker 1: I'm turning my collar up and being prepared to.

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Speaker 3: Plan for the end of humanity popping the color. Right. Well,

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Speaker 3: there are a lot of things out there in the universe,

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Speaker 3: and a lot of stuff that we haven't discovered that yet, right,

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Speaker 3: And a lot of that might be weird or it

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Speaker 3: might be kind of dangerous, right for humanity, for the

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Speaker 3: sort of unstable existence of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And this is sort of a different dimension of weirdness.

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Speaker 1: Like we're used to the fact that things out there

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Speaker 1: far away in space might be different. There are stars

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Speaker 1: and black holes and weird stuff out there that doesn't

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Speaker 1: happen here. But there's another kind of direction of weirdness,

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Speaker 1: which is like what can matter do? Like, can matter

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Speaker 1: do things that we're not familiar with? Can inform weird

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Speaker 1: new stable states that we haven't seen yet, because we

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Speaker 1: haven't created the conditions. You know, imagine if we lived

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Speaker 1: on a planet, for example, that never had had iron

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Speaker 1: on it because there just wasn't iron from nearby supernovas,

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Speaker 1: and somebody showed up with like iron, We're like, whoa,

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Speaker 1: that's interesting, We've never seen that before.

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Speaker 3: I see like a new kind of matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, a new kind of matter. What if you could

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Speaker 1: rearrange the lego pieces of the universe into new amazing

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Speaker 1: kinds of stuff, because it's incredible, like the diversity of

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Speaker 1: different kind of things you can make with the same

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Speaker 1: lego pieces, right, the same building blocks you can make

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Speaker 1: you know, helium and hydrogen and iron and ice cream

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Speaker 1: and hamsters and all of that stuff. So there must

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Speaker 1: be new weird kinds of stuff out there we haven't discovered.

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Speaker 3: And so that's totally possible. Like it's possible that there's

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Speaker 3: matter that can be made that we haven't made here

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Speaker 3: on Earth. You're ever seen.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's totally possible. And you know, there's sort of

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Speaker 1: two branches there. One is like, take the matter and

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Speaker 1: annihilate that to try to make new fundamental particles. That's

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Speaker 1: the kind of thing I work on by smashing particles

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Speaker 1: together at the LEDC. But a whole other question is like,

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Speaker 1: don't smash the particles, just rearrange them, try to build

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Speaker 1: up new stuff, you know, try to put them together

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Speaker 1: into new combinations and see if you can make weird

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Speaker 1: new kinds of matter.

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Speaker 3: And you know that's with reality.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the deepest legos ever, the most universal set of

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Speaker 1: legos ever.

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Speaker 3: Well, today on the podcast, we'll be talking about one

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Speaker 3: such possible kind possible or real kind of matter out

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Speaker 3: there that could potentially exist, and that which could potentially

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Speaker 3: be maybe interesting and or deadly or dangerous to the universe.

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Speaker 1: I think deadly definitely means interesting. You can't be interesting

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Speaker 1: or deadly. Anything that's deadly definitely interesting.

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Speaker 3: Unlike you, I'm totally not interested in dying, so that

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Speaker 3: is not interesting to me.

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Speaker 1: You're not interested in things that might kill you. If

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Speaker 1: I'm like, hey, hey, there's a huge boulder about to

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Speaker 1: fall in your house, you'd be like, not interested.

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Speaker 3: I'd rather just tell me get out of your house.

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Speaker 3: You know, you don't have to explain to me what's happening.

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Speaker 3: It's coming towards me.

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Speaker 1: Summarize, summariz summarize.

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Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, too long didn't read. Now you're dead. All right.

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Speaker 1: I'll start my emails at the top with get out

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Speaker 1: of your house.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, prior, Priori, get out and let me explain to

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Speaker 3: you why.

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Speaker 1: That's fair. That's fair. Start with a call to action.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So there's a very interesting kind of matter out

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Speaker 3: there that is theoretical, Daniel, it's for real.

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Speaker 1: Well, that's the question. You know, we don't know. It's

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Speaker 1: currently theoretical, but it might be real. It might be

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Speaker 1: out there in the universe right now waiting to gobble

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Speaker 1: us up and destroy your house.

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Speaker 3: Wow. Well, if it is possible, it is definitely going

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Speaker 3: to be very strange. And so today on the podcast,

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Speaker 3: we'll be asking the question what is strange matter? Daniel?

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Speaker 3: This sounds really strange to me.

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Speaker 1: It's maybe the one time physicists have given something an

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Speaker 1: appropriate name.

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Speaker 3: Like like you guys, you guys saw this or thought

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Speaker 3: about it, and you're like, whoa, that's strange.

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Speaker 1: That's basically summarized the history of particle physics between the

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Speaker 1: nineteen forties and nineteen sixties.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, why wasn't everything else named strange? Why is this

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Speaker 3: particular one? I guess we'll get into it.

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Speaker 1: We'll get into it. Yeah, but like, unless you think

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Speaker 1: I'm stranger, you're strange. We're made of normal matter. People

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Speaker 1: discovered new kinds of matter, which to them was strange.

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Speaker 3: So strange sort of means not normal.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, what does strange mean to you? Jorge? Like, Hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm going to make you some strange ice cream. You expect,

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Speaker 1: like garlic flavored ice cream.

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Speaker 3: I feel like I'm not gonna like it. I feel

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Speaker 3: right away that it's going to be like garlic with cilantro.

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Speaker 1: That's probably fair. And if I offered you a bowl

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Speaker 1: of strange matter, I wouldn't recommend you actually eat it, all.

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Speaker 3: Right, So, but we're wondering, as usual, if this is

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Speaker 3: something that people have heard about or read about maybe

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Speaker 3: or even the thought about possibly existing out there in

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Speaker 3: the in the universe. And so, as usual, Daniel went

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Speaker 3: out there into the streets to ask perfect strangers if

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Speaker 3: they had ever heard of strange matter or it's I

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Speaker 3: guess really a cousin strange.

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Speaker 1: Lets that's right. And here's what folks around campus had

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Speaker 1: to say when I accosted them with this strange question. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: that sounds good, it sounds cool. What do you think

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Speaker 1: it might be take a random guess.

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Speaker 3: I think of dark matter when you say that stuff

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Speaker 3: we don't really know much about.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it's not solid liquid or gas. No no, no,

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Speaker 1: have not no no, no, that's guess what.

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Speaker 3: That might be matter that doesn't behave like the matter

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Speaker 3: that we already understand. No, no, okay, No, I think

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Speaker 3: strange only like scientific thing that I know about.

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Speaker 1: Isn't that a quark?

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Speaker 3: Isn't there a strange quark? All right? I guess that

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Speaker 3: that shouldn't be too strange. And nobody had heard about

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Speaker 3: strange matter. It is strange. But I like how these

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Speaker 3: answers are all like, no, no, no, there's not like hmm,

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Speaker 3: let me think about No, there's like, no, there's no

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Speaker 3: subtlety here and.

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Speaker 1: Take on anybody's brain or make them think about something else,

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Speaker 1: or give them a hint of something. It's like, maybe

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Speaker 1: there hasn't been a lot of clickbait about this or

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Speaker 1: no nova specials about strange matter. It hasn't really penetrated

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Speaker 1: the cultural zeitgeis nobody's worried about it. So everybody listen

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Speaker 1: to this podcast episode and prepare your strange matter proof bunker.

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Speaker 3: Do you think maybe people were suspicious of you, Like

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Speaker 3: maybe they thought you were pranking them, like, because it

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Speaker 3: does sound sort of sound like something out of I

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Speaker 3: don't know, fifty sci fi like Strange Matter.

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Speaker 1: I don't know. I asked them this question just after

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Speaker 1: I asked them the question about which physics adventure they

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Speaker 1: would like, which we did recently on the podcast. So

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Speaker 1: I think, you know, they were primed to think in

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Speaker 1: a fun way and to expand their minds. There was

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Speaker 1: just no reaction there. Just likes wrung Nobel. This is

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Speaker 1: like if I picked two random words, you know, have

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Speaker 1: you heard of dragon soufle and they'd be like, what, No,

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Speaker 1: I don't know where that.

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Speaker 3: Is and I don't even want to know. It's I

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Speaker 3: don't even want.

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Speaker 1: It to know, and it's excellent with garlic ice cream.

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Speaker 1: By the way, dragon tu fla the scoop of garlic

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Speaker 1: ice cream on the side.

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Speaker 3: I feel like this is really close to stranger things,

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Speaker 3: Like really stranger things are made would be made out

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Speaker 3: of strange matter.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what the upside down is made of.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, but actually maybe the upside down is where

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Speaker 1: every upcork is a down cork and every down cork

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Speaker 1: is an upcuark.

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Speaker 3: Oh wow, Daniel, you totally call them. Yeah, that would

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Speaker 3: be why it's called the upside down.

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Speaker 1: I know exactly. It's actually a physics reason for something.

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Speaker 3: All right, So let's get into this strange topic, and Daniel,

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Speaker 3: so they explain to us what is strange matter?

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Speaker 1: Right, So we have a few different concepts. We want

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Speaker 1: to tease a part on the show, want is strange matter?

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Speaker 1: And then later we'll talk about strange lits and strange stars.

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Speaker 1: But when particle physicists talk about strange matter, what they

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Speaker 1: mean is any matter containing this one particular quark, which

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Speaker 1: is called a strange quark. Now, you and I don't

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Speaker 1: have any strange quarks in us, or at least not

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Speaker 1: any real strange quarks. Like you and I are made

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Speaker 1: of protons and neutrons and electrons. And remember that inside

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Speaker 1: the protons and neutrons we have two kinds of quarks,

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Speaker 1: upquarks and down quarks.

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Speaker 3: This would be matter made out of like protons and neutrons,

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Speaker 3: but in which the quarks inside of them are all

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Speaker 3: this kind of quark, which is a strange quark.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We now know that in the universe there

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Speaker 1: are six kinds of quarks up down, charms, strange top bottom,

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Speaker 1: and protons and neutrons are made out of three upquarks

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Speaker 1: and down quarks mixed together. And you can put these

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Speaker 1: lego pieces together to make lots of different kind of particles.

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Speaker 1: You can put the upquarks together to make pions. You

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Speaker 1: can do all sorts of crazy stuff. But if you

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Speaker 1: add a strange cork, if you use the strange cork lego,

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Speaker 1: then we call it strange matter.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, And why was that quark called strange?

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Speaker 3: Was it like the strange cousin that nobody could figure

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Speaker 3: out or is there something particularly strange about this as

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Speaker 3: opposed to like a charm quark or a top quark.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, it comes from the early history of particle physics.

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Speaker 1: We first were trying to figure you're out, like, what

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Speaker 1: are all the kind of particles that are out there?

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Speaker 1: We knew protons and neutrons and electrons, and then people

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Speaker 1: started building particle colliders, and in particle colliders they would

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Speaker 1: smash stuff together and they could get more energy. And

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Speaker 1: the thing about the strange cork is that it's heavier

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Speaker 1: than these other quarks. It's more massive, so it costs

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Speaker 1: more energy to make. So this is the first time

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Speaker 1: they could ever make it. And they made these particles

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Speaker 1: that had strange quarks in them, though at the time

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Speaker 1: they didn't know they were strange quarks. And these particles

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Speaker 1: were a little weird. There were chaons and sigma particles,

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Speaker 1: and they had sort of strange behaviors compared to protons

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Speaker 1: and neutrons. And specifically, the thing that was strange about

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Speaker 1: these particles is that they lived longer than anyone expected

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Speaker 1: for such heavy particles. Remember, usually heavy particles decayed down

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Speaker 1: very quickly to lighter particles. These new particles strangely stuck

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Speaker 1: around a bit longer than anyone expected before decaying.

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Speaker 3: Oh wait, so they made stuff that made out of

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Speaker 3: strange matter, Like they made strange matter, and they're like, well,

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Speaker 3: this is weird.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they we do this all the time at particle colliders.

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Speaker 1: It's not that unusual now. I mean, it's still strange

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Speaker 1: in its behavior, but like, we smash particles together and

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Speaker 1: we get chaons out. Chon is a combination of an

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Speaker 1: upcork and a strange cork, or a down cork and

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Speaker 1: a strange cork.

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Speaker 3: What do you mean, Like, if they pair together, they

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Speaker 3: form a special particle.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Like we talked in our podcast about how quarks

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Speaker 1: can never be by themselves, and so they either have

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Speaker 1: to be like with an anti quark, or you need triplets.

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Speaker 1: You need either pairs of quarks or triplets. If you

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Speaker 1: get like an up and a strange to pair together,

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Speaker 1: you call that a chon. If you get like two

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Speaker 1: ups and a strange together, that's a sigma particle.

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Speaker 3: If you mix up the kinds of the basic particles,

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Speaker 3: and so that's possible. You can mix like a two

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Speaker 3: up quarks and a strange cork and they'll be happy together.

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Speaker 1: They will be happy together, but not for very long.

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Speaker 1: These particles are all unstable because they have this strange

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Speaker 1: cork in them, and the strange cork is heavy and

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Speaker 1: it decays, so sometimes it will decay to a down cork.

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Speaker 3: And so these particles are some energy or something.

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Speaker 1: Spit out some energy precisely, and so these particles are

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Speaker 1: very short lived. They're very strange. They have weird behaviors.

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Speaker 1: They some of them switch back and forth from one

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Speaker 1: kind to another. But they're all very unstable. But we

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Speaker 1: make this all the time. Every collision we make at

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Speaker 1: the large hadron collider. Every twenty five nanoseconds, we're producing

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Speaker 1: some strange quarks and so therefore some strange matter. But

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Speaker 1: it never lasts for very long.

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Speaker 3: These particles are no longer strange. They just have the

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Speaker 3: name strange from kind of back when you didn't you

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Speaker 3: couldn't figure them out.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it was really kind of an exciting time

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Speaker 1: in particle physics. Sometimes I wonder if they were having

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Speaker 1: more fun back then than here, because back then they

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Speaker 1: were every time do.

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Speaker 4: You want to make physics great again? Daniel, Yes, I

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Speaker 4: want to make physics great again? No, every time they

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Speaker 4: turned on the collider they discovered a new particle because

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Speaker 4: they were able to get these little quarks to fit

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Speaker 4: together in a new way. Because you've got three different

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Speaker 4: quarks now up, down and strange. They didn't have the

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Speaker 4: energy to make any of the other heavier ones. There's

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Speaker 4: a lot of different combinations, and so there's a lot

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Speaker 4: of particles to discover, and they didn't have any idea

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Speaker 4: what was going on. So every time you turned it on,

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Speaker 4: you're like, oh my god, here's another particle. Oh, here's

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Speaker 4: another particle. And then and they called it the Era

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Speaker 4: of the Particle Zoo because they were just like every

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Speaker 4: time you turn this thing on, new particles popped out.

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Speaker 4: And then finally somebody, it took like twenty years. Finally

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Speaker 4: somebody in the sixties was like, you know what, this

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Speaker 4: would all make sense if you had three basic particles

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Speaker 4: and all this spectrum of particles, all this zoo of

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Speaker 4: particles were just rearrangements of those three, and he was

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Speaker 4: able to explain all of those in terms of these

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Speaker 4: basic idea, these quarks up and down in the strange.

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Speaker 3: I see, And that's like and the charm one too, right.

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Speaker 1: Not the charm yet. We hadn't seen the charm, so

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Speaker 1: we'd only ever made particles with the up, down and strange.

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Speaker 1: And that's like a real moment of insight.

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Speaker 3: Oh I see. But so they discovered all three quarts

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Speaker 3: at the same time, like up, down and strange at

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Speaker 3: the same time, or did they know about the up

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Speaker 3: and down and then they discovered the strange.

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Speaker 1: They didn't know about the up and the down. Real thing.

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Speaker 1: It was sort of like developing as an idea. And

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Speaker 1: then somebody said, you know, if you have these three

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Speaker 1: particles inside, then it explains all of this that's happening.

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Speaker 1: There are a lot of different ways to try to explain.

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Speaker 1: It's like everybody's looking at this huge list of particles,

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Speaker 1: and remember the game in particle physics is simplify, is

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Speaker 1: describe everything we see in the universe in terms of

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Speaker 1: the smallest set of building blocks. We're always trying to

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Speaker 1: peel back one layer of reality. So this is a

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Speaker 1: huge success is to say, oh, I have some new

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Speaker 1: idea for an even smaller particle that explains all the

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Speaker 1: weirdness we're seeing.

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Speaker 3: I guess my question is why wasn't why were in

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Speaker 3: the up and downs called weird and bizarre?

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Speaker 1: Well, because they're part of me and you. They're normal,

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Speaker 1: they're every day, they're they're all around us. Right.

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Speaker 3: Oh, they saw that that regular matter that we're familiar

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Speaker 3: with is made out of just ups and downs. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: protonogams these other versions of normal matter, which which was strange.

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Speaker 3: And they found that the what the common ingredient was

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Speaker 3: this strange quirk.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's this property called strangeness, which turns out

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Speaker 1: to be just like related to how many strange quirks

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Speaker 1: you have in you strangeness. Strangeness, yeah, is related to

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Speaker 1: how many strange quirks are in a particle, and some

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Speaker 1: forces conserve strangeness and some forces don't conserve strangeness, and

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Speaker 1: so it was a real puzzle for a while, but

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Speaker 1: it was all put together just by understanding that there

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Speaker 1: are three kinds of quarks and you can put them

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Speaker 1: together in lots of different ways to make this incredible

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Speaker 1: variety of particles.

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Speaker 3: So then strange matter is just anything that has a

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Speaker 3: strange quirk in it, that's right, or that is made

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Speaker 3: up entirely at a strange cork.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 3: One.

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Speaker 1: It's anything that has at least one strange cork in it,

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Speaker 1: and you can make matter out of just strange quarks.

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Speaker 1: In fact, the guy who proposed this, the guy who

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Speaker 1: had this idea, you know, of quarks, he stood up

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Speaker 1: at a conference and he proposed this and he predicted

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Speaker 1: He said, if my idea is correct, then there should

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Speaker 1: also be this particle that's pure strange quirks. And he

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Speaker 1: predicted how you would find it and how heavy it

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Speaker 1: would be before it was seen, and he was right.

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Speaker 1: So that's pretty awesome. He called his shot.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so that's strange matter. And so I have a

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Speaker 3: lot of opinions about the way you guys name things

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Speaker 3: as usual but nice. We'll get into what happens to

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Speaker 3: this kind of matter and whether or not it actually

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Speaker 3: is something we should worry about, destroying the universe or not.

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Speaker 3: But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, So strange matter you're telling me is

468
00:23:06,359 --> 00:23:08,600
Speaker 3: just any kind of matter that is that has a

469
00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:12,760
Speaker 3: little bit of or is made with this particular quirk

470
00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:16,600
Speaker 3: called the strange quark. And so that's what makes it strange.

471
00:23:16,680 --> 00:23:19,199
Speaker 3: Like if you had this quark, then you are you

472
00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:23,359
Speaker 3: automatically strangely? Do you behave strangely or that's just the

473
00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:24,200
Speaker 3: name you get.

474
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,320
Speaker 1: That's just the name you get. And whether you consider

475
00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:30,359
Speaker 1: these particles to be behaving strangely. It just depends really

476
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,320
Speaker 1: on your perspective. It's totally subjective. But at the time

477
00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:36,000
Speaker 1: when these particles were found, they did things other particles

478
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,600
Speaker 1: weren't doing. You know, they had weird decay patterns, They

479
00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:40,800
Speaker 1: would turn into each other, they would slosh back and

480
00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:44,280
Speaker 1: forth from one particle to another. They were a little weird.

481
00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:47,560
Speaker 1: Some of these particles, for example, violate some conservation laws

482
00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:51,200
Speaker 1: that we hadn't seen other particles violate, like CP violation.

483
00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:55,560
Speaker 1: Charge parity violation was seen in the Chaon system. And

484
00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:57,920
Speaker 1: so these particles are a little strange.

485
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, they're strange from normal matter, which is.

486
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,040
Speaker 1: Us, yes, which and we are made of just up

487
00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:06,000
Speaker 1: and down quarks or vanilla and chocolate quarks. But you

488
00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:09,080
Speaker 1: know what we don't know is what else can this

489
00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:14,119
Speaker 1: strange quark don Can it create other weirder kinds of

490
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:16,640
Speaker 1: matter that we haven't seen here on Earth? We haven't

491
00:24:16,680 --> 00:24:19,919
Speaker 1: even created in particle colliders that could do bizarre stuff

492
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:21,080
Speaker 1: we haven't anticipated.

493
00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:24,240
Speaker 3: Oh, you mean, like can we if you were to

494
00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:26,919
Speaker 3: sort of be more creative with this strange quark, what

495
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:27,879
Speaker 3: else could you make with it?

496
00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:30,520
Speaker 1: Yeah? Or if you had really weird conditions like the

497
00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:33,639
Speaker 1: center of a neutron star or you know, the Big Bang,

498
00:24:33,920 --> 00:24:37,480
Speaker 1: or very high energy particle collisions. Could you make new

499
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:40,640
Speaker 1: kinds of matter with strange quarks that we haven't seen

500
00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:44,040
Speaker 1: before that have completely different properties. And that's what people

501
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:46,960
Speaker 1: talk about when they talk about strange lits. It sounds

502
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,440
Speaker 1: sort of cute, right, like you know, something you would

503
00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:52,240
Speaker 1: name for your pet or something like you know, strange

504
00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:55,040
Speaker 1: lito or something, you know, strange gino or something, but

505
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,360
Speaker 1: it's actually quite potentially potentially quite scary and dangerous.

506
00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:01,879
Speaker 3: It's cute and dangerous. Great a lot of.

507
00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:06,159
Speaker 1: In that category. It's like the bunny from my deypathon.

508
00:25:06,359 --> 00:25:09,080
Speaker 3: But so, so that's what a strange lit is. It's

509
00:25:09,119 --> 00:25:11,000
Speaker 3: a kind of strange matter.

510
00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 1: It's a kind of strange matter in a particular configuration

511
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:15,520
Speaker 1: that we haven't seen before.

512
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,800
Speaker 3: Oh I see, So it's hypothetical.

513
00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:21,480
Speaker 1: So far, it's hypothetical. Nobody's ever seen strange lits before.

514
00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:25,000
Speaker 1: Strange matter we create all the time in particle collisions.

515
00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:29,320
Speaker 1: Strange lits are a hypothetical new combination of quarks that

516
00:25:29,359 --> 00:25:32,840
Speaker 1: we've never observed but could potentially end us. And it

517
00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:35,520
Speaker 1: comes from this sort of idea of maybe forming an

518
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:39,120
Speaker 1: entirely new kind of matter. We were talking earlier about

519
00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:42,760
Speaker 1: how quarks are usually bound into triplets, you know, like

520
00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,520
Speaker 1: up up down or up down down, that's will give

521
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,879
Speaker 1: you protons and neutrons, or sometimes into pairs. But the

522
00:25:48,920 --> 00:25:52,160
Speaker 1: idea is that maybe quarks, if you squeeze them enough,

523
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,359
Speaker 1: if you compress them enough, like in the center of

524
00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:57,520
Speaker 1: really dense stars, they might form some new kind of

525
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,239
Speaker 1: matter where it's not just pairs or triplets, but like

526
00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:03,480
Speaker 1: you know, thirty or fifty or one hundred or a

527
00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:07,400
Speaker 1: million quarks could form some sort of like mega particle.

528
00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:09,320
Speaker 3: And it all behaves as one or does it just

529
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:10,399
Speaker 3: behave like a big blob.

530
00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,239
Speaker 1: It behaves like one big blob, but it's like in

531
00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:15,680
Speaker 1: one big bound state. So this is what they call

532
00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:16,639
Speaker 1: a quark matter.

533
00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:19,000
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, you mean, like it's stable, like it

534
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,520
Speaker 3: doesn't just break apart right away, like it stays in

535
00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:21,960
Speaker 3: that blog.

536
00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:25,040
Speaker 1: Nobody really knows, and it's really hard to calculate these things,

537
00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:28,240
Speaker 1: and it's completely hypothetical, and they don't think it's stable

538
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,240
Speaker 1: unless here's the key, unless you add strange quarks to it.

539
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:35,119
Speaker 1: So you make a big blob of quark matter, and

540
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:37,440
Speaker 1: if you have some strange quarks in it, it could

541
00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:41,080
Speaker 1: end up in this configuration that is actually very stable.

542
00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: So it could be like an enormous blob like essentially

543
00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 1: a single particle like the size of a star that's

544
00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:48,400
Speaker 1: totally stable.

545
00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,720
Speaker 3: See you call it a particle because it's quarks bound together.

546
00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:55,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, proton is three quarks bound together,

547
00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:58,159
Speaker 1: and a chon is two quarks bound together. And so

548
00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:00,880
Speaker 1: if instead of just having like a pilot of neutrons,

549
00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:03,480
Speaker 1: if you squeeze them enough so they become like one

550
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,880
Speaker 1: big particle, so the bonds between the quarks are sort

551
00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 1: of equivalent anywhere across the particle. Then you think of

552
00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:11,760
Speaker 1: it like, you know, I think of it like one

553
00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:12,800
Speaker 1: big particle at least.

554
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,080
Speaker 3: And you're saying that the secret ingredient would need to

555
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,480
Speaker 3: be strange particle quarks, Like without the strange quarks, you

556
00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:19,720
Speaker 3: couldn't have this happen.

557
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:22,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, you need the strange quarks to make this sort

558
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,600
Speaker 1: of theoretical matter happen. And so that's what strangelets are.

559
00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:29,600
Speaker 1: There's this weird new combination of up quarks, down quarks

560
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,760
Speaker 1: and strange quarks in this way that's not like bound

561
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:37,120
Speaker 1: inside one little particle, but potentially can grow. Right, it's

562
00:27:37,119 --> 00:27:39,000
Speaker 1: not just three quarks. It could be five, it could

563
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,480
Speaker 1: be one hundred, it could be ten million quarks, it

564
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:43,680
Speaker 1: could be ten to the ten things.

565
00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:47,159
Speaker 3: I see. It's like a special recipe because you told me,

566
00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:50,840
Speaker 3: you said earlier that sigma particles are also up down

567
00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:53,800
Speaker 3: and strange. But this is like like a new recipe

568
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:55,000
Speaker 3: for the sigma particle.

569
00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:59,320
Speaker 1: Exactly, Sigma particles, one kind of sigma particle is updown, strange.

570
00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:01,080
Speaker 1: But this would be a configuration of.

571
00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:03,160
Speaker 3: Them that that doesn't decay right away.

572
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:05,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it wouldn't just be three. You could be three

573
00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:08,399
Speaker 1: or six or a billion, and it doesn't decay right away.

574
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:10,199
Speaker 1: And it's it's the kind of thing and you can

575
00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:13,960
Speaker 1: only make it in very high energy, high density configurations

576
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:16,959
Speaker 1: like the inside of a neutron star or you know,

577
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,439
Speaker 1: particle collisions. And again it's theoretical. Nobody knows if you

578
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:24,120
Speaker 1: could actually make this stuff, but the numbers, the calculations

579
00:28:24,119 --> 00:28:25,880
Speaker 1: we do suggest that it might be possible.

580
00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:29,560
Speaker 3: Okay, so it's a hypothetical type of matter which might

581
00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:34,160
Speaker 3: be super stable, very stable, and maybe even contagious.

582
00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:38,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the amazing thing is number one. It's super stable,

583
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,360
Speaker 1: and the reason for that is sort of interesting. It's

584
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:44,120
Speaker 1: like you could combine just up quarks and down quarks

585
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: this way, squeeze them together to make something really dense,

586
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,480
Speaker 1: but it wouldn't be very stable. And if you add

587
00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:52,840
Speaker 1: strange quarks it becomes stable for this weird reason because

588
00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,640
Speaker 1: the particles don't like to sort of share spots. Like

589
00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,120
Speaker 1: you know how electrons when you have them are on

590
00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: an atom, they fill a different orbitals you add another electron,

591
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:04,880
Speaker 1: they don't just sit on top of each other. That's

592
00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,640
Speaker 1: because they're fermions and they don't like to be in

593
00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:08,880
Speaker 1: the same quantum state.

594
00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:11,960
Speaker 3: Right, there are rules that say that you two of

595
00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:13,800
Speaker 3: these can be at the same spot.

596
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:16,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, so you can't add another electron in the same spot,

597
00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:19,160
Speaker 1: but you could add another different kind of particle, like

598
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:23,080
Speaker 1: you could have a muon orbiting your proton and it's

599
00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:25,320
Speaker 1: okay if it's in the same energy levels the electron,

600
00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:27,240
Speaker 1: because they're not the same kind of particle.

601
00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:30,040
Speaker 3: And so why are these strange that looks so interesting?

602
00:29:30,160 --> 00:29:33,000
Speaker 3: Are they just because they're theoretical and they could they

603
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:33,600
Speaker 3: could exist?

604
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:36,320
Speaker 1: Well, I mean, everybody's interested in like new kinds of matter.

605
00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:38,959
Speaker 1: I mean, who doesn't like sit around on a Saturday

606
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:41,240
Speaker 1: afternoon wondering new kinds of matter?

607
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:41,440
Speaker 3: Right?

608
00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:45,680
Speaker 1: I mean everybody does that right now. Theoretically they're interesting,

609
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,440
Speaker 1: like could you make this new hyper stable kind of matter?

610
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:50,800
Speaker 1: And in this case, the matter is extra stable because

611
00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:54,120
Speaker 1: the strange quarks can fill in the sort of lower

612
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,680
Speaker 1: energy levels that the up quarks and down quarks can't

613
00:29:56,680 --> 00:29:59,720
Speaker 1: because they're a different kind of particle. And it's fascinating

614
00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:03,560
Speaker 1: because it could grow, like if they encounter a new

615
00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 1: kind of matter, it could spread this sort of strange litness.

616
00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:10,400
Speaker 3: What what do you mean? Like, how could it? It

617
00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:13,080
Speaker 3: would turn Like I'm made out of up and down quarks,

618
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:15,360
Speaker 3: you're saying, if I touch one of these blobs of

619
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 3: strange liad matter, it would somehow turn some of my

620
00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:21,240
Speaker 3: up and ups and down quarks into strange quarks.

621
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 1: Yep, and you become bizarro woorge or you know, strange strange.

622
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:27,920
Speaker 3: Yeah, Ben at the cumberbatche horn.

623
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:36,000
Speaker 1: More strange comber is that your voice? Yeah? So you

624
00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:38,000
Speaker 1: know the only thing that prevents you from being a

625
00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:40,760
Speaker 1: strange lid is that you don't have strange quarks in you,

626
00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:43,880
Speaker 1: But any of the down quarks in your body could

627
00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,440
Speaker 1: get converted to strange quarks. They just need some energy.

628
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:47,520
Speaker 3: They could get upgraded.

629
00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:50,880
Speaker 1: They could get yeah, literally upgraded to strange quarks.

630
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:52,920
Speaker 3: And that might happen if I touched some of this

631
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:53,960
Speaker 3: strange lid matter.

632
00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:57,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and nobody knows. Again, does strange that matter exist

633
00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:00,240
Speaker 1: and if so, what properties does it have? But in

634
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: some versions of this theory, then yeah, it adds to itself.

635
00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,040
Speaker 1: When it encounters other kinds of matter, it converts that

636
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:11,000
Speaker 1: matter into strange lit matter like collapses it because strange

637
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,880
Speaker 1: lit matter is more stable than other kinds of matter.

638
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,719
Speaker 1: So you can imagine sort of like our normal kind

639
00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:19,760
Speaker 1: of matter is just sort of like waiting to turn

640
00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:22,800
Speaker 1: into strangelets, and as soon as you get one nearby,

641
00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,400
Speaker 1: like crystallizes, Like if you put a drop of sugar

642
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:31,120
Speaker 1: into sugar water, it'll form a huge crystal around it.

643
00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:34,040
Speaker 1: It's like a seed that spreads its pattern.

644
00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:36,560
Speaker 3: And what would happen to me if I touch this

645
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:39,440
Speaker 3: strange lit matter? Would I just automatically sort of get

646
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:43,080
Speaker 3: blobified and then absorb into the bigger blob or would

647
00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:45,160
Speaker 3: it still be me? Except I would be sort of

648
00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:46,480
Speaker 3: strange and have superpowers.

649
00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:50,640
Speaker 1: Hey, I'm usually the one has unanswerable philosophical questions. But

650
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:53,920
Speaker 1: would you still be you? Well, you become very dense

651
00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:57,840
Speaker 1: because strange matter is extraordinarily dense. It's much denser than

652
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:02,320
Speaker 1: like the contents of a neutrons star. So the original

653
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,960
Speaker 1: Joorge particles would be, you know, condensed to something like

654
00:32:05,360 --> 00:32:08,880
Speaker 1: the size of a tiny little drop. And whether you

655
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,440
Speaker 1: would still feel like you, I don't know. You might

656
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:13,960
Speaker 1: feel more like Benedict Cumberbatch. I suppose.

657
00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 3: More like Paul run and Edman. It sounds like you

658
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:19,360
Speaker 3: would get smaller.

659
00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:21,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, you would get smaller.

660
00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:26,120
Speaker 3: Maybe that's what the pin particle is, Daniel. Maybe it's

661
00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:28,719
Speaker 3: a strange particle. Yeah, that makes everything contest.

662
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:30,760
Speaker 1: All right, Well, now you need to write to Marvel

663
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:32,840
Speaker 1: and get credit for that one, so we're even then

664
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:34,280
Speaker 1: I'll take half of those profits.

665
00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:38,480
Speaker 3: We are just rolling the movies advice here. So you're

666
00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:41,239
Speaker 3: saying that you could maybe create protons and neutrons out

667
00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:43,200
Speaker 3: of this strange matter, and then you could still have

668
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:44,080
Speaker 3: atoms and stuff.

669
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:46,160
Speaker 1: We don't think you would have like atoms inside of it.

670
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:48,760
Speaker 1: There's no like division between the particles. You don't get

671
00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:49,680
Speaker 1: protons and neutrons.

672
00:32:49,680 --> 00:32:52,600
Speaker 3: It's like this, I would just lock it up oles

673
00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:53,560
Speaker 3: the borg.

674
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:55,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it. Probably it would be the end

675
00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:57,920
Speaker 1: of joorghe exactly. So I wouldn't recommend it.

676
00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:01,040
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, now you tell me. All right, let's

677
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:03,240
Speaker 3: get into whether or not this is real and whether

678
00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:05,600
Speaker 3: it can happen, and whether we should be worried about

679
00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:10,160
Speaker 3: this coming here and absorbing us and obliterating us and

680
00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:14,040
Speaker 3: turning us into a strange live matter. But first, let's

681
00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:15,040
Speaker 3: take another quick break.

682
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,160
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

683
00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:24,360
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

684
00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:28,480
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

685
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,160
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

686
00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:35,480
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

687
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,120
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

688
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:40,480
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

689
00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:44,760
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

690
00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:48,360
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

691
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,840
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

692
00:33:51,960 --> 00:33:55,600
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

693
00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:58,680
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

694
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695
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Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

696
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700
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701
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724
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725
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Speaker 3: Terms apply. All right, Daniel, it is strange matter. Well,

726
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,280
Speaker 3: we know strange matter is real, But are these strange

727
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:49,799
Speaker 3: lids that might absorb things and destroy everything? Is that real?

728
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:51,480
Speaker 3: Should we be worried about it?

729
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:54,439
Speaker 1: Well, we don't know if it's real. We can't say

730
00:35:54,520 --> 00:35:57,320
Speaker 1: that it's not. We've never seen it before, but it

731
00:35:57,440 --> 00:36:01,360
Speaker 1: sort of theoretically makes some sense. It's worth taking seriously.

732
00:36:01,760 --> 00:36:03,920
Speaker 1: I'm not suggesting you like change the way you live

733
00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:07,040
Speaker 1: your life. But it could be that there are a

734
00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:09,240
Speaker 1: lot of these strangelets out there and we just haven't

735
00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:09,920
Speaker 1: seen them yet.

736
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:12,920
Speaker 3: Oh I see, you can't disprove it, so therefore you

737
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,680
Speaker 3: got to consider it like aliens, just like aliens, or

738
00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:20,759
Speaker 3: like me being mistaken by Benedict cumber Dat. It could happen.

739
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:22,960
Speaker 1: It could happen, And there are a lot of times

740
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,600
Speaker 1: in physics that we're in this scenario where we haven't

741
00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:28,160
Speaker 1: really looked, so we don't know if it's there. And

742
00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:30,239
Speaker 1: then the more we look, the more we can say,

743
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,239
Speaker 1: if it's there, it's rare. And then once we've looked,

744
00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,560
Speaker 1: like really exhaustively, we can say, well, either it doesn't

745
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,160
Speaker 1: exist or it's super duper rare. And we're in that

746
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,000
Speaker 1: situation with a lot of particles like magnetic monopoles that

747
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:44,919
Speaker 1: we talked about on the project, but in this case

748
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,320
Speaker 1: we've only sort of recently begun to figure out like

749
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:49,200
Speaker 1: how to look for strangelets.

750
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 3: It doesn't happen in normal occurrences. It sounds like it's

751
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:54,520
Speaker 3: sounds like it only happens in the core of like

752
00:36:54,600 --> 00:37:00,200
Speaker 3: superdance stars or high energy collisions, and like it even

753
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,080
Speaker 3: if you created some here on Earth. It might be

754
00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:04,360
Speaker 3: difficult to sustain, right, because we're not inside of an

755
00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:04,919
Speaker 3: entrance star.

756
00:37:05,080 --> 00:37:07,239
Speaker 1: You don't need to be inside a dense environment to

757
00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: sustain it, just to create it, just like you can

758
00:37:10,640 --> 00:37:13,279
Speaker 1: make heavy metals and the inside of the Sun, and

759
00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:15,880
Speaker 1: then when they blow up, there's still those heavy metals. Right,

760
00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:18,520
Speaker 1: Iron lands here on Earth. It doesn't just fall apart

761
00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:22,279
Speaker 1: into protons and neutrons. Right. It's stable. And that's the

762
00:37:22,360 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 1: thing with this stuff is that it's it's there. Once

763
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:27,400
Speaker 1: you make it, it's there, and anything it touches it

764
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:30,480
Speaker 1: will grow and add onto it because it's more stable

765
00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:33,359
Speaker 1: than this other kind of matter. So like collapses normal

766
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:35,359
Speaker 1: matter into strange lit matter.

767
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,879
Speaker 3: Oh, it's more stable than regular matter.

768
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 1: It's more stable. It's like a lower estate.

769
00:37:40,719 --> 00:37:42,840
Speaker 3: So you're saying that if you create some in the

770
00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:46,920
Speaker 3: large hadron collider and it touches the walls of the collider,

771
00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:49,440
Speaker 3: it didn't just grow and grow and swallow up the

772
00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:50,640
Speaker 3: whole Earth. Mm hmmm.

773
00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:52,719
Speaker 1: That's exactly what I'm saying.

774
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:57,000
Speaker 3: And is that, Daniel interesting or cute to you? Does

775
00:37:57,040 --> 00:38:00,279
Speaker 3: that sound like a like a fun fuzzy out for

776
00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:01,359
Speaker 3: the human rays.

777
00:38:01,560 --> 00:38:05,520
Speaker 1: I think it would be pretty spectacular but pretty cool

778
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:08,359
Speaker 1: to see on screen. It's not something we are worried about.

779
00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:10,520
Speaker 1: We took it seriously, we thought about it, we did

780
00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:14,399
Speaker 1: the calculations, and just like whether the LEDC will create

781
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:16,480
Speaker 1: black holes, we're not worried about it because the same

782
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:18,480
Speaker 1: kind of collisions are happening all the time right now

783
00:38:18,560 --> 00:38:21,799
Speaker 1: in the atmosphere, really high energy particles smashing into other

784
00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:25,440
Speaker 1: particles from cosmic rays. So we think if that was

785
00:38:26,040 --> 00:38:29,320
Speaker 1: likely to happen at the LHC would have already happened

786
00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,840
Speaker 1: in the atmosphere, and we don't see that. So we

787
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:34,680
Speaker 1: don't think the LHC is powerful enough to create strange

788
00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 1: lits if they do exist.

789
00:38:36,360 --> 00:38:36,879
Speaker 3: You don't think.

790
00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:40,040
Speaker 1: We don't think, but you know, hey, keep your ears open.

791
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:43,560
Speaker 3: But you're saying, but a scenario might be that you

792
00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:45,880
Speaker 3: do create these things and it does sort of like

793
00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:49,360
Speaker 3: spread and swallow up, and suddenly the whole Earth is

794
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:54,640
Speaker 3: just a giant ball of strange quarts, you know, floating

795
00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:55,400
Speaker 3: around like a blog.

796
00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:57,920
Speaker 1: Not even that giant, because it would collapse into a

797
00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:00,680
Speaker 1: very very dense matter, So like all the mass of

798
00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:02,719
Speaker 1: the Earth would get turned into strange thatts. It'd be

799
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:04,560
Speaker 1: like the size of a grapefruit.

800
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:06,719
Speaker 3: And then it would just sit there in place of

801
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:09,680
Speaker 3: the Earth and still go around the Sun, and the

802
00:39:09,719 --> 00:39:12,800
Speaker 3: Moon would still go around this blob, but we just

803
00:39:12,840 --> 00:39:16,160
Speaker 3: wouldn't be we'd be all absorbed to this one little

804
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:16,920
Speaker 3: ball of energy.

805
00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:21,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, we'd be living our strangest life. And that's one scenario,

806
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:23,960
Speaker 1: like if we actually made strangelets on Earth, but not

807
00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:26,279
Speaker 1: something we're worried about. And you know, we've been We

808
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,160
Speaker 1: turned this thing on years ago and we've been doing

809
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:31,080
Speaker 1: collisions every twenty five nineo seconds for almost a decade.

810
00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:34,960
Speaker 1: So not something to worry about. But it's possible that.

811
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,439
Speaker 3: You're still here. Don't worry.

812
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,839
Speaker 1: If you're listening to this podcast, then you're fund.

813
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:43,880
Speaker 3: The world hasn't ended, right, But it's possible.

814
00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:45,720
Speaker 1: That there are other scenarios out there in the universe

815
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:49,480
Speaker 1: that are capable of making strangelets, like the core of

816
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:50,399
Speaker 1: a neutron star.

817
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:53,320
Speaker 3: We haven't made it here because maybe we don't have

818
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:55,600
Speaker 3: enough energy, but there are places with enough energy to

819
00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:56,719
Speaker 3: make this strange lid matter.

820
00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:58,799
Speaker 1: If it's real, if it's actually a thing that can

821
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 1: happen in our universe, we think it's possible to make

822
00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:03,839
Speaker 1: them in the core of neutron stars where it's very

823
00:40:04,040 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 1: very dense. Remember, neutron stars are places where it's had

824
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:11,840
Speaker 1: a gravitational collapse. It stopped burning, is no more forces

825
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:15,480
Speaker 1: or pressure pushing out, so it's like really densely packed

826
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:18,440
Speaker 1: and all the protons and electrons have gotten squeezed together

827
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:22,560
Speaker 1: and converted into neutrons. If you push even further, then

828
00:40:22,600 --> 00:40:24,799
Speaker 1: we think that maybe the core of that could turn

829
00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:27,480
Speaker 1: into a strangelet, which would then spread and take over

830
00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:28,399
Speaker 1: the entire star.

831
00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:30,960
Speaker 3: Oh, it would go from like a neutron star to

832
00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:32,279
Speaker 3: a strange slit star.

833
00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:34,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, to us, they call it a strange star. And

834
00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:37,560
Speaker 1: we can look at stars and try to tell if

835
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:40,480
Speaker 1: that's happened. Like we've seen some neutron stars, and we

836
00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:41,960
Speaker 1: can look at them and look at the sort of

837
00:40:42,080 --> 00:40:45,480
Speaker 1: radiation from them, And so far, all the neutron stars

838
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:49,480
Speaker 1: we've seen look like they're just normal, vanilla, amazingly crazy

839
00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:53,320
Speaker 1: weird neutron stars that they haven't converted to strange stars.

840
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:55,600
Speaker 1: And you know, this depends on our understanding of how

841
00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:57,680
Speaker 1: what this would look like from really far away using

842
00:40:57,719 --> 00:40:59,640
Speaker 1: on the X rays, But so far it seems like

843
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:02,239
Speaker 1: it has and happened, and you know, if the calculations

844
00:41:02,239 --> 00:41:04,720
Speaker 1: are correct, then it's the kind of thing that should

845
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:07,600
Speaker 1: happen to neutron stars eventually. So if we haven't seen

846
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,879
Speaker 1: one ever turn into a strange star, then maybe it's

847
00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:15,160
Speaker 1: not possible. Maybe it's not possible. Yeah, yeah, maybe.

848
00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:16,040
Speaker 3: It's just a strange dream.

849
00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:18,759
Speaker 1: Maybe it's just a strange idea from afternoon physicists who

850
00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:20,080
Speaker 1: didn't have enough coffee, or.

851
00:41:20,160 --> 00:41:22,759
Speaker 3: To a strange lids, right, yes, strange lids? Could they

852
00:41:22,760 --> 00:41:24,399
Speaker 3: be like inside of a black hole or something?

853
00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:26,239
Speaker 1: Well, actually, that's the only thing you can do to

854
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,080
Speaker 1: save yourself from strange. That's like if you saw a

855
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:31,800
Speaker 1: blob of strange that's heading here, there's almost nothing you

856
00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:35,560
Speaker 1: can do to like divert it or you know, prevent it,

857
00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:38,600
Speaker 1: because anything that touches it just makes it bigger. But

858
00:41:38,840 --> 00:41:42,160
Speaker 1: if you could somehow funnel it into a black hole, yeah,

859
00:41:42,239 --> 00:41:43,040
Speaker 1: then you'd be safe.

860
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:45,480
Speaker 3: But then you have to worry about the black hole.

861
00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:48,200
Speaker 1: Yes, yes, then you have to worry about the black hole.

862
00:41:48,239 --> 00:41:50,000
Speaker 1: It's like you got a rabbit problem, so you put

863
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:51,320
Speaker 1: a bunch of wolves on your property.

864
00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:55,560
Speaker 3: Now you got a wolf wolf problem. But hey, I

865
00:41:55,760 --> 00:41:57,320
Speaker 3: like these long term physics solutions.

866
00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:01,040
Speaker 1: It's all about putting out one core by your long

867
00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:05,120
Speaker 1: turnsie with another fire. But even if we're not making

868
00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:07,879
Speaker 1: them inside neutron stars, it might be that they're out

869
00:42:07,920 --> 00:42:11,680
Speaker 1: there anyway. There could be what we call primordial strangelets.

870
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:14,120
Speaker 1: Primordial strange lits are things that were made in the

871
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:18,160
Speaker 1: Big Bang because the densest, craziest, hottest party in the universe,

872
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:21,560
Speaker 1: of course, was the very first few moments when things

873
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:24,239
Speaker 1: were really hot and crazy, and it could be that

874
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,760
Speaker 1: a few strings were made back then and they're still

875
00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:28,080
Speaker 1: floating around and we.

876
00:42:28,160 --> 00:42:28,879
Speaker 3: Might not see them.

877
00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:31,080
Speaker 1: We wouldn't see them. They don't like glow or anything.

878
00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:33,120
Speaker 1: But one of them could just like bump into the

879
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:34,040
Speaker 1: Earth and then.

880
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:36,160
Speaker 3: The whole Earth becomes the strange lit.

881
00:42:36,239 --> 00:42:38,520
Speaker 1: The whole Earth becomes a strange lit. And of course

882
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,719
Speaker 1: that hasn't happened yet, and we've never seen a planet disappear,

883
00:42:41,840 --> 00:42:44,160
Speaker 1: and we've been watching for a while, and you know,

884
00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:47,400
Speaker 1: so that tells you something about how unlikely it is.

885
00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:49,520
Speaker 1: But we just don't know. And there's some people do

886
00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,319
Speaker 1: calculations and they suggest that there are more strange lits

887
00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:56,680
Speaker 1: out there than stars in the universe. But you know,

888
00:42:57,120 --> 00:42:59,960
Speaker 1: I don't know, that's like physicists having way too many cups.

889
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:03,600
Speaker 3: Of and you're like, dude, even that's strange for us.

890
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,120
Speaker 1: But you know, it's important to sort of stretch your

891
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:10,840
Speaker 1: mental muscles to think about all the ways that the

892
00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:14,399
Speaker 1: universe could be, to anticipate these things, and to think

893
00:43:14,440 --> 00:43:17,040
Speaker 1: about how to protect yourself, you know, fund this proposal

894
00:43:17,120 --> 00:43:20,160
Speaker 1: to build a shield against strange matter, or we might

895
00:43:20,239 --> 00:43:20,600
Speaker 1: all die.

896
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:21,080
Speaker 2: Well.

897
00:43:21,080 --> 00:43:23,240
Speaker 3: I think it's pretty interesting still to just think about

898
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:27,160
Speaker 3: the idea that there are kinds of matter that we

899
00:43:27,360 --> 00:43:31,080
Speaker 3: haven't touched upon, you know, like there are maybe there

900
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 3: are strange ways to arrange the legos of the universe

901
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:36,000
Speaker 3: in ways that are sort of like cool and interesting

902
00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:39,040
Speaker 3: and might be maybe even solve all all of our problems.

903
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:42,400
Speaker 1: There definitely are. And you know, another direction of this

904
00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:45,319
Speaker 1: research is just to make new elements, you know, use

905
00:43:45,440 --> 00:43:48,440
Speaker 1: up quarks and down quarks and combine protons and neutrons

906
00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:50,440
Speaker 1: in a way to make heavier and heavier elements. And

907
00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:52,279
Speaker 1: I haven't kept up with it, but you know they're

908
00:43:52,520 --> 00:43:54,520
Speaker 1: up into the teens or maybe even to the one

909
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,319
Speaker 1: hundred and twenties in the periodic table, and so there's

910
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:00,840
Speaker 1: a lot of really fascinating ways to combine things together

911
00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:03,279
Speaker 1: to make new kinds of goo. There's a lot of

912
00:44:03,320 --> 00:44:07,440
Speaker 1: different directions to go, and we've only explored a little bit.

913
00:44:07,760 --> 00:44:09,520
Speaker 1: And so it's another one of these angles where you

914
00:44:09,640 --> 00:44:12,360
Speaker 1: realize that we have a tiny little slice of the

915
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:16,160
Speaker 1: possible experiences that humans can have in this universe. There's

916
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,120
Speaker 1: all sorts of different kind of stuff out there waiting

917
00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:21,680
Speaker 1: for us to discover it or for us to invent right, yeah,

918
00:44:22,080 --> 00:44:23,680
Speaker 1: and then for it to destroy us.

919
00:44:24,560 --> 00:44:27,320
Speaker 3: Hopefully not all right, Well, I hope you enjoyed this

920
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:32,720
Speaker 3: strange trip down into the little legos of the universe

921
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,920
Speaker 3: and to think about all different ways in which normal

922
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,560
Speaker 3: and strange that you can assemble the universe together.

923
00:44:39,760 --> 00:44:42,319
Speaker 1: And remember that this is mostly a mental exercise. We're

924
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:45,680
Speaker 1: wondering how can matter fit together, what kind of things

925
00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:48,920
Speaker 1: can be in the universe, And for us, it's just

926
00:44:49,080 --> 00:44:51,560
Speaker 1: interesting and fascinating to think about all the ways that

927
00:44:51,640 --> 00:44:54,440
Speaker 1: this can happen. It's not something we worry about. I

928
00:44:54,560 --> 00:44:57,000
Speaker 1: do not think you need to worry about strange that's

929
00:44:57,040 --> 00:44:58,200
Speaker 1: destroying your house.

930
00:44:58,360 --> 00:45:01,440
Speaker 3: But yeah, so next time we'll get into charm matter, Daniel,

931
00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:02,319
Speaker 3: or we will.

932
00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:04,000
Speaker 1: Actually we're going to do an episode about how the

933
00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:07,720
Speaker 1: charm cork was discovered. That pretty crazy story.

934
00:45:07,880 --> 00:45:09,759
Speaker 3: All right, Well, thanks for joining us. We hope you

935
00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:11,520
Speaker 3: enjoyed that. See you next time.

936
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:21,680
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

937
00:45:21,719 --> 00:45:24,920
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

938
00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:27,360
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

939
00:45:27,480 --> 00:45:31,160
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

940
00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:35,479
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel Andhorge dot com. Thanks

941
00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:38,160
Speaker 1: for listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the

942
00:45:38,239 --> 00:45:43,000
Speaker 1: Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

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Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

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