1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:08,719 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,200 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy be Wilson 4 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Frye. This is part two of our 5 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 2: latest installment of Unearthed, where we talk about things that 6 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:27,479 Speaker 2: have been literally and figuratively unearthed over the last few months. 7 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 2: In this part two, we have animals, artwork, edibles and potables, shipwrecks, 8 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 2: and then, as always kicking it off with some random 9 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:42,520 Speaker 2: stuff that I call popery because jeopardy. 10 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:47,240 Speaker 1: A six month long excavation in England, about ten miles 11 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:50,879 Speaker 1: south of Hadrian's Wall has unearthed at least eight hundred 12 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: wet stones dating back about two thousand years to the 13 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: Roman era. There are probably hundreds more still to be 14 00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:02,319 Speaker 1: discovered at the site. Before this find, only about two 15 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty wetstones had been found in the entirety 16 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:07,479 Speaker 1: of Britain and Ireland. 17 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:11,959 Speaker 2: This was probably a whetstone factory in an industrial area, 18 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:14,759 Speaker 2: and the stone to make the whetstones may have been 19 00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:17,960 Speaker 2: quarried from the northern bank of the river near where 20 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 2: all of this was found. The surviving whetstones at this 21 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:25,039 Speaker 2: site all seem to have been broken or incorrectly cut, 22 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:28,240 Speaker 2: which means that these are the cast offs, and it's 23 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:33,160 Speaker 2: likely that many many more intact whetstones were transported out 24 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:35,839 Speaker 2: of this area to the coast and then from there 25 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 2: to other parts of the Roman Empire. Now I kind 26 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:44,160 Speaker 2: of want other research tracing the origins of the stone 27 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:50,200 Speaker 2: in other whetstones found elsewhere in what had been Roman territory. 28 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 2: Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of 29 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:58,440 Speaker 2: Sciences has looked at the genetic legacy of the Mongol Empire, 30 00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:02,440 Speaker 2: especially rulingly from the group known as the Golden Horde 31 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:06,680 Speaker 2: in Central Eurasia. The Golden Horde was founded by Genghis 32 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 2: Khan's eldest son Joshi and his descendants. Local law in 33 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 2: Kazakhstan has suggested that one of the four Golden Horde 34 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:17,920 Speaker 2: tombs that was analyzed in the study was that of 35 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 2: Djoshi and his family. According to this research, these elites 36 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:29,200 Speaker 2: descended primarily from ancient Northeast Asians, with some ancestry from 37 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:34,560 Speaker 2: ancient North Eurasian and Scythian populations. Genetic research on the 38 00:02:34,639 --> 00:02:38,160 Speaker 2: remains from the four tombs suggests that the males had 39 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 2: y chromosomes, from a particular ancestral branch that originated on 40 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 2: the Mongolian Plateau. Many people living in Central Eurasia today 41 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 2: have this cluster of DNA as part of their genome. 42 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:59,520 Speaker 1: However, this research also raises some questions about the popularly 43 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:02,120 Speaker 1: held ie idea that one out of every two hundred 44 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: men is related to Ginghis Khan. Researchers also ran comparisons 45 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:11,480 Speaker 1: to modern DNA and didn't find this why chromosome cluster 46 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:14,920 Speaker 1: as frequently in modern populations as it is in the 47 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: men buried in these tombs. Researchers also noted that we 48 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: don't have Ginghis Khan's DNA to go on. While Joshi 49 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: and his father would certainly have had some similarities in 50 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,440 Speaker 1: their genomes, we don't know whether that would include this 51 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:36,600 Speaker 1: specific cluster. And Lastly, researchers in Hungary have been studying 52 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty five skeletons from two Neolithic cemeteries, 53 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:45,080 Speaker 1: looking at patterns and how these people were buried and 54 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: what that can tell us about gender roles and among 55 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,840 Speaker 1: these people. These remains date back about seven thousand years, 56 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:57,360 Speaker 1: so they examined the bones themselves, looking for evidence of 57 00:03:57,520 --> 00:04:01,320 Speaker 1: wear that could tell us about these peoples, maybe a 58 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: little about what kind of work they might have done, 59 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:06,640 Speaker 1: and they also looked at the positions the people were 60 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:09,640 Speaker 1: buried in and what kinds of grave goods they were 61 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:13,680 Speaker 1: buried with. At one of the cemeteries, there wasn't a 62 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: lot of variation in how people were buried. In general, 63 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:20,839 Speaker 1: the people buried at this cemetery seemed to have done 64 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 1: harder physical work, but those patterns didn't vary by sex either. 65 00:04:26,520 --> 00:04:30,360 Speaker 1: At the other site, though, things seemed to be structured 66 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: along clearer lines of gender roles. Most of the female 67 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:39,880 Speaker 1: skeletons were buried on their left side with shell beads, 68 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,960 Speaker 1: and then most of the male skeletons were buried on 69 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: their right side and they had stone tools. There were 70 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,040 Speaker 1: also two male skeletons and five female skeletons that departed 71 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: from this pattern. In one case, there was a female 72 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: skeleton buried with stone tools, and the wear on her 73 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:03,240 Speaker 1: towbone showed that she did a lot of kneeling. That 74 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: was something that was more common among the male skeletons. 75 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:10,400 Speaker 1: There was not anything to suggest that this person had 76 00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:14,479 Speaker 1: some kind of unique social position, but these findings do 77 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:18,359 Speaker 1: suggest that there were people living in this community thousands 78 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: of years ago who weren't aligned with the typical pattern 79 00:05:22,640 --> 00:05:27,239 Speaker 1: of gender and gender roles in their area. This paper 80 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:31,440 Speaker 1: was titled Fixed and Fluid the Two Faces of Gender Roles, 81 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:35,760 Speaker 1: A combined study of activity patterns and burial practices in 82 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 1: the European Neolithic. 83 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:42,120 Speaker 2: Now we are going to move on to some animal finds. 84 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:45,919 Speaker 2: A bone found at a site in Cordoba, Spain in 85 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:50,599 Speaker 2: twenty twenty may be the first direct evidence of war 86 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 2: elephants from the Punic War period. There are historical depictions 87 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:59,360 Speaker 2: of elephants being used in the Punic Wars, and there 88 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:03,760 Speaker 2: are depictions on things like coins. They have most often 89 00:06:03,839 --> 00:06:09,279 Speaker 2: been associated with Carthaginian general Hannibal, but until this point 90 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:14,040 Speaker 2: there has not been physical evidence of actual war elephants. 91 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: This small bone was compared to the bones of mammoths 92 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: and modern elephants, and radiocarbon dating placed it in the 93 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: fourth or third centuries BCE, which is when the Punic 94 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 1: Wars took place. There were also several military related objects 95 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:33,440 Speaker 1: found at the site, like artillery projectiles, as well as 96 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:35,000 Speaker 1: coins and ceramics. 97 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:39,040 Speaker 2: Reading through this research, it does not seem like this 98 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:44,159 Speaker 2: identification is one hundred percent certain they did compare it 99 00:06:44,200 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 2: to mammoths and elephant bones, but the bones condition is 100 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:51,360 Speaker 2: too poor for DNA to be extracted from it, and 101 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:54,599 Speaker 2: it's also possible that it was brought to the area 102 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 2: as a trade good rather than in the body of 103 00:06:58,360 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 2: a living war elephant moving on. A burial site in 104 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,920 Speaker 2: northern Norway has been found to contain the body of 105 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:09,359 Speaker 2: a Viking age woman who was buried along with her dog. 106 00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:12,520 Speaker 2: This discovery was made by a couple of people who 107 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:16,400 Speaker 2: were searching the area with metal detectors and contacted authorities 108 00:07:16,440 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 2: about what they found. The woman and the dog were 109 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:23,240 Speaker 2: buried together in a boat, along with tools, a weaving sword, 110 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,720 Speaker 2: a wetstone, and a sickle. Next, there is a traditional 111 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:31,000 Speaker 2: Irish breed of goat that is known as the Old 112 00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:35,680 Speaker 2: Irish goat, which just delights me such a simple, straightforward name. 113 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:40,600 Speaker 2: This goat is bred for both meat and milk. According 114 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 2: to research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, today's 115 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:49,080 Speaker 2: Old Irish goats have a continuous lineage stretching back to 116 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 2: at least the Late Bronze Age roughly eleven hundred to 117 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 2: nine hundred BCE. This conclusion came from analysis of goat 118 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 2: remains at an iron Age Hill Fort. These are the 119 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:04,240 Speaker 2: oldest goat remains found in Ireland. 120 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:08,280 Speaker 1: The old Irish goat is a rare breed today and 121 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:12,120 Speaker 1: there are small faral herds of them in parts of Ireland. 122 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: Wild goats play a part in Irish folklore, so these 123 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:19,640 Speaker 1: goats have an ongoing connection to Irish culture and history 124 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: and animal domestication and husbandry in Ireland. 125 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:27,960 Speaker 2: According to research published in the journal Nature Communications, there 126 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:32,840 Speaker 2: was a sophisticated long distance trading network for parrots in 127 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:37,520 Speaker 2: the Andes Mountains in coastal Peru that predated the establishment 128 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:41,240 Speaker 2: of the Inca Empire. This conclusion came from analysis on 129 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 2: parrot feathers from Pachacomic, which was a religious center that 130 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 2: was well outside the bird's native range. Researchers used DNA sequencing, 131 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:56,440 Speaker 2: isotope chemistry, and computational landscape modeling to determine where the 132 00:08:56,480 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 2: birds came from and where they were taken. In the 133 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:04,199 Speaker 2: words of doctor George Ollah from the Australian National University 134 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:07,800 Speaker 2: A and You, who is the paper's lead author, quote 135 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:11,439 Speaker 2: our ancient habitat modeling confirmed that the western side of 136 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 2: the Andes was just as inhospitable to these species one 137 00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 2: thousand years ago as it is today. These parrots are 138 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:23,240 Speaker 2: strictly rainforest dwellers, with a natural home range of around 139 00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:26,680 Speaker 2: one hundred and fifty kilometers. The fact that they ended 140 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:29,600 Speaker 2: up more than five hundred kilometers away on the other 141 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 2: side of South America's highest mountain range proves human intervention. 142 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 2: They do not naturally fly over the Andes. Researchers from 143 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,119 Speaker 2: the University of Liverpool have published work on the development 144 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 2: and spread of early domesticated dogs. This includes work from 145 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 2: a rock shelter in Anatolia where people and dogs stayed 146 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:58,560 Speaker 2: together roughly fifteen thousand, eight hundred years ago. These people 147 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:02,240 Speaker 2: buried their dead, and they also buried their dogs in 148 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:05,239 Speaker 2: a way that was very similar to human burials. 149 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,200 Speaker 1: Professor Doug Baird of the University of Liverpool was quoted 150 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:12,640 Speaker 1: as saying the archaeology makes clear that these dogs were 151 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: close companions of humans. Isotope analysis showing the dogs ate fish, 152 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:20,840 Speaker 1: a major element of the human diet, and like humans, 153 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:24,280 Speaker 1: were carefully buried in the rock shelter near human burial, 154 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: thereby receiving ritualized treatment analogous to the humans. These people 155 00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:33,600 Speaker 1: hunted animals like wild sheep and dangerous wild cattle, so 156 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:37,120 Speaker 1: it seems likely that these animals were hunting, but also 157 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: possibly guard dogs, given the presence of large predators like 158 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:46,720 Speaker 1: wolves and leopards in Central Anatolia at that time. And lastly, 159 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: we have a depiction of an animal. A hiker on 160 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,719 Speaker 1: the island of Majorca in Spain found a tiny bronze 161 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: bull's head. It is roughly three thousand years old. This 162 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: is one of only four more such skull representations ever 163 00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: found on the island, and it is little. It's a 164 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: little more than an inch long. This hiker delivered the 165 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:11,320 Speaker 1: fine two authorities and the plan is for it to 166 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:14,959 Speaker 1: be placed in a museum. It is time to take 167 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: a little sponsor break and then we'll be back to 168 00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 1: talk about art. 169 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:32,160 Speaker 2: Okay, now for some art. A professor who specializes in 170 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:36,679 Speaker 2: rock art research has partnered with traditional owners in Australia 171 00:11:37,240 --> 00:11:43,200 Speaker 2: to study fourteen newly documented images of the extinct Tasmanian 172 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:49,200 Speaker 2: tiger or thyloside. These images are from two different locations 173 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 2: in Northern Territory. There are also pictures of Tasmanian devils. Today, 174 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:59,360 Speaker 2: Tasmanian devils live only on Tasmania, but they used to 175 00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:02,080 Speaker 2: live on the Australian mainland as well. 176 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,680 Speaker 1: They look nothing like that cartoon. 177 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:08,400 Speaker 2: They really don't as and Tasmanian tigers don't look that 178 00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 2: much like tigers either. Some of these artworks are believed 179 00:12:12,280 --> 00:12:14,680 Speaker 2: to be less than a thousand years old, and the 180 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 2: Tasmanian devil is believed to have been extinct on the 181 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:21,840 Speaker 2: mainland three thousand years ago. This has raised some questions 182 00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:24,360 Speaker 2: about whether the paintings were made by someone who had 183 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:28,800 Speaker 2: seen a living Tasmanian devil, meaning that they survived longer 184 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 2: on the mainland than was previously thought. The paper on 185 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:36,520 Speaker 2: this find, which was published in the journal Archaeology in Oceania, 186 00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:41,400 Speaker 2: also includes information from Aboriginal oral histories about these animals 187 00:12:41,720 --> 00:12:47,120 Speaker 2: and their cultural importance. In other rock art news, researchers 188 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 2: in France have used carbon fourteen dating to directly estimate 189 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:53,959 Speaker 2: the age of several pieces of. 190 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:55,080 Speaker 1: Black line art. 191 00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:58,440 Speaker 2: This is the first time carbon fourteen dating has been 192 00:12:58,520 --> 00:13:02,640 Speaker 2: used directly off art in this region because it was 193 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:05,559 Speaker 2: believed that all of the pigments that were used were 194 00:13:05,559 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 2: made of metals that didn't contain any carbon, so there 195 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:11,720 Speaker 2: would have been no carbon fourteen to test. 196 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:16,560 Speaker 1: This team used non invasive methods to test the composition 197 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,560 Speaker 1: of the pigments used in two figures. They found traces 198 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,280 Speaker 1: of charcoal, and the distribution of the charcoal was consistent 199 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:26,760 Speaker 1: enough that it seemed like part of the pigment and 200 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:30,000 Speaker 1: not like contamination from some of their point in history. 201 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,920 Speaker 1: They extracted extremely small amounts of this pigment for testing 202 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:37,920 Speaker 1: and concluded that one of the figures dates to about 203 00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:41,600 Speaker 1: thirteen thousand years before the present, while the other had 204 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,800 Speaker 1: pigment that seemed to come from two different time periods, 205 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,680 Speaker 1: the first about eighty five hundred years before the present 206 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:52,720 Speaker 1: and the other more likely fifteen thousand years before the present. 207 00:13:53,520 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: It is possible that this was an older artwork that 208 00:13:56,559 --> 00:14:00,960 Speaker 1: was retouched or altered thousands of years later. A painting 209 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:05,680 Speaker 1: by Italian Renaissance artist sophonisba Anguisola was thought to have 210 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,920 Speaker 1: been lost, but has now resurfaced. It turns out it 211 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,400 Speaker 1: was bought by a private collector in nineteen seventy seven. 212 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:17,720 Speaker 1: The painting's current owners are relatives of the person who 213 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,960 Speaker 1: bought it, and they looked into the painting's history after 214 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 1: seeing a lecture on the artist, which was presented by 215 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: the National Gallery of Art in twenty twenty four. This 216 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 1: painting was publicly displayed for the first time since then 217 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 1: this past February. This portrait is called Portrait of a 218 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:40,760 Speaker 1: canon Regular and it depicts a clergyman whose identity is unknown. 219 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:44,920 Speaker 1: Sophonisba Anguisola was one of the few women artists to 220 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: become really recognized during the Renaissance, and fewer than twenty 221 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,960 Speaker 1: signed paintings of hers have survived until today. 222 00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 2: Speaking of resurfaced Renaissance art, a previously unknown postcard sized 223 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:05,800 Speaker 2: drawing by German Renaissance artist Hans Baldengrin has been found 224 00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:10,800 Speaker 2: among the possessions of the descendants of Susannah Fefinger, who 225 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 2: sat for this portrait back in fifteen seventeen. The portrait 226 00:15:15,560 --> 00:15:18,120 Speaker 2: was done in silver point on paper that was treated 227 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:20,880 Speaker 2: with bone powder, and it was part of a collection 228 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 2: of artwork that the family had taken in for valuation. 229 00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:27,960 Speaker 2: This is the only known silver point work from this 230 00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 2: artist that is still in a private collection. Back in 231 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:36,200 Speaker 2: nineteen eighty three, a mold was found at an archaeological 232 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 2: site at a Slavic hillfort in Spandau, which is one 233 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,680 Speaker 2: of the burrows of Berlin today. This mold would have 234 00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 2: been used to cast a small devotional object in the 235 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:48,640 Speaker 2: shape of a wheel cross or a cross that's in 236 00:15:48,720 --> 00:15:52,800 Speaker 2: a circle. In January, a find was announced from a 237 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:57,400 Speaker 2: site in Javelan, Germany, roughly seventy kilometers away, which is 238 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 2: a bronze wheel cross that was made with the mold, 239 00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 2: which was found by a volunteer using a metal detector. 240 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 2: These date back to the tenth or eleventh century and 241 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 2: they're two of the oldest Christian artifacts in the region, 242 00:16:10,920 --> 00:16:15,880 Speaker 2: dating back to when it was first being Christianized. Archaeologists 243 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:20,720 Speaker 2: have found fragments of decorated ostrich egg shells at sites 244 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 2: in Namibia and South Africa. These shells were used as 245 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:29,040 Speaker 2: water vessels more than sixty thousand years ago, and people 246 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:35,240 Speaker 2: decorated them by engraving them. Researchers analyzed the engravings on 247 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 2: one hundred and twelve fragments and found that eighty of 248 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 2: them had what they described as coherent special regularities. That is, 249 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 2: they had patterns of parallel lines or patterns of the 250 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 2: same angle being used over and over. Some of them 251 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:57,080 Speaker 2: had repeating grids and diamond shaped motifs, which are the 252 00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:02,600 Speaker 2: most complex designs patterns are very consistent. They showed an 253 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:07,080 Speaker 2: ability not only to repeat an etching consistently, but also 254 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 2: to plan it out so that these patterns and lines 255 00:17:11,359 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 2: would cover the desired space in a regular way over 256 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:20,919 Speaker 2: the curved surface of an ostrich egg So this is 257 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:25,399 Speaker 2: basically more advanced thinking than might have been expected from 258 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:28,920 Speaker 2: people who were living sixty thousand years ago. I don't 259 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 2: think I could just plan out in my head a 260 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 2: bunch of etchings on an ostrich eggshell and have it 261 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 2: come out evenly. 262 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:38,360 Speaker 1: I don't know. 263 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:40,440 Speaker 2: I bet if you did it a bunch you could 264 00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 2: maybe eventually with a lot of practice. 265 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,880 Speaker 1: Right, it's mastery. We are going to wrap up our 266 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: art talk with some art acquisitions that made headlines over 267 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:53,960 Speaker 1: the last few months. The Italian government paid almost thirty 268 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: five million dollars for a Caravaggio portrait. The portrait of 269 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:01,520 Speaker 1: Monsignor Maffeo Barbrini, who would later become Pope Urban the 270 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,080 Speaker 1: eighth had been on loan to the Palazzo Barberini in Rome. 271 00:18:05,920 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: Now it is. 272 00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:10,800 Speaker 2: Part of the permanent collection at the Palazzo. The National 273 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:14,720 Speaker 2: Gallery of Arts in Washington, d C. Has acquired Mary 274 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:20,840 Speaker 2: Magdalen in Ecstasy by past podcast subject Artemisia Gentileski. This 275 00:18:21,160 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 2: is the first Gentileeskie painting in the museum's collection and. 276 00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:29,960 Speaker 1: A museum I love desperately. The Dali Museum in Saint Petersburg, 277 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:35,360 Speaker 1: Florida acquired Salvador Dali's largest painting at auction for two 278 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: hundred ninety three thousand, two hundred forty dollars. This painting 279 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:44,119 Speaker 1: was a strange landscape created as a stage set for Bacchanal, 280 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,440 Speaker 1: which was a surrealist ballet that premiered at the Metropolitan 281 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 1: Opera in New York in nineteen thirty nine. It is 282 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:55,400 Speaker 1: made of thirteen panels and four canvases and measures sixty 283 00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:59,440 Speaker 1: five by one hundred feet. Dali also wrote a libretto 284 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,520 Speaker 1: and designed costumes for this production. 285 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:05,200 Speaker 2: Now we will get into the edibles and potables, which 286 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,920 Speaker 2: are always one of my favorites. The four corners potato 287 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:13,399 Speaker 2: is a small, nutritionally very dense potato that people in 288 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:16,720 Speaker 2: southwestern North America have been growing for millennia. 289 00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:18,160 Speaker 1: Today it is. 290 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 2: Still eaten and used for spiritual and medicinal purposes. Research 291 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:25,800 Speaker 2: published in the journal plus one has looked at its 292 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:30,879 Speaker 2: history and early domestication by both examining more than four 293 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:35,840 Speaker 2: hundred stone tools and by interviewing indigenous elders. 294 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:41,040 Speaker 1: Those tools came from fourteen archaeological sites beyond the Four 295 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:46,200 Speaker 1: Corners Potatoes natural range. The team looked at large slabs 296 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:50,480 Speaker 1: and handheld stones used for grinding and found microscopic potato 297 00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:54,360 Speaker 1: starch granules on tools from nine of the fourteen sites. 298 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:58,120 Speaker 1: Four of the site showed consistent use of the potato 299 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,159 Speaker 1: stretching as far back as ten t thousand years ago. 300 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:06,920 Speaker 2: Hope and Denay elders who were interviewed nearly all had 301 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:11,160 Speaker 2: knowledge of this potato and Denay women, in particular, new 302 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,920 Speaker 2: techniques on how to process and prepare them to make 303 00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:18,840 Speaker 2: them less bitter. Denay doctoral candidate Cynthia Wilson, who's a 304 00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:22,159 Speaker 2: co author of this study, was quoted as saying, quote 305 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,840 Speaker 2: the mobility of indigenous food ways was driven by kinship 306 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:32,159 Speaker 2: based practices across the landscape. Indigenous knowledge holders, especially matrilineal women, 307 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 2: held onto these seedlings and stories across generations to sustain 308 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:43,160 Speaker 2: ties to ancestral land and food ways. This research combines 309 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:45,960 Speaker 2: with other work to suggest the Indigenous people in the 310 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:52,080 Speaker 2: American Southwest domesticated the Four Corners potato. This contradicts earlier 311 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:55,760 Speaker 2: assumptions that the domesticated crops grown in the Southwest were 312 00:20:55,800 --> 00:21:01,119 Speaker 2: not domesticated there, but were domesticated in America and then 313 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 2: introduced from there. This new information also augments other research 314 00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 2: and suggests that now perhaps agave, barley, and amaranths were 315 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 2: all cultivated in North America. Researchers working at sites in 316 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:20,520 Speaker 2: what's now Ukraine have used the preserved proteins and dental 317 00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:25,640 Speaker 2: calculus to confirm that Iron age Scythians consumed milk from 318 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 2: horses as well as from cattle, sheep, and goats. There 319 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:34,800 Speaker 2: are historical accounts describing Scythians as consuming mayre's milk, but 320 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:39,400 Speaker 2: this is the first physical evidence of that. Only one 321 00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:43,280 Speaker 2: of the twenty eight individuals in the study showed evidence 322 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,399 Speaker 2: of consuming horse milk, so it doesn't seem like something 323 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:49,679 Speaker 2: that was common, at least among this particular group of people. 324 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 2: It is possible that the proteins in horse milk did 325 00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:57,399 Speaker 2: not survive as well in the dental calculus as proteins. 326 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,280 Speaker 1: From the milk of other animals. Since the Scythians are 327 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:04,480 Speaker 1: becoming understood as a culturally and ethnically diverse group rather 328 00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:08,119 Speaker 1: than more of a homogeneous culture. It is possible that 329 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,000 Speaker 1: there were also cultural differences involved, or there could have 330 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: been cultural factors involved, and who was caring for the 331 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:17,720 Speaker 1: horses and thus who was consuming horse milk. 332 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:22,600 Speaker 2: Someone at an estate sale in Minnesota found a silver 333 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:26,040 Speaker 2: pap boat and recognized it as the work of nineteenth 334 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:30,160 Speaker 2: century silversmith Peter Benson, who was born in Saint Croix 335 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:33,280 Speaker 2: and later moved to Philadelphia. He was one of the 336 00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:37,640 Speaker 2: first known silversmiths of African descent in the United States. 337 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,679 Speaker 2: Fewer than thirty pieces made by Benson are known to 338 00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,119 Speaker 2: have survived until today, and they are identifiable through a 339 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,080 Speaker 2: hallmark which he used to see their pee Benson or 340 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 2: as his initials. So a pap boat is a little 341 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 2: like a gravy boat, but it was used to feed 342 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 2: a thin porridge or pap to babies and too sick people. 343 00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:02,080 Speaker 1: This pap boat was purchased at the estate sale for 344 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,399 Speaker 1: forty dollars and then it was sold at auction for 345 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:10,040 Speaker 1: twenty four thousand dollars. The buyer was reportedly a prominent 346 00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:14,040 Speaker 1: American institution, but that institution has not been named. 347 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:18,320 Speaker 2: Research published in the journal plus one has used a 348 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 2: combination of techniques to look at the residues left on 349 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:26,159 Speaker 2: pottery dating back to the third through the sixth millennium BCE. 350 00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:32,439 Speaker 2: We talk about food residues on pottery fairly often on 351 00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:37,200 Speaker 2: unearthed but often the focus is on fatty residues, and 352 00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:41,639 Speaker 2: that largely limits the results to residues that came from animals. 353 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:47,320 Speaker 2: This research used a combination of techniques, including microscopic examination 354 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 2: and chemical analysis to try to instead look for plant residues. 355 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:57,600 Speaker 2: This involved fifty eight pieces of pottery from thirteen archaeological 356 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:02,199 Speaker 2: sites across northern and eastern US. The team found tissue 357 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:06,360 Speaker 2: samples from an assortment of plants, including grasses, berries, leaves, 358 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,680 Speaker 2: and seeds. Often there were animal remains as well, most 359 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:14,960 Speaker 2: often fish or some other kind of seafood. The combination 360 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 2: of ingredients seemed to vary, but suggested that people had 361 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:22,439 Speaker 2: already developed complex culinary traditions by this point. 362 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 1: Yeah. 363 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,720 Speaker 2: I think sometimes people imagine people from thousands and thousands 364 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:29,479 Speaker 2: of years ago just like spearing a fish on a 365 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:33,560 Speaker 2: stick and charring it over a fire. This was more 366 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:34,760 Speaker 2: nuanced than that. 367 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:37,879 Speaker 1: They were very picky about their plating. 368 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:44,080 Speaker 2: Grounds keeper working on a golf course in England noticed 369 00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:47,520 Speaker 2: a sinkhole that had turned out to be a brick 370 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,879 Speaker 2: wine cellar that was abandoned more than one hundred years ago. 371 00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:55,119 Speaker 2: This wine cellar probably belonged to a manner in the 372 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,440 Speaker 2: area that was torn down at the end of the 373 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 2: nineteenth century. The cellar so was full of wine and 374 00:25:02,160 --> 00:25:07,280 Speaker 2: port models which were now empty. I was unclear on 375 00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:10,800 Speaker 2: whether they were empty when the wine cellar was abandoned, 376 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:16,160 Speaker 2: or whether their corks degraded at what was inside evaporated 377 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:20,680 Speaker 2: or spilled, or what exactly. For now, though, the cellar 378 00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:22,920 Speaker 2: has been sealed up while the staff at the golf 379 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 2: course figure out what they should do about it make. 380 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: It a gaming room. Speaking of wine, research published in 381 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,960 Speaker 1: the journal Nature has looked at four thousand years of 382 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:38,840 Speaker 1: viticulture in France. This has involved extracting DNA from forty 383 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:43,400 Speaker 1: nine grape seeds found at various archaeological sites. The oldest 384 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,679 Speaker 1: came from wild grape vines, but what is being described 385 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:50,840 Speaker 1: as essentially identical to pino noir grapes that are grown today. 386 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,560 Speaker 1: That one came from a toilet at a fifteenth century 387 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:59,440 Speaker 1: hospital at Valenciennes in northern France. This suggests that people 388 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:02,480 Speaker 1: have been propagating grapes through cloning for more than five 389 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:08,560 Speaker 1: hundred years. Researchers have studied maize or corn samples in 390 00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:12,520 Speaker 1: thirty five tombs from the Chincha Valley and they found 391 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:17,480 Speaker 1: that the samples had exceptionally high levels of nitrogen. There 392 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,840 Speaker 1: was a lot more nitrogen in them than could have 393 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:23,720 Speaker 1: just come from the soil in the area. So this 394 00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:27,120 Speaker 1: suggests that the Chincha Kingdom, which lived in what's now 395 00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:32,000 Speaker 1: Peru before the development of the Inca Empire, fertilized its crops, 396 00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:37,440 Speaker 1: probably with seabird guatto that was harvested from the Chincha Islands. 397 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 1: Researchers believe this use of fertilizer was a factor in 398 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,760 Speaker 1: how this kingdom became one of the wealthiest and most 399 00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:50,840 Speaker 1: powerful societies in their era. Basically, they had crops that 400 00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:53,520 Speaker 1: had a lot better yield than some of their neighbors 401 00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:56,880 Speaker 1: as part of how they became wealthy. Hey, hey, it's 402 00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,280 Speaker 1: almost time for everybody's favorite shipwrecks. The first going to 403 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:02,040 Speaker 1: pause and have a sponsor break. 404 00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:15,840 Speaker 2: We will close out this installment of Unearthed with some shipwrecks. 405 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 2: Divers have been exploring the site of a Roman shipwreck 406 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 2: on the bottom of Lake Nukatel in Switzerland. This ship 407 00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:29,040 Speaker 2: sank roughly two thousand years ago and the vessel itself 408 00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 2: has decayed, but the cargo it was carrying is mostly intact. 409 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,320 Speaker 2: This was a merchant vessel and it was carrying hundreds 410 00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:42,760 Speaker 2: of pieces of ceramic tableware and m fora that were 411 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:48,280 Speaker 2: carrying Spanish olive oil. There were also wheels, harnesses and 412 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 2: swords that may have been connected to the vessel, possibly 413 00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:56,560 Speaker 2: having guards or a military escort on board. This wreck 414 00:27:56,640 --> 00:28:01,439 Speaker 2: is being described as unique among inland shipwrecks, and its 415 00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:04,960 Speaker 2: cargo is expected to be exhibited in a museum once 416 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:05,720 Speaker 2: it's recovered. 417 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,840 Speaker 1: Maritime archaeologists from the Viking Ship Museum in Denmark have 418 00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:14,159 Speaker 1: announced the discovery of the world's largest cog in the 419 00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:18,120 Speaker 1: Strait between Denmark and Sweden. The cog was a type 420 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:20,479 Speaker 1: of cargo ship that was developed in the late twelfth 421 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:24,760 Speaker 1: century and it really revolutionized maritime trade, allowing small crews 422 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,160 Speaker 1: of sailors to handle ships that had an enormous carrying 423 00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:33,720 Speaker 1: capacity relatively speaking. This one was probably built around fourteen ten, 424 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,680 Speaker 1: based on the tree rings in its timbers, and it 425 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,120 Speaker 1: had a capacity of about three hundred tons. It was 426 00:28:40,160 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 1: made from timber that came from what's now Poland and 427 00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: the Netherlands, with large timbers being shipped to the Netherlands 428 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: where the vessel was built. This wreck has also provided 429 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: direct evidence that some cogs had high castles at the 430 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: bow and the stern. These had been documented through things 431 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: like illustrations and written to descriptions of cogs, but this 432 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: is the first time that these structures have survived in 433 00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:09,240 Speaker 1: an actual wreck. Often because of the conditions in this 434 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:12,040 Speaker 1: part of the world, all that remains of the vessel 435 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,640 Speaker 1: by the time it's discovered underwater is just the bottom. 436 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:20,320 Speaker 1: If that this wreck is also just very well preserved, 437 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:23,680 Speaker 1: with parts of its riggings still intact. Part of the 438 00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:27,200 Speaker 1: galley has also survived, and items found on board include 439 00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,320 Speaker 1: kitchen items like bronze pots, tablewear and bowls, as well 440 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:35,200 Speaker 1: as sailors personal items like shoes and combs, and even 441 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:39,680 Speaker 1: rosary beads. But no cargo has been found with this wreck. 442 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:43,240 Speaker 2: It is possible that it was carrying goods in barrels 443 00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:46,400 Speaker 2: and that those barrels may have floated away after the 444 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:51,120 Speaker 2: ship sank. Denmark's Viking Ship Museum has also announced the 445 00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 2: discovery of the wreck of the Danibroge, which was sunk 446 00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 2: by the British Navy during the Battle of Copenhagen in 447 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,480 Speaker 2: eighteen oh one. This this was the flagship of the 448 00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:06,400 Speaker 2: Danish Norwegian fleet, and it caught fire and exploded after 449 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:08,080 Speaker 2: the British Navy struck it. 450 00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:11,360 Speaker 1: This announcement was made on the two hundred and fifty 451 00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,560 Speaker 1: fifth anniversary of the battle, which was April second, So 452 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:18,160 Speaker 1: technically this was a second quarter find, but just on 453 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: the edge. But both this and the Cog were found 454 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:24,800 Speaker 1: and studied as part of advanced work ahead of construction 455 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,800 Speaker 1: of an artificial island that will both act as a 456 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:31,239 Speaker 1: new housing district and worked to mitigate the threat of 457 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:32,240 Speaker 1: sea level rise. 458 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 2: The articles that I was reading about both of these 459 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:39,959 Speaker 2: were written in English, but they were obviously like published 460 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 2: four people in Denmark and surrounding areas, and so they 461 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,680 Speaker 2: didn't really specify what was going on with this construction site. 462 00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:53,080 Speaker 2: And I kept being like, okay, but these are shipwrecks. 463 00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:56,680 Speaker 2: How are the shipwrecks a construction site? And the answer 464 00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,640 Speaker 2: is building an island? 465 00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:01,480 Speaker 1: Uh? 466 00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:06,760 Speaker 2: Which sounds fascinating. Maritime archaeologists have published findings from the 467 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,800 Speaker 2: excavations of a shipwreck off the coast of Singapore. The 468 00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:14,760 Speaker 2: excavations were carried out in sort of phases between twenty 469 00:31:14,760 --> 00:31:18,720 Speaker 2: sixteen and twenty nineteen. They recovered three point five tons 470 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:23,840 Speaker 2: of broken ceramic and a few intact ceramic pieces. This 471 00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:27,720 Speaker 2: wreck is being described as the first ancient shipwreck ever 472 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 2: found in Singapore waters, and the cargo dates back to 473 00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:34,000 Speaker 2: the fourteenth century Yon Dynasty. 474 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: Much of this cargo was blue and white ceramic. There 475 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,040 Speaker 1: was more of this style of ceramic that has been 476 00:31:40,040 --> 00:31:43,480 Speaker 1: found in any other shipwreck in the world. There were 477 00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:47,480 Speaker 1: also a number of other styles of ceramic represented. The 478 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:50,400 Speaker 1: ship's hull has not survived, but it's believed to have 479 00:31:50,440 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: been a Chinese junk that was bound for Temasek, which 480 00:31:53,560 --> 00:31:56,880 Speaker 1: was the port that preceded the establishment of modern Singapore. 481 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:00,920 Speaker 2: The wreck of the Lac LaBelle has been found on 482 00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:04,239 Speaker 2: the floor of Lake Michigan, almost exactly one hundred and 483 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:07,880 Speaker 2: fifty years after it disappeared in a storm that was 484 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:11,240 Speaker 2: in seventeen eighty two, and a shipwreck hunter spotted it 485 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:14,480 Speaker 2: in twenty twenty two. But the find of the wreck 486 00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:17,840 Speaker 2: was not announced until earlier this year because its discoverer 487 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:20,920 Speaker 2: wanted to create a three D model of the wreckage. 488 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 2: Four other people learned where it was. 489 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:28,960 Speaker 1: The Lach LaBelle was sailing from Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Grand Haven, Michigan, 490 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:33,320 Speaker 1: carrying both passengers and cargo, and it started to leak 491 00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:36,800 Speaker 1: about two hours into the trip across the lake. The 492 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,360 Speaker 1: ship turned back to Milwaukee but foundered in the stormy weather. 493 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:44,320 Speaker 1: The passengers were moved to lifeboats before the ship sank, 494 00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:48,240 Speaker 1: although eight people drowned when one of the lifeboats capsized. 495 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:52,800 Speaker 2: Storms that struck the UK in late January may have 496 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 2: exposed the timbers of a seventeenth century shipwreck. The ship 497 00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,960 Speaker 2: sank off the coast of southern England and it made 498 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:03,320 Speaker 2: the Fame, which was a Dutch merchant vessel that sank 499 00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:07,400 Speaker 2: in sixteen thirty one. Other parts of this wreck had 500 00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:11,200 Speaker 2: already been discovered underwater in the Swash Channel, and there 501 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,880 Speaker 2: had been some research work at that wreck site. But 502 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:19,320 Speaker 2: these timbers that the storm exposed on the beach might 503 00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:22,560 Speaker 2: be part of the hull that was missing people could 504 00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,760 Speaker 2: not find when they did that earlier work. The plan 505 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:28,920 Speaker 2: is to take these timbers to a conservation lab and 506 00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:31,720 Speaker 2: take some samples from it to compare what they found 507 00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:33,880 Speaker 2: on the beach with what they found underwater to see 508 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:34,520 Speaker 2: if it matches. 509 00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 1: And finally, we have talked about the Parthenon marbles on 510 00:33:39,040 --> 00:33:42,640 Speaker 1: the show before. In March, it was announced that last 511 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:45,800 Speaker 1: year the Greek Ministry of Culture reclaimed a piece of 512 00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:49,080 Speaker 1: the Parthenon that had been removed by Lord Elgin to 513 00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,400 Speaker 1: be taken to the UK. There recovered pieces did not 514 00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:55,280 Speaker 1: come straight from England, though it came from the wreck 515 00:33:55,360 --> 00:34:00,240 Speaker 1: of elginship Mentor, which sank in eighteen oh two. This 516 00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: is a small piece of marble that is believed to 517 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: have been part of a beam or a roof of 518 00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:08,880 Speaker 1: the Parthenon. Seventeen crates of marbles were recovered from the 519 00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:12,800 Speaker 1: shipwreck by Elgin Secretary, So most of the Greek Ministry 520 00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:15,719 Speaker 1: of Culture's discoveries of the site have been remnants of 521 00:34:15,760 --> 00:34:18,920 Speaker 1: the ship itself and items like everyday pottery. 522 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:23,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, I appreciated how the recovery of this tiny piece 523 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:28,840 Speaker 2: of marble was hailed as like a giant success because 524 00:34:28,840 --> 00:34:32,960 Speaker 2: of all that context around the Parthenon marbles and the shipwreck. 525 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:37,000 Speaker 2: That's it for this installment of Unearthed, with the exception 526 00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:41,200 Speaker 2: of some listener mail, I have a listener mail from Whitney. 527 00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,239 Speaker 2: Whitney wrote, Hi, there, my family and I recently went 528 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:47,800 Speaker 2: to the Titanic exhibit at the Oregon Museum of Science 529 00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:50,960 Speaker 2: and Industry in Portland, and thanks to your wonderful podcast, 530 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,800 Speaker 2: I was able to impress one of the people working 531 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:56,320 Speaker 2: at the exhibit. While walking around looking at the artifacts, 532 00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:58,840 Speaker 2: a museum employee came up to me with a replica 533 00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:00,600 Speaker 2: of a life jacket that was have been on the 534 00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:02,920 Speaker 2: Titanic and asked me if I wanted to wear it. 535 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:07,200 Speaker 2: I of course said yes, and the employee mentioned how 536 00:35:07,239 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 2: the life jacket was heavier than the ones we use nowadays. 537 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:12,360 Speaker 2: When he asked me what I thought the life jacket 538 00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,880 Speaker 2: was made out of, without hesitation, I said cork. I 539 00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:19,320 Speaker 2: don't remember the specific podcast episode or really much of 540 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:22,280 Speaker 2: the details, but I remember you guys covering a story 541 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:25,640 Speaker 2: of a shipwreck that happened near the shore. There weren't 542 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 2: enough lifejackets, so people on board fought each other to 543 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,360 Speaker 2: get one, but due to the life jackets being old 544 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,680 Speaker 2: and made of cork and I think having previously been used, 545 00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:36,720 Speaker 2: the unfortunate individuals who had a lifejacket ended up sinking 546 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:39,319 Speaker 2: and drowning instead of floating and slafe fleet making it 547 00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:42,360 Speaker 2: to shore. When I correctly answered the question, the museum 548 00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:44,400 Speaker 2: employee did a double take and told me I was 549 00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:47,600 Speaker 2: the only person that day to have correctly answered the question. 550 00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:50,600 Speaker 2: Although I must admit it was still pretty early in 551 00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:53,040 Speaker 2: the day and I only knew the answer because of 552 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:55,839 Speaker 2: you two. It was a small thing but really made 553 00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:58,440 Speaker 2: my day. I know that you guys love animals, so 554 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:01,520 Speaker 2: I've also included a picture of my mom's favorite child, 555 00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:06,160 Speaker 2: little Bear. Little Bear was very upset about not getting 556 00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,080 Speaker 2: to go to the museum. Thanks so much for all 557 00:36:09,080 --> 00:36:11,840 Speaker 2: you do. I love learning and I have been a 558 00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:14,520 Speaker 2: big fan of your podcast for years. Sincerely, Whitney, we 559 00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:19,040 Speaker 2: have a very cute little white, white scruffy dogs, little Bear. 560 00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:23,279 Speaker 2: I went to refresh my memory about which episode that 561 00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 2: was about the life jackets made of cork. I have 562 00:36:27,080 --> 00:36:30,640 Speaker 2: already forgotten which episode it was, and that was like 563 00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 2: two hours ago that I went and looked it up. 564 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:37,440 Speaker 2: But yeah, the issue was that some of the life jackets. 565 00:36:37,840 --> 00:36:41,120 Speaker 2: The cover on the life jacket had deteriorated and let 566 00:36:41,160 --> 00:36:44,120 Speaker 2: water get in some of them, it was that the 567 00:36:44,239 --> 00:36:49,200 Speaker 2: cork had deteriorated. Yeah, so when water permeated through the 568 00:36:49,239 --> 00:36:53,560 Speaker 2: life jacket, like the material on the outside, it just 569 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 2: soaked into the cork and became heavy, which is terrible. Yeah, 570 00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:02,400 Speaker 2: it was not no longer buoyant cork, just porous cork. Yeah, 571 00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:05,400 Speaker 2: I'm pretty sure. There was also a different shipwreck episode 572 00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:12,120 Speaker 2: where the life jackets had been standardized by weight. There 573 00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,040 Speaker 2: was a weight requirement for how much cork, and so 574 00:37:15,360 --> 00:37:20,799 Speaker 2: some unscrupulous life jacket manufacturers had supplemented the weight of 575 00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:27,680 Speaker 2: their life jackets with iron bars, which're not buoyant. Uh, 576 00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:31,640 Speaker 2: not even not even So thank you so much for 577 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:34,760 Speaker 2: the email. I love to feel smart. 578 00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:37,000 Speaker 1: What's that like? I don't know. 579 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:41,000 Speaker 2: Lately, lately I feel more like I'm sort of struggling. 580 00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:45,440 Speaker 2: I remember being at the Bookbinders Museum in San Francisco 581 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:52,960 Speaker 2: and the docent asked me what I thought the apprentices 582 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:57,480 Speaker 2: had used to clean the things that they were using, 583 00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,719 Speaker 2: and I was like, I don't know, probably urine, and 584 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:02,799 Speaker 2: that was right, and I felt very smart. So I 585 00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:06,880 Speaker 2: feel a kinship with Whitney with this email. If you 586 00:38:06,920 --> 00:38:09,120 Speaker 2: would like to send us a note, we are at 587 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,920 Speaker 2: History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com. If you want to 588 00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:16,759 Speaker 2: see our show notes, which include so many articles that 589 00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,720 Speaker 2: went into Unearthed, they are at our website of Missed 590 00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:23,920 Speaker 2: Inhistory dot com, and you can subscribe to our show 591 00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:27,000 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you'd like to 592 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:35,200 Speaker 2: get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 593 00:38:35,239 --> 00:38:39,600 Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 594 00:38:39,640 --> 00:38:43,080 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 595 00:38:43,120 --> 00:38:44,239 Speaker 2: your favorite shows.