1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,880 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,920 --> 00:00:16,200 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,239 Speaker 1: And before we get to our episode, we have a 5 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:22,239 Speaker 1: fun announcement, which is that while we are in Chicago 6 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:25,800 Speaker 1: for our Chicago stop on our tour, we are going 7 00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:29,400 Speaker 1: to do a fun thing with museum Hack, which I'm 8 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:32,599 Speaker 1: so excited. Yes, listeners to our show have have heard 9 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 1: about museum Hack before. We are doing a scavenger hunt 10 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 1: at the Art Institute of Chicago. It's going to be 11 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:41,320 Speaker 1: at two pm on the twenty six of October. There 12 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:43,879 Speaker 1: is more information about it on our website or on 13 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:46,760 Speaker 1: the museum Hack website. We've been kind of working on 14 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:48,559 Speaker 1: this behind the scenes after a while and just got 15 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:51,000 Speaker 1: to the point that we were ready to announce it. 16 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:55,200 Speaker 1: So if you are, especially if you're already in Chicago, Uh, 17 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:57,680 Speaker 1: that's going to be I think a fun time for 18 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:00,200 Speaker 1: us the day after our live show there. I am 19 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: very excited because it is no secret that I love 20 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: a museum and I love and I love the way 21 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:09,400 Speaker 1: that they get people to engage with art and history 22 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:12,120 Speaker 1: and I'm so enthused about this whole thing. I have 23 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:15,320 Speaker 1: the wiggles, yes, And so often on our tours we're 24 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:17,759 Speaker 1: in a place for so little time that we don't 25 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:19,800 Speaker 1: get to have some kind of stuff like that, So 26 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 1: I'm glad we built that in with this one. So anyway, 27 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:24,880 Speaker 1: our website missed. In history dot Com, you'll find more 28 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: information about that. And now we will get into the 29 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:31,320 Speaker 1: actual meat of today's episode, which also was coincidentally about Chicago. 30 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:35,600 Speaker 1: We have at least one more episode this year. We 31 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:38,200 Speaker 1: are right in the middle of the anniversary of the 32 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:41,080 Speaker 1: World Series, and that's the one that led to the 33 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: Black Sox scandal, after some players from the Chicago White 34 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: Sox they took a bribe to lose it on purpose. 35 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: There are some players who confess to taking this money, 36 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: but whether some are all of them really played their 37 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: best after taking the money is hotly debated. Still, like 38 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:59,960 Speaker 1: you can go and read some articles that are still 39 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:04,520 Speaker 1: satistical analyzes of various people's like batting averages during the 40 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: season and then what it was like during the World 41 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:08,760 Speaker 1: Series and what did that mean about whether they were 42 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 1: really trying to lose or not. And we're not talking 43 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: as much about that today, well, because that's one of 44 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:19,080 Speaker 1: those things that there are so many factors involved in 45 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,680 Speaker 1: how anyone in any profession, whether you're a professional piano 46 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 1: player or a professional athlete or anything, how you perform 47 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,119 Speaker 1: on any given day is the result of a lot 48 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:31,359 Speaker 1: of different factors. So it's almost impossible to break down 49 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:36,200 Speaker 1: any sort of definitive yes, no answer, whether anyone like 50 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:39,560 Speaker 1: kind of shrugged it off yep. Which all that is 51 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: also part of what happened when this all came to trial. 52 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:45,640 Speaker 1: So yeah, there's a lot of discussion about it. So 53 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:48,640 Speaker 1: the collective memory about this whole scandal is also really 54 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:51,200 Speaker 1: pretty different from how it all played out, especially if 55 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:54,240 Speaker 1: your familiarity with it is from stuff like watching Field 56 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:58,280 Speaker 1: of Dreams, Like, uh, some of it's given this really 57 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: romanticized air sometime it also i think imagined because of 58 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: this whole idea of baseball being a wholesome pastime, that 59 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: it's imagined as happening as a more innocent time. But 60 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:11,960 Speaker 1: really this was happening alongside a lot of the other 61 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:15,240 Speaker 1: stuff we've talked about from nineteen nineteen, like Red Summer 62 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 1: and the First Red Scare and the Palmer Raids and 63 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:22,040 Speaker 1: a lot of widespread labor disputes, including the Amalgamated Steel 64 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: Strike of nineteen nineteen, which we haven't actually talked about 65 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:28,080 Speaker 1: on the show before. And there's also this imagined version 66 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:31,399 Speaker 1: that baseball was more innocent before this happened. But as 67 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,000 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about, none of that is really 68 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 1: the case at all. So first of all, we're gonna 69 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:39,160 Speaker 1: lay some groundwork and give you some context. It is 70 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,160 Speaker 1: a myth that baseball was the invention of one single person. 71 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,480 Speaker 1: Abner Doubleday, who was a major general in the Union 72 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: Army during the Civil War, is often credited as having 73 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: created the sport in Cooperstown, New York, in eighteen thirty nine, 74 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:55,480 Speaker 1: but he wasn't in Cooperstown at that time. He was 75 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:59,240 Speaker 1: at West Point. He also never said that he invented baseball. 76 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,080 Speaker 1: Had a art from all that baseball existed before eighteen 77 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 1: thirty nine, when, according to the story, Abner double Day 78 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: invented it. Variations of it developed in multiple United States 79 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:14,400 Speaker 1: cities in the eighteenth century. They were largely inspired by 80 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 1: the English games of rounder and cricket. Uh there, I 81 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:20,599 Speaker 1: mean there are also other There are Native American ball 82 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:22,839 Speaker 1: games that involve balls and sticks in some way, but 83 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: they have more in common with like lacrosse and basketball, 84 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:29,320 Speaker 1: and baseball really ties back to those English games more. 85 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,440 Speaker 1: By the middle of the nineteenth century, baseball was known 86 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: not as an adaptation of an English game, though, but 87 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:39,039 Speaker 1: as an innately American sport, and it had also become 88 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,839 Speaker 1: extremely popular. The New York Mercury described it as the 89 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: national pastime on December five, eighteen fifty six. The idea 90 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:50,600 Speaker 1: that the sport had been double Day's creation was intentionally 91 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: spread by a commission that was established to research baseball's 92 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: origins in the early twentieth century. The commission gave Doubledaid 93 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: the credit in nineteen oh a eight, and by that 94 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:03,360 Speaker 1: point he had been dead for fifteen years, so he 95 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:06,400 Speaker 1: was not around to set the record straight. Part of 96 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:10,120 Speaker 1: the commission's goal in propagating this myth was to reinforce 97 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,040 Speaker 1: this American origin story for the sport, because baseball had 98 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,279 Speaker 1: taken on a symbolic significance that had come to be 99 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:23,400 Speaker 1: imagined as uniquely embodying American values like loyalty, patriotism, hard work, 100 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:28,000 Speaker 1: team play, and sporting behavior, and also community spirit and 101 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: civic pride. As cities and towns became home to their 102 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:34,839 Speaker 1: own baseball teams and developed rivalries with their neighbors. In 103 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 1: our previous podcast on Walt Whitman, we talked about how 104 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: Whitman tried to both reflect upon and shape the consciousness 105 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,080 Speaker 1: of the United States through his writing in the nineteenth century, 106 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:50,120 Speaker 1: and this included baseball. Whitman's biographer Horace Traubel recalled a 107 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:53,479 Speaker 1: conversation they had in eighteen eighty nine in which Troubl 108 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: called baseball quote the Hurrah game of the Republic, and 109 00:05:57,160 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 1: Whitman replied, quote, that's beautiful, the Harague game. Well, it's 110 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:04,200 Speaker 1: our game. That's the chief fact in connection with it. 111 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:09,040 Speaker 1: America's game has the snap go fling of the American atmosphere, 112 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:12,760 Speaker 1: belongs as much to our institutions, fits into them as 113 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:17,839 Speaker 1: significantly as our constitutions laws. Is just important in the 114 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: sum total of our historic life. The idea of baseball 115 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: was also connected to the assimilation of immigrants into what 116 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: was regarded as mainstream white American life, and the words 117 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: of sportswriter Hugh Fullerton quote, baseball, to my way of thinking, 118 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:37,279 Speaker 1: is the greatest single force working for americanization. No other 119 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:41,000 Speaker 1: game appeals so much to the foreign born. Nothing, not 120 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: even the schools teaches the American spirit so quickly or 121 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 1: inculcates the idea of sportsmanship or fair play as thoroughly. 122 00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:52,680 Speaker 1: As is clear from a lot of episodes in our archive, 123 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: the United States has never thoroughly lived up to these 124 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:59,479 Speaker 1: ideals that baseball was meant to embody and the same 125 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:03,800 Speaker 1: as true or baseball itself. There was really never an 126 00:07:03,839 --> 00:07:09,160 Speaker 1: idyllic time when baseball was wholesome, clean, pure, and unencumbered 127 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:11,640 Speaker 1: by the same social issues that were affecting the rest 128 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: of the nation. For example, racial segregation in baseball got 129 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: it start in eighteen sixty seven, and Major League baseball 130 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:22,600 Speaker 1: was officially segregated twenty years later. Baseball struggled with labor 131 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,480 Speaker 1: rights issues as well. Today, major League baseball salaries ranged 132 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,480 Speaker 1: from five hundred fifty thousand dollars to thirty five million 133 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:32,480 Speaker 1: dollars a year. But at first baseball was a strictly 134 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: amateur sport. Then that meant that only people who could 135 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: afford not to work could afford to play baseball, although 136 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: some people were paid in secret even though it was 137 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: against the rules. Gradually, though baseball became a professional sport, 138 00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:48,960 Speaker 1: the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first fully professional team 139 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty nine, and the National Association became the 140 00:07:52,320 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 1: first professional baseball league two years later. Baseball became an 141 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 1: industry that still presented itself as a national pastime instead 142 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:04,080 Speaker 1: of a business, sidestepping the idea that playing baseball for 143 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:08,520 Speaker 1: a living was work, and professional baseball did this pretty successfully. 144 00:08:08,880 --> 00:08:11,360 Speaker 1: In nine two, after most of the events that we're 145 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: talking about today, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled 146 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 1: that Major League Baseball did not violate the Sherman Antitrust 147 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 1: Act because even though professional baseball involved teams traveling from 148 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: state to state, which players were paid for their work 149 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,200 Speaker 1: and spectators were paying to watch, that this did not 150 00:08:29,280 --> 00:08:34,400 Speaker 1: constitute interstate commerce. While playing professional baseball is work, baseball 151 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: players didn't have a lot of rights or protections as workers. 152 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:41,600 Speaker 1: For example, players often signed contracts with teams that covered 153 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:44,880 Speaker 1: a specific number of seasons, but a reserve clause meant 154 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:47,960 Speaker 1: that they were still tied to that team, sometimes in perpetuity, 155 00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:51,199 Speaker 1: until they were formally released, even if they were not 156 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:55,680 Speaker 1: actively playing anymore. Often, contracts stipulated that players could be 157 00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:58,560 Speaker 1: sold or traded to other teams without any say in 158 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: the matter, and these contracts placed a lot of restrictions 159 00:09:01,960 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 1: on players without giving them much job security. Many included 160 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,840 Speaker 1: attend a release clause, which allowed teams to terminate contracts 161 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:14,559 Speaker 1: with little notice and without cause. All these contractual stipulations 162 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:17,480 Speaker 1: meant that players didn't have a lot of negotiating power 163 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:19,800 Speaker 1: a lot of the time, and they also weren't paid 164 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: well enough to support themselves after their time as a 165 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:26,880 Speaker 1: player was over. Baseball teams didn't have pensions or retirement plans, 166 00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:29,800 Speaker 1: and a lot of players started playing ball professionally when 167 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 1: they were young. They had little to know education or 168 00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: training and other work, so when age or injury or 169 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: some other circumstance led to the end of their baseball career, 170 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:42,679 Speaker 1: they didn't have another way to support themselves, and they 171 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:45,520 Speaker 1: were thought of as being too old to not already 172 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:47,520 Speaker 1: have a way to earn a living. I'm not saying 173 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: there are no more labor issues in baseball or any 174 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,079 Speaker 1: other professionals were, but some of these have improved somewhat 175 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: since then. An assigned from these issues there was the 176 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:01,320 Speaker 1: gambling and corruption. The blacks Box weren't the first players 177 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: to be banned from baseball either temporarily or permanently because 178 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: of gambling. The National Association that we mentioned a few 179 00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:11,319 Speaker 1: moments ago lasted for less than five years, in part 180 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:16,040 Speaker 1: because widespread gambling raised questions about the sports legitimacy. In 181 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:19,559 Speaker 1: the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it wasn't particularly 182 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:22,480 Speaker 1: frowned upon for players to bet on their own games, 183 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: and it was also common for gamblers to pay players 184 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: for tips like insider knowledge about who was recovering from 185 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:32,160 Speaker 1: an injury or which players were expected to take the 186 00:10:32,200 --> 00:10:35,720 Speaker 1: field that day. Basically any little tidbit of information that 187 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,440 Speaker 1: might give one better an edge when making wagers. Some 188 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: gamblers essentially had players on their payroll on an ongoing 189 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:46,880 Speaker 1: basis for this purpose, and long before the black Socks scandal, 190 00:10:47,040 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: the influence of gambling on the sport went beyond paying 191 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,200 Speaker 1: for information and into bribing players to influence the outcome 192 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 1: of the game. Paying players to throw a game goes 193 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: back at least to eighteen sixty five, when a gambler 194 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: paid a player for the New York Mutuals to make 195 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 1: sure that their opponent won in the next day's game. 196 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:10,400 Speaker 1: In nineteen o five, Philadelphia Athletics pitcher Rube Woodell injured 197 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: his shoulder and missed the end of the season, including 198 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:17,240 Speaker 1: the World Series. People raised some suspicions at the time 199 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 1: about whether that injury was genuine or not, and then, 200 00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:23,640 Speaker 1: in the aftermath of the Black Sox scandal, allegations surface 201 00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:26,760 Speaker 1: that he had been paid seventeen thousand dollars to fake 202 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: an injury and sit out of the World Series. In 203 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:34,359 Speaker 1: ninety seven, former White Sox shortstop Charles Risberg, known as Swede, 204 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: told the Chicago Tribune about a string of fixed games 205 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,920 Speaker 1: during the nineteen seventeen season. According to his account, the 206 00:11:40,920 --> 00:11:44,880 Speaker 1: White Sox and the Detroit Tigers played two doubleheaders that September. 207 00:11:45,559 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: The Socks won all four of them, purportedly because the 208 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: Tigers had been paid to lose them. Risburg also said 209 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 1: that in nineteen nineteen, the White Sox through three games 210 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,880 Speaker 1: against the Tigers as a sort of thank you. And 211 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: these are just examples, so and several players from the 212 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:04,680 Speaker 1: Chicago White Sox conspired with gamblers to throw the World 213 00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: Series in exchange for money. This wasn't a plot that 214 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: just sprang out of nowhere. Sullying and otherwise pristine and 215 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:14,559 Speaker 1: above board sport basically this kind of behavior had been 216 00:12:14,559 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: going on for so long, essentially unchallenged, that multiple players 217 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: from the White Sox thought they could fix the World 218 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: Series and get away with it. We will talk more 219 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: about it after a sponsor break. The Black Sox scandal 220 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:36,880 Speaker 1: followed the end of World War One. The United States 221 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:39,320 Speaker 1: had entered the war in April of nineteen seventeen, and 222 00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:41,959 Speaker 1: at first the sport of baseball continued on, with the 223 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,280 Speaker 1: White Sox winning the World Series that November. But by 224 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:47,960 Speaker 1: nineteen eighteen things had changed. A lot of players had 225 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:51,319 Speaker 1: either volunteered to join the military or had been drafted. 226 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:54,760 Speaker 1: In July of that year, Secretary of War Newton D. 227 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 1: Baker issued a work or Fight Order, which required men 228 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:01,280 Speaker 1: who were eligible for the draft to either join the 229 00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:04,240 Speaker 1: military or work in an industry that was critical to 230 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:09,000 Speaker 1: the war, rather than in non essential vocations. Baseball wasn't 231 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:13,199 Speaker 1: specifically described as non essential, but it was definitely perceived 232 00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: that way, and baseball players who didn't enlist or go 233 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: to work in a critical industry faced increasing criticism. Some 234 00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:23,679 Speaker 1: who did go to work in a critical industry also 235 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:26,600 Speaker 1: spent more time playing for the company ball team than 236 00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:30,559 Speaker 1: working Toward the war, effort. The major leagues considered suspending 237 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:34,080 Speaker 1: games altogether, but instead shortened the season and held the 238 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,000 Speaker 1: World Series at the start of September rather than later. 239 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,280 Speaker 1: In the fall, the Boston Red Sox defeated the Chicago 240 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:44,400 Speaker 1: Cubs four games to two. Germany surrendered in World War 241 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:48,439 Speaker 1: One on November eleven, en Although the Treaty of Versailles 242 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:51,760 Speaker 1: that formally ended the war wasn't signed until the following year, 243 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: this meant that the war was over in time for 244 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,440 Speaker 1: the nineteen nineteen baseball season to at least in theory, 245 00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:01,080 Speaker 1: get back to normal. Normal for the White Sox involved 246 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:05,600 Speaker 1: some tensions between players and management. Elliott Asanov's book Eight 247 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:08,400 Speaker 1: Men Out, which was published in nineteen sixty three, was 248 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:11,400 Speaker 1: the go to source about the Black Sox scandal for decades, 249 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: and he made the claim that White Sox owner Charles 250 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:17,440 Speaker 1: Komiskey was vastly under paying his team and that this 251 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,720 Speaker 1: grudge led to several players willingness to participate in this scheme. 252 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: But really, the White Sox payroll at the start of 253 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:27,240 Speaker 1: the season was a little over eighty eight thousand dollars, 254 00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:30,000 Speaker 1: which was more than ten thousand dollars higher than their 255 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:34,320 Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen World Series opponent, the Cincinnati Reds. Some of 256 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: the White Sox players were the highest paid in the 257 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: league for their positions. What the White Sox did have 258 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:44,080 Speaker 1: was huge pay disparities, with some of its best players 259 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:47,560 Speaker 1: making the smallest amounts of money. Eddie Collins, who played 260 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 1: second base, was paid fourteen thousand, five hundred dollars a year, 261 00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,560 Speaker 1: but the average salary of the players who were implicated 262 00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:57,520 Speaker 1: in this conspiracy to throw the World Series were paid 263 00:14:57,520 --> 00:15:01,360 Speaker 1: more than ten thousand dollars less than the so Money 264 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: and grievances with Komiskey were surely a factor in all this, 265 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:07,000 Speaker 1: but it was a lot more complicated than basically the 266 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,880 Speaker 1: players being so low paid that they had no choice 267 00:15:09,920 --> 00:15:12,320 Speaker 1: other than to take this bribe. Some depictions of the 268 00:15:12,320 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 1: Black Sox scandal also make it seem as though the 269 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:19,560 Speaker 1: players were hapless rubes drawn in by conniving gangsters, but 270 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:22,560 Speaker 1: really it was the players who first proposed this scheme. 271 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:26,440 Speaker 1: Arnold Gandel known as Chick, who played first base, and 272 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:30,120 Speaker 1: picture Eddie Sikat were the instigators of this plot. They 273 00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:33,360 Speaker 1: reached out to gamblers, including Joseph Sullivan known as Sport. 274 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: In September of nineteen nineteen. Then Gandel and Scott recruited 275 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: other players to help them with the fix. At the time, 276 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 1: a White Sox victory was thought of as pretty much 277 00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: a sure thing. The Cincinnati Reds were champions in their league, 278 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: but the White Sox were considered to be the far 279 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:53,080 Speaker 1: superior team. Odds of a White Sox win were set 280 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: at five to one, so people who bet that they 281 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,160 Speaker 1: would lose had the potential for a huge payout. As 282 00:15:59,240 --> 00:16:02,480 Speaker 1: a surprising number of bets rolled in against the White Sox, 283 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,280 Speaker 1: some of them surprisingly large, Rumors started to spread that 284 00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:10,840 Speaker 1: something fishy was going on. Syndicated sportswriter Hugh Fullerton wired 285 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: a note to all the papers that were printing his 286 00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:16,560 Speaker 1: work which read, quote advisal not to bet on this series. 287 00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:20,640 Speaker 1: Ugly rumors afloat Early in Game one, Eddie Succott was 288 00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 1: pitching for the White Sox and he hit Red's player 289 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:26,840 Speaker 1: Mari Wrath, and that was reportedly a signal to betters 290 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:29,600 Speaker 1: that White Sox players were going to throw the game. 291 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:32,840 Speaker 1: As agreed. The White Sox did lose that game with 292 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:37,560 Speaker 1: a score of one to nine. Insiders were immediately suspicious. 293 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,520 Speaker 1: Some of them had heard rumors of a fix in 294 00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:42,520 Speaker 1: the works before the game had even started. White Sox 295 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:45,520 Speaker 1: manager William kidd Gleason thought the team just had not 296 00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:47,800 Speaker 1: been playing the way he'd seen them play all season, 297 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:50,880 Speaker 1: and that concerned him. He went to Komiskey about it, 298 00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:54,360 Speaker 1: and Comiskey went to American League president Van Johnson, but 299 00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 1: at that point nothing came of their concerns. The White 300 00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:00,560 Speaker 1: Sox lost game too as well, but then they won 301 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:04,159 Speaker 1: Game three, and that game Dicky Kerr was pitching, and 302 00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:07,080 Speaker 1: he was not in on this conspiracy to throw the series. 303 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:10,399 Speaker 1: So it's possible that the conspiring players just were not 304 00:17:10,520 --> 00:17:14,439 Speaker 1: able to perform badly enough to offset his pitching. But 305 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: it's also possible that they were trying to send a 306 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,879 Speaker 1: message to the gamblers because after Games one and two, 307 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: they had not received their promise payouts for throwing the games, 308 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:26,280 Speaker 1: and they wanted their money. The World Series continued on 309 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,119 Speaker 1: from there, with the Reds winning games four and five, 310 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:31,960 Speaker 1: and then the White Sox winning games six and seven. 311 00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:35,359 Speaker 1: Then the Reds won the series with Game eight, winning 312 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:39,240 Speaker 1: five games to the White Soxes three. I was doing 313 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:40,919 Speaker 1: the thing where my husband and I were in the 314 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,440 Speaker 1: car and I was recapping everything that I had written 315 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: for this episode, and normally, uh, it would end in 316 00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:52,360 Speaker 1: game seven. So I kept naming more games that had 317 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: been one or loss than he was, like, how many 318 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:58,680 Speaker 1: games were there? It's gonna be the best of nine. 319 00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,440 Speaker 1: This fishions about the White Sox performance had continued all 320 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:06,600 Speaker 1: through the World Series. Kmiskey, g Lisa, and others tied 321 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:10,399 Speaker 1: to the White Sox management tried to investigate. Afterward, Comiskey 322 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: went to maclay Hoyne, who was the state's attorney for 323 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: Cook County, Illinois, and as Hoyne related it, Comiskey told 324 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,600 Speaker 1: him that he thought some of his players had jobbed him. 325 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:23,320 Speaker 1: In his word, Comiskey asked for help in figuring that out. 326 00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:27,400 Speaker 1: It was clear that something had happened, and eventually Gamblers 327 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:31,199 Speaker 1: confirmed to Comiskey that the series had been rigged, but 328 00:18:31,359 --> 00:18:33,760 Speaker 1: he and others in the team's management thought it would 329 00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:36,640 Speaker 1: be in their best interests to keep things quiet. They 330 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:39,640 Speaker 1: even signed new contracts with players who had been part 331 00:18:39,640 --> 00:18:43,040 Speaker 1: of the scheme, with those players getting raises as part 332 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,159 Speaker 1: of the deal. Others, though, were not so interested in 333 00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:50,800 Speaker 1: covering up the fix of the World Series. Sports journalists 334 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,160 Speaker 1: saw the same suspicious disparities and how the White Sox 335 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 1: had been playing during the World Series versus how they 336 00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,280 Speaker 1: had been playing during the regular season. Hugh full Lerton, 337 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 1: in particular, had a notebook full of suspicious plays that 338 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:07,720 Speaker 1: he had kept track of during the games. Fullerton published 339 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,320 Speaker 1: an article in The New York World on December twelfth, 340 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,600 Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen, titled Big League Baseball being run for gamblers, 341 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:18,480 Speaker 1: with ballplayers in on the deal. The next day, Callier's 342 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: I published an article by Frank O. Klein stating that 343 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:25,600 Speaker 1: White Sox catcher Ray Schalk had named several teammates who 344 00:19:25,640 --> 00:19:28,840 Speaker 1: would not be part of the nineteen twenty season, implying 345 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:31,120 Speaker 1: that it was because they had thrown the World Series. 346 00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:34,800 Speaker 1: The players he named were pitchers Claude Lefty Williams and 347 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:40,199 Speaker 1: Eddie Saccott, first baseman Chick Gandle, infielder Fred McMullen, shortstop 348 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:44,640 Speaker 1: Charles Swede Risburg, and outfielders Oscar Happy Felsh and Joe 349 00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:48,480 Speaker 1: Jackson That's also known as Shoeless Joe. You might think 350 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: these allegations would have immediately ended the players careers, but 351 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:54,639 Speaker 1: they did not. Most returned to the field during the 352 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,920 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties season. With many of those same players named 353 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:02,639 Speaker 1: Inklins articles allegedly can tinuing to fix games. This was 354 00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:05,680 Speaker 1: to the immense frustration of their teammates who were not 355 00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,359 Speaker 1: in on this fix, who made comments to the press 356 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,919 Speaker 1: about how the dirty players weren't trying or were actively 357 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 1: working against the players who were actually trying to win. 358 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,560 Speaker 1: In August of nineteen twenty, the White Sox were first 359 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:20,880 Speaker 1: in the league and seemed poised to win the pennant, 360 00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:25,000 Speaker 1: but suddenly lost seven games in a row. Three were 361 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,919 Speaker 1: against the Boston Red Sox, which before that point was 362 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: in fifth place. And while it is totally possible for 363 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:34,160 Speaker 1: a great team to suddenly hit a losing streak, multiple 364 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,280 Speaker 1: players who weren't implicated in the nineteen nineteen fix were 365 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:41,920 Speaker 1: convinced that their teammates were once again throwing games. After 366 00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:44,520 Speaker 1: one of the Boston games, pictured, Dickie Kerr had a 367 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: heated encounter with Buck Weaver and Swede Risburg, telling them quote, 368 00:20:48,560 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: if you told me you wanted to lose this game, 369 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:53,359 Speaker 1: I could have done it a lot easier. But eventually, 370 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,160 Speaker 1: even though there had been no consequences before this point, 371 00:20:56,200 --> 00:21:00,080 Speaker 1: the nine World Series fix did lead eight members of 372 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 1: the Chicago White Sox to be banned from Major League 373 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,320 Speaker 1: Baseball for life. We will talk more about that. After 374 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:18,640 Speaker 1: a sponsor break in September of a grand jury investigation 375 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:22,200 Speaker 1: in Cook County, Illinois was looking into allegations of a 376 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:26,480 Speaker 1: potentially fixed game between the Chicago Cubs and the Philadelphia Phillies, 377 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,960 Speaker 1: which had been played the month before. American League President 378 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: Ban Johnson encouraged Presiding Judge Charles A. McDonald to include 379 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: the allegations of a fix in the World Series to 380 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:42,200 Speaker 1: this investigation, and soon that was the grand jury's primary focus. 381 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:46,160 Speaker 1: Grand Jury proceedings are generally kept secret in the United States, 382 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:50,160 Speaker 1: but in this case they were not. Newspapers carried reports 383 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: detailing exactly what was going on, some of which included 384 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: word for word testimony, and his words spread that baseball 385 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: players were confessing to having taken a bribe to throw 386 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:04,640 Speaker 1: the World Series. The general public felt deeply betrayed. There 387 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:08,240 Speaker 1: was the possibly apocryphal exchange with Joe Jackson outside the 388 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: courthouse when someone described as a newsboy, a reporter, or 389 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:14,280 Speaker 1: a random child, depending on the version of the story 390 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,720 Speaker 1: you hear, plaintively said quotes say it ain't so Joe. 391 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:21,400 Speaker 1: A few years later, f Scott Fitzgerald included a fictionalized 392 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:24,760 Speaker 1: version of Arnold Rothstein, who was believed to have financed 393 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,479 Speaker 1: this whole scheme in The Great Gatsby. In Gatsby's words, 394 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,080 Speaker 1: he had played with the faith of fifty million people. 395 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,760 Speaker 1: On September ninety eight, players were indicted for conspiring to 396 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:40,359 Speaker 1: defraud the public and injure the business of Charles Chemiskey 397 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: and the American League. They were the same players who 398 00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:47,040 Speaker 1: had been named in Collier's I back in nineteen nineteen, 399 00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,359 Speaker 1: along with the addition of George Weaver known as Buck, 400 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: who played third base. Weaver maintained his innocence for the 401 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:56,640 Speaker 1: rest of his life, saying he had not taken any 402 00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:01,280 Speaker 1: money and had played his best during the series. Sacha Williams, Jackson, 403 00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: and Felsh all admitted to the grand jury that they 404 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:07,600 Speaker 1: had taken the bribe. Jackson's testimony included that he had 405 00:23:07,640 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: been promised twenty thousand dollars but had only gotten five thousand. 406 00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 1: The four confessing players also implicated the others in their testimony, 407 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: but they didn't admit to actually throwing the game once 408 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:22,800 Speaker 1: the bribe had been taken. Lefty Williams also named several 409 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: gamblers who were involved, some of whom were also indicted. 410 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:31,160 Speaker 1: But then the nine election disrupted these proceedings, with Republicans 411 00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:33,879 Speaker 1: asking Democrats in Illinois and much of the rest of 412 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:37,639 Speaker 1: the country. The new prosecutors taking over at the County 413 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,520 Speaker 1: States Attorney's Office, found that the case that they were 414 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 1: inheriting from the previous administration needed a lot of work. 415 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:48,040 Speaker 1: The previous prosecutors had been relying on the players who 416 00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:50,919 Speaker 1: had confessed to turn state's evidence, so they had not 417 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:54,040 Speaker 1: really built much of a case beyond that. But by 418 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,440 Speaker 1: this point those players had secured legal representation, and they 419 00:23:57,480 --> 00:24:01,200 Speaker 1: clearly had no intention of testifying against their teammates. As 420 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:05,359 Speaker 1: this was happening, former federal judge Kennasa Mountain Landis was 421 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,919 Speaker 1: appointed as the first Commissioner of Baseball. He took office 422 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:12,960 Speaker 1: on December twelfth, y replacing the three man National Commission 423 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:17,159 Speaker 1: that had governed Major League Baseball previously. He was appointed to, 424 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:20,679 Speaker 1: in the words of National League President John Hadler quote, 425 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:24,760 Speaker 1: rule with an iron hand. Prosecutors hoped to delay the 426 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,199 Speaker 1: trial to allow them some more time to build a 427 00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:29,679 Speaker 1: better case than the one that they had inherited, but 428 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:34,639 Speaker 1: in February of one. Judge William E. Denver, denied a 429 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:38,640 Speaker 1: motion to postpone and set a very speedy trial date instead. 430 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: The state's attorney's office didn't feel like the case was 431 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:43,760 Speaker 1: winnable in the time that they had to pull it 432 00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:47,320 Speaker 1: all together, so State's Attorney Robert E. Krow dropped all 433 00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,440 Speaker 1: the charges. But then they paneled a new grand jury, 434 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,920 Speaker 1: which reindicted all the original defendants plus five more gamblers. 435 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: The prosecution had an interesting challenge ahead of it in 436 00:24:57,400 --> 00:24:59,960 Speaker 1: Illinois at the time. If two parties planned to commit 437 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,040 Speaker 1: an unlawful act that was enough to support a charge 438 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:06,439 Speaker 1: of conspiracy, it did not matter whether they had actually 439 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: carried out their plan, and the unlawful act itself was 440 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:13,400 Speaker 1: a different charge. So if two people conspired to kidnap someone, 441 00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:16,480 Speaker 1: for example, they could still be charged with conspiracy regardless 442 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,639 Speaker 1: of whether they actually did it. If they did, the 443 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:23,280 Speaker 1: kidnapping itself would be considered a separate crime. So that 444 00:25:23,359 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: aspect of Illinois law was helpful to the prosecution, because, 445 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:28,320 Speaker 1: like we talked about at the top of the show, 446 00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: it's really difficult to prove that eight players really lost 447 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: some baseball games on purpose. The ones who had confessed 448 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:38,919 Speaker 1: had confessed only to taking the bribe, not to throwing 449 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:40,879 Speaker 1: the games. And you can come up with all kinds 450 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: of reasons to explain somebody's poor performance in a baseball game. 451 00:25:45,160 --> 00:25:48,960 Speaker 1: But the situation was still complicated because a conspiracy is 452 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,520 Speaker 1: a plan to commit an unlawful act, and at the time, 453 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:56,480 Speaker 1: there wasn't anything unlawful about losing a baseball game on purpose. 454 00:25:57,240 --> 00:25:59,639 Speaker 1: That's why the indictments were framed as a matter of 455 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,040 Speaker 1: fraud and injury to the business of the team's owner 456 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:05,480 Speaker 1: and the league. But even this was on kind of 457 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:09,040 Speaker 1: shaky legal ground. There was another game fixing case in 458 00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:12,360 Speaker 1: California that had been thrown out of court when prosecutors 459 00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:15,119 Speaker 1: tried to make a similar argument. These were not the 460 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:19,320 Speaker 1: only challenges that the prosecutors were facing. Hearsay evidence was 461 00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,760 Speaker 1: admissible before the grand jury, but not in a criminal trial, 462 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:25,600 Speaker 1: and a lot of the testimony given before the grand 463 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:29,560 Speaker 1: jury was hearsay. Also, most of the people involved who 464 00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:32,359 Speaker 1: weren't ball players didn't live in Illinois, and some of 465 00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,320 Speaker 1: them just didn't bother to show up for court. Of 466 00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:38,360 Speaker 1: the indicted gamblers, the only ones to stand trial were 467 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:42,240 Speaker 1: Carl Zorke, David Zelzer and Ben and lou Levy. I 468 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 1: read various amusing accounts of when you have someone who 469 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:48,280 Speaker 1: is a criminal who lived somewhere else and you want 470 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:50,440 Speaker 1: them to come to court in another state. They had 471 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:54,400 Speaker 1: some challenges trying to make that happen. In the end, 472 00:26:54,680 --> 00:26:58,200 Speaker 1: the prosecutors star witness was Bill Burns, also known as 473 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: Sleepy Bill, who was a former Major league pitcher who 474 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,399 Speaker 1: had gone into the oil business. He and Billy Maharg 475 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,320 Speaker 1: had served as go betweens between the players and the 476 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:11,359 Speaker 1: gangsters who were financing this whole scheme. The most famous 477 00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:15,080 Speaker 1: of these financiers was Arnold Rothstein, who he mentioned earlier, 478 00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:18,439 Speaker 1: but he was not indicted or tried in connection to 479 00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:20,720 Speaker 1: this plot. A lot of people think he was like 480 00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:23,720 Speaker 1: the major source of money for all this not a 481 00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,200 Speaker 1: thing that was conclusively proven. The trial started in June 482 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: of before a jury of white men who all said 483 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:33,720 Speaker 1: they were not baseball fans, and in the end, after 484 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:36,879 Speaker 1: deliberating for less than three hours and taking one vote, 485 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:40,640 Speaker 1: they found all the defendants not guilty on all counts. 486 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:43,600 Speaker 1: There are a lot of accounts that say that this 487 00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: was because all of the evidence was stolen ahead of 488 00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,080 Speaker 1: the trial, so that there was nothing to go on, 489 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: and the original transcriptions of the grand jury testimony were stolen, 490 00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:57,159 Speaker 1: but these were transcriptions that had been made from shorthand 491 00:27:57,240 --> 00:28:00,920 Speaker 1: notes that were kept during the proceedings. Those no still existed, 492 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:04,919 Speaker 1: so they were just retranscribed for the trial. Nobody seemed 493 00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:07,240 Speaker 1: to have any doubt about whether the second round of 494 00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:11,359 Speaker 1: transcriptions was accurate or valid. The defense did not raise 495 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,920 Speaker 1: any questions about whether they were as part of their defense. 496 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:18,720 Speaker 1: The prosecution was shocked at this outcome, and so were 497 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,439 Speaker 1: a lot of other people. There's been a lot of 498 00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:24,640 Speaker 1: speculation into why the jury reached the verdict that they did. 499 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,800 Speaker 1: After all, four of the players had confessed to taking 500 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,920 Speaker 1: the bribe, and Bill Burns and Billy Mahag had made 501 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:35,120 Speaker 1: confessions on the gamblers side. Those confessions were read at 502 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: the trial. However, because hearsay evidence wasn't admissible, the transcripts 503 00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,120 Speaker 1: had to be edited to remove references to things that 504 00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: other people had said. Those names were all replaced with Mr. Blank, 505 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:52,240 Speaker 1: and this rendered the transcribe testimony both confusing and frankly boring. 506 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,760 Speaker 1: The case against the players also rested on the idea 507 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:59,480 Speaker 1: that their actions in the world series had harmed the 508 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:03,640 Speaker 1: business Charles Komiskey and of their league, but White Sox 509 00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:07,720 Speaker 1: club secretary Harry Gravener testified that the team's revenues had 510 00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:11,520 Speaker 1: actually gone up in nine. It's possible that the mostly 511 00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:15,320 Speaker 1: blue collar jury sympathized with the mostly blue collar players. 512 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: Joe Jackson, for example, didn't know how to read or write, 513 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:21,120 Speaker 1: and he started working in a textile mill in his 514 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,560 Speaker 1: early teens. There's also been some speculation that this was 515 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: a case of jury nullification, which is basically when a 516 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,800 Speaker 1: jury returns a not guilty verdict in spite of believing 517 00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:34,480 Speaker 1: the defendant to be guilty because they believed that the 518 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:37,959 Speaker 1: law was unjust or immoral, or otherwise to send some 519 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:42,000 Speaker 1: kind of moral or emotional message about the case. But also, 520 00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:45,000 Speaker 1: in the words of one anonymous juror, quote, we thought 521 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,719 Speaker 1: the state presented a weak case. It was dependent on 522 00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: Bill Burns, and Burns did not make a favorable impression 523 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 1: on us, but Major League Baseball and the White Sox 524 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:57,560 Speaker 1: specifically didn't really care that they had been found not guilty. 525 00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:00,920 Speaker 1: Comiskey suspended seven of the players in definitely after the 526 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: verdicts were read. Eddie Saccad had already been suspended over 527 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: a paid dispute, and then Kenna saw Mountain. Landis banned 528 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 1: all eight men from Major League Baseball for life, and 529 00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:15,480 Speaker 1: his words quote, regardless of the verdict of juries, no 530 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:19,680 Speaker 1: player that throws a ball game, no player that entertains, proposes, 531 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,880 Speaker 1: or promises to throw a game, No player that sits 532 00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:25,880 Speaker 1: in conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers 533 00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:29,000 Speaker 1: where the ways and means of throwing games are discussed, 534 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:31,800 Speaker 1: and does not promptly tell his club about it, will 535 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: ever play professional baseball. This last bit that Tracy just 536 00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:39,480 Speaker 1: read was his reason for denying Buck Weaver's repeated requests 537 00:30:39,520 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: to be reinstated. Although we've maintained that he had taken 538 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,160 Speaker 1: no money and had played fairly, he had known about 539 00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,880 Speaker 1: the fix, and he hadn't spoken up. Landis's lifetime ban 540 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,680 Speaker 1: of the players circled back around to that idea of 541 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: baseball that as something that was uniquely important to American culture, 542 00:30:57,680 --> 00:31:00,640 Speaker 1: and Landis's words quote, Baseball is some thing more than 543 00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:03,760 Speaker 1: a game. To an American boy. It is his training 544 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:08,040 Speaker 1: field for life. Work. Destroy his faith in its squareness 545 00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: and honesty, and you have destroyed something more. You have 546 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:16,840 Speaker 1: planted suspicion of all things in his heart, which to 547 00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:19,560 Speaker 1: me means this was as much about protecting the sport 548 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:25,800 Speaker 1: of baseball as it was to protecting men's feelings. The 549 00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:29,520 Speaker 1: same sentiment was echoed in other writing, as well as 550 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,440 Speaker 1: printed in the St. Louis Globe Democrat quote, if Judge 551 00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:34,840 Speaker 1: Landis can keep the game of baseball on a high 552 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:37,560 Speaker 1: plane of sports ethics, he will do far more for 553 00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:39,720 Speaker 1: the boys of America than he has ever done or 554 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:42,640 Speaker 1: can ever do on the federal bench. Nor could he 555 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:44,960 Speaker 1: do more for the country as a whole, because the 556 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,280 Speaker 1: standard of integrity of the boy becomes also his standard 557 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: as a citizen. Meanwhile, much of the news coverage of 558 00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: the scandal and the trial and its aftermath tried to 559 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: place the blame on this for outsiders, specifically Jewish people 560 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,760 Speaker 1: in immigrants. This once again reinforced the idea that baseball was, 561 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 1: in quotation marks pure, or at least it would have 562 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,440 Speaker 1: been if not for this outsider influence. After their lifetime 563 00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:14,040 Speaker 1: banned from the sport, several of the eight players tried 564 00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:17,040 Speaker 1: to clear their names or filed civil suits, many of 565 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:19,280 Speaker 1: them claiming that they were owed back pay under the 566 00:32:19,360 --> 00:32:22,600 Speaker 1: terms of their contracts with the White Sox. This included 567 00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,560 Speaker 1: Joe Jackson, whose case came to trial in Milwaukee in 568 00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 1: During the trial, he repeatedly denied that he had given 569 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: the grand jury testimony that he was on record as 570 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:35,360 Speaker 1: having given. In spite of that, I mean just saying 571 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,400 Speaker 1: over and over, I didn't say that in front of 572 00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:39,840 Speaker 1: the grand jury, even though it's right there in the transcript. 573 00:32:40,360 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: The jury found in his favor. They awarded him more 574 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,720 Speaker 1: than sixteen thousand dollars, and the foreman later explained that 575 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:50,160 Speaker 1: this was because White Sox management had known about the 576 00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:52,920 Speaker 1: fixing scheme when it signed to the contract with him, 577 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:55,640 Speaker 1: therefore it had no grounds to back out of the 578 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:59,440 Speaker 1: deal over it. Later the judge, though, was outraged at 579 00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:02,960 Speaker 1: this rule ing and vacated the settlement and charged Jackson 580 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: with perjury. Of the civil suits that were filed, Jackson's 581 00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:08,720 Speaker 1: was the only one that went to trial. In addition 582 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:11,240 Speaker 1: to the eight Black Socks, over the next few years, 583 00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:14,840 Speaker 1: Kenna saw Mountain Landis banned another ten players for life 584 00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:19,280 Speaker 1: because of their involvement in gambling. He also banned William D. Cox, 585 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: president of the Philadelphia Phillies then in Landis proposed the 586 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:28,040 Speaker 1: addition of rules prohibiting gambling to the formal rule book 587 00:33:28,120 --> 00:33:31,600 Speaker 1: of Major League Baseball. Today, this rule twenty one is 588 00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:35,760 Speaker 1: required to be posted in every clubhouse. It prohibits various 589 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:41,120 Speaker 1: types of misconduct, including gambling. Under this rule, players, umpires, 590 00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:44,840 Speaker 1: club and league officials, and other employees are ineligible for 591 00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:46,920 Speaker 1: one year if they bet on a baseball game that 592 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 1: they don't have a duty to perform in. If they 593 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:52,040 Speaker 1: bet on a game that they do have a duty 594 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:55,640 Speaker 1: to perform in, they are ineligible for life. These and 595 00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:59,120 Speaker 1: other efforts did not restore baseball to a pristine heyday, 596 00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,520 Speaker 1: because that had never really existed. But Landis's efforts reinforce 597 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: the idea that there had been, and ultimately they made 598 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:09,839 Speaker 1: the sport more respectable, at least for a time. One 599 00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:11,720 Speaker 1: of the articles that I read as I was working 600 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:16,160 Speaker 1: on this was from ESPN, and the author talked about 601 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:19,400 Speaker 1: how the editor had said, I want you to write 602 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,920 Speaker 1: um an article that's about like the major moments in 603 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:27,799 Speaker 1: baseball gambling scandals, and the writer was like, well, there's 604 00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:30,840 Speaker 1: kind of a problem with that. It's basically two broad periods. 605 00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:33,879 Speaker 1: There's the first broad period, which is just a cesspool 606 00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:38,799 Speaker 1: of greed and corruption and then decades passed and it's 607 00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: Pete Rose and like that's all you have to go 608 00:34:41,719 --> 00:34:45,560 Speaker 1: on there. Anyway, We've had various folks asked us to 609 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:49,000 Speaker 1: talk about this over the years, Um, and it is 610 00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:53,320 Speaker 1: just a wacky story to me. I have so many 611 00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:57,759 Speaker 1: favorite moments, including shoelace Joe Jackson being angry that he 612 00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:01,239 Speaker 1: did not get his whole bribe. Yeah, Minus, like I 613 00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:05,680 Speaker 1: never said that, because you did. It's right there, they 614 00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:12,680 Speaker 1: transcribed it. What you got next? Ms Tracy Well, Um, 615 00:35:13,239 --> 00:35:15,759 Speaker 1: I was out on vacation for a while and I'm 616 00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:19,640 Speaker 1: still sort of catching up with the email inbox. So 617 00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:21,799 Speaker 1: in lieu of listener mail today, I want to talk 618 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,240 Speaker 1: about something we have not talked about for a while, 619 00:35:24,320 --> 00:35:27,640 Speaker 1: which is that we have a T shirt store for 620 00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:30,440 Speaker 1: our show, and a lot of the stuff that we 621 00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:33,160 Speaker 1: have in the store are things that people said they 622 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,960 Speaker 1: wished we had T shirts of, but in some cases 623 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,719 Speaker 1: we've never told anyone we actually have that T shirt now. 624 00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:44,480 Speaker 1: So you can find a link to the store from 625 00:35:44,520 --> 00:35:47,520 Speaker 1: our website, or you can go directly to t public 626 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,000 Speaker 1: dot com. Slash stuff you missed in history class. That's 627 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:53,480 Speaker 1: all one word all spelled out. Some of the shirts 628 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:55,799 Speaker 1: that people have said they wished that we had that 629 00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:58,280 Speaker 1: we do have now. One of them is a shirt 630 00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:01,680 Speaker 1: for everybody who has listened to every episode of the 631 00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:04,120 Speaker 1: show ever, and that one says I have a pH 632 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:08,600 Speaker 1: d in s Y MHC, which I find delightful. After 633 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:11,560 Speaker 1: our History of Doughnuts episode, somebody said that we they 634 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:14,640 Speaker 1: wanted a shirt about how um we read a thing 635 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:17,960 Speaker 1: that was about curlers being outlaw cakes. So we have 636 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,360 Speaker 1: a Crawler T shirt that says Outlaw Caches on it. 637 00:36:21,120 --> 00:36:25,000 Speaker 1: We also have the much requested Lunar Beaver's shirt, which 638 00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:28,279 Speaker 1: looks like it's patterned after a band's tour shirt. Um. 639 00:36:28,320 --> 00:36:32,120 Speaker 1: And then going going all the way back to uh 640 00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:35,360 Speaker 1: to when we did the Virginia Acar episode, we have 641 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,040 Speaker 1: a look at the Baby's shirt. Those are just examples, 642 00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:39,880 Speaker 1: and then you can also get these things on stickers 643 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:44,120 Speaker 1: and mugs, et cetera. Uh. We so rarely mentioned that 644 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:47,799 Speaker 1: we have a store, but we do. We do. Since 645 00:36:47,840 --> 00:36:50,840 Speaker 1: I've I still I came back to work and I 646 00:36:50,880 --> 00:36:52,120 Speaker 1: was like, I've got so much that I need to 647 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:53,520 Speaker 1: catch up on, and I just kept looking at the 648 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:55,759 Speaker 1: listener mail inboxes like Okay, I'm gonna I'm gonna get 649 00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,839 Speaker 1: to the listener mail, UM, but take a minute talk 650 00:36:58,840 --> 00:37:02,439 Speaker 1: about our store. Oh, we do love getting listener mail. 651 00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:05,839 Speaker 1: We love to hear from folks. UM. If you are 652 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:08,640 Speaker 1: about to write and tell us about somebody's RBIs from 653 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: this UM sporting scandal, I probably read that article. We 654 00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:17,360 Speaker 1: just did not spend as much time focused on that 655 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,000 Speaker 1: in this episode. But if you want to write to 656 00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:23,480 Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast where history podcasts 657 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:25,520 Speaker 1: at how stuff Works dot com. And then we're all 658 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:28,520 Speaker 1: over social media at missed in History and that's where 659 00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:31,920 Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook and Pinterest, Instagram, and Twitter. And 660 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,399 Speaker 1: you can find our website at missed in History dot 661 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:36,560 Speaker 1: com and it currently has a link up in the 662 00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:40,000 Speaker 1: menu to our store. So you can also subscribe to 663 00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:42,680 Speaker 1: our show on Apple podcasts, the i heart Radio app, 664 00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:50,480 Speaker 1: and anywhere else that you get podcasts. Stuff you Missed 665 00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:52,840 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I Heart Radio's 666 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:55,800 Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my heart Radio, 667 00:37:55,960 --> 00:37:58,840 Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever 668 00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows