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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,200 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads 20 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who 21 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:06,319 Speaker 2: need them to. 22 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:07,040 Speaker 1: Get home safely. 23 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. 24 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:13,600 Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 25 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,600 Speaker 1: Have you ever looked up at the night sky and 26 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 1: wondered if there's life in other parts of the universe? 27 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:26,000 Speaker 3: You mean, are aliens real? 28 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: Yeah? I mean some of these questions are so deep 29 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:31,120 Speaker 1: that no matter what the answer is, it's going to 30 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: blow your mind. 31 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 3: So like, if there is life out there. 32 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 1: That would be totally mind blowing. 33 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 3: And if we're the only living beings in the. 34 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: Entire universe, oh my gosh, also mind blowing. 35 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 3: Hi am Jorge, and I'm Daniel, and I'm a cartoonist, 36 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:03,840 Speaker 3: former roboticist. 37 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:06,080 Speaker 1: And I'm a particle physicist, which means I know things 38 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,679 Speaker 1: about particles and space and the universe, and I make 39 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: up things about aliens. 40 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 3: Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe Today. 41 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:22,079 Speaker 3: On the program, we're asking the question are we alone 42 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:23,359 Speaker 3: in the universe? 43 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:29,919 Speaker 1: Is there anyone else out there that thinks and feels 44 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: and loves and slips on bananas? Or is it just 45 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:35,600 Speaker 1: us in the universe thinking and feeling. 46 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 3: Are we the only ones intelligent or somewhat intelligent in 47 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 3: this entire universe? 48 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: At least? Do you think humans are intelligent? Jorge? I 49 00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:46,360 Speaker 1: mean that says something about your right. 50 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 3: Bet. Well, it's a little bar. 51 00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,080 Speaker 1: Sometimes. I wonder if aliens have come to Earth and 52 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: just sort of dismissed us as not intelligent life and 53 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: moved on. 54 00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:58,079 Speaker 3: Yeah, They're like, oh my god, we don't want to 55 00:02:58,120 --> 00:02:58,680 Speaker 3: associate with. 56 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:03,400 Speaker 1: These these dumb rocks. So we were wondering about this question, 57 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:05,360 Speaker 1: and as usual, we went out we asked people on 58 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:07,920 Speaker 1: the street. We said, do you think we're alone in 59 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: the universe or is there other intelligent life out there? 60 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:11,040 Speaker 1: What do you think? 61 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:13,440 Speaker 3: Are we the only ones in the universe. 62 00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: Here's what they had to say. 63 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 3: Definitely think there's other intelligence out there. 64 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: Why is that? 65 00:03:19,880 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 4: Well, first of all, I think it's kind of arrogant 66 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:23,560 Speaker 4: to think that we're the only ones here because it's 67 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:24,480 Speaker 4: a pretty big place. 68 00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:28,000 Speaker 3: I think it's possible that there's other intelligent life just 69 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:31,720 Speaker 3: because of how spacious the universe is. I think there's 70 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:34,400 Speaker 3: another intelligent life somewhere out there. Yeah. I think that 71 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:38,480 Speaker 3: because I think the universe is so big, and I 72 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 3: don't know. 73 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:40,960 Speaker 1: I just don't think it's possible that human is the 74 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: only intelligent life. 75 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:46,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, so I think most people seem to 76 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:48,520 Speaker 3: be pretty optimistic about it, right, do. 77 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: You think that's optimistic. I was surprised that everybody believes 78 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:55,640 Speaker 1: in aliens, Like almost every single person thinks there is 79 00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:58,320 Speaker 1: other intelligent life out there. Right. I was really shocked. 80 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:00,600 Speaker 1: I thought there's gonna be a lot more skepticism. 81 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:04,240 Speaker 3: Really, a lot more like human centric people like were special. 82 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 4: Yeah. 83 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: Well, you know, America is a fairly religious nation, and 84 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:11,120 Speaker 1: the narrative of the mainstream Christianity is that humans were 85 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:13,240 Speaker 1: made in the image of God, and there's not a 86 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:16,200 Speaker 1: whole lot of plays in that narrative for other intelligent races. 87 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:18,559 Speaker 3: Well, I guess there's nothing on the in the Bible 88 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:20,719 Speaker 3: that says that there aren't aliens, right. 89 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:23,599 Speaker 1: Oh, that's true, I suppose, But are they human like 90 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,279 Speaker 1: or you know, other weird stuff or yeah, I suppose. Yeah. Anyway, 91 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: it would be a fascinating moment and a reckoning for 92 00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:32,840 Speaker 1: Christianity and most religions the day that we discover other 93 00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 1: intelligent life. 94 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 3: You and I should write that Extra Testament. 95 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: The Newest Testament, by Joorhan Daniel. 96 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:45,279 Speaker 3: The Extra Terrestrial Testament, The Terestriment. But I was surprised 97 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:49,120 Speaker 3: by how subtle people's arguments were. You know, they were like, 98 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:54,120 Speaker 3: it's a big universe, so it'd be surprising if we 99 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 3: were the only ones. Like, that's a very kind of 100 00:04:56,240 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 3: subtle argument, right. 101 00:04:57,600 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: What's subtle about it? I mean they're just saying it 102 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,839 Speaker 1: it's huge, and so it's probably not empty, right, Yeah, 103 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: there's a lot of interesting nuances there, like, yeah, it's big, 104 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,240 Speaker 1: but we don't know how rare life is, and so 105 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: we have no idea. If being big means that there's 106 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:12,640 Speaker 1: a lot of life, we could still be the only ones. 107 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,040 Speaker 1: You know. What I'm really interested in is your comment. 108 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:17,680 Speaker 1: You said you thought they were optimistic, So you think 109 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: having aliens out there is good news. 110 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 3: Well, I don't know if it's good news, but it's 111 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 3: it's kind of like it sort of feels like the 112 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 3: sadder option is that we're the only ones in the 113 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 3: entire universe, right, Like there's something comforting emotionally about the 114 00:05:33,120 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 3: fact that we're not the only ones out there, right, Like, 115 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:37,480 Speaker 3: you wouldn't want to be the only person in life 116 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:38,680 Speaker 3: in the universe. I don't know. 117 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:40,800 Speaker 1: It depends how friendly they are. I know, if the 118 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:43,520 Speaker 1: other ferocious life out there waiting to kill us, I'm 119 00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:46,080 Speaker 1: not sure I'd be too comforted knowing that they're not 120 00:05:46,240 --> 00:05:47,880 Speaker 1: very far away and they could come over here and 121 00:05:47,960 --> 00:05:49,200 Speaker 1: squish us in a moment. 122 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, you're pessimistic about the optimistic scenario where 123 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 3: we're not the only ones. 124 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, the fact that we're not the only ones. If 125 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:01,640 Speaker 1: we discover that there is other intelligent life out there, 126 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:04,479 Speaker 1: I agree, it means something really fascinating and deep about 127 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:07,680 Speaker 1: life and intelligence and consciousness. But I'm not sure it 128 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: would be good news for humans, you know. And what 129 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:12,839 Speaker 1: you said a moment ago is fascinating as well, because 130 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:15,159 Speaker 1: you say it would be comforting to think that there's 131 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,240 Speaker 1: other intelligent life out there. On the contrary, if we 132 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: are the only intelligent life in the entire vast cosmos, 133 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 1: that means we're quite special. 134 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 5: You know. 135 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:27,160 Speaker 1: In the history of science, mostly the role of science 136 00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:30,320 Speaker 1: has been to put humanity in its place. You know. Oh, 137 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:32,920 Speaker 1: the Earth is not the center of the Solar system. Oh, 138 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:34,760 Speaker 1: the Earth is not the center of the galaxy. Oh, 139 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,360 Speaker 1: this galaxy is one of zillions. So it turns out 140 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 1: we're tiny little things living on a tiny speck in 141 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: the middle of nowhere. Wouldn't it be amazing if science 142 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:45,200 Speaker 1: then put humanity right back in the center of importance 143 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: and said we are special, We are the only intelligent 144 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:51,480 Speaker 1: life in the universe. We are basically the universe's brain. 145 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,160 Speaker 1: That would be a fascinating new role for science and 146 00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:56,160 Speaker 1: sort of the you know, communal mindset. 147 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:02,719 Speaker 3: I guess I don't have the same ego as a physicist, maybe, right. 148 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,800 Speaker 1: Cartoonists are famously self defrecating, right, Yes, it doesn't take 149 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: any ego to put your art online for millions to admire. 150 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:18,080 Speaker 3: But yeah, I mean it's a big universe, and so 151 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 3: it would be weird if we were the only ones. 152 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,760 Speaker 3: And so that's a big question, right, like why haven't 153 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 3: we by now we've been listening to disguise and looking 154 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 3: out there. By now, why haven't we heard from, or 155 00:07:29,960 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 3: been contacted by, or seen evidence of other intelligent life forms? 156 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 1: Right, It's a famous question, and people call it the 157 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:41,559 Speaker 1: Fermi paradox from Forenrico Fermi, who first posited it. He said, 158 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: the universe is huge, and it's old, and that's another 159 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,120 Speaker 1: important factor. The universe is old, and that means that 160 00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: even though it's pretty big, it doesn't take that long 161 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: to get across it. Like take our galaxy, right, it's 162 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:56,880 Speaker 1: pretty big, but you could traverse it in you know, 163 00:07:56,920 --> 00:08:00,560 Speaker 1: a couple million years if you had pretty good technology. 164 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 3: So by now we should have seen some passing cruise 165 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 3: ship or ailing cruise ship or some sort of a 166 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:08,040 Speaker 3: probe or something by now. 167 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:10,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, Like if I wanted to explore the galaxy, how 168 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: would I do it? I would send out a probe 169 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 1: which would then self replicate. It would like land on 170 00:08:15,560 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: an asteroid and mine the materials to build two copies 171 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:20,960 Speaker 1: of itself, which would then land on an asteroid, which 172 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: would then land on asteroids. So you get this exponential 173 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: growth in these probes, and it only takes a few 174 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 1: hundred thousand years to visit every single thing in the 175 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: galaxy if you use that technique. So then the question 176 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 1: is why haven't we been visited? If the galaxy is 177 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:37,640 Speaker 1: billions of years old and not that hard to get 178 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 1: across in a fraction in the galaxy's lifetime, where is everybody? Right? 179 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: So that's Fermi's famous question. 180 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:45,720 Speaker 3: Right, right, And it's kind of related to this idea 181 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 3: you mentioned earlier, which is that it sort of depends 182 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 3: on the probability of things, like the probability that we 183 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 3: would be contacted by life is equal to the probability 184 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 3: that life can form and that it can do other things, right. 185 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:01,920 Speaker 1: Right, And you have to sort of break the problem 186 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: into pieces. And the guy who did that first is 187 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:07,120 Speaker 1: called Drake. And so there's this equation called the Drake equation, 188 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: which tries to sort of compartmentalize the questions. It says, 189 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: you know, the probability for us to be contact by 190 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:17,000 Speaker 1: aliens is the number of stars out there times the 191 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 1: fraction of those stars that have Earth like planets, Right, 192 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: That gives you the toll number of Earth like planets 193 00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,679 Speaker 1: out there times the probability for life to be formed 194 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: on those planets times the probability for that life to 195 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:31,760 Speaker 1: be intelligent times the probability for that life to have 196 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: technology times the probability that we overlap in eras so 197 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:37,800 Speaker 1: that we can actually talk to them. So it's a 198 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:38,840 Speaker 1: lot of different pieces. 199 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:41,319 Speaker 3: So it's like you have to stack these probabilities one 200 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 3: on top of the other. Yeah, exactly, It's kind of like, 201 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 3: what's the probability you're going to roll a two ones 202 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 3: when you roll to die, and it's like you have 203 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,840 Speaker 3: to multiply the probability of rolling one in one die 204 00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:55,319 Speaker 3: and then another one in another die, which is one 205 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:57,360 Speaker 3: six times one six, So it's there's like a one 206 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:00,560 Speaker 3: in thirty six probability you're going to throw a douce 207 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:03,480 Speaker 3: two ones and a pair of die exactly. 208 00:10:03,760 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 1: And the more pieces you have they have to line up, 209 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: the harder the chances are. Even if you do something 210 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:10,760 Speaker 1: more likely, like flip a coin, right, what are the 211 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:13,559 Speaker 1: chances you're gonna flip a coin eight times and get 212 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:16,240 Speaker 1: eight heads in a row? Right? Well, not very high? 213 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:17,720 Speaker 1: You know, one over two to the eight is a 214 00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: small number. So even if all of those numbers are 215 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: pretty big, it's the probability of all them together can 216 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:24,320 Speaker 1: be kind of small. Oh, I see. 217 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:26,360 Speaker 3: It's like you have to flip a coin and get ahead, 218 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:28,600 Speaker 3: and then flip another coin and get ahead, and so 219 00:10:28,679 --> 00:10:30,959 Speaker 3: that there's probability stack up. And if you have one 220 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 3: coin that's like messed up, that's tails and both size 221 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 3: and you'll never get all heads. 222 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:38,319 Speaker 1: Right, that's right, And that's the calculation I think people 223 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 1: were doing in their heads when we ask them is 224 00:10:40,679 --> 00:10:42,840 Speaker 1: their intelligent life out there, and they thought, well, the 225 00:10:42,880 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: first part of that number, the number of stars, is huge, 226 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:48,199 Speaker 1: and so it doesn't really matter what the other numbers are. 227 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:50,560 Speaker 1: I think that's the argument they were making. But I 228 00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 1: think that argument is pretty flawed. Actually, what do you 229 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:56,439 Speaker 1: mean it's flawed? Well, the first number is big, right, 230 00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: So how many stars are there in the universe? Well, 231 00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:02,960 Speaker 1: every galaxy has about one hundred billion, which is, you know, 232 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: already a totally infathomable number. Like it's just it's hard 233 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 1: to even imagine, right, how many stars that is. Plus 234 00:11:09,679 --> 00:11:11,760 Speaker 1: you have to multiply that by the number of galaxies 235 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: in the universe, and in our observable universe, the part 236 00:11:14,559 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: we can see is two trillion galaxies. So we're two 237 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:20,040 Speaker 1: trillion times one hundred billion. 238 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:26,440 Speaker 3: It's a bazillion stars. That's the official that's right, technically, right, agagillion, 239 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:30,480 Speaker 3: and so I in fact, I think they've figured out 240 00:11:30,559 --> 00:11:34,480 Speaker 3: that on any given star, the probability that there's an 241 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 3: Earth like planet, there's like maybe three or four of 242 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 3: them right per star. 243 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, this is something we've only learned pretty recently because 244 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,600 Speaker 1: of the rise of this exoplanet science, where we can 245 00:11:44,679 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: look at other stars and see the planets around them 246 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,320 Speaker 1: and try to estimate. We've seen enough now that we 247 00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:51,920 Speaker 1: can start to estimate what fraction of those stars have 248 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:54,760 Speaker 1: an earth like planet, meaning a planet that's pretty rocky, 249 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:57,959 Speaker 1: reasonable size, and has a reasonable amount of solar radiation 250 00:11:58,080 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 1: right fried to a crisp or totally chili. And Yeah, 251 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: the fraction of stars that have an earth like planet 252 00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:05,040 Speaker 1: is one in five. 253 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:08,040 Speaker 3: One in five stars as an earth like planet. 254 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:11,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, which is amazing because that takes that huge number 255 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:14,560 Speaker 1: two trillion times one hundred billion and just divides it 256 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 1: by five, which still leaves an enormous number. 257 00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:20,319 Speaker 3: There's a huge amount of planets out there that are 258 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 3: just like the Earth. 259 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: That's right, And we only learned this recently, you know, 260 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:26,600 Speaker 1: a few years ago, it could have been that earth 261 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:29,120 Speaker 1: like planets were super rare. That number could have been 262 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 1: one over two gazillion, right. So the fact that the 263 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,720 Speaker 1: first number is big, that the number of stars is huge, 264 00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:38,240 Speaker 1: doesn't guarantee that the whole number is big. Because if 265 00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:41,520 Speaker 1: any of those numbers, the fraction that have earth like planets, 266 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:43,559 Speaker 1: the fraction that have life, the fraction have intelligent life, 267 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:46,199 Speaker 1: if any of those are tiny, then the whole number 268 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:48,800 Speaker 1: is tiny, right, so, but so far it's pretty big. 269 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,360 Speaker 1: Still number of stars times number of Earth like planets 270 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:54,600 Speaker 1: still an enormous number. But that's as far as we know. 271 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: We really just don't know. Like, can you answer the 272 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,160 Speaker 1: question what fraction of Earth like planets have life? Life 273 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:02,560 Speaker 1: on them? That's a pretty basic question, right, You might 274 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: ask a biologist, like, if you ran an Earth simulator 275 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,240 Speaker 1: one hundred times, how many times would you get life 276 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:10,960 Speaker 1: on it? We just don't know the answer to that question. 277 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:13,680 Speaker 1: It's one of the core questions in modern biology. And 278 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,080 Speaker 1: I'm speaking as a particle physicist who doesn't know that 279 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:18,800 Speaker 1: much biology except for being married to a biologist. But 280 00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:21,120 Speaker 1: we still don't know they answer that very basic question. 281 00:13:21,280 --> 00:13:25,319 Speaker 3: So basically, she would say, you don't know anything. 282 00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: She says that to me a lot, and she's usually right, 283 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,240 Speaker 1: not just by biology, that's right, it's more of a 284 00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:32,720 Speaker 1: broader conversation that we have. 285 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:35,679 Speaker 3: Before we keep going, Let's take a short break. 286 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:42,800 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what 287 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,560 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 288 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets with 289 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:52,200 Speaker 1: Mint Mobile. 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Savings is available to Apple Card 332 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: owners subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman 333 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 1: Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDICE terms 334 00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: and more at applecar dot com. 335 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 3: But we sort of know a little bit about how 336 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 3: life form, right, Like, you haven't planet like the Earth, 337 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 3: and that maybe has water. It's in the right spot 338 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 3: relative to the sun, it's not too hot, not too cold. 339 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 3: It's called the Goldilocks planet. We sort of know a 340 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,360 Speaker 3: little bit about you know, you need this kind of 341 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 3: primorial soup and eventually, at least on Earth, like some 342 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 3: of those molecules kind of came together and became a life. 343 00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:44,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. We know what's necessary, but we don't 344 00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:46,560 Speaker 1: know if it's sufficient. Right. So, you know, we know 345 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: that you need liquid water, and you need basic amino acids, 346 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 1: and you need some source of energy right to organize things, 347 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: lightning or the sun or whatever. But we don't know 348 00:16:57,120 --> 00:16:58,800 Speaker 1: if you put that all together, if you get life 349 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:01,680 Speaker 1: every time, or if it's a totally freak chance. 350 00:17:01,840 --> 00:17:02,000 Speaker 2: Right. 351 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,720 Speaker 1: We justly we really have no idea how many times 352 00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:07,200 Speaker 1: that happens. And people are studying this, you know, they 353 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:10,040 Speaker 1: do things like put that primordial soup or our understanding 354 00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:12,520 Speaker 1: of it, in a test tube and zap it with electricity, 355 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 1: and they see cool stuff happen, like basic amino acids, 356 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:18,439 Speaker 1: the building blocks of DNA and stuff they do form. 357 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: But that doesn't make life, right, Life needs to be 358 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 1: self replicating and has to have metabolism. But you know, 359 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: there's a whole other question there about what is life anyway? 360 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:28,879 Speaker 3: Well, so even if you can get life out of 361 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:31,440 Speaker 3: the primorial soup, you still have to have that live 362 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:39,159 Speaker 3: survive and evolve and become critters and beings and intelligent 363 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:42,960 Speaker 3: beings who can build radios and technology and harness and 364 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:46,520 Speaker 3: launch podcasts the city, Yeah, and launch podcasts and then 365 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:50,679 Speaker 3: get transmitted across the cosmos. Like that's that's a huge 366 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 3: gap too, right, like a huge improbability. 367 00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:56,120 Speaker 1: That's right, We just don't know, and so we've already 368 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 1: gone past our knowledge. Right, the fraction of planets that 369 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:01,679 Speaker 1: form life could be one and two, it could be 370 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:05,360 Speaker 1: one in a gazillion, Right, you're absolutely right, And then 371 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:07,520 Speaker 1: you're right that we don't know what fraction them make 372 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:10,240 Speaker 1: intelligent life, Like, yeah, we have the example here on Earth. 373 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,760 Speaker 1: We also know that that one example is highly dependent 374 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,679 Speaker 1: on a bunch of random events, like a meteor crashed 375 00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:18,560 Speaker 1: in the earth and killed all the dinosaurs and made 376 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:21,560 Speaker 1: room for the mammals to evolve. Would the dinosaurs have 377 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,640 Speaker 1: become intelligent if we hadn't come around? Is it guaranteed 378 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:27,399 Speaker 1: that something becomes intelligent? Or is this just a total 379 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:30,720 Speaker 1: fluke and in a thousand different other similar earths without 380 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:32,640 Speaker 1: in a media or if the media or hit somewhere else, 381 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:35,840 Speaker 1: you wouldn't have intelligent life, where you'd have super intelligent life, 382 00:18:35,920 --> 00:18:38,160 Speaker 1: or like dumb life or life all life would be dead. 383 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:40,399 Speaker 1: We just we really have no way to answer that question. 384 00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:43,520 Speaker 3: But even then, that's just a probability that there is 385 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,480 Speaker 3: life out there, right, Like you just need all those 386 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:50,480 Speaker 3: factors to add up to more than one in a gazillion, 387 00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 3: Like if it was two in a gazillion, there's probably 388 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:57,639 Speaker 3: definitely life out there. But then there's the other question 389 00:18:57,680 --> 00:18:59,880 Speaker 3: of like why haven't we heard from them or contacted 390 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 3: them or seen them right? Like it's kind of two 391 00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:03,639 Speaker 3: separate questions like is their life out there? 392 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:04,200 Speaker 1: Right? 393 00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:06,760 Speaker 3: And then there's a question of why haven't we seen 394 00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 3: it or had contact with it? 395 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:10,719 Speaker 1: I like that thought. Let's assume that life is not 396 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 1: so rare, and even that intelligent life is not so rare. Okay, 397 00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:16,120 Speaker 1: So then we live in a universe filled with Earth 398 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:18,720 Speaker 1: life planets, right that have some sort of squishy, weird 399 00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:21,399 Speaker 1: intelligent life on them, Right. And then the question is, 400 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:23,960 Speaker 1: if that's true, why haven't we heard from them? Right? Because, 401 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,960 Speaker 1: as we said earlier, it's not that complicated to make 402 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:29,720 Speaker 1: self replicating probes that explore the entire galaxy, So why 403 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:31,719 Speaker 1: haven't we heard from them? Yeah, And there's a lot 404 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:35,120 Speaker 1: of fun ideas there. Like my favorite hypothesis is that 405 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 1: maybe we have heard from them and we just don't know. 406 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,360 Speaker 1: I mean, would we understand a message from space, I mean, 407 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:43,119 Speaker 1: in order to understand it, it would have to be in 408 00:19:43,119 --> 00:19:45,399 Speaker 1: a language we recognize. It'd have to be in a 409 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,480 Speaker 1: communication medium we're looking for. 410 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 3: Like maybe they're sending us signals, but it's in some 411 00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:52,240 Speaker 3: kind of thing that we don't even look for, like 412 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:55,720 Speaker 3: neutrinos or some other medium that's not light exactly. 413 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: We're listening to messages from the sky, we're not actually 414 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,119 Speaker 1: listening that hard, only listening to a tiny little slice 415 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,040 Speaker 1: of the possible messages we can get, and the message 416 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:07,440 Speaker 1: could be in a totally different medium, you're right. Or 417 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:10,120 Speaker 1: it could even be you know, in radio waves, which 418 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,880 Speaker 1: is what we're listening for, but just be undecipherable. I mean, 419 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: what if aliens live thousands of years and so their 420 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,560 Speaker 1: messages last hundreds of years and we're hearing it. We're 421 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:21,080 Speaker 1: just hearing the first you know, few snatches of it, 422 00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: and we don't even recognize that it is. 423 00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:31,399 Speaker 3: I see, like maybe we're getting a message saying goudhs 424 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,159 Speaker 3: it go going, but like it's so slow if we 425 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:36,360 Speaker 3: don't even pay attention to it. 426 00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:37,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, Or it could be the reverse. 427 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:41,640 Speaker 3: It could be like super fast, like super picosecond signals 428 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:43,480 Speaker 3: that we can even detect. 429 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:50,480 Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely. We have actually in the past heard messages 430 00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: or heard things from space that we don't understand. One 431 00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:56,800 Speaker 1: of my favorite stories is this message called the Wow signal. 432 00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 3: Wow that's the scientific term. 433 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,959 Speaker 1: It's literally called the because when somebody heard it, they 434 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,439 Speaker 1: wrote wow down on a piece of paper when they 435 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:08,080 Speaker 1: saw it, and it was exactly the kind of signal 436 00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:10,960 Speaker 1: you would expect to get from space if they were aliens. 437 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: It was in the I think it was in nineteen 438 00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: seventy seven, and they had a telescope and they heard 439 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:20,200 Speaker 1: this extraordinarily loud and intense burst of radiation well above 440 00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:23,439 Speaker 1: the background and nothing they had seen like that before. 441 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:24,000 Speaker 3: Wow. 442 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: And you know, they said, is it a satellite? Is 443 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: it something reflecting off this? Is it something weird bounce 444 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:30,040 Speaker 1: off the moon? Is it something else? And they ruled 445 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:35,280 Speaker 1: out all those possibilities and they recorded it. Yeah. Absolutely, 446 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,280 Speaker 1: So we have the data, but nobody knows if it 447 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:41,480 Speaker 1: comes from an intelligent life or not, because first of all, 448 00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:43,520 Speaker 1: it was never repeated, so we only heard it once 449 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: and we can't decipher it. It's very short. We don't 450 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: know what it means. So without being able to decipher 451 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:51,120 Speaker 1: it, it could just be like, you know, some weird emission 452 00:21:51,680 --> 00:21:54,560 Speaker 1: structure to it. Yeah, it has that we can determine, right, 453 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: I mean, who knows how these things could be structured. 454 00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:59,520 Speaker 3: Something coded in a way that's totally alien to us. 455 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: Anything we get will be encoded. Like think about the 456 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 1: message that we sent into space. I think about that 457 00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: a lot. Like we send messages into space, like on 458 00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: the Voyager probe and pioneer. Right, there's like the famous 459 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:10,760 Speaker 1: Golden Record. 460 00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 3: That's where we send that satellite out there into space 461 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:16,160 Speaker 3: with like information about it, like a little note that says, 462 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:17,480 Speaker 3: call me maybe. 463 00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: Maybe I'm crazy, Call me maybe. And I wonder, like, 464 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:24,119 Speaker 1: if you're an alien species, would you have any chance 465 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 1: of deciphering that? Right? In order for that to work, 466 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:28,679 Speaker 1: we have to have some a lot of stuff in 467 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:30,800 Speaker 1: common about the way we think. And I think that's 468 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:33,439 Speaker 1: a critical factor. Is that, really all we're capable of 469 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:37,399 Speaker 1: discovering is life that's very similar to ours in the 470 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:40,359 Speaker 1: sense that it thinks the way we do, it uses math, 471 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,639 Speaker 1: and it communicates the way we do, and also that 472 00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,359 Speaker 1: they want to communicate. I mean, there could be just 473 00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:47,919 Speaker 1: be life out there that just doesn't care about finding 474 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:50,639 Speaker 1: other life, that's busy living their squishy, little eyeball life. 475 00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:53,480 Speaker 3: Right, Like we're the only extroverts in the universe, and 476 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 3: most aliens that there are. 477 00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,040 Speaker 4: Like, why would you want to talk to other people? 478 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,320 Speaker 4: That's insane, that's right to just slam the door and 479 00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:02,600 Speaker 4: pretend to not home. You know, we could be the 480 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:05,439 Speaker 4: weird ones in that perspective. And you know, we sent 481 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 4: other messages into space when we got this wow signal. 482 00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:10,200 Speaker 4: We can tell where in the sky it's coming from 483 00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 4: because from directionality of the antenna. And so people actually 484 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:17,320 Speaker 4: sent a response, like they beamed a response back into. 485 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:22,160 Speaker 3: Space, was a response like what se again? 486 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,000 Speaker 1: It was new phone? Who dis. 487 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:36,080 Speaker 3: So that's one possibility is that, like, even if there 488 00:23:36,119 --> 00:23:38,439 Speaker 3: is intelligent life out there and there are signals to 489 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,000 Speaker 3: be seen, it's just too alien for us to even 490 00:23:41,359 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 3: recognize or process or be able to decipher. 491 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: That's right. And I think that's honestly likely because it's 492 00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 1: hard for us to imagine things that are really alien 493 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: to us. I mean, like look at all of our 494 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,200 Speaker 1: science fiction, right, It usually the aliens are like some 495 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:58,480 Speaker 1: variation on humans with like fuzzy eyebrows or pointy ears 496 00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:01,800 Speaker 1: or something, because it's difficult to extrapolate that far into 497 00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:04,879 Speaker 1: the unknown. I mean even here on Earth, people travel 498 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:07,200 Speaker 1: to other countries and they're like shocked at the weird 499 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,320 Speaker 1: stuff people eat and the way they talk and how 500 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,359 Speaker 1: they sleep and what they wear, and like even human 501 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: cultures are bizarre and alien to us if we're not 502 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: familiar with them, right, And I love traveling for that 503 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: reason that you discover what's universal about being human and 504 00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,720 Speaker 1: what's just like totally arbitrary and made up about your culture? 505 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 1: And that's one of the amazing things about aliens. 506 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:28,280 Speaker 3: Like what stuff that everybody does and what stuff that 507 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:30,720 Speaker 3: only you for some reason do or your culture? 508 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:33,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Like everybody needs caffeine in the morning of 509 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: some kind, right, but only we drink this water from 510 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:40,000 Speaker 1: a weird bean on a tree, right. And so if 511 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:43,400 Speaker 1: we discovered aliens, then we would learn so much about 512 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: you know, what is common in life, Like how they 513 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:49,639 Speaker 1: do they use math to think? Do they have scientists? Right? 514 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 1: You know? Are they spiritual? Do they see color? Do 515 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:55,800 Speaker 1: they have two genders? Nine genders, no genders? Like what 516 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,600 Speaker 1: is basic and similar in life and what is totally different? 517 00:24:58,640 --> 00:24:59,879 Speaker 1: That would be so fascinating. 518 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,800 Speaker 3: That's pretty cool to think about. Yeah, there's another possibility 519 00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:07,199 Speaker 3: like maybe there's life out there, but the universe is 520 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:10,639 Speaker 3: so big and so vast and so old that the 521 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 3: chances of us hearing about them or contacting them is 522 00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:15,439 Speaker 3: just too small. 523 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,720 Speaker 1: I don't like that one because I feel like eventually 524 00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:21,760 Speaker 1: somebody's going to invent the self replicating probe. Your civilization 525 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: doesn't even have to survive. You could just send out 526 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:27,000 Speaker 1: that probe and eventually it'll contact everybody in the galaxy. 527 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:28,840 Speaker 3: I like how you're thinking like a physicist. I'm thinking 528 00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,120 Speaker 3: like an engineer, and I'm like, self replicating probes. That's 529 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:34,359 Speaker 3: an impossible engineering feed. Are you kidding me? 530 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,560 Speaker 1: Is that what engineers do? They say things are impossible? No, 531 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:40,640 Speaker 1: you can't have this, you can't have this, you can't 532 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:42,639 Speaker 1: have this. How hard is that? I mean, all you 533 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:45,359 Speaker 1: got to do is land on an asteroid, mine some materials, 534 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:46,440 Speaker 1: build a factory. 535 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:49,399 Speaker 3: Yeah right, come on, and sure, that's super easy. I 536 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,680 Speaker 3: mean we can look in doing it for a long time. 537 00:25:51,720 --> 00:25:52,080 Speaker 3: Why not. 538 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:54,439 Speaker 1: I'm gonna call Elon Musk and I'm sure you'll have 539 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: a you'll start a company to do it tomorrow. 540 00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 3: Ye, and ask him how those self driving cars are doing. 541 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: Hey, when you're done building model threes, can we build 542 00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: self replicating probes that explore the galaxy. And while we're 543 00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: at it, let's give them artificial intelligence so they can 544 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,560 Speaker 1: interact with the aliens and answer their questions. That would 545 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:10,280 Speaker 1: be pretty awesome. 546 00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:10,719 Speaker 3: Yeah. 547 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, this is a perfect point to take a break. 548 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: We'll be right back in a minute. When you pop 549 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:21,919 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a 550 00:26:22,040 --> 00:26:25,400 Speaker 1: rich spoonful of Greek yogurt. You're probably not thinking about 551 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:28,840 Speaker 1: the environmental impact of each and every bite, but the 552 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:31,680 Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy has set 553 00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral 554 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: by twenty to fifty That's why they're working hard every 555 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,920 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 556 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, 557 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:48,600 Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times the 558 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:51,920 Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, 559 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,720 Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases. 560 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,760 Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from 561 00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:02,159 Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and 562 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:04,440 Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice 563 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,359 Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that 564 00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:09,080 Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the 565 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:12,920 Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy 566 00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:15,960 Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy 567 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 568 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths 569 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 2: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved 570 00:27:25,240 --> 00:27:27,399 Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our 571 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:31,000 Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely California 572 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,919 Speaker 2: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 573 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:37,040 Speaker 5: With the United Explorer Card, earn fifty thousand bonus miles, 574 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 5: then head for places unseen and destinations unknown. 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Cards issued by JP Morgan 585 00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,200 Speaker 5: Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer 586 00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:17,080 Speaker 5: subject to change terms apply. 587 00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:26,760 Speaker 3: I think the idea is that it's like we're in 588 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:29,080 Speaker 3: an ocean, right, Like if you're stranded in the ocean 589 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:31,280 Speaker 3: on a raft, Like, what are the chances you're going 590 00:28:31,359 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 3: to run into other people stranded in a raft? 591 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:36,520 Speaker 1: It's pretty small, right, depends how many rafts there are, right. 592 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 3: But also there's not just like the space of it, 593 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 3: there's also the age of it, right, Like maybe we 594 00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:45,920 Speaker 3: are alive right now in a moment that's after the 595 00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 3: most populous time in the universe, Like maybe everybody was 596 00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:51,920 Speaker 3: alive a few billion years ago, or maybe everyone's going 597 00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:54,120 Speaker 3: to be alive a few billion years from now, But 598 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:57,440 Speaker 3: right now we're maybe like the first ones at the 599 00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:58,000 Speaker 3: party or. 600 00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:00,560 Speaker 1: Something, yeah, or the last ones yeah. And that's the 601 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:02,560 Speaker 1: last element in that Drake equation, right, It is the 602 00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:04,960 Speaker 1: probability that we're alive at the same time to communicate, 603 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: And you're right in terms of how long we've been 604 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:10,480 Speaker 1: around and like listening to this guy and talking to it, 605 00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: it's a tiny fraction of the life of the universe. 606 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:15,240 Speaker 1: And then you have to wonder, like how long is 607 00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:18,800 Speaker 1: humanity going to be around and receptive to messages? Is 608 00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:20,840 Speaker 1: it going to be fifty years which is all we've 609 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,680 Speaker 1: had so far, or fifty thousand years even still, which 610 00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:25,800 Speaker 1: would be a tiny fraction. So you're right, it could 611 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,520 Speaker 1: be that life flourishes and intelligent life is created and 612 00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:31,400 Speaker 1: then you know, destroys itself every time, and so that 613 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:33,440 Speaker 1: these things don't last very long, which would make it 614 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,480 Speaker 1: difficult to talk to each other. Yeah. Yeah, but boy, 615 00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:38,160 Speaker 1: that's not very optimistic. 616 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:42,960 Speaker 3: The idea that maybe life is super popular in the universe, 617 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 3: but it all eventually like kills itself. 618 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,360 Speaker 1: That's right, blows itself up in a glorious fire way. 619 00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:50,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, Like maybe there've been other civilizations that have followed 620 00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:54,440 Speaker 3: the exact same steps we have, you know, like evolved 621 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:55,600 Speaker 3: made cars. 622 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: You're about to say that Donald Trump is inevitable? Is 623 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,040 Speaker 1: that what you're saying is it's a universal truth that 624 00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:03,040 Speaker 1: every civilization creates Donald. 625 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,440 Speaker 3: Trump eventually Trump is an alien. That would explain a lot. 626 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:11,760 Speaker 3: But like it is like at some point all civilizations 627 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:14,840 Speaker 3: eventually maybe like learn how to split the atom and 628 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,000 Speaker 3: then they all blow each other up inevitably. 629 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: It's possible, But again, I think that's just extrapolation from 630 00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: our experience. You know, that's the kind of things humans do, right, 631 00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:25,360 Speaker 1: So we like to think, well, probably everybody does that, 632 00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,760 Speaker 1: but we really don't know, right, Remember, we really have 633 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:30,360 Speaker 1: no idea. I mean, it could be that other aliens 634 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,600 Speaker 1: don't have such a defined sense of individuality, right, I mean, 635 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:35,800 Speaker 1: we have this notion that I'm me and you are you, 636 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,920 Speaker 1: and there's this biological difference defined by our skin. But 637 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,440 Speaker 1: that's a biological that's a conclusion from a biological artifact, 638 00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:45,520 Speaker 1: right with this skin that we have, and other beings 639 00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,720 Speaker 1: could be like more fluid, where like the nature of 640 00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: an individual depends on who's near each other, and so 641 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 1: their concept of like resource sharing and therefore war is 642 00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:56,640 Speaker 1: totally different and maybe very unlikely that they kill themselves. 643 00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,920 Speaker 1: So we just don't know, but it's it's certainly possible 644 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:03,080 Speaker 1: that life is flourishing and destroying itself very rapidly. 645 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 3: Well. I also, I thought the craziest idea that I 646 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,080 Speaker 3: read out there was this idea that maybe the universe 647 00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:13,440 Speaker 3: is teeming with life, but nobody wants to talk to us, 648 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:16,360 Speaker 3: like some now we're in a bubble where they're like, 649 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,240 Speaker 3: let let's not even touch these guys, or or there's 650 00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:22,240 Speaker 3: an idea out there that we're like in a zoo 651 00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:22,720 Speaker 3: or something. 652 00:31:22,840 --> 00:31:25,800 Speaker 1: Oh, I hate that idea. Oh my god, I hate that. 653 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: Not because I think it's wrong. I think it's actually 654 00:31:28,040 --> 00:31:31,600 Speaker 1: pretty reasonable and clever, but how frustrating, right. I mean, 655 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,640 Speaker 1: I said earlier that meeting aliens would be dangerous, and 656 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: I think that probably would be. But that doesn't mean 657 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:38,800 Speaker 1: I wouldn't want to. I mean I would love to 658 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:41,520 Speaker 1: meet aliens. We could learn so much about the universe 659 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: and physics and math and life. So if they're out 660 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:46,960 Speaker 1: there and could contact us and they're just not because 661 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,760 Speaker 1: we're lame, boy, that would be pretty disappointing. 662 00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:52,959 Speaker 3: That would be a crush to our self image. So 663 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 3: I think it would be comforting to know that we're 664 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,280 Speaker 3: not alone in this universe, right, Like to the idea, 665 00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:59,440 Speaker 3: it's kind of like having an older sibling or something. 666 00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:01,720 Speaker 3: You know, somebody who's been through it, who sort of 667 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:03,960 Speaker 3: maybe has some more knowledge than we do. I think 668 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 3: that would be cool. But you're thinking that maybe it 669 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,040 Speaker 3: might be dangerous to contact other life forms. 670 00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:13,200 Speaker 1: Absolutely, I think it would be dangerous. The history of 671 00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: contact between different cultures is that the more advanced one 672 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:21,120 Speaker 1: always crushes the lesser advanced one. And if we're going 673 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:23,600 Speaker 1: to contact aliens, more likely they're going to come to us, 674 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:25,880 Speaker 1: then we're going to get to them, which means they 675 00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,160 Speaker 1: are the more advanced. And you know what that means, right, 676 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,719 Speaker 1: I mean, think about the way we treat lesser intelligent creatures. 677 00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 3: Right. 678 00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:35,600 Speaker 1: We domesticate them. Right, Dogs and chimpanzees don't have rights 679 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: in our society, and we argue that they're less intelligent. 680 00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 1: We even eat some less intelligent creatures, right, So when 681 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:44,400 Speaker 1: aliens come, do we apply that same morality to them 682 00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:46,360 Speaker 1: and say, well, yeah, you guys are twice as smart 683 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:48,320 Speaker 1: as us, so go ahead and make us your pets 684 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,240 Speaker 1: and eat however many of us you want, right, I 685 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:52,720 Speaker 1: think that's the most likely outcome. 686 00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,840 Speaker 3: I see, Like, if you run into less intelligent species, 687 00:32:56,960 --> 00:32:59,760 Speaker 3: you're most likely your thought is it's not Hey, let's 688 00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 3: bring these guys up and show them all we can 689 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:05,520 Speaker 3: do more like slave labor or something. 690 00:33:05,280 --> 00:33:08,680 Speaker 1: Like that, exactly. Look, resources, Yeah. 691 00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:10,760 Speaker 3: We've been traveling on the spaceship for millions of years. 692 00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:13,080 Speaker 3: Finally we get to eat something warm. 693 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:17,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, roasted human. That's my concern. And you know, 694 00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:20,200 Speaker 1: we have sent messages into space, and I think that's 695 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:22,960 Speaker 1: kind of dangerous. I mean, you're like advertising where you 696 00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:25,440 Speaker 1: are and who you are and the fact that you're 697 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:28,880 Speaker 1: pretty clueless. So imagine, for example, say the universe is 698 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: teeming with life and nobody's contacted us just because nobody 699 00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:34,440 Speaker 1: knew we were here, and then we just on the 700 00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:39,880 Speaker 1: edge of our technological capabilities to contact people, we announce ourselves, Hey, everybody, 701 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: look at us. We're totally weak and helpless. Then you 702 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:48,720 Speaker 1: know what's going to happen, You're exactly exactly. Imagine dropping 703 00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:51,600 Speaker 1: a baby into the most dangerous neighborhood on Earth, Right, 704 00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:54,640 Speaker 1: it's gonna scream and cry, and then what's going to happen. Well, 705 00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:57,280 Speaker 1: it's very unlikely somebody kind hearted is going to pick 706 00:33:57,320 --> 00:33:59,520 Speaker 1: it up and take care of it. So again, I 707 00:33:59,560 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: don't know if finding intelligent life in the universe is 708 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:04,920 Speaker 1: an optimistic or pessimistic viewpoint. 709 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:09,600 Speaker 3: So it doesn't seem likely that we will ever contact 710 00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,279 Speaker 3: or talk to or learn a lot. So maybe the 711 00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:16,600 Speaker 3: lesson here is that we should learn to be by 712 00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:19,200 Speaker 3: ourselves in a way, you know, like, don't expect some 713 00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:22,880 Speaker 3: civilization to save us or to destroyers. Maybe the lesson 714 00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 3: is to really just kind of own being alone and 715 00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 3: take responsibility for our existence here on Earth. 716 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:32,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think The best case scenario would be if 717 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:35,600 Speaker 1: we discover intelligent life, you know, we develop technologically, we 718 00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:38,120 Speaker 1: move on to other planets, maybe we explore the galaxy, 719 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:41,400 Speaker 1: we build those self replicating probes, and then we discover 720 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:43,480 Speaker 1: alien life and we learn from them. I think that 721 00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:46,000 Speaker 1: would be the best case scenario for humans. 722 00:34:45,719 --> 00:34:48,839 Speaker 3: To be the colonizers, not in the colonize ease. 723 00:34:49,080 --> 00:34:50,839 Speaker 1: Well, I hope by that time, you know, we will 724 00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:53,279 Speaker 1: have developed the higher morality and we will you know, 725 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:57,040 Speaker 1: not take advantage of those squishy, little cute aliens we 726 00:34:57,080 --> 00:35:00,480 Speaker 1: discover around whatever planet. But yeah, I think be better if 727 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:03,040 Speaker 1: we found them before they found us, for sure. But 728 00:35:03,120 --> 00:35:06,120 Speaker 1: I would also love to see another planet and to 729 00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,000 Speaker 1: meet aliens and to get to talk to them. But 730 00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:10,839 Speaker 1: you know, every time I see a science fiction movie 731 00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,600 Speaker 1: where there's aliens, I'm always amazed at how it always 732 00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:15,640 Speaker 1: takes like six minutes for them to figure out how 733 00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:16,279 Speaker 1: to talk to each other. 734 00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:20,520 Speaker 3: You know, you just raise your hand, part your fingers 735 00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:25,080 Speaker 3: and that's it, right, Live long and prosper well. Whether 736 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:27,799 Speaker 3: we are alone or we're one of many, go out 737 00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:31,000 Speaker 3: there and enjoy the experience. 738 00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:34,120 Speaker 1: Of being and to our alien listeners. If you're going 739 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,399 Speaker 1: to come to Earth. Please arrive gently. 740 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:38,719 Speaker 3: Eat something before you get here, that's right. 741 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:40,680 Speaker 1: Fill up for the trip please, yeah. 742 00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:42,839 Speaker 3: Please, thanks a lot. 743 00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:53,200 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 744 00:35:53,239 --> 00:35:56,480 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 745 00:35:56,480 --> 00:35:58,920 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 746 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:02,719 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or 747 00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:15,520 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at danielandorghe dot com. When you 748 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:17,600 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 749 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:20,680 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in 750 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:23,839 Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every 751 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:27,239 Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 752 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:31,320 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling 753 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:35,120 Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the 754 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 755 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,879 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last 756 00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:44,520 Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more. 757 00:36:46,040 --> 00:36:49,560 Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing 758 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:51,960 Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved 759 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,200 Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our 760 00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:57,759 Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely California 761 00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,000 Speaker 2: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 762 00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:03,279 Speaker 4: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in 763 00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:04,320 Speaker 4: a strong earthquake. 764 00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:07,680 Speaker 2: Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage, so you 765 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:09,960 Speaker 2: may need to take steps to strengthen yours. 766 00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:12,840 Speaker 5: Visit strengthen your House dot com to learn how to 767 00:37:12,840 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 5: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. 768 00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:18,759 Speaker 6: The work may cost less than you think and can 769 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:20,720 Speaker 6: often be done in just a few days. 770 00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:23,760 Speaker 5: Strengthen your home and help protect your family. 771 00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:26,880 Speaker 3: Get prepared to day and worry less tomorrow. 772 00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,400 Speaker 1: Visit strengthen your House dot com.