WEBVTT - S3 – 4: Synthetical Turn 0:00:00.840 --> 0:00:04.080 Welcomed, unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minky. 0:00:06.880 --> 0:00:10.520 The umbrellas were out, the fine gowns too, along with 0:00:10.560 --> 0:00:14.040 the waistcoats and the hats. It was an autumn Sunday 0:00:14.120 --> 0:00:16.640 in the city of London. The only thing that made 0:00:16.680 --> 0:00:19.720 these crowds of Sunday walkers unusual was that they weren't 0:00:19.760 --> 0:00:23.400 gathering to wander through Regent's Park. No, they were gathering 0:00:23.600 --> 0:00:27.040 on Hanbury Street. It had been one day since a 0:00:27.080 --> 0:00:29.840 woman had been found in the yard behind number twenty nine, 0:00:30.120 --> 0:00:32.880 but the word had already gotten out throughout all of London. 0:00:33.400 --> 0:00:36.040 When the papers reported on it, they would say the 0:00:36.120 --> 0:00:41.280 greatest excitement prevailed in Whitechapel, and crowds thronged Hanbury Streets 0:00:41.320 --> 0:00:46.360 and adjoining thoroughfares. By Sunday evening. The neighbors around twenty 0:00:46.440 --> 0:00:49.279 nine Hanbury Street were charging in mission to come inside 0:00:49.320 --> 0:00:51.720 and peek out the windows at the spot next door 0:00:51.720 --> 0:00:54.160 where the killing was done and the body was found. 0:00:54.760 --> 0:00:57.360 Not that there was much to see, just a dark 0:00:57.440 --> 0:01:00.960 patch on the ground. Even so, on paper at least 0:01:01.080 --> 0:01:03.920 said that hundreds paid the neighbors to spy over the 0:01:03.960 --> 0:01:07.040 fence and try to see the bloodstain of the Hanbury 0:01:07.080 --> 0:01:11.960 Street murder. Like the sketches showing policemen battling through crowds 0:01:12.000 --> 0:01:14.600 to move the body of the latest victim to the mortuary. 0:01:14.640 --> 0:01:17.920 Illustrations were published of the Sunday morning crowd as well, 0:01:18.360 --> 0:01:21.199 decked out and dapper, ready to parade by the site 0:01:21.240 --> 0:01:24.400 where an impoverished woman had her throat cut. To our 0:01:24.480 --> 0:01:28.119 modern eyes, it may even feel like a grotesque contrast, 0:01:29.400 --> 0:01:31.440 One historian goes so far as to say that the 0:01:31.440 --> 0:01:36.040 Whitechapel murders made the neighborhood the epicenter of elite fantasies 0:01:36.160 --> 0:01:40.160 about sexual and social disorder. Can't say it's any better 0:01:40.200 --> 0:01:42.360 than that. And if there's one thing we do know 0:01:42.480 --> 0:01:46.080 about the epicenter of disasters, well, they attract a crowd. 0:01:46.480 --> 0:01:48.280 Some of them, of course, did this out of a 0:01:48.320 --> 0:01:51.640 sense of altruism or a desire to learn. They said 0:01:51.640 --> 0:01:54.840 they wanted to see for themselves. They wanted to understand 0:01:54.920 --> 0:01:58.040 the suffering of the poor in order to offer them support. 0:01:59.120 --> 0:02:01.880 But when that suffering becomes a spectacle that can be 0:02:01.920 --> 0:02:04.560 bought and sold by the wealthy and their guides, we 0:02:04.600 --> 0:02:07.440 can only imagine that for many of the tourists. Part 0:02:07.440 --> 0:02:10.240 of what they were paying for was a sense of satisfaction, 0:02:10.880 --> 0:02:13.800 satisfaction that they didn't live in the same kinds of 0:02:13.840 --> 0:02:17.639 misery and squalor that affected their fellow Londoners. They had 0:02:17.639 --> 0:02:20.960 made it, and wasn't that nice to feel? And the 0:02:20.960 --> 0:02:24.640 Hanbury Street murder wasn't the only story offering Londoners that 0:02:24.840 --> 0:02:27.440 chill up the spine. You see, it had been two 0:02:27.520 --> 0:02:31.040 years since Robert Louis Stevenson had published his novella The 0:02:31.120 --> 0:02:34.799 Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde. If Henry 0:02:34.880 --> 0:02:39.520 James calling London a modern Babylon and Charles Dickens overrunning 0:02:39.560 --> 0:02:42.760 the streets with pickpockets wasn't enough to make readers afraid, 0:02:43.120 --> 0:02:46.280 the immense popularity of Jacquelin Hyde would drive it home. 0:02:47.480 --> 0:02:50.880 In the story, London is a dismal, foggy and muddy place, 0:02:51.200 --> 0:02:55.919 submerged in darkness, broken only by flickering lamps and Stevenson's words, 0:02:55.960 --> 0:02:59.400 It's poor neighborhoods are like a district of some city 0:02:59.480 --> 0:03:02.480 in a night there. In fact, Stevenson wrote the story 0:03:02.560 --> 0:03:06.119 after reading the reports of the maiden Tribute of modern Babylon. 0:03:06.520 --> 0:03:08.520 He got them in a letter from a friend with 0:03:08.600 --> 0:03:11.080 a note wondering who could be the hero of the 0:03:11.120 --> 0:03:14.880 girls trapped in London's sex trafficking, and who was the monster, 0:03:15.080 --> 0:03:18.600 the minotaur, the devourer of all these girls at five 0:03:18.600 --> 0:03:22.280 pounds of pence. Because of all of that, Stevenson's fiction 0:03:22.360 --> 0:03:25.320 proved to be as popular as the Pall Mall Gazette's 0:03:25.320 --> 0:03:30.280 reporting was powerful, and of course, in Jacqueline Hyde, London 0:03:30.440 --> 0:03:33.480 is the haunt of a brutal killer, a respectable and 0:03:33.560 --> 0:03:37.280 friendly man who mutates into a monster and indulges his 0:03:37.440 --> 0:03:40.280 lust and cruelty. It was a story about a man 0:03:40.360 --> 0:03:43.840 as two faced and terrifying as the city of London itself, 0:03:44.200 --> 0:03:47.360 a city whose front doors and new streets were grandiose, 0:03:47.760 --> 0:03:50.680 but whose back alleys and poor neighborhoods were the stage 0:03:50.720 --> 0:03:55.320 for violence and vice. And in the summer of the 0:03:55.480 --> 0:03:58.920 Nightmare London of Jacqueline Hyde did take to the stage. 0:03:59.320 --> 0:04:02.640 An actor in stage producer named Richard Mansfield had opened 0:04:02.640 --> 0:04:05.880 his theatrical production of Jacqueline Hyde at the Lyceum on 0:04:05.960 --> 0:04:09.720 August four. Born in London, Mansfield had tested out his 0:04:09.800 --> 0:04:12.560 production in New York the year before. It got a 0:04:12.600 --> 0:04:17.160 reputation for horrifying and terrifying audiences, and it brought him 0:04:17.160 --> 0:04:19.960 back to his birthplace and the home of English theater. 0:04:21.560 --> 0:04:24.200 The papers across London trumpeted the murder scene at the 0:04:24.279 --> 0:04:27.320 end of Act one as the most powerful and horrible 0:04:27.400 --> 0:04:31.080 thing ever seen on the modern stage. The Star proclaimed 0:04:31.080 --> 0:04:35.120 the show's Mr Hyde an odious monster, with brutality in 0:04:35.160 --> 0:04:38.800 every line and look and gesture. By the time a 0:04:38.839 --> 0:04:41.600 woman in the real London was actually killed in the 0:04:41.680 --> 0:04:44.920 yard behind twenty nine Hanbury Street, the play had been 0:04:44.960 --> 0:04:47.919 drawing London crowds for a month, getting people out of 0:04:47.920 --> 0:04:51.560 their homes for a night of voyeuristic pleasure. And when 0:04:51.560 --> 0:04:54.280 the papers turned around and started reporting on a real 0:04:54.360 --> 0:04:57.440 murderer in the same terms, well it started to blur 0:04:57.560 --> 0:05:01.559 the lines between fiction and reality. And if the killings were, 0:05:01.560 --> 0:05:04.680 in a sense jackal and hide brought to life, well 0:05:04.720 --> 0:05:08.200 why shouldn't eager thrill seekers flocked to that scene as well? 0:05:09.200 --> 0:05:11.839 It was our first glimpse of a pastime that would 0:05:11.920 --> 0:05:17.080 endure all the way to modern times. Ripper tourism had begun. 0:05:18.880 --> 0:05:48.200 This is unobscured. I'm Aaron Manky. Some visitors didn't come 0:05:48.200 --> 0:05:51.000 to the East End to condemn violence, they came to 0:05:51.200 --> 0:05:54.800 indulge it because the East End Well, it had a 0:05:54.839 --> 0:05:59.520 reputation for offering whatever a wandering sightseer could want, especially 0:05:59.520 --> 0:06:01.400 if they had had a little money in their pocket. 0:06:02.360 --> 0:06:04.320 When it came to touring the homes and haunts of 0:06:04.320 --> 0:06:07.440 the poor well, there was lights to behold. There were 0:06:07.440 --> 0:06:10.040 even guide books that offered walking routes to the wealthy 0:06:10.080 --> 0:06:12.840 who wanted to take a tour of their poor neighbors homes. 0:06:13.360 --> 0:06:16.520 If Dickens and Stevenson sprinkled a little fairy dust on 0:06:16.600 --> 0:06:18.920 the streets of the East End Well, a reader with 0:06:19.000 --> 0:06:21.359 some spending money could book a trip to that exotic 0:06:21.400 --> 0:06:26.479 locale right across town. Here's dr at Louise ra. What 0:06:26.640 --> 0:06:30.880 people like to do who had read these sensationalist, dramatic 0:06:30.960 --> 0:06:34.400 tales of the Darkest East was to go and visit it, 0:06:34.839 --> 0:06:37.440 often with a couple of policemen who were paid to 0:06:37.560 --> 0:06:40.960 accompany them, and they would go around and stare at 0:06:41.000 --> 0:06:44.520 the pool. Basically so they would go into the slums, 0:06:44.680 --> 0:06:47.719 into the tenements and look at how they lived. And 0:06:49.279 --> 0:06:53.640 it was supposed to be I suppose sometimes somewhat philanthropic, 0:06:53.640 --> 0:06:56.200 Oh dear, They could exclaim about, oh, dear, how terrible. 0:06:56.760 --> 0:06:59.240 You know, I do at least understand the conditions of 0:06:59.279 --> 0:07:01.280 the pool, because I've bothered to go and see it. 0:07:01.920 --> 0:07:05.880 But then there were a lot of push young ladies 0:07:06.040 --> 0:07:08.320 and gentlemen who just thought it was a laugh really, 0:07:08.360 --> 0:07:12.400 and it was a freak show. But of course wealthy 0:07:12.480 --> 0:07:15.760 visitors didn't just want to see. They wanted to taste 0:07:15.880 --> 0:07:18.800 and to touch, and the East End well over the 0:07:18.800 --> 0:07:21.840 course of the eighteen hundreds it also gathered a reputation 0:07:21.880 --> 0:07:24.600 as a place where it was cheap to feed lust. 0:07:25.320 --> 0:07:28.160 If you already know anything about the Whitechapel murders, that 0:07:28.280 --> 0:07:31.040 might not be a surprise. Maybe you already know the 0:07:31.080 --> 0:07:34.760 reputation of Martha Tabram, Polly Nichols and others that the 0:07:34.800 --> 0:07:37.720 targets of the murderer were sex workers. But if that's 0:07:37.760 --> 0:07:40.119 the story, you know, it might be worth a minute 0:07:40.200 --> 0:07:43.440 or two to consider the rest of London. You see, 0:07:43.480 --> 0:07:45.760 for all that these stories have made the East End 0:07:45.840 --> 0:07:48.880 into one snarled nest of vices, it was not the 0:07:48.960 --> 0:07:52.400 busiest red light district in London for most of the century. 0:07:52.480 --> 0:07:54.840 That honor would have gone to Granby Street, south of 0:07:54.880 --> 0:07:57.800 the River Thames. That's where the rail line coming from 0:07:57.800 --> 0:08:00.680 the south met the edge of London, bringing thousands to 0:08:00.720 --> 0:08:04.640 the city laborers, visitors and shoppers with money to spend. 0:08:05.000 --> 0:08:07.320 In fact, Granby Street was so notorious that in the 0:08:07.360 --> 0:08:10.040 eighteen sixties, when the rail company was buying up the 0:08:10.080 --> 0:08:13.240 street to expand Waterloo Station, they went so far as 0:08:13.280 --> 0:08:17.680 to rename the street. But historians are quick to assure 0:08:17.760 --> 0:08:22.080 us that Granby, well, it wasn't alone. For decades, London's 0:08:22.160 --> 0:08:24.880 theaters were known as the place to go, not just 0:08:25.000 --> 0:08:28.360 for stage performances, but for more intimate shows as well. 0:08:28.840 --> 0:08:32.160 In eighteen forty seven, theater managers were required to ban 0:08:32.360 --> 0:08:36.320 sex workers from the lobbies and balconies of theaters. Before that, though, 0:08:36.320 --> 0:08:38.520 there were travelers and writers who made a point of 0:08:38.559 --> 0:08:42.120 condemning the London theaters for the sex work they witnessed inside. 0:08:42.559 --> 0:08:45.680 At one point, the Metropolitan Police estimated there were eight 0:08:45.679 --> 0:08:50.400 thousand prostitutes in London. Ministers and evangelists estimated even more, 0:08:50.760 --> 0:08:54.680 some eighty thousand women. They said, But if sex work 0:08:54.800 --> 0:08:58.040 wasn't centered in the East End, then where was it? Did? 0:08:58.080 --> 0:09:01.720 I say? Granby Streets make that Haymarket with its argyle 0:09:01.880 --> 0:09:05.400 rooms where varieties of aristocrats took their pleasures, though the 0:09:05.480 --> 0:09:09.280 rooms were closed in eight seventy eight. As London grew 0:09:09.360 --> 0:09:11.840 over the course of the century and new buildings like 0:09:11.960 --> 0:09:16.160 train stations and sweeping viaducts were cutting through old neighborhoods, 0:09:16.440 --> 0:09:18.440 it wasn't just the homes of the poor that were 0:09:18.440 --> 0:09:21.440 pushed out in the city's remodeling. It was also home 0:09:21.480 --> 0:09:24.559 to what Londoners were happy to condemn as vice. If 0:09:24.600 --> 0:09:27.120 a few theaters and streets in the city center were 0:09:27.160 --> 0:09:30.440 a dry well, the suburbs were happy to resupply just 0:09:30.600 --> 0:09:34.559 a short train ride away. So if the Argyle rooms 0:09:34.559 --> 0:09:37.720 were closed, not to worry. There was still St John's Wood, 0:09:37.960 --> 0:09:41.320 all too literal the title, it seems, Pimlico held just 0:09:41.360 --> 0:09:44.200 as many pleasures, and there were plenty of transport hubs 0:09:44.200 --> 0:09:46.880 for coming to and going from. If you were looking 0:09:46.880 --> 0:09:49.880 for pornographic books, the place to go was Hollywell Street 0:09:50.120 --> 0:09:52.640 in the strand. Just in case you thought I was 0:09:52.720 --> 0:09:56.160 finally taking a tour of London without mentioning Regent's Park, Yes, 0:09:56.240 --> 0:09:58.760 the outer circle of the new development had its own 0:09:58.760 --> 0:10:03.440 small hotels used as accommodation houses. And here's the thing. 0:10:03.840 --> 0:10:07.640 Historians have collected accounts and they found thriving sex work 0:10:07.760 --> 0:10:12.720 in Holloway, Camberwell, Waltham Green, Haggerston and many many more. 0:10:13.160 --> 0:10:16.640 By now, I think you get the point. In Victoria's city, 0:10:16.920 --> 0:10:20.640 the largest in the world, sex work was commonplace, as 0:10:20.640 --> 0:10:23.640 it was before and has been since. All that was 0:10:23.760 --> 0:10:27.360 new about the time was that newly emboldened journalists willing 0:10:27.360 --> 0:10:29.840 to dig up stories throughout the city, and the new 0:10:29.880 --> 0:10:33.800 technologies of power and speed gathering people around train stations 0:10:33.840 --> 0:10:36.880 and in the suburbs. The merchants and bankers growing rich 0:10:36.920 --> 0:10:40.520 on these profit machines, expected to buy themselves pleasures with 0:10:40.600 --> 0:10:43.959 the rewards. Of course, just because the hotspots of London 0:10:44.040 --> 0:10:47.040 sex trade were elsewhere doesn't mean that wealthy men weren't 0:10:47.040 --> 0:10:49.640 tramping into the East End looking to pay for sex. 0:10:50.080 --> 0:10:52.520 And when they weren't setting off on foot, they were 0:10:52.520 --> 0:10:55.560 making their journeys by rail. The East End did have 0:10:55.640 --> 0:10:58.199 a reputation for vice, and it had its own well 0:10:58.240 --> 0:11:01.840 known hunts. Angel Alley in Whitechapel has been a staple 0:11:01.880 --> 0:11:05.520 of storytelling about the murders. But the thing is, it's 0:11:05.600 --> 0:11:09.800 just not that unusual. There was something unusual about the 0:11:09.800 --> 0:11:13.040 East End, though, something that attracted the Victorian eye and 0:11:13.120 --> 0:11:16.520 the Victorian imagination. The East End was a place where 0:11:16.520 --> 0:11:19.560 most of the residents, and in particular most of the women, 0:11:20.000 --> 0:11:23.840 didn't have the luxury of living at ease. For instance, 0:11:23.920 --> 0:11:26.360 take the women we followed in episode one who were 0:11:26.400 --> 0:11:29.800 employed in the Bryant and May's match factory. Over five 0:11:29.920 --> 0:11:33.040 thousand women worked there. Every one of them was subject 0:11:33.120 --> 0:11:35.839 to the sense that they just didn't live up to standards. 0:11:36.360 --> 0:11:39.560 Standards that is set by comfortable, middle class women who 0:11:39.640 --> 0:11:42.360 didn't have to work for a living. Let's return to 0:11:42.520 --> 0:11:45.160 Dr Louise raw for just a minute to really help 0:11:45.240 --> 0:11:48.920 us get a sense of what that was like. You 0:11:49.160 --> 0:11:55.440 see this incredible judgmental and very sexualized by the way narrative. 0:11:55.640 --> 0:11:58.880 Even in labor reports of the period, there was one 0:11:59.040 --> 0:12:02.760 mining commission, you know, who knows what working life is like, 0:12:02.960 --> 0:12:06.120 you would think, and yet he looks at the terrible 0:12:06.160 --> 0:12:10.560 conditions down mines, where you've got girls, women, boys, men 0:12:11.240 --> 0:12:16.319 crawling through tunnels all day on their hands and knees, 0:12:16.440 --> 0:12:18.960 you know, naked to the waist with chains around their ways, 0:12:19.160 --> 0:12:24.520 pulling carts of coal. Absolutely horrific. Imagine that he imagined 0:12:24.559 --> 0:12:28.840 the difficulty in breathing. Imagine the physical horror of that. 0:12:30.160 --> 0:12:32.480 But he looks at that and doesn't say, well, yes, 0:12:32.520 --> 0:12:35.680 conditions are pretty awful. He writes about it as if 0:12:35.720 --> 0:12:37.800 it's some sort of orgy going on, because the women 0:12:37.840 --> 0:12:40.640 are partly dressed, partially dressed as you would be in 0:12:40.679 --> 0:12:42.760 those conditions. You're not gonna wear your best dress, are 0:12:42.760 --> 0:12:45.360 to crawl on your hands and knees through a coal shaft. 0:12:45.400 --> 0:12:50.559 And he says the conditions that the site, the spectacle 0:12:50.640 --> 0:12:55.240 of these women at work was absolutely revolting, disgusting. It 0:12:55.320 --> 0:13:00.200 was obscene. No brothel can beat it. And firstly you think, well, 0:13:00.320 --> 0:13:02.560 Mr Mining commission you seem a bit well versed and 0:13:02.600 --> 0:13:05.360 exactly what a brothel is like. I wonder what Mrs 0:13:05.400 --> 0:13:08.280 Mining Commissioner might have had to say about that one. 0:13:08.880 --> 0:13:13.000 But also how bizarre, how bizarre, and how sort of 0:13:13.280 --> 0:13:17.280 pervy really and slightly fetishistic do you have to be 0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:23.440 to look at children in those awful conditions and say, oh, 0:13:23.600 --> 0:13:27.200 good grief, they're partially closed or they must all be 0:13:27.280 --> 0:13:29.280 having you know, it must be all be having sex 0:13:29.320 --> 0:13:32.160 with each other. Disgraceful and disgusting, as if these people 0:13:32.200 --> 0:13:33.520 I must have thought, well, a chance to be a 0:13:33.559 --> 0:13:38.439 fine thing. You know, these people are exhausted, they're absolutely exhausted, 0:13:38.480 --> 0:13:41.600 and they're starving. And yet that is what we see. 0:13:41.600 --> 0:13:43.440 We look at a factor and we see women working 0:13:43.480 --> 0:13:46.160 alongside men and we say, well, she's clearly no better 0:13:46.200 --> 0:13:49.040 than she should be. But again, that's a lovely way 0:13:49.040 --> 0:13:51.880 to do humanized people. It's a lovely way to stigmatize 0:13:51.880 --> 0:13:54.439 them and blame them. Well, you no wonder you're Paul. 0:13:54.520 --> 0:13:57.199 Look at the way you're carrying on. It's absolutely disgraceful. 0:13:58.320 --> 0:14:01.079 So the poverty of the East End unfairly made it 0:14:01.120 --> 0:14:06.040 a target of anti vice campaigners. Preachers, evangelists and charity 0:14:06.160 --> 0:14:10.240 organizations flooded into East and neighborhoods like White Chapel not 0:14:10.400 --> 0:14:14.080 just to alleviate suffering, but also to attempt to correct 0:14:14.200 --> 0:14:17.880 the people who lived there. Sex tourists made the trip 0:14:17.960 --> 0:14:20.920 on the reputation alone, hoping they would find something there 0:14:20.960 --> 0:14:23.440 that wasn't on offer in the streets closer to home. 0:14:23.760 --> 0:14:26.400 And when women started to die, well, that brought a 0:14:26.400 --> 0:14:29.600 whole new set of urban explorers who saw their neighbors 0:14:29.600 --> 0:14:33.320 homes as sites to see. After all, writers both famous 0:14:33.320 --> 0:14:36.800 and anonymous, kept pumping out stories that made White Chapel 0:14:36.840 --> 0:14:40.640 and the surrounding streets sound like a foreign country. And 0:14:40.680 --> 0:14:43.760 that might sound unfair, but fairness never kept a writer 0:14:43.880 --> 0:14:47.120 with dramatic flair from spilling some dirt whenever there was 0:14:47.200 --> 0:14:50.760 dirt to be found, and in Victorian London, the writers 0:14:51.080 --> 0:14:54.160 as well as their readers knew that one could always 0:14:54.160 --> 0:15:04.120 find dirt in White Chapel. The Star wasn't finished, In fact, 0:15:04.160 --> 0:15:07.560 it was just getting started. After all, the Hanbury Street 0:15:07.640 --> 0:15:10.200 murder had been just what they were waiting for. There 0:15:10.240 --> 0:15:13.040 had even been a leather apron at the scene, and 0:15:13.080 --> 0:15:15.480 one of their writers was in the crowd on Hanbury 0:15:15.520 --> 0:15:19.200 Street that Saturday afternoon, watching the first wave of tourists 0:15:19.280 --> 0:15:23.120 pay for their peep show. The evening edition hit with 0:15:23.160 --> 0:15:27.880 the splash Horror upon horror, read the headline London lies 0:15:27.960 --> 0:15:31.800 today under the spell of a great terror. A nameless, reprobate, 0:15:32.000 --> 0:15:35.480 half beast, half man is at large who is daily 0:15:35.520 --> 0:15:40.120 gratifying his murderous instincts on the most miserable and defenseless classes. 0:15:40.640 --> 0:15:44.560 Even if London wasn't actually under a spell of terror, well, 0:15:44.600 --> 0:15:47.680 the Star was doing its best to change that, and 0:15:47.760 --> 0:15:51.680 there was no shortage of self congratulatory crowing. It nearly 0:15:51.720 --> 0:15:54.920 blasted off the page. There is no shadow of a 0:15:54.960 --> 0:15:59.040 doubt now that our original theory is correct. A strange 0:15:59.040 --> 0:16:02.360 sentiment to introduced the story of a murdered woman, But 0:16:02.440 --> 0:16:05.640 it didn't stop there. If nothing else, the star writer 0:16:05.960 --> 0:16:09.520 was certainly working hard. He interviewed Mrs Richardson, the woman 0:16:09.560 --> 0:16:12.160 who lived in the room of twenty Hanbury that looked 0:16:12.160 --> 0:16:15.440 out over the backyard. Her description of the victim's body 0:16:15.600 --> 0:16:18.440 was even printed in the paper, and the victim's name 0:16:18.520 --> 0:16:21.880 was too, Annie Chapman. A lodger in the house at 0:16:21.920 --> 0:16:24.880 thirty five Dorset Street where Chapman stayed, was able to 0:16:24.960 --> 0:16:28.320 identify her body that morning. That set journalists on a 0:16:28.360 --> 0:16:31.640 trail of everyone who ever knew her. Oh, and that 0:16:31.720 --> 0:16:34.160 leather apron that was in the yard where Annie Chapman 0:16:34.240 --> 0:16:37.360 was killed. They certainly didn't forget to mention that either. 0:16:37.880 --> 0:16:41.120 They might have been disappointed, though, because their investigation also 0:16:41.200 --> 0:16:44.920 turned up the apron's owner. It belonged to Mrs Richardson's son, 0:16:45.080 --> 0:16:47.040 and she left it out in the yard to dry 0:16:47.080 --> 0:16:51.080 after scrubbing away some mold. As they searched for details 0:16:51.080 --> 0:16:53.600 to fill in the story of Annie Chapman's life. The 0:16:53.640 --> 0:16:56.560 Star also searched for clues about who might have killed her, 0:16:57.040 --> 0:16:59.920 and for that they found plenty of people willing to talk. 0:17:00.680 --> 0:17:03.480 For instance, one woman said that at seven in the morning, 0:17:03.560 --> 0:17:06.399 a man came into her husband's bar, a man whose 0:17:06.560 --> 0:17:10.320 rough look gave her a sense of inarticulate fear. She 0:17:10.359 --> 0:17:13.120 said he was wearing a stiff brown hat, and under 0:17:13.200 --> 0:17:15.960 his dark overcoat he had on no waistcoat, and his 0:17:16.040 --> 0:17:19.119 shirt was torn, and what was more, there were spots 0:17:19.119 --> 0:17:21.520 of blood on the back of his hand. She served 0:17:21.600 --> 0:17:24.399 him one glass of ale. It was gone with a gulp, 0:17:24.880 --> 0:17:28.040 and then so was he. A woman across the street 0:17:28.040 --> 0:17:30.159 from the pub added to the story and filled in 0:17:30.160 --> 0:17:33.000 the picture. Yes, his shirt was torn and it was 0:17:33.040 --> 0:17:35.959 a light blue check. There was blood not just between 0:17:35.960 --> 0:17:39.159 his fingers, but also smeared under his right ear. A 0:17:39.200 --> 0:17:41.520 third witness said that he had seen the same man, 0:17:41.800 --> 0:17:45.600 dark coat, salt and pepper, trousers and overall a shabby, 0:17:45.720 --> 0:17:48.880 genteel look. He pinched his coat together as he went 0:17:48.960 --> 0:17:51.879 by in the streets. The witness said the man looked 0:17:51.960 --> 0:17:55.960 like a foreigner. It was everything the paper needed, even 0:17:56.000 --> 0:17:58.840 with the leather apron accounted for the confidence that they 0:17:58.840 --> 0:18:01.040 were on the trail of the kill are oozed from 0:18:01.040 --> 0:18:03.920 the pages, as did the certainty that the police were 0:18:03.960 --> 0:18:07.040 far behind, and the Star knew where to place the 0:18:07.040 --> 0:18:10.880 blame at the feet of the Metropolitan Police Commissioner himself, 0:18:11.400 --> 0:18:15.760 Charles Warren. Warren had brought in a military system, they wrote, 0:18:16.040 --> 0:18:19.040 Perhaps good enough for large ranks of officers charging down 0:18:19.080 --> 0:18:22.040 poor people marching in the streets, but was he any 0:18:22.040 --> 0:18:25.240 good at solving crimes? The Star argued that Warren had 0:18:25.280 --> 0:18:28.000 collared his own detective department and put them on a 0:18:28.040 --> 0:18:31.600 short leash. The officers of his Scotland yard hardly even 0:18:31.680 --> 0:18:34.320 knew the streets of Whitechapel where Paully Nichols and Annie 0:18:34.359 --> 0:18:38.520 Chapman had been killed. Warren had centralized control over his police, 0:18:38.880 --> 0:18:42.280 and that meant his inspectors were paralyzed waiting for instructions 0:18:42.320 --> 0:18:45.080 to come down the military style chain of command. At 0:18:45.160 --> 0:18:48.080 least that was the Stars idea, and there was some 0:18:48.160 --> 0:18:51.440 truth to it. Here's more on that from Dr Drew Gray. 0:18:52.640 --> 0:18:55.760 I think his military backgrounds in many respects defines his 0:18:55.880 --> 0:18:59.919 time as Commissioner of the met He didn't really get detection. 0:19:00.480 --> 0:19:02.840 He didn't get planes clothed, so he clashed with some 0:19:02.960 --> 0:19:05.719 I d And he didn't get on with his boss, 0:19:06.280 --> 0:19:10.520 who was the Home Secretary, Matthews. So he wasn't well 0:19:10.560 --> 0:19:13.880 served by his relationships. Probably I imagine it was quite 0:19:13.880 --> 0:19:19.920 a prickly upstanding military guide. If Warren's military approach helped 0:19:19.960 --> 0:19:22.440 him draft up a force of bobbies on the beat, 0:19:22.640 --> 0:19:25.720 then the tension in his relationship with a criminal investigation 0:19:25.760 --> 0:19:29.760 department was already clear at the beginning of As the 0:19:29.800 --> 0:19:33.600 previous year ended and Warren was bashing heads in Trafalgar Square, 0:19:33.800 --> 0:19:35.840 he got a note from the head of Scotland Yard 0:19:35.960 --> 0:19:38.960 saying that the detective department of the police was overworked. 0:19:39.240 --> 0:19:43.040 They wanted more men in their ranks. In particular, the 0:19:43.080 --> 0:19:47.040 current head of the Criminal Investigation Department, James Monroe, asked 0:19:47.080 --> 0:19:49.359 for a new post to be created in his office, 0:19:49.640 --> 0:19:53.359 Assistant Chief Constable, and Monroe also knew exactly who he 0:19:53.400 --> 0:19:56.200 wanted for the job. You see, Monroe had lived in 0:19:56.200 --> 0:19:58.320 India for a long time and there was a man 0:19:58.440 --> 0:20:01.520 there who had managed his family least tea plantations, a 0:20:01.520 --> 0:20:05.239 man named Melville McNaughton. Just as the Home Secretary had 0:20:05.320 --> 0:20:08.240 chosen Charles Warren when they wanted a police commissioner to 0:20:08.320 --> 0:20:12.040 squash restlessness among London's poor. The head of Scotland Yard 0:20:12.080 --> 0:20:15.440 wanted someone with the experience of managing a foreign country. 0:20:15.680 --> 0:20:18.960 In his recommendation, he said that McNaughton had a way 0:20:19.000 --> 0:20:22.440 of managing men that was impressive to him. In fact, 0:20:22.440 --> 0:20:24.959 he said he had seen him deal firmly and justly 0:20:25.080 --> 0:20:29.159 with and I quote turbulent natives in India, so he 0:20:29.200 --> 0:20:31.399 thought it was just the thing for managing crime in 0:20:31.440 --> 0:20:36.280 another foreign place, the poor neighborhoods of London. So Charles 0:20:36.280 --> 0:20:38.359 Warren took a look at the man's record and he 0:20:38.400 --> 0:20:41.000 decided not to do the Head of Scotland Yard any 0:20:41.080 --> 0:20:44.679 favors because Warren saw something he didn't like. He noticed 0:20:44.680 --> 0:20:47.520 that at one point Melville McNaughton had been attacked in 0:20:47.520 --> 0:20:51.200 India and beaten. So Warren came back with a condescending 0:20:51.240 --> 0:20:54.600 remark that McNaughton was the one man in India who 0:20:54.640 --> 0:20:57.800 had been beaten by the Hindus. To Warren, he wasn't 0:20:57.800 --> 0:21:01.119 good enough at imposing imperial control, so he wasn't good 0:21:01.240 --> 0:21:04.960 enough for the police force. Monroe, the head of Scotland 0:21:05.040 --> 0:21:08.840 Yard was enraged and embarrassed too. He had already told 0:21:08.840 --> 0:21:11.439 Melville McNaughton that he would get the job. After a 0:21:11.440 --> 0:21:14.359 few more months of haggling with Warren, their relationship getting 0:21:14.400 --> 0:21:18.320 worse all the time, Monroe simply resigned his replacement to 0:21:18.400 --> 0:21:21.760 lead the detective apartment. Took his new post on September one, 0:21:22.000 --> 0:21:25.919 the day after Polly Nichols was killed. So when a 0:21:25.960 --> 0:21:29.080 second murder arrived two weeks later, The Star wasn't the 0:21:29.119 --> 0:21:31.639 only paper beginning to count the bodies of the murdered 0:21:31.680 --> 0:21:35.720 women and thinking Warren's police might be losing. A week later, 0:21:35.760 --> 0:21:39.280 the East London Adviser would publish a piece blasting Charles 0:21:39.359 --> 0:21:43.520 Warren in similar terms. We are militarizing our police, their 0:21:43.640 --> 0:21:46.040 article read, but we do not seem to be able 0:21:46.040 --> 0:21:48.800 to make either good detectives of them or good local 0:21:48.840 --> 0:21:52.560 guardians of our lives and property. They blamed Charles Warren 0:21:52.640 --> 0:21:55.359 for choosing to skip the hiring of more detectives in 0:21:55.440 --> 0:21:58.200 favor of simply building up the ranks of the ordinary 0:21:58.240 --> 0:22:02.479 police from military units. He was replacing local constables with 0:22:02.640 --> 0:22:06.440 men whose only value was a few years of military service, 0:22:06.520 --> 0:22:10.720 but no other qualification in the old system. According to 0:22:10.760 --> 0:22:14.240 The Advisor, constables were men appointed by their neighbors to 0:22:14.320 --> 0:22:17.040 look after their lives and property, a member of the 0:22:17.080 --> 0:22:19.800 community that he served in and who knew it well. 0:22:20.119 --> 0:22:23.399 And nothing they said was more characteristic of the hunt 0:22:23.480 --> 0:22:26.800 after the Whitechapel murderer than the lack of local knowledge 0:22:26.840 --> 0:22:31.480 displayed by Charles Warren's officers. But if the Advisors shared 0:22:31.520 --> 0:22:34.119 the opinion that Charles Warren was failing at his post, 0:22:34.440 --> 0:22:37.560 they hadn't seemed interested in doing their own speculation about 0:22:37.560 --> 0:22:40.480 the identity of the killer when the Star was whipping 0:22:40.560 --> 0:22:44.359 up anti Semitic hatred against foreigners. The September eighth edition 0:22:44.400 --> 0:22:47.679 of The Adviser was simply republishing stories that they had 0:22:47.720 --> 0:22:51.399 heard about gang violence in Whitechapel. There is a strong 0:22:51.480 --> 0:22:54.280 belief current, they wrote, that there is more than one 0:22:54.359 --> 0:22:58.400 person concerned in the outrage. One woman on Cambridge Road 0:22:58.600 --> 0:23:00.840 had given her account of being old into an alley 0:23:00.880 --> 0:23:03.399 by a gang of bullies. They ripped off her purse, 0:23:03.560 --> 0:23:06.600 ear rings, necklace and brooch. One of the gang held 0:23:06.640 --> 0:23:09.399 a knife to her throats and growled, we will serve 0:23:09.440 --> 0:23:12.080 you as we did the others. It was the kind 0:23:12.080 --> 0:23:14.520 of event that was all too common in London at 0:23:14.520 --> 0:23:16.919 the time, and it was the kind of suspicion the 0:23:16.920 --> 0:23:19.800