1 00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:11,280 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, would you rather live in the Star Wars 2 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: or Star Trek universe? 3 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:16,239 Speaker 2: Oh? Man, I'm not sure. 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:18,680 Speaker 3: I guess I'd prefer to live in the one that's 5 00:00:18,760 --> 00:00:21,760 Speaker 3: more scientific, you know, that follows actual laws. 6 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 1: I think they use more particle names in Star Trek. 7 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,200 Speaker 1: They might be made up. I know in Star Wars 8 00:00:29,360 --> 00:00:33,559 Speaker 1: they use Midi Chlorians, which are definitely not made up. 9 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 3: Yeah, but I think Star Wars leans on the little 10 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 3: magic aspect a bit too much. I think Star Trek 11 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:41,479 Speaker 3: is trying to sound more scientific at least. 12 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: I mean, isn't that basically our jobs, right? We're always 13 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: trying to sound more scientific. 14 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:51,600 Speaker 3: I mean I do my best to sound like a 15 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:53,240 Speaker 3: physics professor. I hope it's working. 16 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: I yeah, I think you had me fooled there for. 17 00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 2: A minute, you and all the listeners. 18 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:01,560 Speaker 1: I hope the big reveal. 19 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:19,639 Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist and a professor 20 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:20,600 Speaker 3: at UC Irvine. 21 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:22,479 Speaker 2: Really really, I promise I am. 22 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: I'm Katie Golden. I'm none of those things, but you know, 23 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,880 Speaker 1: I do have an animal biology podcast, and I'm interested 24 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:32,679 Speaker 1: in physics, or. 25 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 2: At least you can make it sound like you are. 26 00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 1: That's so interesting, Daniel. 27 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:42,480 Speaker 3: And Welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 28 00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:46,560 Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio in which we sound interested in 29 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:49,400 Speaker 3: the big questions of the universe, because we really really 30 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:52,840 Speaker 3: are interested. We want to know how everything works, where 31 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 3: it all came from, how it all comes together to 32 00:01:55,400 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 3: create our amazing, glittering, beautiful, mysterious cosmos, and we want 33 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:03,280 Speaker 3: to make sure that everybody out there understands things as 34 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 3: well as we do and as well as we don't. 35 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 3: Thanks very much Katie for joining me on today's episode. 36 00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: I'm super excited. I love to hear people's questions because 37 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: usually they are something that I am also curious about, 38 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:19,360 Speaker 1: and I also don't know the answer to. 39 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:21,200 Speaker 2: That's right. 40 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:24,160 Speaker 3: Many of our episodes are us explaining a concept in 41 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:27,000 Speaker 3: physics to you, but we don't want this podcast to 42 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:29,640 Speaker 3: be a one directional lecture. We want it to be 43 00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:33,120 Speaker 3: a conversation. We want to know what you are wondering 44 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 3: about when those ideas don't click in your mind. We 45 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:38,799 Speaker 3: want to hear from you so we can help you understand. 46 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:41,359 Speaker 3: So please, if you have questions, right to me to 47 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 3: questions at Danielandjorge dot com. Everybody gets an answer from 48 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:46,720 Speaker 3: a real live physics professor. 49 00:02:46,880 --> 00:02:48,079 Speaker 2: They really really do. 50 00:02:48,639 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 3: And sometimes I hear a question from listeners, I think, well, 51 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:54,120 Speaker 3: I bet a lot of people ask this question, or 52 00:02:54,160 --> 00:02:56,680 Speaker 3: a lot of people would appreciate the answer, or that 53 00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:58,960 Speaker 3: one would be fun to joke with Katie about. So 54 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:00,760 Speaker 3: let's do it on the podcast. 55 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: No physicists were harmed in the making of this Listener 56 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:07,520 Speaker 1: Questions episode. 57 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 2: Not yet, but I'll keep you up to date. We'll 58 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:09,400 Speaker 2: see if that changes. 59 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:19,519 Speaker 3: And so today on the podcast, we'll be answering Listener Questions, 60 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 3: Episode number sixty nine. 61 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:24,519 Speaker 1: There's nothing funny about that number. 62 00:03:25,200 --> 00:03:28,800 Speaker 3: Absolutely nothing. We have been counting down to Listener Question 63 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:31,600 Speaker 3: sixty nine ever since we've been doing Listener Questions and 64 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:33,519 Speaker 3: we realized we were going to get there. 65 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:36,480 Speaker 1: I get it. The six looks like a nine upside down. 66 00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: That's what's funny about it. 67 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, that's exactly what's funny about it. It reminds me a 68 00:03:41,880 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 3: little bit of when comic Shoemaker Levy hit Jupiter. When 69 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,800 Speaker 3: it ran around the sun. The comment broke up into 70 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 3: like twenty six pieces. So somebody in NASA was like, ooh, 71 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 3: let's give the comet pieces names and we'll use letters 72 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 3: because there's twenty six of them. So there was the 73 00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 3: A fragment, the B fragment, the C fragment, and then 74 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,840 Speaker 3: when the first piece hit Jupiter, they called it the 75 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:05,040 Speaker 3: A spot, and the next one when they hit they 76 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 3: called it the B spot. And then when they got 77 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 3: up to the F spot, they realized, uh oh, they 78 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 3: had a problem with the next one because were they 79 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:14,800 Speaker 3: really going to write a scientific paper about Jupiter's G spot. 80 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,440 Speaker 1: I have no idea what you're talking about. That just 81 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: sounds like numbers and words to me. 82 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:24,159 Speaker 3: So they ended up talking about the F spot and 83 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 3: then the G impact site, and then the H spot. 84 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:30,839 Speaker 1: Somehow that sounds dirtier to me. I don't know impact 85 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:31,960 Speaker 1: site all right. 86 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:35,279 Speaker 3: Anyway, we've got to do our best to extract humor 87 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 3: from science. But on today's episode, we are not just 88 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:39,840 Speaker 3: making jokes about the number sixty nine. We were answering 89 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:43,720 Speaker 3: questions from listeners like you, and today's episode is discussion 90 00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 3: of a question from Dale from Washington. Here is Dale's question. 91 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 4: Hello, Daniel and Jorge, This is Dale from Chattarroy, Washington. 92 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:55,800 Speaker 4: I was watching Star Trek the other day and it 93 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:59,520 Speaker 4: occurred to me that when the Enterprise D is cruising 94 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 4: a speed of warp six and the stars were all 95 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 4: speeding by, they maybe shouldn't have been able to see 96 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:09,840 Speaker 4: them due to blue shift. Would the light be shifted 97 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,680 Speaker 4: all the way into ultraviolet or maybe even X rays 98 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 4: or even further down? Is that even possible at a 99 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 4: large percentage of the speed of light? Anyways, thanks for 100 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:23,400 Speaker 4: listening to my question. 101 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 3: All right, Katie, are you a Star Trek fan? Have 102 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:27,799 Speaker 3: you wondered about this yourself? 103 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:31,040 Speaker 1: So? I have watched a good amount of Star Trek, 104 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: and I I'm always kind of I don't know. I 105 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: guess I kind of gloss over the weird engineering babble. 106 00:05:38,839 --> 00:05:42,360 Speaker 1: It doesn't it's like we got to put the transoperitors 107 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:47,960 Speaker 1: or interopertors on the warp schism. I don't really know. 108 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: And like I'm also a little bit confused about the 109 00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: concept of the warp drive. I know there are different 110 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:58,560 Speaker 1: like warp speeds, but like the idea, I guess is 111 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:03,120 Speaker 1: that what you're like ending space and making the ship 112 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:05,680 Speaker 1: go across. I don't know. Do you know if they 113 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:08,200 Speaker 1: ever did like an explanation of warp drive. 114 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:11,560 Speaker 3: Well, one of the funny things about Star Trek is 115 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 3: that it's not really science fiction. I mean, they don't 116 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:18,039 Speaker 3: actually have any sort of explanation for what they're doing. 117 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:21,400 Speaker 3: It's exactly as you described. It's like particle babble. 118 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:22,760 Speaker 2: It's sort of like. 119 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 3: The way jen Ai is. You know, you ask chat 120 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:28,119 Speaker 3: gbt to generate an answer to physics question and it'll 121 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 3: generate a bunch of words which sound like an answer, 122 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:33,240 Speaker 3: and Star Trek is kind of like that. It's like, 123 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:35,839 Speaker 3: here's a convincing number of words which sort of sound 124 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 3: like an explanation for the science, but it's really nonsense, 125 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:42,040 Speaker 3: you know. And I gotta love that about Star Trek. 126 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:44,280 Speaker 3: They're not really trying to be hard sci fi. They 127 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:46,080 Speaker 3: sort of make fun of themselves a little bit. They 128 00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:49,120 Speaker 3: don't take themselves too seriously. The science of Star Trek 129 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:51,919 Speaker 3: is not like crisply thought out and click together into 130 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 3: some coherent explanation, as you'll see when we dig into 131 00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 3: what a warp drive is in Star Trek and what 132 00:06:58,360 --> 00:07:01,200 Speaker 3: it should look like when you look out right. 133 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: But the idea being that you're going really really fast, 134 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:07,920 Speaker 1: like is the idea that you're going at the speed 135 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:08,400 Speaker 1: of light. 136 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 3: The idea of a warp drive in physics aside from 137 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 3: star trek is an attempt to move faster than the 138 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 3: speed of light. So we have this frustrating limitation on 139 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:21,320 Speaker 3: all motion in the universe that nothing can move faster 140 00:07:21,440 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 3: than the speed of light through space. So if you 141 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 3: want to fly to Alpha Centari and it's three light 142 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:28,240 Speaker 3: years away, it's going to take you at least three 143 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 3: years to get there because you can't even go at 144 00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 3: the speed of light. Nothing with mass can move even 145 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:35,880 Speaker 3: at the speed of light, and nothing at all can 146 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 3: move faster than the speed of light. And the speed 147 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:40,200 Speaker 3: of light is really really fast, you know, one hundred 148 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 3: and eighty six thousand miles per second is incredibly fast, 149 00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 3: But distances in space are incredibly vast, and so stars 150 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 3: are far apart even compared to the speed of light. 151 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 3: So our galaxy, for example, is one hundred thousand light 152 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:56,480 Speaker 3: years across. You wanted to go from here to the 153 00:07:56,480 --> 00:07:59,000 Speaker 3: other side of it and back, we're talking two hundred 154 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:03,240 Speaker 3: thousand years even if you're a photon. So it's incredibly 155 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 3: hard to get around the universe because the speed of 156 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:10,200 Speaker 3: light is actually very very slow. And in science fiction 157 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 3: universes people often want to have like galaxy spanning empires 158 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 3: or civilizations that go from star to star, and it's 159 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 3: kind of hard to make that work unless you have 160 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 3: faster than light travel. So a warp drive in physics 161 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:25,040 Speaker 3: is a way to try to circumvent use loopholes in 162 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:28,440 Speaker 3: special relativity to make it possible to go from here 163 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 3: to there in less time than a photon would take. 164 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 1: Okay, so it's some kind of magic. 165 00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:40,080 Speaker 3: Well, there really is a concept in physics of a 166 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:43,120 Speaker 3: warp drive, and it doesn't break special relativity. The law 167 00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 3: in special relativity says you can't move through space faster 168 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 3: than light does. But a warp drive doesn't move through space. 169 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:53,319 Speaker 3: It actually compresses space. Because what we've learned in the 170 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:55,839 Speaker 3: last one hundred years or so is that space is 171 00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 3: not just like an empty backdrop on which the things 172 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 3: in the universe happen. It's actually like a thing. It 173 00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:05,679 Speaker 3: has features, It can bend and curve and ripple and expand. 174 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:08,720 Speaker 3: And so if, for example, you could compress the space 175 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:11,439 Speaker 3: between here and a distant star so that it's not 176 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 3: actually as far, then you could just move a lower 177 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 3: than the speed of light but still get there very 178 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 3: very quickly. That's the basic idea of a warp drive, 179 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 3: and people want to know more about the physics of 180 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:24,679 Speaker 3: a warp drive and is it possible. Can check out 181 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 3: some of the episodes that we have about warp drives. 182 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:29,880 Speaker 3: But that's actually a possibility. We don't know how to 183 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:32,280 Speaker 3: make it work. We don't have to build one, but 184 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:35,120 Speaker 3: the laws of general relativity say it might be possible. 185 00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 3: And we're talking about in our real universe. In Star Trek, 186 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:40,480 Speaker 3: their warp drive is a little bit different. 187 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:44,360 Speaker 1: Okay, so how does the Star Trek warp drive quote 188 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: unquote work. 189 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,199 Speaker 3: So the basic principle is the same, is that you're 190 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 3: going faster than the speed of light. And they have 191 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:53,960 Speaker 3: these warped levels, so like warp one, warp two, warp three, 192 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,320 Speaker 3: each of those goes faster and faster, and for example, 193 00:09:57,360 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 3: and warp nine point nine is the maximum that they 194 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:01,559 Speaker 3: could have do. And if they ever go warp nine 195 00:10:01,559 --> 00:10:04,160 Speaker 3: point nine, you can really see it straining their ship. 196 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: That seems like airplane or boat logic right where it's 197 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: still the idea that you are like moving in a 198 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:17,000 Speaker 1: way where there is some kind of like resistance against 199 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,520 Speaker 1: your ship, and then if you're going faster, there's more 200 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:24,280 Speaker 1: strain on the ship. But if this is about scrunching 201 00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:27,400 Speaker 1: space time. It doesn't seem like that would have the 202 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: same kind of effects as say, like a jet plane 203 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,760 Speaker 1: trying to a sound barrier. 204 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:36,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, exactly, But the warp drive on Star Trek isn't 205 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:40,480 Speaker 3: a general relativistic squeezing space creating a warp bubble kind 206 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:43,199 Speaker 3: of situation. They don't explain at all how it works. 207 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:44,680 Speaker 3: It's just sort of like, we can go faster than 208 00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 3: the speed of light. 209 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:46,599 Speaker 2: We have a warp drive. 210 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: Right, Okay, so part of the question was about blue ships. 211 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 1: So the idea is like, so, okay, you have one 212 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,840 Speaker 1: of these warp drives where you can go faster than 213 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:01,959 Speaker 1: the speed of light, and there is the obvious question 214 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: of what would like look like to you? But can 215 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: you explain what the question asker means when they talk 216 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:08,959 Speaker 1: about blueshift? 217 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:11,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, I think basically he's wondering, what does it look 218 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:14,959 Speaker 3: like out the window when you are doing the warp drive? 219 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:15,240 Speaker 2: Right? 220 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 3: And this is one of my favorite parts of science 221 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:21,200 Speaker 3: fiction is thinking about the consequences, like you've created this 222 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:23,840 Speaker 3: new technology or discovered this new bit of science, what 223 00:11:23,840 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 3: does that mean? Not just for like what is it 224 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 3: like to be human? In that universe, but what are 225 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,079 Speaker 3: the experiences like. 226 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:31,559 Speaker 2: Of using it? And the best science fiction. 227 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:32,960 Speaker 3: Are the ones that have really thought this through and 228 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 3: come up with creative or interesting or surprising results. 229 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: It's like in a B movie, the science fiction B 230 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: movie where it asks if bees were sentient and all 231 00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:46,480 Speaker 1: went on strike, would that be good or bad for 232 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:49,640 Speaker 1: the planet. But we were talking about some of the 233 00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:51,840 Speaker 1: best science fiction movies, so of course I thought of 234 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 1: B movie, but going. 235 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 3: Absolutely yeah, definitely a high point in the science fiction 236 00:11:56,920 --> 00:11:57,560 Speaker 3: movie canon. 237 00:11:58,440 --> 00:11:59,840 Speaker 2: But in this case they're wondering. 238 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:01,480 Speaker 3: Like, well, it look like if you looked out the 239 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 3: window while you were going faster than the speed of light, 240 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 3: which is a really cool question. And the writers on 241 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 3: these TV shows, or the visualization artists or wherever it's 242 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,840 Speaker 3: responsible for this, typically do this by making the stars 243 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:17,079 Speaker 3: streak by right like you see this in Star Wars 244 00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:20,240 Speaker 3: the stars go from points to these lines, and on 245 00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:23,679 Speaker 3: Star Trek they have this particular visualization where the stars 246 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,480 Speaker 3: aren't completely solid lines, they sort of zoom by, so 247 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 3: it looks like you're whizzing through the universe and seeing 248 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 3: the stars go by really fast. And the question is like, 249 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,680 Speaker 3: would you really be able to see the stars, because 250 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:38,960 Speaker 3: wouldn't their frequency be shifted by the Doppler effect, so 251 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:41,920 Speaker 3: they'd be so blue that you couldn't see them. The 252 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,240 Speaker 3: Doppler effect being that if something is moving relative to you, 253 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:49,560 Speaker 3: the light it emits changes frequencies. So, for example, stars 254 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,360 Speaker 3: from other distant galaxies are all moving away from us 255 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:55,480 Speaker 3: as the universe is expanding, and so the light from 256 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:58,520 Speaker 3: those stars is shifted red because the stars are moving 257 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,680 Speaker 3: away from us, Galaxies like Andromeda are moving towards us, 258 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,839 Speaker 3: so light from Andromeda is shifted blue. So if you 259 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,600 Speaker 3: were right next to Andromeda and not moving relative to it. 260 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:11,320 Speaker 2: You would see it's pure light as it's actually emitted. 261 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 3: We see that light at higher frequencies it's blue shifted 262 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 3: more towards ultraviolet and X ray then it would be 263 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 3: if we weren't moving relative to Andromeda. It's actually a 264 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:23,800 Speaker 3: really powerful way to measure the velocity of distant stuff 265 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 3: by measuring its red shift or its blue shift. So 266 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 3: the question is asking, like, wouldn't the stars out the 267 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:32,360 Speaker 3: window be so blue shifted that they would be invisible? 268 00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:36,400 Speaker 1: I see right, Because if you're moving away or towards something, 269 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,440 Speaker 1: it's like the wavelength of that light that would be 270 00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:41,600 Speaker 1: hitting your eye is going to change. 271 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:42,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly. 272 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:45,120 Speaker 3: It's basic physics of the Doppler effect. It's like when 273 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 3: a police siren is coming towards you, it sounds one way, 274 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:49,720 Speaker 3: and when it's moving away from you, it sounds another way. 275 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:51,680 Speaker 3: It's the same effect but applied to sound. 276 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,079 Speaker 1: Yeah, it sounds like we woo we woo, and it 277 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:56,640 Speaker 1: goes like wee woo woo woo. 278 00:13:57,840 --> 00:13:58,680 Speaker 2: Yeah exactly. 279 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 3: And that also for light, because light is a wave 280 00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:05,679 Speaker 3: in the electromagnetic field. And so he's asking about that, 281 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:07,600 Speaker 3: and so I did a little bit of digging into 282 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 3: the physics of star trek warp drives, and I was 283 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:13,559 Speaker 3: wondering also, like why are we seeing stars whoosh by? 284 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:15,640 Speaker 3: Like is that realistic? 285 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:16,000 Speaker 1: Right? 286 00:14:16,120 --> 00:14:18,840 Speaker 3: Because warp nine is pretty fast, but it's not actually 287 00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 3: that fast. Like I said, it takes two days to 288 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:24,400 Speaker 3: go like ten light years. But if you look at 289 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 3: the window of the enterprise, you see stars whoshing by 290 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:29,840 Speaker 3: all the time. The thing is that stars are way 291 00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:32,680 Speaker 3: too far apart for that to happen. Yeah, I mean 292 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:36,440 Speaker 3: stars are typically like three four five light years apart. 293 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 3: So if you're only going ten light years every two days, 294 00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 3: then you should see like a star whoosh by like 295 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:44,080 Speaker 3: every twenty four hours. But if you look at the 296 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:46,640 Speaker 3: window of the enterprise, it's like ten stars a second. 297 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 3: So they've taken some real liberties in that visualization. 298 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: I mean one way, I know that Star Trek is 299 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,720 Speaker 1: sort of not going with the we are scrunching up space. 300 00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: But if you were scrunching up space, I could see 301 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:04,320 Speaker 1: an argument for there being some kind of weird optical effect. 302 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:08,520 Speaker 1: Not necessarily stars wooshing by, but you know, I remember 303 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:10,880 Speaker 1: in an episode where we talked about your point of 304 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:13,160 Speaker 1: view from a black hole, where it's like if you 305 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,200 Speaker 1: have a very dense point where it would suck in light. 306 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:21,720 Speaker 1: So maybe if you're scrunching space, you could I don't 307 00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:27,160 Speaker 1: know exactly how this would work. I'm now beyond my understanding, 308 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:29,320 Speaker 1: but I guess there could be some kind of weird 309 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:30,920 Speaker 1: optical effect. 310 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 3: I think that kind of creativity in science should get 311 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 3: you a spot as physics consultation on Star Trek. 312 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:42,320 Speaker 1: Sweet so I can just say, uh, oh, the gasorp 313 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: azorp drive went down. 314 00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:47,840 Speaker 3: No, I think there's a lot of room for like, 315 00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:50,120 Speaker 3: how could we make this work? What would you have 316 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:53,560 Speaker 3: to do is there any explanation in science? But anyway, 317 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 3: let's take the star trek warp drive and just say 318 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:58,360 Speaker 3: somehow it makes you be able to move faster than 319 00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 3: the speed of light. Physics is spended or we've discovered 320 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 3: if the special relativity is wrong or whatever. We're moving 321 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:05,800 Speaker 3: faster than the speed of light. What would it look 322 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,040 Speaker 3: like out the window, the front window, the side window, 323 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,120 Speaker 3: the back window. And Dale's totally right that the Doppler 324 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 3: effect is a big effect. You're moving very fast relative 325 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 3: to these stars, which is the same thing as saying 326 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:19,400 Speaker 3: they're moving fast relative to you. So, for example, if 327 00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:22,560 Speaker 3: you look out the back window of the Enterprise, you're 328 00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:25,520 Speaker 3: moving faster than the speed of light. Number one, all 329 00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:28,560 Speaker 3: of the light from those stars is really really red shifted. 330 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:31,080 Speaker 3: It's red shifted so far that you wouldn't be able 331 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:34,040 Speaker 3: to see it like our sun amids light in the 332 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 3: visual spectrum. But if you're moving away from the Sun 333 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:39,480 Speaker 3: super duper fast, then its light is going to be 334 00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:42,320 Speaker 3: red shifted so far that you'd need like a special 335 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:44,560 Speaker 3: infrared camera to even pick it up. 336 00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:48,600 Speaker 1: I see, yeah, because our eyes can only detect certain wavelengths, 337 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:53,000 Speaker 1: like if something's too I guess wide of a wavelength 338 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:55,120 Speaker 1: or too short of a wavelength, we are not going 339 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:55,920 Speaker 1: to be able to see it. 340 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:57,520 Speaker 2: Yeah exactly. 341 00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 3: And in addition, you're now moving faster than those photons somehow, right, 342 00:17:01,960 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 3: we suspended physics, and so you're out running the photons, 343 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 3: so you're not going to be able to see anything 344 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:07,639 Speaker 3: behind you. 345 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:09,840 Speaker 2: Yeah exactly. 346 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 3: So it's like I'm trying to throw a baseball at you, 347 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 3: but you're in your ferrari and you're going much faster, 348 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 3: Like my baseball is not going to get to you. 349 00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:19,080 Speaker 3: So you're just not going to see anything out the 350 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 3: back window. If you're actually moving faster than the speed 351 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 3: of light. But then what about your front window? Right, 352 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,520 Speaker 3: you're moving towards all these stars faster than the speed 353 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:27,880 Speaker 3: of light. 354 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 2: What should you see? 355 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:29,680 Speaker 1: Right? 356 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:33,080 Speaker 3: This is actually also quite counterintuitive what you would actually see. 357 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 3: And instead of imagining ourselves moving towards the stars, imagine 358 00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,399 Speaker 3: the equivalent scenario of the star moving towards us. Because 359 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:43,440 Speaker 3: in our universe velocity is relative, it doesn't really matter 360 00:17:43,480 --> 00:17:44,080 Speaker 3: who's moving. 361 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:45,280 Speaker 2: It's actually the same thing. 362 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:47,560 Speaker 3: Think about what it would look like if a star 363 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:50,000 Speaker 3: is moving towards you faster than the speed of. 364 00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:52,520 Speaker 1: Light scary, you actually be very scary. 365 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:54,400 Speaker 2: Now. 366 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:57,600 Speaker 3: That means that the star is moving faster than the 367 00:17:57,680 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 3: light that it emits, right, right, So it's like leaving 368 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,679 Speaker 3: the light behind, which means again you can't see it, 369 00:18:05,119 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 3: right because you arrive at the star before the light 370 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:09,919 Speaker 3: that it emitted along the way it gets to you. 371 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:12,159 Speaker 1: Ah my brain. 372 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:14,280 Speaker 2: Yeah right. 373 00:18:14,320 --> 00:18:16,679 Speaker 3: And so imagine the star is far away, it emits 374 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 3: a photon, but the star gets to you before the photon, right, 375 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:22,359 Speaker 3: So you don't see that photon until the star has 376 00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,360 Speaker 3: already passed you. So what happens is as the star 377 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,359 Speaker 3: passes you, that's when you see it, and you actually 378 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:30,959 Speaker 3: see it twice. You still go past you, and now 379 00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 3: it's emitting photons as it goes past you, and those 380 00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:36,639 Speaker 3: photons are coming towards you, and you also start to 381 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:39,560 Speaker 3: receive the photons that it emitted while it was on 382 00:18:39,640 --> 00:18:42,640 Speaker 3: its way to you. Those now start arriving, but they 383 00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:46,440 Speaker 3: arrive in reverse order, right, because the images it's sent 384 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,399 Speaker 3: later arrived before the images it's sent earlier when it 385 00:18:50,440 --> 00:18:51,200 Speaker 3: was further away. 386 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,119 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, Because you are moving so fast that you 387 00:18:54,160 --> 00:18:59,400 Speaker 1: will approach the star and have those close by photons 388 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,520 Speaker 1: you faster than the ones that hit you from when 389 00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:09,359 Speaker 1: the star was further away. Yeah, that's wild. You'd see 390 00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:13,520 Speaker 1: like an after image of the star before from before. 391 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:15,919 Speaker 3: Yes, exactly, So you'd see nothing, and then when the 392 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 3: star passes you, you'd suddenly see two stars. 393 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:20,960 Speaker 2: One going behind you and one going ahead of you. 394 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:24,159 Speaker 3: It would look like going backwards in time, right, you 395 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:25,720 Speaker 3: would see it in reverse order. 396 00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 2: Very bizarre effect. 397 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:30,359 Speaker 3: And I've never seen this displayed in science fiction. I 398 00:19:30,359 --> 00:19:33,119 Speaker 3: would love to see somebody actually make this work. If 399 00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,080 Speaker 3: you were writing a new show about people with warp drives, 400 00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,360 Speaker 3: email me and I will help you get this right. 401 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:40,119 Speaker 1: Well, I'm going to keep that in mind for my 402 00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:44,160 Speaker 1: new show Hot Alien Babes on Neptune. 403 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,480 Speaker 3: Dale's actual question is about the light, and he's right 404 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 3: that the light is also going to be blue shifted, 405 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:52,919 Speaker 3: and so if it was like originally a red dwarf 406 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,840 Speaker 3: that emitted in the longer wavelengths, it would be shifted 407 00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,000 Speaker 3: into the higher frequencies. The exact shift depends on the velocity, 408 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,679 Speaker 3: but he's right that that might also be invisible. It 409 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 3: might be that is shifted up way past the ultraviolet, 410 00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:08,520 Speaker 3: so that you need like X ray sensors or gamma 411 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 3: ray sensors to be able to detect it. In principle, 412 00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:14,000 Speaker 3: there's nothing that's actually invisible, Like if we have enough 413 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:18,159 Speaker 3: particle detectors, we can sense those very very high frequency photons. 414 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:21,760 Speaker 3: For example, orbiting the Earth, we have the Fermi Lat telescope, 415 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,160 Speaker 3: which you can measure photons at very very high energies. 416 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:28,359 Speaker 3: So in principle you imagine that these spaceships are probably 417 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 3: equipped with sensors to be able to detect super high 418 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:34,800 Speaker 3: frequency photons, but you wouldn't see them with the naked eye, okay, 419 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:37,080 Speaker 3: but you might see something else. You know that the 420 00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:41,400 Speaker 3: universe is filled with the cosmic microwave background photons, photons 421 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:44,920 Speaker 3: left over from a very early universe plasma, and these 422 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 3: are very long wavelength because they've been stretched to very 423 00:20:48,359 --> 00:20:52,159 Speaker 3: very infrared by the expansion of the universe. But if 424 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,280 Speaker 3: you're flying through the universe faster than the speed of light, 425 00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 3: those are all going to. 426 00:20:56,240 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 2: Get blue shifted. 427 00:20:57,080 --> 00:20:58,120 Speaker 1: It hits crunched up. 428 00:20:58,400 --> 00:20:59,200 Speaker 2: Yeah, they might. 429 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:01,680 Speaker 3: Get blue shifted all all the way into the visible spectrum. 430 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:04,119 Speaker 3: So you might be able to see the CMB with 431 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:07,399 Speaker 3: your naked eyes, meaning that the whole universe would be 432 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:08,679 Speaker 3: filled with this fog. 433 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,679 Speaker 1: Oh whoa, it might maybe you would get some kind 434 00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:13,720 Speaker 1: of weird spaceship Aura. 435 00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:16,080 Speaker 2: Yeah, would be super cool. 436 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,600 Speaker 3: Anyway, Dale is totally right that the way they describe 437 00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:22,840 Speaker 3: it on Star Trek is not really accurate from the 438 00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 3: physics point of view, and the engine they have anyway 439 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:27,920 Speaker 3: doesn't really make any sense. But it's a lot of fun. 440 00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:29,880 Speaker 3: I don't mean that in a way to criticize Star Trek. 441 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 3: I know what they're going for is not hard sci fi. 442 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,720 Speaker 3: There's definitely a niche there, and I love it big 443 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:35,560 Speaker 3: fans Star Trek. 444 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: I hope one of those writers were fired for that 445 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:39,800 Speaker 1: blunder is my opinion. 446 00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:44,159 Speaker 3: No, no, no fire any writers or pro writer. But 447 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:46,199 Speaker 3: please do reach out to us. We would love to 448 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,320 Speaker 3: help you get the physics right. And thank you to 449 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 3: Dale for reaching out to us with your question about 450 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:53,440 Speaker 3: the physics of Star Trek. I love that Dale, that 451 00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:56,200 Speaker 3: is doing this physics in his mind, he's being a physicist. 452 00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 3: He's wondering what would this actually look like? How does 453 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,879 Speaker 3: that work? Why not this one that's being a physicist. 454 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 3: All you people out there who are wondering how the 455 00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 3: universe works, you're all physicists too sweet. 456 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: Did we get a badge? 457 00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:10,119 Speaker 2: I'll send you all a sticker. 458 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:15,480 Speaker 3: Yes, digital we get a badge, all right, so please 459 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 3: don't be shy right to us with your questions to 460 00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:21,159 Speaker 3: questions Aunt Daniel and Jorge dot com. Everybody gets an answer, 461 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,679 Speaker 3: because everybody deserves an explanation. Thanks Katie very much for 462 00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:28,400 Speaker 3: joining me on today's special listener Questions sixty nine episode. 463 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:30,640 Speaker 1: All right, back to work on my hot babes from 464 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:31,680 Speaker 1: Neptune script. 465 00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:35,359 Speaker 3: Can't wait to see that one on the screen. All right, everyone, 466 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:42,560 Speaker 3: Thanks very much. Tune in next time for more science 467 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,359 Speaker 3: and curiosity. Come find us on social media where we 468 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:49,199 Speaker 3: answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, disc Org, 469 00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,919 Speaker 3: Instant and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that 470 00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:56,920 Speaker 3: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. 471 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:01,080 Speaker 3: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the Heart Radio, Apple 472 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,800 Speaker 3: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.