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Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 2: Everyone loves getting good at advice and staying in the know. 20 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 2: There's nothing like getting a heads up on something before 21 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:07,280 Speaker 2: you've even had time to think about whether you need 22 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:11,920 Speaker 2: or want it. Well, Thankfully, AT and T provides personalized 23 00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 2: recommendations and solutions so you get what's right for you. 24 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,319 Speaker 2: Whether right for you means a plan that's better suited 25 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:21,039 Speaker 2: for you and your family or a product that makes 26 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:24,960 Speaker 2: sense for you and your lifestyle. So relax and let 27 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 2: AT and T provide proactive recommendations to help empower your 28 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:40,319 Speaker 2: best connected life. 29 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, what's the most mind blowing thing that physics 30 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 3: has taught us about the universe? 31 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: Wow? It is hard to pick just one. Can I 32 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: do a top five? Maybe? 33 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:56,800 Speaker 3: No, I want your single all time one thing that 34 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,080 Speaker 3: you think is the most bonkers that we've learned and 35 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 3: about us. 36 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:04,680 Speaker 1: Oh that's a challenge. All right, I got one. There 37 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:07,280 Speaker 1: is one thing about the universe that, to me is 38 00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:11,480 Speaker 1: the most brain scrambling thing I've ever learned. The hardest 39 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:13,919 Speaker 1: thing for me to get my brain around is that 40 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:17,680 Speaker 1: people can disagree about the order in which events happened. 41 00:02:17,919 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 3: We don't all see the same things happening sometimes in 42 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 3: the universe. 43 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:25,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, you can see things happening in one order, and 44 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:28,639 Speaker 1: then I can see things happening in a totally different 45 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:31,440 Speaker 1: order and we can both be correct. 46 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 3: Hi am Poor Hamming cartoonists and the creator of PhD Comics. 47 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist sometimes in a 48 00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: podcast host other times, and everybody disagrees about when I 49 00:02:59,320 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: do what. 50 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 3: So welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge agree to 51 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:05,120 Speaker 3: disagree about the universe. 52 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,640 Speaker 1: In which we explain to you the craziest, the most 53 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:12,359 Speaker 1: amazing but true things about our universe. 54 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:15,359 Speaker 3: Yeah, and this is again a production of iHeartRadio. 55 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: And in our podcast we try to take you to 56 00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: the forefront of science to talk about the craziest things 57 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,399 Speaker 1: that scientists are thinking about today and also delve into 58 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:26,920 Speaker 1: the history of science to tell you why we think 59 00:03:26,960 --> 00:03:29,680 Speaker 1: the universe is so nuts and how we figured that out. 60 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:32,120 Speaker 3: Is there a history of science, Daniel, or is that 61 00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 3: also open for disagreement. 62 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,840 Speaker 1: People disagree about in what order we discover things, or 63 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 1: what was the most important, or how we change people's minds. 64 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 4: Yeah. 65 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 3: I think in our podcast we also not just talk 66 00:03:43,200 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 3: about scientific discoveries or scientific theories, but also a little 67 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 3: bit about how that affects how we see the universe, 68 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:56,040 Speaker 3: you know, and how it challenges what we believe about 69 00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:57,520 Speaker 3: how the universe works. 70 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely. I think a lot of the deepest questions 71 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: in physics come from a sort of a philosophical motivation. 72 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: We want to know how the universe works because it 73 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: matters to us that we can make sense of the universe. 74 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: And when we ask the universe questions and it gives 75 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:16,000 Speaker 1: us answers that force us to totally change the way 76 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,680 Speaker 1: we think about the universe, that has pretty deep philosophical implications. 77 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:22,080 Speaker 1: And so that's sometimes the most fun topic. 78 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 3: Yeah, And so basically, we're just trying to blow your 79 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 3: mind in the gentlest, most podcast friendly way possible. 80 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:32,600 Speaker 1: Or we're trying to share with you how the minds 81 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:34,839 Speaker 1: of physicists have been blown, and we want your mind 82 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: to be blown just as much. But yeah, a little 83 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:38,400 Speaker 1: bit more gently. 84 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 3: Yes, please, I'm not sure my brain can handle this 85 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:43,880 Speaker 3: much mind blowingness in one hour. 86 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:46,599 Speaker 1: But you know, when I was learning physics as an undergrad, 87 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:50,720 Speaker 1: I remember these moments when I finally really deeply understood 88 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:54,200 Speaker 1: a concept, and that concept would force me to relax 89 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: or destroy or get rid of some assumption I had 90 00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: about the universe, and I realized that that just wasn't true. 91 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 1: True that the way I'd been thinking about the world 92 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:03,919 Speaker 1: was just fundamentally wrong. 93 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's amazing. And so today we'll be talking about 94 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:10,440 Speaker 3: one such topic that honestly gives me a headache every 95 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 3: time we talk about it, Daniel. We've written about it 96 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 3: in actually a couple of chapters in our book We 97 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 3: Have No Idea, A Guide to the Unknown Universe, And 98 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,240 Speaker 3: I have to admit I never really got my head 99 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:24,400 Speaker 3: around it. I authored the book, but didn't actually one 100 00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:26,440 Speaker 3: hundred percent understood what was in it. 101 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, and this is a topic that people email us about, 102 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: they ask us about, they listen to some of our 103 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:35,000 Speaker 1: podcasts about it, and still write in with questions. I 104 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: think there's a lot of popular misconceptions about how this 105 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 1: works and some consequences that I think a lot of 106 00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 1: people have not really realized. There's some really deep philosophical 107 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,800 Speaker 1: implications to these ideas that I don't think have been 108 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:49,000 Speaker 1: widely enough appreciated. 109 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,600 Speaker 3: Yeah. So today end the podcast, we'll be talking about 110 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:01,240 Speaker 3: how does relativity affect our understanding of time? 111 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: Time? 112 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 3: Or I guess the short title is, is there a 113 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,600 Speaker 3: consistent order of events in the universe? 114 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: Yeah? 115 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 3: And spoiler alert, the answer might be No. 116 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:19,560 Speaker 1: It's relatively surprising that the answer is not what you expect. 117 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,919 Speaker 1: We've talked to this podcast before about time dilation, the 118 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:26,160 Speaker 1: effect of speed on the rate at which clocks move forward, 119 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: and that's weird and that's hard for people to get 120 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: their mind around, and there's some misconceptions there. But you know, 121 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: time and relativity is even weirder than that. It's more 122 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: than just making things run slowly or making things run quickly. 123 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:42,119 Speaker 1: It's about how things happen here versus how things happen there. 124 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 3: Do you think age also affects how you perceive time? 125 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 3: Like I feel my kids have no patience at all, 126 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:52,240 Speaker 3: and the world just moves at a snail's pace for them, 127 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:55,800 Speaker 3: whereas for me, as I get older, things just move fast. Well, 128 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 3: I mean I move slower, but the world seems to 129 00:06:58,160 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 3: move faster. 130 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think that Actually, you raise an interesting point, 131 00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: because we are all imperfect observers. If you just sort 132 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:08,360 Speaker 1: of watch something and describe it later. There's all these 133 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: studies about how people give terrible accounts. You know, even 134 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: eyewitnesses give different accounts of the same events, and so 135 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:18,680 Speaker 1: that's certainly one problem. It's like people are unreliable observers. 136 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:22,080 Speaker 1: But even in the case when everybody was a perfect observer, 137 00:07:22,120 --> 00:07:24,480 Speaker 1: everybody had a video camera, I've already had, you know, 138 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: perfect measuring devices, and everybody accounted for transmission of light 139 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:31,480 Speaker 1: and all that stuff. Even in those cases, it's hard 140 00:07:31,640 --> 00:07:32,880 Speaker 1: to make sense of the universe. 141 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:35,440 Speaker 3: Like if we were all robots with the exact same 142 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,440 Speaker 3: you know, clock in our chips, and we were all 143 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 3: measuring things exactly, it would still be kind of a 144 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,040 Speaker 3: weird universe where not everyone would agree maybe the order 145 00:07:47,080 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 3: of events. 146 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, And you have to separate those because we're 147 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: interested not in the question of our people good eyewitnesses, 148 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: because we already know the answer to that is no, 149 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,400 Speaker 1: but the question of how does the universe actually work? 150 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 1: Because we want to know the answer the question not 151 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:04,480 Speaker 1: just for humanity but in general, you know, the deep 152 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:06,920 Speaker 1: fundamental questions, so that when the aliens come, when we 153 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:09,320 Speaker 1: talk to them about physics, we can make sense of 154 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:11,720 Speaker 1: what they've learned. And we don't want to learn human physics. 155 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:13,520 Speaker 1: We want to learn fundamental physics. 156 00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 3: And so this idea of time dilation, this idea that 157 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 3: time moves slowly depending on maybe how fast you're going 158 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:25,640 Speaker 3: or where you are is kind of weird and pretty 159 00:08:25,640 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 3: mind blowing. And so we were wondering out there how 160 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 3: many people really sort of understood what it means and 161 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 3: what the ramification is, what it means for our basic 162 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:38,000 Speaker 3: understanding of time. 163 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,720 Speaker 1: So I walked around campus a U s Irvine, and 164 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: I ask folks, Not people in the physics department, not 165 00:08:43,880 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 1: people who've taken my class on special relativity, just random 166 00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: people on campus willing to answer questions from a scruffy 167 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,840 Speaker 1: looking physicist. So think for a moment, what do you 168 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: know about how relativity affects our understanding of time? 169 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:57,880 Speaker 3: Here's what people have to say. 170 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 1: Do you know how relativity affects our understanding of time? 171 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:02,920 Speaker 5: No? 172 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 6: I do not. 173 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:09,479 Speaker 7: Actually no, I'm not sure Newton's theory of relativity, Einstein's. 174 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,560 Speaker 3: Oh I'm sorry, I don't. Is this a physics like 175 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:13,839 Speaker 3: a physics question, I'm not. 176 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:15,200 Speaker 5: I don't know much about physics. 177 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:17,439 Speaker 3: Okay, I don't know how to answer that. 178 00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:23,040 Speaker 6: There was a whole like demonstration of that where if 179 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,440 Speaker 6: like you go at like in a spaceship, like near 180 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 6: the speed of light or something, and then you can 181 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:31,199 Speaker 6: come back and then like some amount of time has 182 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 6: changed on Earth. Well, like no, really, time has changed 183 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:35,480 Speaker 6: for you or something like that, And they can cut 184 00:09:35,559 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 6: it of the. 185 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:37,880 Speaker 3: Apes when they're in the spaceship and then by the 186 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:41,160 Speaker 3: time they come back, they've only aged a couple of years, 187 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,400 Speaker 3: but time on Earth has passed a lot because they're 188 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 3: traveling at a different speed from. 189 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 1: Tempt Planet of the Apes is a well known physics documentary, right, yes, yes, classic. 190 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 3: I believe relativity. 191 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 4: That's from Einsteins, the idea that like time doesn't flow 192 00:09:57,240 --> 00:10:00,560 Speaker 4: at the same rate like across the universe. I think 193 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 4: something like I think gravity or something affects like how 194 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 4: it flows in other places. 195 00:10:05,559 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 3: All right, a couple of no's, but a couple of 196 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,319 Speaker 3: people did have a lot of pretty good ideas, or 197 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:13,480 Speaker 3: at least they said a lot of physics terms in there. 198 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: I mean, like Newton's theory or relativity. 199 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:19,560 Speaker 3: Like the Planet of the Apes. You know, I've seen 200 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 3: that movie. 201 00:10:21,120 --> 00:10:24,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, Planet of the Apes. That's a documentary by Visits. 202 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:26,439 Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go. 203 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:30,280 Speaker 1: No, you're right, people had the people who knew anything 204 00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: about it definitely knew that relativity and time are connected 205 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,960 Speaker 1: and that relativity changes how time moves. And I think 206 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:39,720 Speaker 1: already that's a big success, right, the idea the time 207 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:42,600 Speaker 1: is not universal, that we don't have clocks everywhere in 208 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:45,360 Speaker 1: the universe ticking forward at the same rate. That's a 209 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: big step forward to break that assumption. 210 00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 3: You don't think you didn't have a theory of relativity. 211 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:53,480 Speaker 3: I mean he could have had one about his relatives 212 00:10:53,559 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 3: or something, but just not the one that caught on. 213 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,880 Speaker 1: Right. His theory relativity was don't bring up politics at 214 00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: Chris miss dinner. 215 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:06,680 Speaker 3: Yeah. Also also useful things to live by. But yeah, 216 00:11:06,679 --> 00:11:10,400 Speaker 3: I think it seems like maybe there is a general sense, 217 00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 3: right that relativity affects our understanding of time and makes 218 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:18,319 Speaker 3: things weird, but maybe a lot of people don't know 219 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 3: how or what. 220 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:20,160 Speaker 6: Yeah. 221 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:22,640 Speaker 1: And I think also there's a lot of misunderstandings. Based 222 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:24,760 Speaker 1: on the emails that we get from listeners who are 223 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: asking us questions about relativity and tweets and stuff that 224 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,200 Speaker 1: people have posted. I have the feeling that people think 225 00:11:31,240 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 1: that if you move fast, then your clock will slow down, 226 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: which is not the right way to think about time 227 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:38,160 Speaker 1: and relativity. 228 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 3: That's how I thought time and relativity works. So we're 229 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 3: in for a lot of conversation. So people have been 230 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:47,920 Speaker 3: writing with questions about time. 231 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:50,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of people ask the questions like what 232 00:11:50,679 --> 00:11:53,160 Speaker 1: is it like to be a photon? Or how does 233 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 1: a photon move at the speed of light? If moving 234 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:58,599 Speaker 1: at the speed of light means that it's time is frozen. 235 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 3: They're asking what would be the human experience ends of 236 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:05,280 Speaker 3: moving at these velocities where physics gets really weird. 237 00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:08,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, and so let's clear that up. First of all, 238 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:11,720 Speaker 1: The key thing to understand about relativity and time and 239 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,880 Speaker 1: clocks is that the speed at which a clock moves 240 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: depends on its relative velocity to you. That these things 241 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:21,560 Speaker 1: are always relative. So if you're holding a clock and 242 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:24,120 Speaker 1: it's not moving relative to you, it's just going to 243 00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:27,040 Speaker 1: go forward at one second per second like you always 244 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:31,040 Speaker 1: experience time the same way, because you're not moving relative 245 00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:35,880 Speaker 1: to yourself. Right, it's only relative motion that distorts time. 246 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 1: If you see a clock moving fast and you're watching 247 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,840 Speaker 1: the face of that clock, then it runs slowly, but 248 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: only according to you. 249 00:12:43,720 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 3: I think maybe we need to step back a little 250 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:48,400 Speaker 3: bit paint a picture of Like I'm standing here and 251 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 3: I'm holding a clock in front of me. You're saying 252 00:12:50,840 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 3: that because the clock is not moving relative to me, 253 00:12:55,480 --> 00:12:59,440 Speaker 3: I'm not going to see or feel anything strange about that. 254 00:12:59,440 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: That's right. 255 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 3: Like it's it's gonna I'm gonna hear it ticking, and 256 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 3: I'm gonna it's gonna sound like it's ticking at one 257 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:06,520 Speaker 3: second per That's right. 258 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:09,560 Speaker 1: And you always experience time the same way, like you 259 00:13:09,559 --> 00:13:13,920 Speaker 1: don't experience time going slowly or going quickly. But if 260 00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:16,320 Speaker 1: I'm zipping past you at half the speed of light 261 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:18,520 Speaker 1: and I look at your clock, then it looks to 262 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 1: me like your clock is running slowly. Now, according to you, 263 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: the clock is not moving. You're holding it, so the 264 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,440 Speaker 1: clock runs at the normal pace one second per second 265 00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:31,400 Speaker 1: like usual. You don't experience time slowing down just because 266 00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:34,720 Speaker 1: I'm moving past you and I see your time slowing down. 267 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:37,720 Speaker 1: But again, if I'm zipping past you at half the 268 00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: speed of light, then it looks to me like your 269 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 1: clock is running slowly. 270 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 3: Well, first of all, how would you look at my 271 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,000 Speaker 3: clock if you were moving down? 272 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:46,360 Speaker 1: Remember? 273 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 3: Would you have time done? Really? 274 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 1: I'm super robot observer. Remember I can observe anything accurately. 275 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,359 Speaker 3: Oh, I see you're running at a bazillion gigahertz. 276 00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:58,080 Speaker 1: I am super physics scretched And no, you have to 277 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:01,680 Speaker 1: imagine I have like some awesome telescope and I'm watching 278 00:14:01,679 --> 00:14:03,160 Speaker 1: the face of your clock or something. 279 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,280 Speaker 3: All Right, So I'm in my little space here, and 280 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:07,520 Speaker 3: I have my clock, and it's taking away, and you're 281 00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:10,599 Speaker 3: zooming by. And as you're zooming by, we're going to 282 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:15,320 Speaker 3: go into super matrix slow motion, you're and so you're 283 00:14:15,320 --> 00:14:19,480 Speaker 3: looking at my clock, and my clock is moving relative 284 00:14:19,520 --> 00:14:23,040 Speaker 3: to you like you're seeing it go by, And if 285 00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:26,040 Speaker 3: you were to measure its ticks, it would to you 286 00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:30,680 Speaker 3: it would seem like it's ticking slower, like tick tick, Right, 287 00:14:30,840 --> 00:14:32,960 Speaker 3: Is that kind of what you mean by that? My 288 00:14:33,120 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 3: clock seems slower to. 289 00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:38,400 Speaker 1: You precisely, and your clock seems slow to me, but 290 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem slow to you. Right, It looks to 291 00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:44,840 Speaker 1: me like you are aging slowly because your time is 292 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: running slowly. In a year, for me, less time will 293 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: have passed for you, and I will see you aging slowly, 294 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: But for you, time just moves forward, because again, you're 295 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:57,440 Speaker 1: not moving relative to you. The thing to remember is 296 00:14:57,520 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: moving Clocks run slowly, so you're not moving relative to yourself. 297 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:03,680 Speaker 1: So your clock doesn't run anymore. 298 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,240 Speaker 3: Slowly, but they only move slowly relative to the person 299 00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 3: who's not moving. 300 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, everybody has a frame of reference that's centered at them, 301 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: and things are moving or not moving in their frame. 302 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: And if they're moving fast, then their clocks run slowly. 303 00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:20,120 Speaker 1: If they're not moving, then their clocks run normally. 304 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 3: All right. And that's basic. General relativity is that time 305 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 3: seems to slow down in a pocket of space that's 306 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 3: moving fast relative to you. 307 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:34,680 Speaker 1: So that's special relativity. General relativity has to do with 308 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:37,840 Speaker 1: how space is bent by mass. Special relativity is all 309 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: these effects of light speed and clocks and stuff, and 310 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: it's not just that it appears to go slowly, like 311 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:48,280 Speaker 1: your time really does move slowly according to me. And 312 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:50,840 Speaker 1: that's the crux is that I have a story about 313 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:54,320 Speaker 1: the universe that I'm telling based on my perfect observations, 314 00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: and that's a true story. And you're telling a different 315 00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,320 Speaker 1: story about the order in which things happen, the rate 316 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: at which time flowed, And that's your story, and your 317 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: story is different because you're in a different place and 318 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 1: moving at a different speed relative to me. But both 319 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:10,800 Speaker 1: of our stories can be correct. 320 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 3: Meaning I can experience my clock taking it one second 321 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:17,560 Speaker 3: per second, but you would say that my clock is 322 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:19,920 Speaker 3: not taking it one second per second precisely. 323 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:22,880 Speaker 1: And it's not just it that it appears that way, 324 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:23,960 Speaker 1: it actually is. 325 00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:25,200 Speaker 3: I guess it depends on what the. 326 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 1: Thank you Bill Clinton, and so, you know, a lot 327 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,240 Speaker 1: of people write in they say things like, you know, 328 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,240 Speaker 1: a photon is moving at the speed of light, which 329 00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: is true. And if a photon had a clock on 330 00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:40,200 Speaker 1: it somehow I don't know how you could have a 331 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,120 Speaker 1: photon with a clock on it, but imagine you could. 332 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 1: Then wouldn't that clock be frozen? Yes? True, because something 333 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:48,920 Speaker 1: moving at the speed of light, it's time slows down 334 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,080 Speaker 1: to an effective rate of zero. But that doesn't mean 335 00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:54,240 Speaker 1: that photon is not experiencing time. 336 00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:59,400 Speaker 3: It's experiencing time maybe normally, but by the time it blinks, 337 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 3: it's made it across the whole length of the universe. 338 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:05,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, because from the point of view the photon, I guess, 339 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,680 Speaker 1: the whole universe is moving past it at the speed 340 00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:11,800 Speaker 1: of light, and so the whole universe is like length 341 00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:14,120 Speaker 1: contracted down to zero. We'll have to do a whole 342 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 1: other episode about the effect of relativity on length and 343 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: distances and crazy stuff like that. But the idea is 344 00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,120 Speaker 1: that moving clocks run slowly. That's the thing that keep 345 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:25,680 Speaker 1: in mind, because all these statements have to be made 346 00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,760 Speaker 1: in a relative sense. You can't say I'm moving really 347 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:32,159 Speaker 1: fast and therefore my clock is run slowly. You have 348 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,119 Speaker 1: to say I'm moving really fast relative to what. And 349 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: it's for that observer that your clock is running slowly, 350 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:39,160 Speaker 1: not for you. 351 00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:41,679 Speaker 3: Right, because I'm sitting here in my pocket of space 352 00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:43,880 Speaker 3: and I'm watching use it by And if I look 353 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:47,040 Speaker 3: at your clock, I would say that your clock is 354 00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:48,400 Speaker 3: moving slowly. 355 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:50,239 Speaker 1: And you would be correct. And I would look at 356 00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 1: your clock and say your clock is moving slowly and 357 00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:54,840 Speaker 1: I would be correct. 358 00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:57,360 Speaker 3: Well, it'd be a really short conversation. Then it would 359 00:17:57,359 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 3: be moving past I have the speed of life, like, okay, 360 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,320 Speaker 3: that well, he's gone already, forget it. 361 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:05,879 Speaker 1: If this podcast was in stereo, we could do some 362 00:18:05,920 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: cool effects there, zooming back and forth. 363 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:08,280 Speaker 3: Make it happen. 364 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: Engineers, You started to treat engineers the same way I 365 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,639 Speaker 1: have now. Just engineers are just people out there to 366 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:16,399 Speaker 1: make things happen. 367 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,560 Speaker 3: I think people who make things happen are awesome. By 368 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:25,240 Speaker 3: the way, my caveat to that. Yay, engineers, all right, 369 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:29,720 Speaker 3: So that's a special relativity, that's the general idea that 370 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:35,440 Speaker 3: time seems to move slowly depending on how fast you're 371 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:39,439 Speaker 3: going relative to other people who might be watching your clock. 372 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,199 Speaker 1: Yeah, I would say time moves slowly for people that 373 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 1: are moving fast relative to you. 374 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 3: I think that's pretty close to it, and I'm sure 375 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:50,600 Speaker 3: it's not. We can disagree on that, all right. So 376 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:54,680 Speaker 3: that's special relativity, and it creates a weird situation for 377 00:18:56,160 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 3: arguments about what happened and in what order things happen, 378 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:04,639 Speaker 3: and just in general about time and the universe. So 379 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,600 Speaker 3: let's get into that. But first, let's take a quick break. 380 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 381 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 382 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:20,800 Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. 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Savings is available to Applecard owners 426 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:37,639 Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Applecard and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, 427 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:40,919 Speaker 1: Salt Lake City Branch Member, FDIC terms and more at 428 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 1: applecard dot com. 429 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, let's maybe get into the details here 430 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:57,200 Speaker 3: of how time or how special relativity messes with our 431 00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:01,199 Speaker 3: understanding of time. So what what's the are we going 432 00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 3: to paint a picture for people? Are we're going to 433 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:07,199 Speaker 3: be on trains on rockets or Alice and Bob going 434 00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:08,280 Speaker 3: to be involved, or. 435 00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:11,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, let's mix it up a little bit, because usually 436 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:14,080 Speaker 1: special relativity is like people on trains, because when they 437 00:22:14,119 --> 00:22:17,280 Speaker 1: invented special relativity, trains were like the fastest thing around. 438 00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:21,240 Speaker 1: But that's a little old and usually quantum mechanics thought 439 00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:25,080 Speaker 1: experiments involved two experimenters named Alice and Bob. But let's 440 00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: mix it up. Let's use Alice and Bob for a 441 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:29,280 Speaker 1: special relativity thought experiment. 442 00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 3: Let's use Alicia and roberta perfecto, just to mix it up, 443 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:34,480 Speaker 3: little spicy. 444 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: All right, So if Alicia and Roberto are having a race, 445 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:41,399 Speaker 1: say it's like some family event, right, They're there with 446 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 1: their relatives, so it's all about relativity, and they've all 447 00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,439 Speaker 1: had their you know, Christmas ham or whatever, and now 448 00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:49,639 Speaker 1: they're going to go out and make an ill advised 449 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:53,120 Speaker 1: one hundred yard dash in the backyard and they're both 450 00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:57,200 Speaker 1: really fast and people are watching the race, and then afterwards, 451 00:22:57,240 --> 00:22:59,439 Speaker 1: of course they're going to argue about who won. But 452 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 1: let's say that everybody who's watching the race is a 453 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,800 Speaker 1: perfect observer. Everybody has a clock that they can start 454 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: and stop, and everybody's really paying attention and knows what 455 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:13,040 Speaker 1: they're doing. Then the question is who wins the race. 456 00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,000 Speaker 3: So they're both at the starting line, you know, we 457 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:19,199 Speaker 3: say go, they start running towards the finish line, and 458 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:22,080 Speaker 3: I'm sitting there at the finish line waiting to see 459 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:22,760 Speaker 3: who gets there. 460 00:23:22,720 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: First, precisely, And the amazing thing is that there is 461 00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:33,240 Speaker 1: no one, single correct answer for who wins this race. Now, 462 00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:35,600 Speaker 1: if you're sitting at the finish line and you. 463 00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:36,760 Speaker 3: My money's on Alsia. 464 00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: To be honest, you've always liked her more than Roberto, 465 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:42,679 Speaker 1: and frankly, Roberto is pissed about it. 466 00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:45,879 Speaker 3: She's my cousin, so it is. 467 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:50,400 Speaker 1: Roberto, man, what's wrong with you? Anyway? If you are 468 00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:55,639 Speaker 1: sitting at the finish line, so you have no velocity 469 00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: relative to the ground, then you might see Alice. You 470 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: might see Alicia beat Roberto in the race. Cool, and 471 00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 1: you might think, well, that's it, that's the answer, right, 472 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:06,800 Speaker 1: she won. Time to celebrate. 473 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 3: So I'm sitting in a chair by the finish line, 474 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 3: and to me, Alicia was running faster than Bob, so 475 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:14,920 Speaker 3: she got to the finish line. 476 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:17,640 Speaker 1: First, precisely. And you might think, well, that's it right. 477 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: Other people might see from another angle, or other people 478 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,360 Speaker 1: might be sitting somewhere differently, or you know, maybe even 479 00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: if somebody is driving by in a car, they might 480 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:29,040 Speaker 1: see the velocity of Elysium and Roberto be different. But 481 00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 1: everybody should agree about the basic facts because there is 482 00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: a single thing that happened. That's the way you grew 483 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:37,680 Speaker 1: up thinking about the universe. That's what sort of makes 484 00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:38,679 Speaker 1: intuitive sense to you. 485 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:40,879 Speaker 3: It's true, right, Like if there's somebody sitting on the 486 00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 3: opposite side of the finish line, sitting in a chair 487 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 3: as well, you're saying that they could also see a 488 00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,680 Speaker 3: different result, even if they're not moving like me. 489 00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 1: Actually, the other observer would have to have a different 490 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: velocity than you, not just be separated in distance. But 491 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:57,760 Speaker 1: you're right, the order of events that you see depends 492 00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:03,280 Speaker 1: on two things. Your location relative to Alicia and Roberto 493 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:07,680 Speaker 1: and your speed relative to them. So if you are 494 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 1: in a to make it simple, if you are in 495 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,400 Speaker 1: a car and your car is super fast, and you're 496 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,600 Speaker 1: going at like half the speed of light or something, 497 00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:18,560 Speaker 1: then you could see the race differently, and you could 498 00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,080 Speaker 1: see you have a different outcome. You could see Roberto 499 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,359 Speaker 1: cross the finish line before Alicia. This is not some 500 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,160 Speaker 1: trick where the life from you takes longer to get 501 00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:30,240 Speaker 1: there or anything like that. But if you have a 502 00:25:30,280 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: different relative distance to Alicia and Roberto, and you're moving 503 00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:37,399 Speaker 1: at a certain velocity, then you can actually see the 504 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: events happen in a different order. 505 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,439 Speaker 3: I am sitting in my chair, I'm going to measure 506 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:47,240 Speaker 3: who wins. But if you're moving, driving by at really 507 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:51,399 Speaker 3: fast velocities, you might see something totally different than what 508 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:51,760 Speaker 3: I see. 509 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:54,879 Speaker 1: Yeah, I could see Roberto cross the finish line before Alicia, 510 00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:57,480 Speaker 1: and I would also be right. 511 00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:02,159 Speaker 3: But do you have to drive towards them perpendicular to them? 512 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:03,520 Speaker 1: Do you know what I mean? 513 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,959 Speaker 3: Like, what's actually happening there to make you see something different? 514 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 1: No, let's imagine it's pretty simple. Let's say I'm moving 515 00:26:10,840 --> 00:26:13,560 Speaker 1: in the same direction as Alicia and Roberto. 516 00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 3: Right, you started way before them and or way back, 517 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,240 Speaker 3: and by the time they cross the finish line, you're 518 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:23,920 Speaker 3: crossing the finishsh line too, but you're going really fast. 519 00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:26,120 Speaker 1: That's right. I started on the moon or something like that, 520 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:29,160 Speaker 1: so that I'm passing the race at exactly the same 521 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,639 Speaker 1: moment that Alicia and Roberto were actually running, so that 522 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:35,399 Speaker 1: I'm parallel with them but moving at some very high velocity. 523 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:38,320 Speaker 1: Then I can see the order of events differently. I 524 00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:41,440 Speaker 1: can see the race start, and then I can see 525 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:45,439 Speaker 1: Roberto finish the race before Alicia. Even if you sitting 526 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:48,920 Speaker 1: on your plastic chair eating leftovers while you're watching sees 527 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:50,639 Speaker 1: Alicia pass the finish line first. 528 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, no, I understand that's what is maybe happening. But 529 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:57,440 Speaker 3: I guess I'm trying to just understand maybe for the 530 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,360 Speaker 3: people listening to this is why is there any way 531 00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:04,879 Speaker 3: that we can understand with this example, like how special 532 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 3: relativity makes it so that we see different things? 533 00:27:07,480 --> 00:27:10,639 Speaker 1: Well, special relativity tells you that the flow of time 534 00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:15,479 Speaker 1: is dependent on velocity, right, and also on distance. So 535 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,640 Speaker 1: the way the clocks work depends on how far away 536 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:21,919 Speaker 1: they are and how fast they are moving. So we 537 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,720 Speaker 1: talked earlier about how the speed that a clock will 538 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:29,720 Speaker 1: move depends on how fast it's moving relative to you. 539 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:33,000 Speaker 1: That's true, but there's another factor we didn't get into, 540 00:27:33,080 --> 00:27:35,920 Speaker 1: which is that it also depends on where the clocks are. 541 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,520 Speaker 1: And so if you see two clocks moving at the 542 00:27:39,560 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: same speed relative to you, but there's a distance between them, 543 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: then you see a different effect on the two clocks. 544 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,040 Speaker 1: It's not just dependent on the velocity, it's also dependent 545 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:54,160 Speaker 1: on the distance to the clocks. Because fundamentally, what's happening 546 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,240 Speaker 1: is that the universe has sort of like a clock 547 00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:01,439 Speaker 1: at every location, and those the way those clocks flow 548 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:04,040 Speaker 1: depends on your velocity relative to them. 549 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 3: Okay, so now you're talking about like a third person. 550 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,400 Speaker 1: The key thing is this separation between Roberto and Alicia. 551 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:13,280 Speaker 1: If Roberto and Alicia are like literally on top of 552 00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,760 Speaker 1: each other, then you don't get this effect. But if 553 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:17,359 Speaker 1: there's a gap between that's. 554 00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:19,919 Speaker 3: A different that's a different picture. 555 00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,159 Speaker 1: That doesn't happen in family gatherings. But if there's a 556 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,000 Speaker 1: gap between them, right, if there's a they're a meter 557 00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:27,200 Speaker 1: apart or five meters apart. 558 00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:29,560 Speaker 3: Or something, then their clocks are going to run differently. 559 00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:32,600 Speaker 3: But how does that affect who I see getting to 560 00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:35,240 Speaker 3: the finish line first? Like, it shouldn't matter to me 561 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,480 Speaker 3: that their clocks are running slower. How does that affect 562 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 3: how I see them and how you would seem? 563 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:44,520 Speaker 1: Well, if you see. If you see Alicia's clock running 564 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,120 Speaker 1: more slowly than Roberto's, then she's got not going to 565 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:48,040 Speaker 1: be running as fast. 566 00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:50,040 Speaker 3: I only know that their clocks are running slower because 567 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 3: they're moving relative to me. 568 00:28:51,480 --> 00:28:55,000 Speaker 1: So why imagine that there's a clock floating in space 569 00:28:55,440 --> 00:28:59,200 Speaker 1: next to Alicia and Roberto. Right, it's some drone robot 570 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:01,640 Speaker 1: clock that hangs out right next to them, and it 571 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:05,200 Speaker 1: can perfectly synchronize its motion and location relative to them, 572 00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: so to which one one for each of them? Then 573 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:11,120 Speaker 1: you would see Alicia's clock running at a different rate 574 00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:14,520 Speaker 1: than you see Roberto's clock, because not only do they 575 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:16,800 Speaker 1: have a velocity relative to you, but there's a distance 576 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,440 Speaker 1: between them. You have a different location, and so the 577 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,880 Speaker 1: way which time flows depends not just on your relative velocity, 578 00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,680 Speaker 1: but also where you are relative to that observer. 579 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:27,480 Speaker 3: All right, So you're saying that I'm going to measure 580 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:31,080 Speaker 3: I might measure Alicia or Roberto winning sitting by the 581 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,600 Speaker 3: finish line, But somebody else, you on your car, running 582 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:38,760 Speaker 3: towards the race at at an angle maybe, or going 583 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:40,719 Speaker 3: at a certain speak closest the speed of light, you 584 00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:43,480 Speaker 3: might see something different than what I see. 585 00:29:43,560 --> 00:29:46,640 Speaker 1: Precisely, if you are sitting there and you have no 586 00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,680 Speaker 1: velocity relative to the ground. Maybe you see them tie 587 00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:52,360 Speaker 1: because they've been training forever and they've been working on this, 588 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,600 Speaker 1: and they're both really really fast. But then if I 589 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 1: am zipping past in a car or moving really fast, 590 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,640 Speaker 1: then I could see Alicia reach the finish line before 591 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:05,480 Speaker 1: Bob reaches the finish line. And you know, it's tricky 592 00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:08,520 Speaker 1: when you're thinking about special relativity. It's really easy to 593 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:11,240 Speaker 1: get yourself confused. But the most the cleanest way to 594 00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:13,480 Speaker 1: think about it is in terms of events and when 595 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:17,800 Speaker 1: those events happen. And so you see Alicia reach the 596 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,720 Speaker 1: finish line before Roberto, Now you might think, how is 597 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:23,520 Speaker 1: that possible, Like they're running at the same speed. Well, 598 00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:25,640 Speaker 1: you know, there's also a question of did you see 599 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:29,320 Speaker 1: them leave the starting point at the same moment, right, 600 00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:31,960 Speaker 1: Because if you're moving at a high speed relative to 601 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,640 Speaker 1: the race, then time is distorted for you, your view 602 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:37,280 Speaker 1: of their time is distorted. 603 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:39,000 Speaker 3: So you're saying that it has to do a little 604 00:30:39,040 --> 00:30:42,160 Speaker 3: bit with the idea that time for Alicia and Roberta 605 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,760 Speaker 3: are going to be moving differently relative to me and 606 00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,360 Speaker 3: to you, and so that's going to affect kind of 607 00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 3: how what we see who we see crossing the line. 608 00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:54,880 Speaker 1: First, precisely, if you are sitting there in a plastic chair, 609 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,560 Speaker 1: finishing your dinner and watching Alicia and Roberto cross the 610 00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,479 Speaker 1: finish line at the same moment, you see their clocks 611 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:02,440 Speaker 1: moving at the same speed, and you see them also 612 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: starting the race at the same moment, right, I think 613 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:06,880 Speaker 1: maybe that's the key insight. 614 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:09,720 Speaker 3: Whereas you maybe saw them start at different times. 615 00:31:09,760 --> 00:31:12,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, I see Roberto win, but it might also look 616 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:15,280 Speaker 1: to me like Roberto cheated, like he left the starting 617 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,720 Speaker 1: point at a different moment. Right. This concept of simultaneity, 618 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:21,600 Speaker 1: if things happening at the same moment, depends on your 619 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,440 Speaker 1: relative speed to those events and your distance from them. 620 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:29,680 Speaker 3: So like in the worehe Olympics backyard Olympics, Alista would win, 621 00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:33,959 Speaker 3: but in the Daniel moving at the really in a 622 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:38,120 Speaker 3: really fast car Olympics, somebody else, not only would they 623 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 3: somebody else would win, but somebody else would have cheated. 624 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, but you know, according to me, they've cheated, but 625 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:45,560 Speaker 1: according to you, they haven't. And then we have a 626 00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: third cousin, you know, and she is driving her even 627 00:31:49,560 --> 00:31:53,760 Speaker 1: faster car the other direction right than that different Religi 628 00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:57,120 Speaker 1: of velocity can cause a different distortion of how time 629 00:31:57,240 --> 00:32:00,600 Speaker 1: works from her perspective, and she could see the Alicia 630 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:03,360 Speaker 1: totally blow Roberto away instead of just winning by a 631 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:03,760 Speaker 1: little bit. 632 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:05,320 Speaker 3: Well, I think at the end of the day, you 633 00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:06,920 Speaker 3: know you're going to be by the time they finish, 634 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,200 Speaker 3: you're going to be, you know, hundreds of thousands of 635 00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,360 Speaker 3: miles away, And so who cares what you think? And 636 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,680 Speaker 3: if you think they cheated, it's how I would put it. 637 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 3: Whereas I'm right there with the metals ready to hand 638 00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 3: them out, you. 639 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:21,080 Speaker 1: Know, precisely. Yeah, So in the end, your point of 640 00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 1: view is most important because you're handing out the trophies. 641 00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:26,240 Speaker 1: But the point is that the folks in the car 642 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,560 Speaker 1: driving past the high speeds they see different order of events, 643 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,560 Speaker 1: and they're not wrong. It's not like they messed it 644 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: up because they're moving fast, or it took light more 645 00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:37,520 Speaker 1: time to get to them, or any sort of trick 646 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,920 Speaker 1: like that. If we're assuming perfect robotic observers, they just 647 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,920 Speaker 1: see the order of events differently because time is moving 648 00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:47,680 Speaker 1: differently according to them, and their account doesn't have to 649 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:48,160 Speaker 1: be wrong. 650 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,280 Speaker 3: It's just different, just like the astronaut or the or 651 00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:53,720 Speaker 3: just like the photon. It's not like the photon is wrong. 652 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:57,719 Speaker 3: It's just that they experience things differently because they're moving 653 00:32:58,080 --> 00:32:58,920 Speaker 3: at a different speed. 654 00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:02,000 Speaker 1: Right, And you know, we as humans grew up in 655 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,920 Speaker 1: a world where things move pretty slowly, and so we 656 00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:08,800 Speaker 1: can in the end reconcile usually a single series of events, 657 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: like this happened, then that happened, then this other thing happened. 658 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:14,720 Speaker 1: And sometimes it's hard to disentangle people's emotions and they're 659 00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:18,360 Speaker 1: bad eyewitnesses. But you know, if we had video cameras 660 00:33:18,360 --> 00:33:21,320 Speaker 1: at everybody's location, usually we can disentangle this stuff. But 661 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,200 Speaker 1: as you get next to the speed of light, as 662 00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:26,480 Speaker 1: you get things moving really quickly, then that breaks down 663 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:28,960 Speaker 1: and time flows differently in such a way that it 664 00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: could actually change this order, which means that people have 665 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:35,320 Speaker 1: a different account of what happened first and what happened second. 666 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,240 Speaker 1: And I remember the moment in my you know, junior 667 00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:40,640 Speaker 1: special relativity class when I learned this. It just blew 668 00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,960 Speaker 1: my mind that there's not like an universally agreed upon 669 00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:45,760 Speaker 1: order of events for stuff happening. 670 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,920 Speaker 3: But mostly we would we would be or I mean, 671 00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:51,840 Speaker 3: I don't want to say disagreeing, but we would be 672 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:56,960 Speaker 3: seeing different things, but that usually sort of happens more 673 00:33:57,040 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 3: prominently when you get closer to the speed of light. 674 00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:02,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, you can't notice these effects at slow speeds, even 675 00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:06,920 Speaker 1: for the example of Alician Roberto. If they're running at 676 00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,359 Speaker 1: fairly low speeds, you know, ten meters per second, which 677 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:11,960 Speaker 1: is actually pretty fast, and they're running only one hundred meters, 678 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:15,400 Speaker 1: you'd have to be going really fast to change the 679 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:18,560 Speaker 1: order of events by even nanoseconds. So these effects are 680 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:21,040 Speaker 1: very small unless you're approaching the speed of light. 681 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, okay, Yeah, it's not like Roberto can argue that 682 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:29,240 Speaker 3: he should have gone in the medal because the likelihood 683 00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:31,239 Speaker 3: that there's an observer going to near the speed of 684 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:36,360 Speaker 3: light near my backyard is maybe not zero but unlikely. 685 00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:38,520 Speaker 1: Well, depends on who's listening to his argument. I might 686 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:40,400 Speaker 1: be more sympathetic to it. I might be like, you know, 687 00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:43,160 Speaker 1: you're right, Roberto, there is some universe in which you 688 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:45,680 Speaker 1: did win this and you were jilted from getting the medal. 689 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:48,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, but really you would be like, yes, roberta, I 690 00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:51,600 Speaker 3: think you're well, and then you'd be gone. 691 00:34:52,760 --> 00:34:55,200 Speaker 1: Daniel thinks you want but he's your medal, but he's 692 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 1: now by alpha centauri. So you're out of line. 693 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:01,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, so so go catch up if you on your metal. 694 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,200 Speaker 3: All right, that's pretty mind bending that so many things 695 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,400 Speaker 3: can be happening in my backyard, or that I have 696 00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:10,600 Speaker 3: new cousins called Alicia and Broberto. But let's talk about 697 00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 3: now whether you know how that makes any sense or 698 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:18,000 Speaker 3: how physicists are able to wrap their heads around these 699 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:20,680 Speaker 3: kinds of things. But first, let's take a quick break. 700 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 701 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:29,840 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 702 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:33,920 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 703 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:36,560 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy 704 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:40,880 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 705 00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:43,520 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working 706 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:45,880 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 707 00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:50,160 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 708 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:53,800 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. 709 00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:57,240 Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, 710 00:35:57,320 --> 00:36:01,040 Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? 711 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:04,040 Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from 712 00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:07,480 Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and 713 00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:09,759 Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice 714 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:11,680 Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that 715 00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:14,400 Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the 716 00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:18,240 Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient deents dairy 717 00:36:18,239 --> 00:36:20,920 Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us 718 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,520 Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 719 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:28,040 Speaker 7: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths 720 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:30,239 Speaker 7: and the roads every day. Remember they're real people with 721 00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:32,640 Speaker 7: loved ones who need them to get home safely. Protect 722 00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:34,839 Speaker 7: our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. 723 00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:35,680 Speaker 1: Go safely. 724 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:38,600 Speaker 7: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 725 00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:41,040 Speaker 8: Hello, it is Ryan, and we could all use an 726 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:43,360 Speaker 8: extra bright spot in our day, couldn't we just to 727 00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:46,240 Speaker 8: make up for things like sitting in traffic, doing the dishes, 728 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:49,000 Speaker 8: counting or steps, you know, all the mundane stuff. 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So according to physics, my backyard olympics 739 00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:27,520 Speaker 3: are totally arbitrary, meaning that to me the outcome might 740 00:37:27,560 --> 00:37:29,239 Speaker 3: be one thing, but to you, moving at close to 741 00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:32,279 Speaker 3: the speed of light, the outcome might be different. And 742 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:35,640 Speaker 3: you're saying that this really throws into question this idea 743 00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:38,600 Speaker 3: of simultaneity in the universe, like things happening at the 744 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:41,439 Speaker 3: same time, because things happening at the same time might 745 00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:45,680 Speaker 3: depend on who's measuring whether they happen at the same time. 746 00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:47,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's the kind of thing that we have 747 00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:48,919 Speaker 1: to do in physics all the time is we think 748 00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:51,920 Speaker 1: the universe works a certain way, and then the universe 749 00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:55,880 Speaker 1: shows us the Nope, it doesn't, and that momentarily throws 750 00:37:55,960 --> 00:37:58,160 Speaker 1: us for a loop. I think, what you know, you 751 00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:00,120 Speaker 1: can do the same experiment twice and get to and 752 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,719 Speaker 1: outcomes because quantum mechanics is really probabilistic, or you know, 753 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,640 Speaker 1: time doesn't work the same way for everybody. But we 754 00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:08,840 Speaker 1: don't give it up. We don't say the universe therefore 755 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:11,200 Speaker 1: makes no sense. What we do is we sort of 756 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:15,200 Speaker 1: retreat to a looser sense of what sense means. We say, 757 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:18,960 Speaker 1: all right, we can't make those assumptions. What assumptions can 758 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: we make? What can we say about the universe, and 759 00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:23,600 Speaker 1: we find another way for it to make sense. 760 00:38:23,840 --> 00:38:26,960 Speaker 3: They sort of don't make sense in the sort of 761 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:31,000 Speaker 3: like Newtonian you know, high school physics or you know 762 00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:33,560 Speaker 3: what we learned as babies how the world works. It 763 00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:36,240 Speaker 3: doesn't make sense in that way, just like maybe quantum 764 00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:39,879 Speaker 3: mechanics doesn't make sense to us, but it does make 765 00:38:39,920 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 3: sense if you sort of expand and you understand the 766 00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:44,960 Speaker 3: sort of the equations that are happening. 767 00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:48,319 Speaker 1: Yeah, like in quantum mechanics, you can't say that the 768 00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:50,759 Speaker 1: universe is deterministic. You can't say that if you do, 769 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,040 Speaker 1: if you shoot an electron at the same atom exactly 770 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,320 Speaker 1: the same way, you'll get the same outcome every time. 771 00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:59,680 Speaker 1: You won't because there's some randomness there. But you can 772 00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:02,520 Speaker 1: do you can say that there are still laws of physics, 773 00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:05,839 Speaker 1: and those laws of physics determine which random outcomes are 774 00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:08,000 Speaker 1: more likely or less likely. So you've sort of taken 775 00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:10,600 Speaker 1: a step backwards. You said, well, I can determine a 776 00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:13,960 Speaker 1: specific outcome, but I can say something about the distribution 777 00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:16,760 Speaker 1: of outcomes, and you can do something sort of similar 778 00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,319 Speaker 1: for relativity. You can take a step back and you 779 00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:22,680 Speaker 1: can say, well, I can't say that everybody has to 780 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:26,000 Speaker 1: agree about the order in which things happen in the universe. Okay, 781 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,839 Speaker 1: what can I say instead? Well, you can say that 782 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:33,360 Speaker 1: everybody sees things happening according to the same laws. So 783 00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:36,560 Speaker 1: you know, you sitting in your plastic chair at the 784 00:39:36,719 --> 00:39:40,120 Speaker 1: edge of the finish line, you see things happening according 785 00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:42,600 Speaker 1: to a certain law set of laws of physics. Me 786 00:39:42,719 --> 00:39:45,840 Speaker 1: and my high speed Lamborghini, I see things happening according 787 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:48,360 Speaker 1: to the same laws of physics. Now I see different 788 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,440 Speaker 1: things happening, but they are following the same laws. Right. 789 00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:55,640 Speaker 3: You're basically saying that the laws of the universe account 790 00:39:55,960 --> 00:40:01,440 Speaker 3: for this difference of point of view events, and so 791 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:04,879 Speaker 3: then it makes sense. It's like you're saying the laws 792 00:40:04,880 --> 00:40:06,960 Speaker 3: of physics don't make sense, and that makes sense. 793 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:09,760 Speaker 1: They make a different sense. 794 00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:13,200 Speaker 3: They don't make common sense, but they make mathematically. 795 00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:16,120 Speaker 1: They certainly don't make common sense. Now, it means that 796 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:19,160 Speaker 1: you can use the same laws to predict what's going 797 00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,719 Speaker 1: to happen, is I can use in my frame. So 798 00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:23,520 Speaker 1: no matter how fast you're going and where you are 799 00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:25,239 Speaker 1: in the universe, you should be able to use the 800 00:40:25,280 --> 00:40:27,880 Speaker 1: same laws to describe what you see and to predict 801 00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:30,640 Speaker 1: what's going to happen. And those laws should work, so 802 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:33,600 Speaker 1: we can still make that requirement. The events can be 803 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:35,880 Speaker 1: different from place to place, and the description of what 804 00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:38,640 Speaker 1: happened can be different from place to place, but each 805 00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:40,800 Speaker 1: one follows the same set of rules. 806 00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:44,400 Speaker 3: Right, There's nothing inconsistent about the universe. It's just that 807 00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:47,200 Speaker 3: the rules of the universe allow for this kind of 808 00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:51,200 Speaker 3: different points of view depending on your speed precisely and 809 00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:54,200 Speaker 3: your point of your direction precisely. 810 00:40:54,239 --> 00:40:56,160 Speaker 1: And I think it's a tiny bit deeper than that. 811 00:40:56,440 --> 00:40:59,239 Speaker 1: It's not just that we understand how to translate what 812 00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:02,160 Speaker 1: you see to what someone else going at high speeds 813 00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:05,080 Speaker 1: will see. We do understand that, and that's cool. But 814 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:08,080 Speaker 1: the deeper bit is that the same rules apply no 815 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:10,759 Speaker 1: matter how fast you are going, so you can use 816 00:41:10,760 --> 00:41:13,400 Speaker 1: the same laws of physics. Now, you and I can 817 00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:15,800 Speaker 1: disagree about the order that we saw the race be 818 00:41:15,920 --> 00:41:18,640 Speaker 1: run and who won and who cheated. But we agree 819 00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:22,080 Speaker 1: on the rules of physics that describe what we saw, 820 00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:24,759 Speaker 1: not just how it translates from what I saw to 821 00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:27,640 Speaker 1: what you saw. We see them follow the same rules, 822 00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:30,040 Speaker 1: and I think that's pretty deep. And then there's one 823 00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:32,520 Speaker 1: more thing that we can still cling to. We can 824 00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:35,920 Speaker 1: say that even though things can happen in a different order, 825 00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:40,080 Speaker 1: sometimes there are some rules about that. You can't arbitrarily 826 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:41,400 Speaker 1: reorder the universe. 827 00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:44,160 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, Yeah, this is what you were saying earlier. 828 00:41:44,239 --> 00:41:48,040 Speaker 3: There's a difference between simultaneity and causality. 829 00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:50,960 Speaker 1: That's right. They're both impossible to pronounce. 830 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:57,160 Speaker 3: Words yeah and cluck. Obviously, if I can reverse the 831 00:41:57,239 --> 00:41:59,960 Speaker 3: order there of events, I would say causality, correct. 832 00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,239 Speaker 1: Yeah. The key thing is that you can use velocity 833 00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:07,760 Speaker 1: and distance and all these crazy relativistic effects to reverse 834 00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:12,160 Speaker 1: the order of some events, events that are not causally connected, 835 00:42:12,480 --> 00:42:16,120 Speaker 1: events where one didn't cause the other one. But some 836 00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:17,120 Speaker 1: things you can't. 837 00:42:17,280 --> 00:42:19,719 Speaker 3: I meaning, we can see different outcomes of a race 838 00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:24,239 Speaker 3: between Alicia and Roberto, but we probably wouldn't disagree on 839 00:42:24,280 --> 00:42:26,920 Speaker 3: a relay race with Alicia Roberto. 840 00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:30,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, or for example, there's no speed at which 841 00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:33,680 Speaker 1: you can go in order to see Alicia finish the 842 00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:37,000 Speaker 1: race before she starts, and that order events definitely happens. 843 00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:39,759 Speaker 1: She starts the race, and then later she finishes. Now 844 00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:43,319 Speaker 1: when she finishes relative to Roberto, that's a different question. 845 00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:46,040 Speaker 1: We can zoom around our spaceships to get whatever answer 846 00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,719 Speaker 1: we want, But you'd have to go faster than the 847 00:42:48,760 --> 00:42:51,320 Speaker 1: speed of light in order to reverse two events that 848 00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:54,640 Speaker 1: are causally connected, where one caused the other one. So 849 00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:57,280 Speaker 1: that's why you can't, for example, make the Big Bang 850 00:42:57,560 --> 00:42:59,880 Speaker 1: happen at the end of the universe, or you know, 851 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:03,080 Speaker 1: all sorts of other crazy stuff. There's some freedom here 852 00:43:03,120 --> 00:43:05,120 Speaker 1: to move around the order of events, but it's not 853 00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:08,160 Speaker 1: pure total freedom. Don't go crazy people. 854 00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:13,239 Speaker 3: Right, Meaning it's not that the whole universe is open 855 00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:18,080 Speaker 3: to interpretation, because you know, like the Big Bang happened 856 00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:20,960 Speaker 3: and Earth formed, and it's not like moving at any 857 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:25,320 Speaker 3: speed will change anything about that. But maybe small things, 858 00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:27,799 Speaker 3: like small things that some people might say happen or 859 00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,640 Speaker 3: not happen simultaneously, then people moving at different speed might 860 00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:33,279 Speaker 3: have a different point of view. 861 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:35,879 Speaker 1: Yeah, And the size of these things depends on sort 862 00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,640 Speaker 1: of how far away they are, Like things that are 863 00:43:38,640 --> 00:43:41,799 Speaker 1: in another galaxy, they're really really far away. Nothing over 864 00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,920 Speaker 1: there is causally dependent on anything we do, because nothing 865 00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:49,240 Speaker 1: we do here can affect it for a long long time. 866 00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:51,919 Speaker 1: Because you know, this is because of the speed of light. 867 00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:54,200 Speaker 1: So things happening on the other side of the universe, 868 00:43:54,520 --> 00:43:56,680 Speaker 1: you know, the order in which those events happen is 869 00:43:56,719 --> 00:43:59,280 Speaker 1: almost irrelevant for us. We could change those order events 870 00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:02,080 Speaker 1: by a billion years, probably because it makes no difference 871 00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:05,480 Speaker 1: to the causal connections because nothing that happens here affects 872 00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:09,319 Speaker 1: that for a very long time. Things that are close together, right, 873 00:44:09,560 --> 00:44:12,759 Speaker 1: it's much more sensitive. You can causally affect the things 874 00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,440 Speaker 1: close to you. You can touch things, you can push 875 00:44:14,520 --> 00:44:17,480 Speaker 1: things over, you can shine a flashlight and affect things nearby. 876 00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:19,920 Speaker 3: So you're saying that are raised in a backyard in 877 00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:24,319 Speaker 3: another galaxy could have happened before or after my race, 878 00:44:25,520 --> 00:44:29,080 Speaker 3: maybe because there's a long separation between them. But because 879 00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:33,200 Speaker 3: they don't affect each other, then it's okay to sort 880 00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:35,840 Speaker 3: of move them around in terms of our perception of 881 00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:36,399 Speaker 3: when they happen. 882 00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:39,200 Speaker 1: Hmm. Yeah. And we talk about this thing called the 883 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:43,360 Speaker 1: light cone, which is this cone of in space that 884 00:44:43,560 --> 00:44:45,840 Speaker 1: opens up at the speed of light around you. You 885 00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:48,320 Speaker 1: can only affect things that are in your light cone. 886 00:44:48,719 --> 00:44:51,200 Speaker 1: Things that are sort of downstream from you, you can 887 00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:54,080 Speaker 1: affect them. Those things are causally dependent on what you do. 888 00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:56,839 Speaker 1: Things that are not in your light cone that they're 889 00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:59,080 Speaker 1: too far away from you for you to affect them 890 00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:01,759 Speaker 1: now or in the near future, there's no way for 891 00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,080 Speaker 1: you to have any influence over them, so their relativity 892 00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:05,880 Speaker 1: can go crazy and it can change the order of 893 00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:07,440 Speaker 1: events without breaking anything. 894 00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:11,360 Speaker 3: Right, But we're still all in the same universe, right. 895 00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:13,200 Speaker 1: We are all in the same universe. Yeah. 896 00:45:13,320 --> 00:45:15,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's not like I'm disconnected from that galaxy or 897 00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,000 Speaker 3: things that are not in my light cone. Something in 898 00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:21,520 Speaker 3: my like cone might be in that other things like cone, 899 00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:23,680 Speaker 3: and so I'm sort of still connected to the rest 900 00:45:23,680 --> 00:45:24,280 Speaker 3: of the universe. 901 00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:26,759 Speaker 1: Yeah. And your light cone goes on forever and so 902 00:45:26,880 --> 00:45:29,840 Speaker 1: eventually will encompass the entire universe. Right, things you do 903 00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:33,560 Speaker 1: now could affect things fifteen billion light years away, but 904 00:45:33,560 --> 00:45:36,120 Speaker 1: it's going to take fifteen billion years. So your light 905 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:39,520 Speaker 1: cone is growing, and eventually everything's like cone overlaps, right, 906 00:45:39,880 --> 00:45:41,520 Speaker 1: So things do come into contact. 907 00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:43,720 Speaker 3: I don't think my ego needs any more feeding Daniel, 908 00:45:43,840 --> 00:45:47,000 Speaker 3: just to think that I can affect the entire universe eventually. 909 00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:49,400 Speaker 1: That's a pretty big step up from handing out metals 910 00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:51,520 Speaker 1: from the backyard backyard Olympics. 911 00:45:52,080 --> 00:45:56,720 Speaker 3: Affecting the entire universe. Small steps, my friend, backyard Olympics today, 912 00:45:57,719 --> 00:45:59,279 Speaker 3: Galaxy collisions tomorrow. No. 913 00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,200 Speaker 1: I think the thing understand is that we are all 914 00:46:02,239 --> 00:46:04,560 Speaker 1: living in the same universe, and that universe has a 915 00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:07,960 Speaker 1: certain set of rules. But those rules are not necessarily 916 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,480 Speaker 1: the rules you thought they were. And it allows for 917 00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:13,280 Speaker 1: some fudging and some flexibility and for some weird stuff 918 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:15,560 Speaker 1: to happen, but it's not throwing everything out the window. 919 00:46:15,680 --> 00:46:17,520 Speaker 1: It has to be consistent with the you know, the 920 00:46:17,960 --> 00:46:20,799 Speaker 1: universe we've lived and the things we've observed. You don't 921 00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:23,080 Speaker 1: get to go really fast and go back in time. 922 00:46:23,120 --> 00:46:25,319 Speaker 1: You don't get to go really fast and you know, 923 00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:27,720 Speaker 1: change your order from a chicken sandwich to a burger 924 00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:31,040 Speaker 1: or whatever. Right, there are still rules to the universe. 925 00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,080 Speaker 1: They're just not as hard and fast as you thought. 926 00:46:33,480 --> 00:46:35,799 Speaker 1: And fundamentally it means that the universe is different from 927 00:46:35,840 --> 00:46:37,480 Speaker 1: the one we thought it was. You know, the way 928 00:46:37,719 --> 00:46:41,520 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics has deep implications for the way the universe works, 929 00:46:41,520 --> 00:46:43,600 Speaker 1: but it doesn't really change your day to day. Right. 930 00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:46,359 Speaker 1: If you don't go to work, you still lose your job. 931 00:46:46,480 --> 00:46:46,560 Speaker 3: Right. 932 00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:48,600 Speaker 1: There are some things that are deterministic. 933 00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:53,319 Speaker 3: We don't fix climate change. The planet might get too hot, right, 934 00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:55,160 Speaker 3: And it's not like we can disagree about that. 935 00:46:55,320 --> 00:46:57,200 Speaker 1: No, And this is not an excuse to say that 936 00:46:57,239 --> 00:46:59,799 Speaker 1: you can have just whatever facts you want, right, It's 937 00:46:59,840 --> 00:47:02,960 Speaker 1: just that the facts are sort of local. Right, Depending 938 00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:05,000 Speaker 1: on where you are and how fast you're going, your 939 00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:08,000 Speaker 1: account of what happened in the universe is different. But 940 00:47:08,040 --> 00:47:11,080 Speaker 1: it's always just blown my mind that people can have 941 00:47:11,560 --> 00:47:14,800 Speaker 1: correct but different accounts of the order in which things happened. 942 00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:16,960 Speaker 3: Although I think one thing that never changes is I 943 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:19,759 Speaker 3: think Roberto is a cheater. I think he cheats in 944 00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:23,520 Speaker 3: any universe, in any galaxy, and no matter who you're 945 00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:24,680 Speaker 3: looking for, who's look. 946 00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:27,200 Speaker 1: I think the question in my mind and in listeners' 947 00:47:27,239 --> 00:47:29,520 Speaker 1: minds is do you actually have a cousin named Roberto? 948 00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:31,600 Speaker 1: And if so, does he listen to the podcast? 949 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:34,600 Speaker 3: Oh my god, I just really do have a cousin 950 00:47:34,640 --> 00:47:35,280 Speaker 3: named Roberto. 951 00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:36,239 Speaker 1: That's what happens to you. 952 00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:37,439 Speaker 8: Cousin. 953 00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:41,200 Speaker 3: I don't mean to say you're a cheater. I'm talking 954 00:47:41,239 --> 00:47:42,200 Speaker 3: about our other cousins. 955 00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:44,960 Speaker 1: Third cousin, Roberto Prime. And do you have a cousin 956 00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:47,560 Speaker 1: named Alicia, because now she's going to be your favorite cousin. 957 00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:50,040 Speaker 3: Oh, let me think. I don't have a cousin Namela. 958 00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:52,240 Speaker 1: Let me think who has to say? Let me think. 959 00:47:55,080 --> 00:47:58,520 Speaker 3: Six cousins. Someone who has thirty six cousins needs a 960 00:47:58,520 --> 00:48:00,480 Speaker 3: little bit of a second there to think of, where were. 961 00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:02,759 Speaker 1: You last night? Honey? Hmm, let me think. You know, 962 00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:03,880 Speaker 1: never very. 963 00:48:03,760 --> 00:48:07,240 Speaker 3: Inspire any answer, especially in Latin American culture, where everyone 964 00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:10,799 Speaker 3: has a nickname that is totally unrelated to their actual name. 965 00:48:10,960 --> 00:48:12,040 Speaker 3: You have to think a little bit. 966 00:48:12,239 --> 00:48:14,160 Speaker 1: Oh so when you're talking about Roberto, that's actually a 967 00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:17,120 Speaker 1: nickname for your other cousin, Nicholas or something. 968 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:19,960 Speaker 3: Yes, that's right, something like that is how it goes. 969 00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:21,200 Speaker 1: It sounds like a Russian novel. 970 00:48:21,320 --> 00:48:25,120 Speaker 3: All right. Well, I hope that sufficiently altered or bent 971 00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:28,920 Speaker 3: your mind there for at least the time of this podcast. 972 00:48:29,040 --> 00:48:32,320 Speaker 1: And remember that the universe is crazy. The universe is bonkers, 973 00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:35,400 Speaker 1: but it's our universe and we love it, and eventually 974 00:48:35,520 --> 00:48:37,480 Speaker 1: we hope it will make sense to us. 975 00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:40,400 Speaker 3: That's right, just like we love that crazy cousin we 976 00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:41,120 Speaker 3: all have who. 977 00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:43,000 Speaker 1: We now have to apologize to you after this podcast. 978 00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:46,040 Speaker 3: That's right. Well, nobody listens to this podcast, I think 979 00:48:46,120 --> 00:48:47,520 Speaker 3: so all right. 980 00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:51,000 Speaker 1: Thanks everyone for listening and for asking us crazy questions. 981 00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:53,880 Speaker 1: And if you still don't understand special relativity in the 982 00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:56,680 Speaker 1: flow of time, don't worry. Nobody else really does either. 983 00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:58,439 Speaker 3: Thanks for listening, See you next time. 984 00:49:06,320 --> 00:49:08,640 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 985 00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:11,759 Speaker 1: these explanations, please to drop us a line. We'd love 986 00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:14,360 Speaker 1: to hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, 987 00:49:14,440 --> 00:49:18,120 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or 988 00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:22,560 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for 989 00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,520 Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe 990 00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:29,959 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 991 00:49:30,080 --> 00:49:32,600 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple. 992 00:49:32,360 --> 00:49:42,759 Speaker 9: Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 993 00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:46,359 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, 994 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,680 Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the 995 00:49:49,719 --> 00:49:52,600 Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. 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