1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former 3 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:09,960 Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson. On with the show. Welcome to 4 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: this Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot 5 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: Com and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in 6 00:00:14,560 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past 7 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,240 Speaker 1: one day at a time with a quick look at 8 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 1: what happened today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 9 00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and it's September one. On this day, 10 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:35,600 Speaker 1: there was a catastrophe aboard a submarine called the S five, 11 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: also known as the S S one ten. S five 12 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:43,080 Speaker 1: was an S class submarine from the U S Submarine Force, 13 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: and it left Boston Navy Yard on its very first 14 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: mission on Monday, August. It was supposed to get to Baltimore, Maryland, 15 00:00:51,479 --> 00:00:54,720 Speaker 1: on September three, and the crew was supposed to do 16 00:00:54,880 --> 00:00:58,880 Speaker 1: maneuvers and training along the way. On September one, they 17 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: were supposed to do a crash dive that would take 18 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: the submarine from the surface down to periscope depth in 19 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: under a minute. But this drill didn't go as planned. 20 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:13,319 Speaker 1: It turned out that one of the air valves didn't 21 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:17,399 Speaker 1: seal correctly, and water started filling up the sub's ballast 22 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: tanks when it shouldn't. The valves that were being used 23 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:24,480 Speaker 1: were really hard to wrangle, so Gunner's mate, Percy Fox, 24 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: went to try to help the situation. The only problem 25 00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: was that when he did that, he didn't complete his 26 00:01:30,760 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: own task that he needed to do before the dive, 27 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:37,559 Speaker 1: which was to close the main induction valve. So when 28 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: the command was given to dive and they began diving, 29 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:45,959 Speaker 1: water started pouring into the inside of the submarine. It 30 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 1: fell to Lieutenant Commander Charles M. Cook Jr. Also known 31 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: as Savvy, to figure out how to save everyone's lives 32 00:01:54,520 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: as this submarine sank to the bottom of the ocean. First, 33 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: he tried to seal off all the arts of the 34 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:02,960 Speaker 1: submarine that had filled up with about seventy five tons 35 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: of water that wasn't supposed to be there. He sealed 36 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,720 Speaker 1: those things off, He blew the ballast tanks. That didn't help. 37 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: You started trying to force out the water using pumps, 38 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: which also was not effective. Then he used compressed air 39 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:22,519 Speaker 1: and that did work. It cleared some of the unnecessary water, 40 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: but the result was only that the stern of the 41 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: submarine started rising up. The rest of the submarine was 42 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: still underwater. Even though after this compressed air attempt was 43 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: sort of successful, the sub started slowly slowly rising back 44 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:47,679 Speaker 1: up in the water. This near vertical position meant that 45 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:51,360 Speaker 1: water was running into the battery room, and if the 46 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:54,320 Speaker 1: water spent too much time in contact with the batteries, 47 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:58,560 Speaker 1: that had the potential to form toxic chlorine gas. After 48 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:02,720 Speaker 1: several hours, twenty feet or so and the boat were 49 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: up out of the water, but the escape hatch that 50 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:07,000 Speaker 1: they would need to get out of was still way underwater. 51 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: So the crew of this submarine started trying to drill 52 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: their way out through three quarter inch thick steel. They 53 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:18,440 Speaker 1: had an electric drill that they almost immediately burned the 54 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: motor out of, so they had to use a manual drill, 55 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 1: the kind that you crank and crank and crank and cranked. 56 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:27,480 Speaker 1: Tried to get out of the submarine. They did make 57 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: a hole, but as the whole let air escape from 58 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:34,400 Speaker 1: the sub that meant more water was coming in. So 59 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 1: this turned into a race for the crew to try 60 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:39,440 Speaker 1: to cut their way out of this hole before they 61 00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: all drowned or ran out of oxygen. The lack of 62 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 1: oxygen became an increasingly huge problem. Eventually, Lieutenant Commander Cook, 63 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:50,120 Speaker 1: one of the few men still conscious at that point, 64 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: saw a ship through the hole that they had made. 65 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:55,200 Speaker 1: He flagged it down using a shirt that was tied 66 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: onto a copper pipe. The S S Atlantis came to 67 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: help secure the S five with chains and cables so 68 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,720 Speaker 1: that it wouldn't sink back into the water. Then they 69 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:08,160 Speaker 1: had to pass that hand drill out through the hole. 70 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: Because the Atlantis didn't have any kind of drill to help, 71 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,640 Speaker 1: they kept on with the manual drilling. Another ship called 72 00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:18,720 Speaker 1: the s S General George W. Girtles passed by and 73 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:22,640 Speaker 1: came to assist as well, and finally, thirty six hours 74 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: after the original incident, they had a whole big enough 75 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:29,960 Speaker 1: for the crew to crawl through. The crew began evacuating. 76 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,240 Speaker 1: Cook was the last person to leave the sub at 77 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 1: that point, he had been awake for more than two days. 78 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 1: Everyone was rescued. The submarine sank back down to the 79 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: sea floor for a long time. Its exact location was lost, 80 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:48,800 Speaker 1: although it was rediscovered in two thousand one. You can 81 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:51,919 Speaker 1: learn more about this incident and the dramatic rescue in 82 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: the November episode of Stuff You Missed in History Class. 83 00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:58,920 Speaker 1: Thanks to Terry Harrison for her audio work on this podcast. 84 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: You can subscribe I to the Stay in History Class 85 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get 86 00:05:04,279 --> 00:05:16,800 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for a catastrophic fire. Hi there, 87 00:05:17,279 --> 00:05:20,520 Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History Class, where we sift 88 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: through the artifacts of history seven days a week. The 89 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:37,080 Speaker 1: day was September one, nineteen sixty nine. Inderous, the first 90 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: and only king of Libya, was overthrown in a coup 91 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:44,599 Speaker 1: while he was in Turkey for medical treatment. More More, Gaddafi, 92 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: a Libyan army officer, was named Commander in Chief of 93 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:52,600 Speaker 1: the Armed Forces and the chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, 94 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 1: Libya's new governing body. Gaddafi reigned for forty two years 95 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: until he was killed in October of twenty eleven. Gaddafi 96 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,760 Speaker 1: was a controversial figure, with some viewing him as an 97 00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:12,440 Speaker 1: oppressive and eccentric dictator, and others praising his reforms, charisma, 98 00:06:12,480 --> 00:06:17,279 Speaker 1: and anti imperialism. Gaddafi was born in Libya when it 99 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:21,560 Speaker 1: was an Italian colony. Libya gained its independence in nineteen 100 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: fifty one, and it became a constitutional and hereditary monarchy 101 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 1: under King Address the first. Early on, Gaddafi was politically active. 102 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: He was a fan of Egyptian President Gamal Updale Nasser, 103 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: who advocated for socialism and Arab nationalism and argued against 104 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:48,039 Speaker 1: Western colonialism. Gaddafi himself was a devout muslim An Arab 105 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: nationalists and critical of the monarchy under King Address. He 106 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: read works by revolutionaries and about revolution. In the early 107 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties, Gaddafi began military training in Benghazi. He graduated 108 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:09,279 Speaker 1: from the Royal Military Academy in nineteen sixty five, but 109 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:11,920 Speaker 1: while he was there he became part of the Free 110 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 1: Unionist Officers movement. Inspired by the Egyptian Free Officers, he 111 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: and some of his friends planned to overthrow King Idris. 112 00:07:21,880 --> 00:07:25,680 Speaker 1: The monarch was falling out of favor with more Libyans 113 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: as Arab nationalism game support, and people were unhappy with 114 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: the monarchy's corruption and ties to Western nations. After rising 115 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: through the ranks of the military and gaining power within 116 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: the Free Unionist Officers movement, Gaddafi decided to stage a 117 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: coup with his fellow officers to overthrow the Libyan monarchy. 118 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: On September one, nineteen sixty nine, dozens of officers in 119 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,720 Speaker 1: the Free Officers movement overthrew the monarchy in a bloodless 120 00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: coup while Idriss was out of the country. After just 121 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:05,040 Speaker 1: a few days, the Libyan Arab Republic was declared. Experienced 122 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: officers and civilians were appointed to senior government positions, but 123 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: while the Revolutionary Command Council was in theory meant to 124 00:08:13,880 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 1: discuss issues until it because sinceus was reached, Gaddafi suppressed 125 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:22,960 Speaker 1: his opposition and exerted his own will. Gaddafi had taken 126 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: over Libya at just twenty seven years old. Gaddafi made 127 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:32,160 Speaker 1: changes under what he called Islamic socialism. He closed American 128 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:36,240 Speaker 1: and British military basis in Libya. He replaced the Gregorian 129 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 1: calendar with the Islamic one, and people were required to 130 00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:46,600 Speaker 1: use Arabic in official and public communications. Gaddafi nationalized finance, business, 131 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:51,920 Speaker 1: and industry, including big oil interests. He also banned alcohol 132 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:56,280 Speaker 1: and nightclubs and declared the Koran the law of the land. 133 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 1: In nineteen seventy, he expelled all at allions from Libya. 134 00:09:01,679 --> 00:09:05,920 Speaker 1: He also opposed Zionism in Israel and expelled Jewish people 135 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:11,640 Speaker 1: from Libya, and Gaddafi supported pan Arab unity. He criminalized 136 00:09:11,679 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: political dissent, and he worked to turn Libya away from 137 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:19,560 Speaker 1: the West and toward the Middle East in Africa. Gaddafi 138 00:09:19,679 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: eventually transitioned to a style of government that he called 139 00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:27,959 Speaker 1: Third International Theory, under which he further distributed wealth among 140 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: citizens and funded housing, agriculture, and healthcare. He summarized the 141 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: tenets of his Third International Theory and a series called 142 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: The Green Book. The text explained the problems with liberal 143 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:48,439 Speaker 1: democracy and capitalism and uplifted Gaddafi's policies. Throughout the nineteen seventies, 144 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:53,000 Speaker 1: Libya intervened in the affairs of neighboring countries and forged 145 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:58,960 Speaker 1: agreements with others. Gaddafi's rule was divisive. He encouraged groups 146 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:03,680 Speaker 1: to kill Libyan di in exile abroad. Western nations, especially 147 00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: the United States, took issue with Gaddafi and Libya's support 148 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:13,199 Speaker 1: of terrorists and revolutionary groups around the world, like Palestinian groups, 149 00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,119 Speaker 1: the Irish Republican Army, the Black Panthers, and the Japanese 150 00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: Red Army. Gaddafi has been accused of sexual abuse. He 151 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:26,480 Speaker 1: also instituted social programs that improved the standard of living 152 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:30,280 Speaker 1: in Libya and garnered a cult of personality around his 153 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:34,760 Speaker 1: peculiar persona. For instance, he traveled with a group of 154 00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:39,160 Speaker 1: women bodyguards and heels, and many supported his vision of 155 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:45,080 Speaker 1: pan Africanism and African self sufficiency. Tensions between Gaddafi and 156 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: Western nations east in the nineteen nineties, but in twenty eleven, 157 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:53,280 Speaker 1: Gaddafi was captured and killed during the Battle of Search, 158 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: with an autopsy revealing that he was shot in the head. 159 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:01,320 Speaker 1: I'm e's Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little 160 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:05,640 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you 161 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:09,080 Speaker 1: have any burning questions or comments to tell us, you 162 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,839 Speaker 1: can find us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t 163 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: d I h C podcast. Thank you so much for listening, 164 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,160 Speaker 1: and I hope to see you again tomorrow for more 165 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:33,760 Speaker 1: tidbits of history. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 166 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:36,440 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 167 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:37,680 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.