1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:03,320 Speaker 1: Previously on drilled. 2 00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:08,560 Speaker 2: Among that set of dedicated research centers that are really 3 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:14,280 Speaker 2: influential in technology research and training future people working in 4 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:18,680 Speaker 2: climate also influencing the IBCC that a majority, I would 5 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:22,279 Speaker 2: say a majority of funding in those centers comes from 6 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:23,640 Speaker 2: fossil field groups. 7 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: Most of what we know about oil company social influence 8 00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:30,480 Speaker 1: campaigns has been dug up over the past five years 9 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: by journalists, particularly Neila Banerjee and David Hasmeyer at Inside 10 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:39,320 Speaker 1: Climate News, Suzanne Rust, who led the investigation at Columbia 11 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: School of Journalism that was printed in the Los Angeles 12 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:46,199 Speaker 1: Times and The Guardian. Independent investigators like Kurt Davies and 13 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:50,480 Speaker 1: Scott Peterson have also contributed to that knowledge. New Yorker 14 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 1: reporter Jane Mayer's incredible investigative work into the Koch Brothers, 15 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:57,960 Speaker 1: published in the book Dark Money, has provided key insights too. 16 00:00:59,120 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: But long before any of these investigations kicked off, lawyers 17 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:04,120 Speaker 1: were digging up this stuff too. 18 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:07,280 Speaker 3: They get such a good job that the public is 19 00:01:07,319 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 3: more skeptical of climate change now than the oil companies are. 20 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 4: As it means the change the public's perspective on things, 21 00:01:13,720 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 4: I think that may be very valuable. That's my opinion. 22 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,720 Speaker 4: It's just like if you could get the public to say, yeah, 23 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 4: you know what, there really was a lot of damage done, 24 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 4: and yeah, yeah, we're part of it. But we certainly 25 00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:27,120 Speaker 4: weren't in a position to make these educated decisions the 26 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:28,960 Speaker 4: way that people at excell of People and other oil 27 00:01:28,959 --> 00:01:30,480 Speaker 4: companies were were fully aware. 28 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:34,039 Speaker 5: Not unlike the tobacco the oil companies here, their internal 29 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:38,320 Speaker 5: documents make the case of their knowledge and their cover up. 30 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:42,200 Speaker 6: We recognize that global warming is a serious issue, but 31 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:46,360 Speaker 6: this kind of lawsuit is counterproductive and it's just legally flawed. 32 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:50,559 Speaker 1: More than a decade ago, an environmental lawyer named Matt 33 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 1: Power brought the first suit that tried to hold a 34 00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 1: company responsible for inaction on climate change. He represented a 35 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: group of states against a group of utilities in a 36 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:05,200 Speaker 1: case known as Connecticut versus AEP. He went on to 37 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 1: represent some of the country's first climate refugees, people displaced 38 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:12,360 Speaker 1: from the village of Kivalina in Alaska by melting ice 39 00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 1: caps and rising seas. You can get a sense of 40 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:18,920 Speaker 1: Powa's passion for using the law to do something about 41 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: climate from this speech he gave at the Center for 42 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:24,720 Speaker 1: the Study of Responsive Law back in twenty sixteen. 43 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 7: In two thousand and seven, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 44 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 7: Change said that climate change was already killing one hundred 45 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 7: and fifty thousand people per year. Nonprofit organizations have put 46 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 7: the figure higher, at more like four hundred thousand per year, 47 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:42,800 Speaker 7: and said that by twenty thirty it could be killing 48 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 7: seven hundred thousand people per year. 49 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: Power has been litigating against Eixon in particular for well 50 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: over a decade. Here's why. 51 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,839 Speaker 7: Exxon scientists research global warming in detail. In the late 52 00:02:56,919 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 7: nineteen seventies and early nineteen eighties, the scientists found that 53 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 7: the level of CO two carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, 54 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:08,240 Speaker 7: was increasing in the atmosphere, and they said that the 55 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 7: overwhelming their word, overwhelming opinion of scientists was that the 56 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:15,079 Speaker 7: source of this problem was the burning of fossil fuels, 57 00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,519 Speaker 7: their main product. They declared the in house scientists in 58 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:23,640 Speaker 7: nineteen eighty two that quote. A clear scientificsensus has emerged 59 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,640 Speaker 7: that a doubling of the carbon dioxide from pre industrial 60 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 7: levels would result in an average global temperature increase of 61 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 7: about three degrees celsius, which would be an unprecedented and 62 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 7: rapid increase in a mere one hundred years. They said 63 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:42,160 Speaker 7: that there was quote unanimous agreement in the scientific community 64 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,840 Speaker 7: that a temperature of the increase of this magnitude would 65 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 7: bring about significant changes in the Earth's climate. 66 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,520 Speaker 1: Those early cases failed, but they did uncover some documentation 67 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:54,640 Speaker 1: of what oil companies knew and when, and they enabled 68 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: lawyers like power to see what worked and what didn't. 69 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:00,480 Speaker 1: In the years sense not only of journalists and activists 70 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:04,160 Speaker 1: uncovered documentation of what oil companies knew and when and 71 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 1: what they did to suppress that information, but also science 72 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:12,680 Speaker 1: has evolved. Scientist Richard Heaty conducted a comprehensive study of 73 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:16,120 Speaker 1: emissions from the Industrial Revolution to now and was able 74 00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 1: to connect a majority of CO two emissions to just 75 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 1: one hundred companies, which he termed the carbon majors. Other 76 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: scientists have published news studies too, connecting particular damages to 77 00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:30,640 Speaker 1: climate change, as part of an emerging field known as 78 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: attribution science. Bob Kopp at Rutgers has shown the percentage 79 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:38,799 Speaker 1: of sea level rise that can be attributed to climate change. 80 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,200 Speaker 1: From there, then, scientists at Climate Central were able to 81 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:46,280 Speaker 1: pinpoint precisely how much of the damage inflicted by Superstorm 82 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:50,400 Speaker 1: Sandy was attributable to climate change. Two billion dollars out 83 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: of the twelve billion dollars in damages. Peter from Hoff 84 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 1: at the Union of Concerned Scientists has also conducted research 85 00:04:57,560 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 1: in this realm. He's looked at the correlation but between 86 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:04,159 Speaker 1: climate change and human mortality related to extreme heat waves, 87 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: and ironically, the success of the oil company's social influence 88 00:05:08,839 --> 00:05:13,599 Speaker 1: campaigns are real strength to these cases. Marco Simon's with 89 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:17,040 Speaker 1: Earthwrights International is representing a group of cities and counties 90 00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:19,719 Speaker 1: in Colorado that are suing oil companies to cover the 91 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:22,839 Speaker 1: costs of fighting increasingly intense wildfires. 92 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:26,159 Speaker 3: They did such a good job that the public is 93 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:29,400 Speaker 3: more skeptical of climate change now than the oil companies are. 94 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:34,760 Speaker 1: That's true, Chevron attorney Ted Boutros has been presenting on 95 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:38,440 Speaker 1: behalf of all the oil companies in these suits. It's 96 00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:41,240 Speaker 1: a solid pick because there are no documents floating around 97 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: out there about any climate science Chevron conducted way back 98 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 1: when he regularly cites the industry's alignment with the Intergovernmental 99 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:53,680 Speaker 1: Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, and instead of contrarian theories, 100 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:55,400 Speaker 1: he often says things like this. 101 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 6: We recognize that global warming is of serious issue. In 102 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 6: this kind of lawsuit, is counterproductive and it's just legally flawed. 103 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: Simon says, that's too little, too late. 104 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 3: The oil companies, you know, wrap themselves in the mantle 105 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:18,239 Speaker 3: of the IPCC, so they are you know, at least 106 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 3: publicly fully on board with sort of established climate science 107 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 3: at this point. But their disinformation campaign in the years 108 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 3: past was so successful that you know, still an alarmingly 109 00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 3: low percentage of the American public even you know, agrees 110 00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:49,040 Speaker 3: that sort of human caused climate change is happening and 111 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:52,799 Speaker 3: that fossil fuels are the cause of it, but alone 112 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:58,080 Speaker 3: with the urgency of the need to address it. So yeah, 113 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:06,240 Speaker 3: they are, you know, their campaign was unfortunately incredibly successful 114 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 3: in you know, misleading the public and in delaying by 115 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:24,160 Speaker 3: decades the action necessary to avert and respond to catastrophic 116 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 3: climate change. 117 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,400 Speaker 1: As Simons and Power and others have brought this second 118 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:33,560 Speaker 1: wave of climate liability lawsuits representing cities, counties, and states 119 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:37,720 Speaker 1: against the oil companies, their strategy has shifted. They're focused 120 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:40,600 Speaker 1: more locally. They make use of attribution science and the 121 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: hammer home the point that information was kept from the 122 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: public and regulations were actively stopped in filing these suits 123 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 1: in state court rather than federal court and attempting to 124 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: hold companies accountable for the financial cost of adapting to 125 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 1: climate change, a cost currently shouldered by local tax base, 126 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:04,720 Speaker 1: these suits seem more winnable. Here's climate law expert and 127 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:07,760 Speaker 1: Carlson from UCLA explaining. 128 00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 8: Particularly for those cases filed in California. In states like 129 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:16,040 Speaker 8: New York, the doctrine of nuisance is very plaintiff favorable, 130 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 8: and in particular, the information that defendants knew that climate 131 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 8: change is occurring and then engaged in concealment efforts and 132 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 8: campaign efforts to try to dissuade the public is relevant 133 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:33,080 Speaker 8: to the question of whether they are liable for nuisance, 134 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 8: and so the doctrine is very favorable. You also don't 135 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:40,079 Speaker 8: get into some of the constitutional questions, or at least 136 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 8: constitutional concerns that some courts raised in the last rounds. 137 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 8: None of those kind of withstood challenge, but you'll get into, 138 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:50,840 Speaker 8: for example, a question of whether there's a separation of 139 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:55,079 Speaker 8: powers problem with the courts trying to tell the executive 140 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 8: branch what to do, which is one of the arguments 141 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:57,880 Speaker 8: that the fenders are trying to make. 142 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:01,160 Speaker 1: These cases are proving to be an effective tool for 143 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:06,839 Speaker 1: educating the public, politicians, and the courts in the Key, 144 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:09,720 Speaker 1: San Francisco and Oakland brought against the top five oil 145 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:15,040 Speaker 1: companies Exxon, Shell, BP, Conico, Phillips, and Chevron. Judge William 146 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: Alsop ordered a climate science tutorial. He wanted to get 147 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: an understanding of who knew what and when. There was 148 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:25,160 Speaker 1: an overflow room to hold the large crowd of spectators 149 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: and journalists, and the tutorial was covered in every major newspaper. Ultimately, 150 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: Alsup wound up repeating one of the industry's favorite tales 151 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,440 Speaker 1: that without fossil fuels, we wouldn't have had the Industrial Revolution, 152 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: and that the danger caused by emissions is a necessary 153 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: trade off for progress. But there will be other judges. 154 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:46,840 Speaker 1: There are a dozen or so active cases right now, 155 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:50,679 Speaker 1: and more seem to be filed every month. Former Exon 156 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:53,680 Speaker 1: scientist Ed Garvey got choked up talking about watching the 157 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:57,320 Speaker 1: country embrace climate denial. He thinks these suits could help 158 00:09:57,400 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 1: change that. 159 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 4: As it means the chain the public's perspective on things. 160 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:04,079 Speaker 4: I think they may be very valuable if you could 161 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:06,079 Speaker 4: get the public to say, yeah, you know what, there 162 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,200 Speaker 4: really was a lot of damage done and yeah, yeah, 163 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,560 Speaker 4: we're partner or part of it. But we certainly weren't 164 00:10:11,559 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 4: in a position to make these educated decisions the way 165 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:16,800 Speaker 4: that people at Exon or people and other old companies were. 166 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:20,240 Speaker 4: They were fully aware that their scientists said, this is 167 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 4: not a good thing, and you need to think about 168 00:10:21,679 --> 00:10:24,240 Speaker 4: what you're doing here. Getting in important, getting it into 169 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:26,800 Speaker 4: the news thing as part of the news cycles that yeah, 170 00:10:27,160 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 4: and we're no longer discussing the science and now we're 171 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:31,800 Speaker 4: discussing its responsible for the damage is done. You know, 172 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:33,600 Speaker 4: it's like, okay, yeah, this really was done to the 173 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:36,800 Speaker 4: publics really was done to the world at large. The 174 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:40,760 Speaker 4: science was disputed, when in fact the issues were to 175 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 4: a large degree resolved. 176 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: In addition to the liability suits, other types of climate 177 00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:50,040 Speaker 1: suits are also being filed. The Attorney's General of Massachusetts 178 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: and New York launched fraud probes against Exxon in twenty sixteen, 179 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,840 Speaker 1: which opened up more documentation about the company's decades long 180 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:02,640 Speaker 1: deception campaigns. Here's my Massachusetts ag Mora Healy, explaining the 181 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: impetus for the probes. 182 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 9: We send subpoenas to Exon to ask them a simple question, 183 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:11,680 Speaker 9: tell us what you knew when about climate change and 184 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,480 Speaker 9: the impact that burning fossil fuels was going to have 185 00:11:14,559 --> 00:11:19,520 Speaker 9: on the environment, because, based on widely reported, publicly available information, 186 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,960 Speaker 9: we had concern that Exon may not have told the 187 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 9: truth to the public, to consumers, to its shareholders about 188 00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:29,760 Speaker 9: what it knew. We sent those Subpoenas they turn around, 189 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 9: they suit us to try to stop us from investigating this. 190 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: The New York fraud probe turned into a full fledged 191 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:40,320 Speaker 1: suit in twenty eighteen when Interim New York Attorney General 192 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:45,199 Speaker 1: Barbara Underwood filed suit against Exonmobile for quote defrauding investors 193 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: regarding financial risk the company faces from climate change regulations. 194 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,360 Speaker 1: In a press release about the suit, ag Underwood said, 195 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 1: quote investors put their money and their trust in Exon, 196 00:11:57,040 --> 00:11:59,960 Speaker 1: which assured them of the long term value of their shares, 197 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:02,800 Speaker 1: as the company claimed to be factoring the risk of 198 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:07,559 Speaker 1: increasing climate change regulations into its business decisions. Yet, as 199 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:12,040 Speaker 1: our investigation found, Exon often did no such thing. Instead, 200 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:15,560 Speaker 1: Exon built a facade to deceive investors into believing that 201 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:18,560 Speaker 1: the company was managing the risks of climate change regulation 202 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:21,920 Speaker 1: to its business, when in fact, it was intentionally and 203 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,959 Speaker 1: systematically underestimating or ignoring them, Contrary to its public representations 204 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: and Oregon attorney Julia Olsen and the nonprofit Our Children's 205 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:36,920 Speaker 1: Trust is representing a group of young people suing the 206 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:41,080 Speaker 1: government for incentivizing dependence on fossil fuels rather than acting 207 00:12:41,120 --> 00:12:44,520 Speaker 1: on climate. In Minnesota, two women who turned off the 208 00:12:44,640 --> 00:12:49,040 Speaker 1: valves on a natural gas pipeline used a climate necessity defense, 209 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:51,560 Speaker 1: arguing that they have to do whatever they can to 210 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: stop climate change. The case never wound up going to 211 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:58,840 Speaker 1: trial because the government dropped it. Some have even suggested 212 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 1: that a Rico case similar to what brought down Big 213 00:13:01,800 --> 00:13:05,960 Speaker 1: Tobacco ought to be filed against oil companies. Sharon Ewbanks, 214 00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:08,800 Speaker 1: the attorney who led that case against the tobacco companies, 215 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:12,839 Speaker 1: has been advising on climate litigation recently and sees several parallels. 216 00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 5: Not unlike Big tobacco, the oil companies here, their internal 217 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 5: documents make the case of their knowledge and their cover up. 218 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 5: Big oil knew about the dangers of its products, just 219 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 5: as thick tobacco knew. Big oil knew going back to 220 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 5: the nineteen sixties, notably beginning in nineteen eighty eight, when 221 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:36,280 Speaker 5: the United States and the world started moving towards policies 222 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:41,720 Speaker 5: that might brain in fossil fuel. The industry's stance shifts 223 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:46,400 Speaker 5: then from one of support of mainstream views towards a 224 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:51,400 Speaker 5: very aggressive campaign designed to manufact their uncertainty and doubt 225 00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:56,520 Speaker 5: in the science that really wasn't there. Oil and gas, 226 00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,840 Speaker 5: like cigarettes or products, Like any other products, companies that produce, market, 227 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 5: and sell them, are liable for the damages that they cause. 228 00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:10,199 Speaker 5: There's nothing unique about that, especially under the circumstances here 229 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:14,360 Speaker 5: where they have misled the public about the product's danger. 230 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:18,720 Speaker 1: As these cases continue to make their way through the courts, 231 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:21,880 Speaker 1: attorneys are digging up more and more documentation and testing 232 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: a variety of strategies, and the information brought forth in 233 00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: these cases is beginning to sink into the collective unconscious 234 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 1: of it. Where climate change is concerned, the world appears 235 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:38,520 Speaker 1: to be waking up again next time on. 236 00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 10: Drilled, and I hope we can all work effectively together 237 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:45,760 Speaker 10: to do something about it. 238 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 4: It's a job about It's. 239 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 10: Difficult, or maybe more difficult than the one we faced 240 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:52,280 Speaker 10: beginning in that day. 241 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:52,880 Speaker 8: Forty one. 242 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:02,680 Speaker 1: Drilled is produced and distributed by Frequency. The series was 243 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: reported by me Amy Westervelt. Our producer and composer is 244 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:12,600 Speaker 1: David Whited Richard Wiles is our executive producer. Our story 245 00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: and concept development consultant is Raka Murphy. Lucas Lisakowski designed 246 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,360 Speaker 1: our cover art. Katie Ross, Michael Ann Patrella and Julia 247 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: Richie provided additional editing. Drilled is supported in part by 248 00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:30,880 Speaker 1: a generous grant from the Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. 249 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,800 Speaker 1: You can find Drilled wherever you get your podcasts. Please 250 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: remember to rate and review the podcast. It helps us 251 00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 1: find listeners. Thanks for listening.