1 00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:04,840 Speaker 1: My welcome Stuff to Blow Your Mind, a production of 2 00:00:04,880 --> 00:00:13,880 Speaker 1: I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, welcome to Stuff 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:15,960 Speaker 1: to Blow your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb, and 4 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:18,799 Speaker 1: I'm Joe McCormick. Robert. There's a kind of mistake we 5 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,959 Speaker 1: all make in our modern electrified homes, and this is 6 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 1: microwave mistakes. What's the worst microwave mistake you've ever made? Oh? Um, 7 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:30,520 Speaker 1: I don't know about the worst. I mean, generally it 8 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:33,600 Speaker 1: just involves megan a mass like splat splattering something, not 9 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:37,240 Speaker 1: covering something appropriately, so you have to not only remove 10 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: your food from the microwave, but then scrub it out. 11 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:42,440 Speaker 1: I remember there was one day not too long ago. 12 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:44,200 Speaker 1: I think it might have been like on New Year's 13 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:47,080 Speaker 1: this year or something that within the same day, I 14 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 1: think I tried to microwave butter to melt it and 15 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: it exploded in the microwave. But then I also tried 16 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:56,279 Speaker 1: to microwave a soft boiled egg to heat it up 17 00:00:56,360 --> 00:00:59,160 Speaker 1: and it exploded. Uh so, I don't know. There's a 18 00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:01,680 Speaker 1: lot of exploding the microwave. But there's another kind of 19 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: microwave mistake where we use this radio range of ultramodern 20 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:09,280 Speaker 1: convenience uh to to maybe maybe do a little less 21 00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: troublesome damage than than blowing up an egg, but at 22 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:16,440 Speaker 1: least causing frustration. When you warp lids of containers in 23 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:20,000 Speaker 1: the microwave. You've ever done this? Uh? So you know 24 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:21,600 Speaker 1: you want to heat up some food, maybe you just 25 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: want to sterilize a bowl full of mud or something, 26 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:25,920 Speaker 1: So you put it in a glass bowl with a 27 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: tight fitting lid or you know, tight fitting plastic, tight 28 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,520 Speaker 1: fitting rubber lid. Uh. You know you maybe shouldn't do this, 29 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:34,679 Speaker 1: but you forget, but you cover it up with something 30 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:37,319 Speaker 1: that fits tight, and you microwave it and it gets 31 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: piping hot, and you leave it standing in the microwave 32 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:41,760 Speaker 1: for a minute, and then when you check it, the 33 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: lid or the plastic wrap or whatever you've used to 34 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:47,840 Speaker 1: cover it has been sucked down into a concave depression 35 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: over the food. It has turned your you know, if 36 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: it's a permanent lid, it has warped it maybe or 37 00:01:53,240 --> 00:01:55,640 Speaker 1: you've caused trouble. And the way we normally think about 38 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:58,440 Speaker 1: these kind of things is that when something like this happens, 39 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,560 Speaker 1: the lid or the plow stick was sucked down. But 40 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:06,440 Speaker 1: think about why is that happening. What's actually happening there? 41 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:10,400 Speaker 1: What's the attractive force pulling the lid of the container 42 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:14,360 Speaker 1: down into the food? Obviously it's not gravity, right, The 43 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: food isn't like a star pulling things into its orbit. 44 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 1: And it's not electromagnetism. The food isn't a magnet attracting 45 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:25,800 Speaker 1: an opposite charge. It's not like the strong force that 46 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:29,200 Speaker 1: holds atomic nuclei together. So what's the attraction there? So 47 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: superdnse potatoes are out of the question. No, though those 48 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:35,640 Speaker 1: can be a big problem. That's why when you make 49 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:37,919 Speaker 1: a big potato, fun fact, you should cut it open 50 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:39,639 Speaker 1: right after you pull it out of the oven. Don't 51 00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: leave it to sit there forever it turns into a rock. No. Counterintuitively, strangely, 52 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: what's happening when that lid gets pushed down is the 53 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:53,600 Speaker 1: atmosphere pressing on it. When the lid bends, what you're 54 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:57,240 Speaker 1: witnessing is the weight of the air we breathe. And 55 00:02:57,320 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: it's a powerful Wait, it really is, but we don't 56 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:03,480 Speaker 1: norm normally notice it. Like, how come the atmosphere only 57 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:06,640 Speaker 1: pushes a depression into the lid after it's been microwave? 58 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: Why doesn't the atmosphere, bend the lid when it's just 59 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 1: sitting on the counter at room temperature. One thing you 60 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 1: might be thinking is, okay, maybe it heats the lid 61 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: up and this like sort of melts it or something 62 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: and makes it more appliable. But no, that that's not 63 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:22,919 Speaker 1: necessarily the case. It's because of the power of condensation. 64 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: After you microwave a bowl of food containing water, a 65 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:29,680 Speaker 1: lot of the water in that food is turned into 66 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:33,040 Speaker 1: steam or water vapor. And of course when liquid is 67 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:35,280 Speaker 1: turned into a gas, it not only becomes hot, but 68 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: it expands. It takes up more space, and it expands 69 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: to fill evenly all the space it can. So the 70 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: spots inside the sealed bowl are not occupied that are 71 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:47,960 Speaker 1: not occupied by food, they get filled with hot, high 72 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: pressure steam. And of course we know one thing that 73 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: can happen here as as water turns to steam inside 74 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:56,440 Speaker 1: a sealed container is it can make the container explode. 75 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: In some cases, that's what happened I think with my egg, 76 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 1: Like the yolk is turning to steam and it had 77 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:03,920 Speaker 1: to expand, and so the egg blew up. But if 78 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: your container doesn't expand, it just fills with high pressure steam. 79 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 1: And then when the microwaving stops, the contents of the 80 00:04:10,960 --> 00:04:14,000 Speaker 1: bowl cool down again. And what happens, well, the steam 81 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,040 Speaker 1: that had filled all these voids in the bowl starts 82 00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: to lose energy, it cools down, it gradually converts back 83 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:24,000 Speaker 1: into liquid water. And this process, of course, is known 84 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,000 Speaker 1: as condensation. It's the same reason that dew forms on 85 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 1: the outside of your cold soda can on a warm day. 86 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:33,320 Speaker 1: The cold can is converting water vapor in the air 87 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:36,040 Speaker 1: into liquid by cooling it. But if the bowl in 88 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:38,599 Speaker 1: the microwave has a tight fitting lid, or it's wrapped 89 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,480 Speaker 1: tightly in plastic, what happens when the water converts from 90 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,200 Speaker 1: a gas back into a liquid while it takes up 91 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:47,799 Speaker 1: less space and it exerts less pressure on the inside 92 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: of the bowl. Thus, a covered bowl becomes a low 93 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:55,440 Speaker 1: pressure environment or a partial vacuum. Without air pushing back 94 00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:57,920 Speaker 1: at the same pressure on the lid from below. The 95 00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: atmosphere leans hard on the it and it presses it 96 00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:05,839 Speaker 1: down into the evacuated space, the vacuum, punching it into 97 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:08,720 Speaker 1: that bowl shape. So what you're seeing when the when 98 00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: the lid bends down is the footprint of the atmosphere, 99 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:14,800 Speaker 1: and of course The reason the lid doesn't normally warp 100 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:17,040 Speaker 1: informa bowl when it's sitting on the counter or whatever 101 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 1: is that the pressure is equalized on both sides. There's 102 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,080 Speaker 1: atmosphere below it as well. The partial vacuum created by 103 00:05:23,080 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 1: the condensation of steam changes. That evacuates the space in 104 00:05:27,279 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: the bowl as the steam condenses into water, and then 105 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 1: the atmosphere comes in. And this is such a This 106 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,640 Speaker 1: a wonderful, mundane little way of seeing something strange and amazing. 107 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: The power of atmospheric pressure. Yeah, you know it, you know. Normally, 108 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,080 Speaker 1: when I observed this, my main thought is, oh, I 109 00:05:44,080 --> 00:05:46,560 Speaker 1: hope I don't break the plastic top to my glass 110 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:50,279 Speaker 1: of food storage container, because I'm down to like one 111 00:05:50,360 --> 00:05:55,480 Speaker 1: plastic top. They're all eight glass containers. But but yeah, this, 112 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:56,960 Speaker 1: this is an interesting way of looking at it, to 113 00:05:57,000 --> 00:06:00,800 Speaker 1: see it as the footprint of the atmosphere, the weight 114 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 1: of air actually observed. It's funny how it can be 115 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,080 Speaker 1: so powerful and we're so blind to it most of 116 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:09,920 Speaker 1: the time. I want to tell a related story about 117 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:12,719 Speaker 1: a about a seventeenth century Prussian mayor. How about we 118 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 1: go there. Okay, so this guy is named Otto von Garica. 119 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,520 Speaker 1: He lived from sixteen o two to sixteen eighty six. 120 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:22,960 Speaker 1: And uh. In addition to being a lawyer and a politician, 121 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: he was, as I said, a mayor. He was an 122 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 1: important engineer and physicist in history, and he had all 123 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:31,919 Speaker 1: kinds of scientific accomplishments. For example, in the sixteen sixties 124 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:34,760 Speaker 1: he invented what is believed to be the world's first 125 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: known electrostatic generator, which is a device for generating electrical potential. Now, 126 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,679 Speaker 1: we talked a bit, you remember, Robert, about the history 127 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:45,960 Speaker 1: of electrostatic generators on the I think it was the 128 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:50,160 Speaker 1: episode about the electric arc thesis, right, Yes, I believe so. Yeah, 129 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: But for a brief refresher, these early generators were generally 130 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,279 Speaker 1: based on friction, kind of like how you can build 131 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,200 Speaker 1: up an electric charge on yourself by scuffing around on 132 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 1: a carpet. Von Garrika discovered that he could build up 133 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: a charge on a ball of sulfur if he rotated 134 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,280 Speaker 1: it rapidly with a crank to rub against things. And 135 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: he eventually discovered that building up a charge in this 136 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: way could cause the sulfur ball to glow in the dark. 137 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 1: But this wasn't Von Gerrika's only cool invention. Demonstrating like 138 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: the potential of vast hidden powers in the world. He 139 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: was also interested in the power of vacuums and voids, 140 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: and in the weight of the atmosphere, which, as we 141 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,280 Speaker 1: were just saying, usually goes unnoticed by us. So Von 142 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:34,600 Speaker 1: Garrika was the mayor of a city called Magdeburg, and 143 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: around sixteen forty nine or sixteen fifty or so he 144 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,680 Speaker 1: invented the first known air pump which could be used 145 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: to remove gas from a closed container. And by using 146 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:48,520 Speaker 1: this pump to create a partial vacuum, he was able 147 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,120 Speaker 1: to conduct fascinating research on the nature of voids in 148 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:55,240 Speaker 1: empty space. For example, he discovered that light could pass 149 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:58,760 Speaker 1: through a vacuum, but sound could not, and like so, 150 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:02,040 Speaker 1: given what was known the in the sixteen fifties, how 151 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 1: could that be? You know what? What was causing that fascinating? 152 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: But then also in a series of public experiments following this, 153 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: he demonstrated the power of a vacuum, or more precisely, 154 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:15,040 Speaker 1: the power exerted on a vacuum by air pressure, in 155 00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 1: a really awesome way, with an experimental apparatus that came 156 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:22,120 Speaker 1: to be known as the Magdeburg hemispheres. So Von Garica 157 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,440 Speaker 1: had this air pump of his and he created two 158 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:31,480 Speaker 1: precisely fitted copper hemispheres to like hollow half spheres that together, 159 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:33,720 Speaker 1: if you fit them together, they would make a closed 160 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: hollow sphere that was about thirty five and a half 161 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: centimeters in diameter. And these spheres were constructed with a 162 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:42,199 Speaker 1: valve so that they could when they were pressed together 163 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: to create an enclosure. Varna could attach his air pump 164 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 1: to the valve to force the gas out of the 165 00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:52,120 Speaker 1: hollow sphere and create a partial vacuum inside. And here's 166 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 1: the mind blowing part. Once the gas had been pumped 167 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:58,000 Speaker 1: out of the space between the two hemispheres, these copper 168 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 1: domes could not be pulled apart, even when they were 169 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 1: tied to horses pulling them in opposite directions. And yeah, 170 00:09:05,080 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 1: it's and I want to be clear, like, there's no 171 00:09:06,960 --> 00:09:10,560 Speaker 1: device holding the two hemispheres together. They weren't glued or 172 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: latched together or anything. You just press them together with 173 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,240 Speaker 1: a relatively air tight seal, pump the air out of 174 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: the middle, and they stay so stuck together that even 175 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:23,560 Speaker 1: horses pulling at each end couldn't separate them. So we 176 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,600 Speaker 1: ask again, what's holding these half spheres together, just kind 177 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,680 Speaker 1: of like what's pulling the lid of the microwave container down, 178 00:09:30,440 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: just as was the case with the bull in the microwave. 179 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:36,560 Speaker 1: If you're imagining some force inside the spheres sucking them together, 180 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: that's not accurate. There is no real sucking in a way, 181 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,040 Speaker 1: sucking is an illusion which you know there'll be a 182 00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:46,520 Speaker 1: good motivational poster almost um. The real force here was 183 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:49,600 Speaker 1: the weight of the atmosphere, the pressure difference between the 184 00:09:49,679 --> 00:09:52,400 Speaker 1: outside of the sphere and the inside. So you can 185 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:57,200 Speaker 1: sort of imagine the Earth's atmosphere reaching down with two huge, 186 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:01,719 Speaker 1: invisible fingers and pressing the two hemispheres together while the 187 00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:04,080 Speaker 1: horses tried to pull them apart. And to separate the 188 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,680 Speaker 1: spheres you would have to overpower that push of the atmosphere. Now, 189 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: of course, an easy way to separate them is just 190 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: to just open the valve and allow the air to 191 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:15,920 Speaker 1: fill the sphere um and then of course they'd come 192 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: apart instantly because the pressure pushing out from the inside 193 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: would be the same as the pressure pushing in from 194 00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,720 Speaker 1: the outside. And that I love these kind of experiments, 195 00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:29,199 Speaker 1: the kind that suddenly demonstrate in sharp relief amazing forces 196 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:32,520 Speaker 1: that are always there. They're always present, but they're invisible 197 00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:35,160 Speaker 1: to us from moment to moment. An atmosphere pressure is 198 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:37,920 Speaker 1: like this, it's our whole world. We spend our whole 199 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: lives in it. We evolved in it, we're adapted to it. 200 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,360 Speaker 1: It permeates our bodies, so we don't feel or notice it. 201 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:47,240 Speaker 1: It's just completely invisible to us. But if you merely 202 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 1: create a vacuum inside two half spheres, the familiar becomes 203 00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:54,840 Speaker 1: strange again, and these fingers of the atmosphere come pressing 204 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: down and the sky becomes so heavy it's kind of frightening. Well, 205 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,199 Speaker 1: let's break things down a little bit into about pressure itself. 206 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:06,439 Speaker 1: What is pressure? Well, pressure is actually fairly simple. Has 207 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: two components. It has force, and it has an area 208 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:11,839 Speaker 1: over which that force is applied. And this is why 209 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: you often hear pressure explained in terms of like pounds 210 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:19,640 Speaker 1: per square inch. Right, So pressure is not Pressure is 211 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,640 Speaker 1: not just the amount of force pressing on something, but 212 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:25,400 Speaker 1: where that force is being applied. So one way of 213 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:28,360 Speaker 1: thinking about this is like, why do so many weapons 214 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:31,199 Speaker 1: have sharp points and blades or not just weapons, I 215 00:11:31,240 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: mean any kind of like piercing object it's because they 216 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:36,679 Speaker 1: take the force of your swing or thrust or push 217 00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: and they apply it to a smaller surface area, increasing 218 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:43,319 Speaker 1: the pressure on that surface area and usually doing more 219 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: damage or getting through what you're trying to separate. Now, 220 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: when we start then up applying this to Earth's atmosphere, uh, 221 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,560 Speaker 1: it really gets fascinating. Uh. And this is a topic 222 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:57,440 Speaker 1: I I really enjoyed researching several years back when I 223 00:11:57,480 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: wrote a piece called How Weather Works for How Stuff Works, 224 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,720 Speaker 1: probably one of my favorite articles that ever worked on UM. 225 00:12:04,760 --> 00:12:06,440 Speaker 1: And one of my sources on that was a book 226 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 1: called The Atmosphere Planetary Heat Engine from twenty from two 227 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:15,280 Speaker 1: thousand and seven by Gregory L. Vault and so member 228 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:18,240 Speaker 1: some of these figures are his figures, I believe from 229 00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:22,760 Speaker 1: that book. But UM, the Earth's atmosphere, if you were 230 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,679 Speaker 1: to weigh it, it would weigh in at a whopping 231 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:31,560 Speaker 1: five point five quadrillion tons. That's a fourteen zeros trailing 232 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,280 Speaker 1: after it. So you know that's that's a lot of mass. 233 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:37,120 Speaker 1: And it's actually it's the driving force behind air pressure. 234 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,360 Speaker 1: So one one analogy that I kind of like to 235 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: turn to here is like if you imagine a squad 236 00:12:42,360 --> 00:12:46,280 Speaker 1: of cheerleaders forming a human pyramid. The cheerleaders on the 237 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: bottom have to bear the weight of all the other 238 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: cheerleaders on top of them, while the cheerleader on the 239 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:53,400 Speaker 1: top doesn't have to bear, you know, any of the weight. 240 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,560 Speaker 1: A similar situation exists in the atmosphere. The air is 241 00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,160 Speaker 1: least pressurized at the edge of space, where it's a 242 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:03,320 Speaker 1: little or nothing pressing it down. The air at sea level, however, 243 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,079 Speaker 1: is weighed down by all the air on top of it. 244 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:08,840 Speaker 1: Um like those pool poor cheerleaders shoring up the pyramid. 245 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:12,200 Speaker 1: All this pressure presses the molecules in the lower atmosphere 246 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: closer together, and that means that the higher the air pressure, 247 00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: the greater the air density. And for this reason alone, 248 00:13:18,360 --> 00:13:21,920 Speaker 1: fifty of Earth's air exists below an altitude of three 249 00:13:21,960 --> 00:13:25,000 Speaker 1: miles or five kilometers, right. And that's one reason it 250 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,560 Speaker 1: actually becomes kind of difficult to say exactly where the 251 00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:31,000 Speaker 1: atmosphere stops, right, because the atmosphere doesn't there's not like 252 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: a dividing line where it stops. We've kind of imposed 253 00:13:33,760 --> 00:13:36,719 Speaker 1: some arbitrary dividing lines where we say, well, conventionally the 254 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,560 Speaker 1: atmosphere stops here, but it just keeps getting thinner and 255 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,320 Speaker 1: thinner until you go up until you basically realize, well, 256 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:44,679 Speaker 1: I guess I would call this empty space. Yeah, that's right. 257 00:13:44,679 --> 00:13:47,560 Speaker 1: There's not like a membrane or anything up there. So 258 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:51,760 Speaker 1: standing at sea level, the atmosphere exerts, on average, a 259 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,880 Speaker 1: pressure of fourteen point seven pounds or six point seven 260 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:59,679 Speaker 1: kilograms against every square inch of your skin. Now, I've 261 00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:03,679 Speaker 1: also seen this figure slightly differently before the National Oceanic 262 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:07,800 Speaker 1: and Atmospheric Administration. Uh they say fourteen point five pounds 263 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: per square inch, and uh per square inch it's p 264 00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:12,800 Speaker 1: s I. So when you hear say P s I later, 265 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:15,880 Speaker 1: that's what we're referring to. I find this interesting to 266 00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,480 Speaker 1: think about. Okay, fifteen pounds per square inch again that 267 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: we just totally take for granted. And I know each 268 00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: of us recently acquired a fifteen pound gravity blanket. This 269 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:29,040 Speaker 1: is not a paid plug, not a paid plug, but 270 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: just to to illustrate, it's a blanket the ways fifteen 271 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: pounds and you pull it over your body and it 272 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: presses down on you and this kind of like uh 273 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: comforting in human hug and uh So when I was 274 00:14:42,920 --> 00:14:45,720 Speaker 1: researching this, and I was adding that into my notes 275 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: about the fifteen pounds, I was like, oh my goodness, 276 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 1: I gotta I gotta bust the gravity blanket out and 277 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,600 Speaker 1: and feel what fifteen pounds feels like, or rather what 278 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 1: fifteen additional pounds feels like. Yeah, but there's one of 279 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:00,360 Speaker 1: those for every square inch of your body. Yeah. Yeah, 280 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:02,800 Speaker 1: So it's it's crazy to think about that. Now we've 281 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:06,000 Speaker 1: already sort of explored this, but you you might begin 282 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:08,720 Speaker 1: to wonder about Okay, so there's a lot of square 283 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: inches on my body, uh, and fifteen pounds alone that 284 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 1: can start to feel pretty heavy, even distributed just over 285 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: the entire thing in a gravity blanket. How come I 286 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,560 Speaker 1: don't feel just constantly weighed down by the atmosphere. Why 287 00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,120 Speaker 1: isn't it a crushing force that prevents me from doing anything? Well, 288 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: I guess there's kind of like two answers to that. 289 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: I mean, one is this is the norm, this is 290 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:33,040 Speaker 1: what you are used to. And then there's also you know, 291 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: I've I've seen it written. You know that basically you're 292 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: the fluids in your body are pressing out with the 293 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: same force, so everything is there's equilibrium there, right, we 294 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:45,080 Speaker 1: are at equilibrium in this pressure. It's what our bodies 295 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 1: are evolved to existent. If you brought in, you know, 296 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:51,840 Speaker 1: an alien from outer space that I was living, I 297 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,320 Speaker 1: don't know. I was living in a super low pressure environment. 298 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,720 Speaker 1: That's how its body had been formed, and then you 299 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: brought it to the surface of Earth, it might well 300 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,120 Speaker 1: be crushed like a like a tin can a right, 301 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:03,920 Speaker 1: and then there might be issues with with the density 302 00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:06,440 Speaker 1: because one of the issues too, is that if you 303 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: venture above sea level air pressure uh, and it's corresponding 304 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:13,400 Speaker 1: density will decrease. That's why it's more difficult to breathe 305 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,080 Speaker 1: a higher altitudes. Yeah, that's why it would be you know, 306 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:18,560 Speaker 1: you've you've probably heard stats like if you were to 307 00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: teleport to the top of Mount Everest, Uh, the difficulty 308 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 1: you would you would have in getting enough air into 309 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:27,360 Speaker 1: your body to stay alive. Oh yeah, And this is 310 00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 1: this is something that's really interesting. I want to linger 311 00:16:29,360 --> 00:16:31,400 Speaker 1: on this for a moment, because we've established that we've 312 00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: got this really powerful, fascinating force of atmospheric pressure always 313 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:39,600 Speaker 1: affecting us, but we don't normally notice it because we're 314 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:43,080 Speaker 1: we're acclimatized to it, we're in equilibrium with it um 315 00:16:43,160 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: and we only normally notice its effects by its absence. 316 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: When we're at low pressure, that's when when you start 317 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:53,480 Speaker 1: to notice what air pressure is. And of course, as 318 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:55,680 Speaker 1: you're saying, when you climb a mountain and reach a higher, 319 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: high enough altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower. There's less atmosphere 320 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 1: sussing down from above, so the air is less dense, 321 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:05,440 Speaker 1: meaning every time you take a breath, you literally get 322 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,440 Speaker 1: fewer oxygen molecules. They're just it's less dense. You're getting 323 00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:12,520 Speaker 1: less with each pull. Yeah. This is also the very 324 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: reason that in your airplane safety videos they stress that 325 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,399 Speaker 1: if the cabin loses pressure, because little masks are going 326 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: to fall down and you need to put them on 327 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 1: in order to keep breathing right or you will very 328 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,399 Speaker 1: quickly encounter hypoxia, you know, like lack of oxygen and 329 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: the breaths you take, and that of course can lead 330 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: to all kinds of bad stuff in the body. You 331 00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,399 Speaker 1: need oxygen continuously immediately. And of course, so what this 332 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: means when you get up to a high altitude, as 333 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:38,960 Speaker 1: it can lead to a heavy breathing in order to 334 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,040 Speaker 1: compensate for the lack of oxygen and each breath, uh 335 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:45,840 Speaker 1: and all kinds of stuff weakness, dizziness, potentially dehydration or 336 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:49,679 Speaker 1: even loss of consciousness. I've experienced high altitude environments. I 337 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,119 Speaker 1: assume you have at some point as well, and it's 338 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:56,840 Speaker 1: it's a kind of alarming feeling, you know, like you 339 00:17:56,880 --> 00:18:00,119 Speaker 1: suddenly go up like ten ft worth of stairs and 340 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: like normally that wouldn't be a problem, but you're start 341 00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:06,119 Speaker 1: you're feeling lightheaded. And I remember encountering this on a 342 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:09,600 Speaker 1: trip to Arizona where we be We began in Phoenix 343 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 1: and then we were heading up um, you know, rising 344 00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:16,640 Speaker 1: in altitude as we were heading eventually towards the canyon, 345 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:19,399 Speaker 1: the Grand Canyon, UH. And I think we're somewhere in 346 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: your Flagstaff where we stopped, got out and had his 347 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:25,920 Speaker 1: beautiful walk. The leaves were golden. But I also think 348 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,600 Speaker 1: we were like it was like we we that the 349 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 1: altitude changed as such that we felt maybe like a 350 00:18:31,760 --> 00:18:34,359 Speaker 1: little more exhausted by the walk and everything seemed like 351 00:18:34,359 --> 00:18:38,560 Speaker 1: a little more magical in a weird way. Yeah. Yeah, 352 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,960 Speaker 1: I definitely experienced this sum when I was up up 353 00:18:41,960 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 1: in Canada, when like we went on the hike to 354 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: the Burgess Shale National Park area and uh to see 355 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:49,720 Speaker 1: the trilobyte beds up there, which if you haven't done, 356 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:52,679 Speaker 1: I highly recommend, but researched the hike before you do it. 357 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:55,879 Speaker 1: But also I've experienced this like in New Mexico and 358 00:18:55,920 --> 00:18:58,720 Speaker 1: the mountains around Albuquerque and Santa Fe which can get 359 00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:02,159 Speaker 1: really high elevation sition and you really start to feel it. 360 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:05,560 Speaker 1: Of course, altitude sickness can vary a lot in where 361 00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:08,520 Speaker 1: it sets in. It's usually said that it begins somewhere 362 00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 1: around fifteen hundred to three thousand meters above sea level, 363 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,320 Speaker 1: but it varies a lot from person to person. And 364 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,680 Speaker 1: I kind of wonder about something. This got me thinking 365 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:23,520 Speaker 1: about the prevalence of beliefs about the sacred or religious 366 00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:28,199 Speaker 1: significance of mountain tops. Like so, there are tons and 367 00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:32,120 Speaker 1: tons of examples of sacred mountain tops or beliefs about 368 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,280 Speaker 1: the religious significance of mountain peaks around the world. There's, 369 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:37,879 Speaker 1: of course, you know, familiar one to us, mount Mount Olympus, 370 00:19:38,119 --> 00:19:40,800 Speaker 1: the home to the gods in Greek mythology. But they're 371 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:44,720 Speaker 1: just literally hundreds of sacred and holy mountains around the 372 00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: world that are either homes of the gods or peaks 373 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:50,800 Speaker 1: of sacred pilgrimage, or places where people go to meditate, 374 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 1: you know, near mountain peaks, mountain top monasteries considered sacred 375 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,080 Speaker 1: in some forms of Buddhism and all that. Um I 376 00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:02,040 Speaker 1: was thinking about Mount Kailash or Kailassa into bed Ah. 377 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:05,280 Speaker 1: So you're saying mountaintops where the air is thin and 378 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:08,480 Speaker 1: the gods are near. Yeah, I wonder. Now I'm not sure, 379 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: but there could be a lot of reasons for belief 380 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:13,159 Speaker 1: in the mountaintops being homes of the gods or sacred 381 00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: places in general. And I think there's one clearer piece 382 00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:18,639 Speaker 1: of evidence that not all beliefs about sacred mountain tops 383 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 1: have to do with altitude, because many of the holy 384 00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:22,960 Speaker 1: mountains of the world aren't even that tall. I was 385 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: thinking about there's one in Japan called, I think Mountain 386 00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: Mihwa that's like not even five So it's clearly not 387 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,560 Speaker 1: like an altitude sickness thing going on there. So there's 388 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: obviously there are obviously other things contributing to these types 389 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:38,159 Speaker 1: of beliefs. But I wonder if one factor contributing to 390 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,880 Speaker 1: the widespread prevalence of belief in holy mountains is altitude sickness. 391 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: As you climb toward the top of a very tall mountain, 392 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:49,720 Speaker 1: you're very likely to experience heavy breathing, weakness, dizziness, dehydration, 393 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,800 Speaker 1: loss of consciousness. And I can even imagine these like 394 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:57,960 Speaker 1: mundane types of physiological obstacles presenting too ancient mountain climbers 395 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:01,439 Speaker 1: a kind of invisible power of magic or repelling force 396 00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:04,720 Speaker 1: that attempts to bar entry or repel you from the 397 00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:08,080 Speaker 1: sacred domain of the gods. Interesting. Oh yeah, I like 398 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:11,439 Speaker 1: this hypothesis and actually does go farther than that. Like 399 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:15,200 Speaker 1: Apart from the mere hypoxic conditions caused by low air 400 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: pressure at altitude, there are plenty of records of high altitudes, 401 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:21,360 Speaker 1: especially like above six thousand meters according to a nine 402 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:24,160 Speaker 1: study by Bruger at all that I was looking at 403 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:29,600 Speaker 1: high altitudes causing fascinating psychological effects like so esthetic illusions, 404 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,440 Speaker 1: which are when you imagine there are distortions in the 405 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:36,520 Speaker 1: schema of your body and various forms of hallucinations such 406 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:39,360 Speaker 1: as hearing voices. You know people hearing voices on everest 407 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: You might have ye, definitely yeah, Or there's a common 408 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:48,080 Speaker 1: one of sensing the presence of an unseen companion on 409 00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 1: the climb. Sometimes known as third Man's and so I 410 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:54,159 Speaker 1: don't know about that, but that's an interesting hypothesis to 411 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:55,920 Speaker 1: work with, And I think maybe we should come back 412 00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 1: and do a whole episode in the future about the 413 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: science of sacred mountains and mountain top psychology and and 414 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:04,040 Speaker 1: maybe explore a little bit further whether there's something to 415 00:22:04,119 --> 00:22:08,560 Speaker 1: this idea. Huh uh. It makes me wonder too about 416 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:12,000 Speaker 1: the science fictional applications here where you could have say, 417 00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: a society where um, they basically have a low air 418 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:22,359 Speaker 1: density chambers in which one uh visits to to meditate 419 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:25,480 Speaker 1: and receive the gods. Oh yeah, I wonder kind of 420 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:28,159 Speaker 1: a riff on a recent Peter Watts short story that 421 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: I read called a Word for Heathens. Oh man, yeah, 422 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: you made me read that one. That was great. It's 423 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: sort of uh well, I don't want to spoil what 424 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:37,959 Speaker 1: it's about. If you're into Peter Watts, you should check 425 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:40,800 Speaker 1: it out. Yeah, yeah, it's it's in his a short 426 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:43,160 Speaker 1: story collection of his. It came out in recent years. 427 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:44,879 Speaker 1: All right, Well, on that note, we're gonna take a 428 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:47,159 Speaker 1: quick break. But when we come back, we're gonna go 429 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:51,200 Speaker 1: underwater and we're gonna talk about water pressure. Thank you 430 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: thank alright, we're back. All right. So we've been talking 431 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,159 Speaker 1: about atmospheric pressure so far. I don't know if we 432 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: ever really announced the topic today. We we just generally 433 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:03,040 Speaker 1: wanted to talk about some thoughts about pressure pressurized environments 434 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,920 Speaker 1: or unpressurized environments, and so we've been talking so far 435 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,840 Speaker 1: about the hidden effects of atmospheric pressure. But we should 436 00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:13,320 Speaker 1: talk about water pressure because that's where the real pressure 437 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,960 Speaker 1: comes in on Earth. Absolutely, So yeah, when we go 438 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,879 Speaker 1: into water, pressure increases. And because the ocean is also 439 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:23,440 Speaker 1: a massive layer on the Earth, held in place by gravity, 440 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: and it weighs a lot as well. Uh, estimated weight 441 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:32,200 Speaker 1: of the ocean is generally generally's generally the standard estimation 442 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:35,960 Speaker 1: is three hundred and twenty six million trillion gallons. That's 443 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: three two six with eighteen zeros on it. Zeros it is. 444 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 1: But by the way, this is a something that is 445 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:48,000 Speaker 1: that that I found kind of fascinate. Water is practically incompressible, 446 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: but it can be compressed with great difficulty for industrial purposes. Yeah, 447 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: I guess I've usually seen it expressed as liquid water 448 00:23:55,520 --> 00:24:00,800 Speaker 1: being incompressible, whereas gas is compressible. Yeah, here's another fun 449 00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:02,920 Speaker 1: fact about just the size of the ocean. If you 450 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:06,439 Speaker 1: removed all the continents and just had our oceans. Uh, 451 00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:09,800 Speaker 1: you know, the global ocean itself covering a uniform plane 452 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:13,040 Speaker 1: of rock. The entire planet would be covered in a 453 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:16,359 Speaker 1: two mile deep ocean. That's just how much there is. 454 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: Um starts to make you a little nervous. Yeah, so um. 455 00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:25,080 Speaker 1: Basically though, everything I said earlier about about the cheerleaders 456 00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:27,440 Speaker 1: and atmosphere holds true for the for the ocean as well. 457 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:30,399 Speaker 1: Venture into the sunlit shallows and you feel a gradual 458 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:33,400 Speaker 1: increase in the pressure around you. Uh. I mean all 459 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: you have to do is go underwater in a swimming 460 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:38,440 Speaker 1: pool or swim down from the surface while snorkeling to 461 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:42,479 Speaker 1: fill the pressure on your ear drums. That's hydrostatic pressure 462 00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:45,399 Speaker 1: the foce per unit area exerted by a liquid on 463 00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:49,560 Speaker 1: an object. Now, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 464 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:52,840 Speaker 1: for every thirty three feet or ten point zero six 465 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: meters you descend into the ocean, the pressure increases by 466 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: fourteen point five p s I and that was the 467 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,040 Speaker 1: same as the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level, 468 00:25:01,560 --> 00:25:03,480 Speaker 1: which is why this is usually referred to as the 469 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,239 Speaker 1: unit of measure one atmosphere exactly. Yeah, you go down there, 470 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:08,880 Speaker 1: So you go down thirty three ft, you've got one 471 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: atmosphere of pressure. You go down sixty six ft, you 472 00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,520 Speaker 1: have two atmospheres of pressure. So at a depth of 473 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:20,600 Speaker 1: five thousand meters, the pressure will be approximately five hundred atmospheres, 474 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:23,119 Speaker 1: or again five hundred times greater than the pressure at 475 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:28,040 Speaker 1: sea level. The average ocean depth is about twelve thousand, 476 00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:31,720 Speaker 1: five hundred sixty six feet or about thirty eight hundreds, 477 00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:35,760 Speaker 1: so that's roughly three d eight atmospheres of pressure. And 478 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:39,680 Speaker 1: the greatest ocean depth is what thirty six thousand, two 479 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:44,040 Speaker 1: hundred feet uh over eleven thousand meters, so that's roughly 480 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:48,760 Speaker 1: um eleven hundred atmospheres of pressure. And I've seen I've 481 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:51,359 Speaker 1: seen the pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench 482 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:54,760 Speaker 1: listed as ten seventy a t M. Well that lines 483 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: up about right. But I mean the point here being 484 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,320 Speaker 1: you can't I think it is sort of impossible for 485 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,800 Speaker 1: you to imagine the pressure at the bottom of the ocean. 486 00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: You don't have something that it feels like to compare 487 00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: that too. But it is crushing pressure. Obviously, if an 488 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 1: organism were to go into that that was not biologically 489 00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:16,439 Speaker 1: adapted for it, it would be just instant death, just 490 00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: destroy you. Yeah, it's it's difficult to really grasp even 491 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,640 Speaker 1: in even in like our better works of science fiction. 492 00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:26,439 Speaker 1: I mean, we mentioned Peter Watts already. Peter Watts has 493 00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:29,679 Speaker 1: written a uh, several different books that take place in 494 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:33,080 Speaker 1: ocean depths. Is novel Starfish, especially that I've discussed on 495 00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:35,600 Speaker 1: the show before. Uh, there's a frequent mention of the 496 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,880 Speaker 1: underwater habitats and the and the the Rifters on that 497 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,199 Speaker 1: having to cope with three atmospheres of pressure in the 498 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:46,920 Speaker 1: area that they're um hanging out and uh, and there's 499 00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:50,200 Speaker 1: also in a later Rifter Books Books book he describes 500 00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:53,120 Speaker 1: the crazy cutting potential of a strip of water shooting 501 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:55,560 Speaker 1: through a crack in a hole, how it could potentially 502 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:59,679 Speaker 1: slice a character's arm right off. Um. And that is 503 00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:03,720 Speaker 1: that ill? You think that that is accurate? I think so, yeah, 504 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:05,880 Speaker 1: I mean based on what we're talking about earlier about 505 00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:11,600 Speaker 1: potential industrial um applications of you know, high high pressure 506 00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:15,879 Speaker 1: water streams plus Watts you know, tends to get the 507 00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:17,959 Speaker 1: science right. I tend to. I tend to trust him 508 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,360 Speaker 1: on on the science and his books. Uh well, yeah, 509 00:27:21,359 --> 00:27:22,760 Speaker 1: I mean, I guess I think about the fact that 510 00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:26,000 Speaker 1: there are actually water jet cutters, like we're in industrial 511 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:29,960 Speaker 1: water saws. There's also an interesting account from William Beebe, 512 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:33,560 Speaker 1: you know, the the the inventor and tester of the 513 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:35,960 Speaker 1: bathosphere that we've discussed in the show before. Yeah, if 514 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:38,239 Speaker 1: you haven't heard our Bathosphere episodes, you should go back 515 00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:40,320 Speaker 1: and listen to those. But the basic idea, right, he 516 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:42,520 Speaker 1: got in a he got in a giant metal ball 517 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:45,399 Speaker 1: and just descended into the ocean. Right. And there's a 518 00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:48,480 Speaker 1: there's one he wrote about all of this, And there's 519 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,560 Speaker 1: one particular passage that's frequently brought up as an example 520 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,880 Speaker 1: of extreme uh you know, the the of of extreme 521 00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,639 Speaker 1: water pressure and this one that was actually included on 522 00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:02,240 Speaker 1: the n O a A website. Um, but basically this 523 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:06,240 Speaker 1: would have occurred what I think nineteen thirty two, in 524 00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:08,919 Speaker 1: which they sent the bathosphere down this again this uh, 525 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 1: this iron beach ball of a of a vessel with 526 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:15,879 Speaker 1: one window with the one yeah, I think later they 527 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,960 Speaker 1: had three, right, Yeah, but at any rate, uh, just 528 00:28:20,119 --> 00:28:22,719 Speaker 1: like these quartz portals to to look out of, right, 529 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: and uh so they were going to test it out. 530 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,200 Speaker 1: Nobody aboard. They lowered it down to three thousand feet, 531 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 1: and then the following happens quote. It was apparent that 532 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:36,359 Speaker 1: something was very wrong, and as the bathosphere swung clear, 533 00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:38,479 Speaker 1: so they just they just pulled it out of the ocean. 534 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:41,440 Speaker 1: After this descent, I saw a needle of water shooting 535 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:44,720 Speaker 1: across the face of the port window. Weighing much more 536 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:46,960 Speaker 1: than she should have, she came over the side and 537 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:49,560 Speaker 1: was lowered to the deck. Looking through one of the 538 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:52,040 Speaker 1: good windows, I could see that she was almost full 539 00:28:52,080 --> 00:28:54,760 Speaker 1: of water. They were curious ripples on the top of 540 00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: the water, and I knew that the space above was 541 00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,480 Speaker 1: filled with air, but such air as no human being 542 00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:03,200 Speaker 1: could tall rate. For a moment, unceasingly, the thin stream 543 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:07,040 Speaker 1: of water and air drove obliquely across the outer face 544 00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:09,800 Speaker 1: of the quartz. I began to unscrew the giant wing 545 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,040 Speaker 1: bolt in the center of the door, and after the 546 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:15,880 Speaker 1: first few turns, a strange, high singing came forth. Then 547 00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:19,800 Speaker 1: a fine missed steam like inconsistency shot out a needle 548 00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:22,680 Speaker 1: of steam, then another and another. This warned me that 549 00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:24,760 Speaker 1: I should have sensed when I looked through the window 550 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:28,000 Speaker 1: that the contents of the bathosphere were under terrific pressure. 551 00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:30,360 Speaker 1: I cleared the deck in front of the door of 552 00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:33,800 Speaker 1: everyone's staff and crew. One motion picture camera was placed 553 00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:35,920 Speaker 1: on the upper deck. In a second when close by 554 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:39,360 Speaker 1: but well to one side of the bathosphere. Carefully, little 555 00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: by little, two of us turned the brass handles soaked 556 00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:44,640 Speaker 1: with the spray, and I listened as the high musical 557 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:48,800 Speaker 1: tone of impatient, confined elements gradually descended the scale a 558 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:52,680 Speaker 1: quartertone or less at each slight turn. Realizing what might happen, 559 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,080 Speaker 1: we leaned back as far as possible from the line 560 00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:58,360 Speaker 1: of fire. Suddenly, without the slightest warning, the bolt was 561 00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:00,720 Speaker 1: torn from our hands, and the math of heavy metal 562 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,400 Speaker 1: shot across the deck like a shell from a gun. 563 00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: The trajectory was almost straight, and the brass bolt hurtled 564 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:10,200 Speaker 1: into the steel winch thirty feet across the deck and 565 00:30:10,280 --> 00:30:13,880 Speaker 1: sheared a half inch notch, gouged out by the harder metal. 566 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,320 Speaker 1: This was followed by a solid cylinder of water, which 567 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:21,440 Speaker 1: slackened after a while to be to a cataract, pouring 568 00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,080 Speaker 1: out of the whole of the door. Some air mingled 569 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:27,000 Speaker 1: with the water, looking like hot steam instead of compressed 570 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,200 Speaker 1: air shooting through the ice cold water. If I had 571 00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,480 Speaker 1: been in the way, I would have been decapitated. Wow. So, 572 00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 1: if I'm understanding correctly what he's saying happened here is 573 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:38,880 Speaker 1: they lowered it down without any people in it, to 574 00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: this greater depth than they normally would have allowed it 575 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:44,480 Speaker 1: to get down to see what would happen, and it 576 00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:46,760 Speaker 1: somehow sprung a leak, despite the fact that this is 577 00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: a super reinforced uh you know, like it's not like 578 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: it had a lot of components to fail. It's just 579 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: a metal ball with like extremely thick windows. But something 580 00:30:56,800 --> 00:30:59,040 Speaker 1: happened in the courts of the window and water got 581 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:01,440 Speaker 1: in and because of the pressure where it was, not 582 00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 1: only did it fill with high pressure water, but the 583 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:07,400 Speaker 1: air inside it would have been super compressed by the 584 00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: water filling it up at such high pressure. So it's 585 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:13,040 Speaker 1: basically like a bomb they had they had pulled up 586 00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,400 Speaker 1: into the boat. Yeah, because normally the idea is it 587 00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:20,680 Speaker 1: contains surface level air pressure within this high pressure ocean 588 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: deep but but it kind of reverse things, right, so 589 00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:26,600 Speaker 1: when they pull it back up, it's this steel ball 590 00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:31,240 Speaker 1: containing all of this high pressured air and water. Yeah, 591 00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: there's something very frightening about that, like terrified to think, Um, 592 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:39,880 Speaker 1: I don't know about just like the the the killing 593 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: power of water and air under such high pressure that 594 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,719 Speaker 1: there aren't like explosives in this thing. There's not like 595 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:48,760 Speaker 1: a you know, it's not a gun or a bomb 596 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:52,400 Speaker 1: that has chemicals and it may do it's just the pressure. Yeah, 597 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:54,200 Speaker 1: well and and but but it's yeah, when you have 598 00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:59,600 Speaker 1: situations through human technology to create this vast deferential like 599 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: a difference in pressure water pressure or air pressure that 600 00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,560 Speaker 1: should be separated by dit by greater distances. And indeed 601 00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:09,240 Speaker 1: that's where we see some of the more unfortunate accidents 602 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:13,560 Speaker 1: that have occurred with like, ah, like rapid deep pressure ization, 603 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:16,600 Speaker 1: which we may touch on a little bit in a bit, 604 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:17,960 Speaker 1: but we're not going to get you know, into a 605 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,640 Speaker 1: whole bunch of gordy details on that matter here, well 606 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:24,440 Speaker 1: except maybe a bit as it concerns fish. Yes, well 607 00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,400 Speaker 1: that's true. But uh but but just you know, as 608 00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:29,360 Speaker 1: long as we're talking about atmosphere in the deep here 609 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,040 Speaker 1: that it brings up an important fact that increased pressure 610 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:36,280 Speaker 1: changes how our body interacts with certain gases, namely nitrogen. 611 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,120 Speaker 1: Increased pressure allows more oxygen and nitrogen to dissolve into 612 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: the blood into the blood stream and it end at 613 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:45,800 Speaker 1: a mirror a hundred feet. Nitrogen levels can reach dangerous levels, 614 00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,640 Speaker 1: resulting in nitrogen narcosis if not managed. Yeah, and this 615 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:52,880 Speaker 1: actually goes beyond just like respiraated nitrogen and air. There 616 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:56,280 Speaker 1: are multiple types of molecules and chemicals inside the body 617 00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,400 Speaker 1: that actually take on different properties at different pressure. It's 618 00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:01,840 Speaker 1: kind of the same way that if you're experimenting in 619 00:33:01,880 --> 00:33:04,520 Speaker 1: a laboratory, you can change the properties of a chemical 620 00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,920 Speaker 1: or molecule by increasing or decreasing its temperature. You can 621 00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:11,480 Speaker 1: also change the properties of a molecule, compound or whatever 622 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:15,440 Speaker 1: by increasing or decreasing the pressure which it rests. And 623 00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:17,960 Speaker 1: uh and so yeah, we'll we'll talk about that more 624 00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:19,720 Speaker 1: in just a minute. I was looking up, you know, 625 00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: a little bit more about the effects of diving on 626 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:27,240 Speaker 1: the body, and according to the Diver's Alert Network, increased 627 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,719 Speaker 1: levels of oxygen can cause will cause a vasal constriction, 628 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:33,880 Speaker 1: which increases your blood pressure and reduces your heart rate 629 00:33:33,920 --> 00:33:36,520 Speaker 1: and heart output. So I imagine that just means like 630 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,760 Speaker 1: it's shrinking the blood vessels, right, it's making them tighter. 631 00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:43,000 Speaker 1: They also point out that increased levels of carbon dioxide, 632 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,880 Speaker 1: which may accumulate in the body when you exercise during 633 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 1: a dive. Uh due to reduced pulmonary ventilation caused by 634 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,760 Speaker 1: dense gases. This can increase the flow of blood to 635 00:33:53,840 --> 00:33:57,600 Speaker 1: your brain, which can speed up oxygen toxicity. If you're 636 00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,720 Speaker 1: breathing a hyperoxic gasness mix one with an elevated level 637 00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 1: of oxygen. Okay, so would it be normal? I guess 638 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:07,680 Speaker 1: that divers would have in their in their breathing apparatus 639 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:10,880 Speaker 1: what is it called the tanks or whatever, a mixture 640 00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:14,120 Speaker 1: that has more oxygen the normal air does. Yeah, yes, 641 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:17,360 Speaker 1: I believe. So. I've never been scuba diving, I've I've 642 00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:20,400 Speaker 1: only only done snorkeling. On my recent trip to believe, 643 00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: I was around a number of scuba divers and it 644 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:25,440 Speaker 1: is I did spend a fair amount of time like 645 00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:28,279 Speaker 1: sort of thinking about the differences between the people that 646 00:34:28,360 --> 00:34:30,080 Speaker 1: were there to dive and the people who were there 647 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:33,319 Speaker 1: to snorkel and um, you know, and a lot of 648 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:34,880 Speaker 1: it does come down to the fact that like snork 649 00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:38,920 Speaker 1: guing is pretty simple technology. Um and and I love it. 650 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:40,759 Speaker 1: You know, you're just you're getting the water and you're 651 00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: there you don't have to worry about too much. You know, 652 00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:46,720 Speaker 1: you just make sure you're not brushing up against coral 653 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:48,839 Speaker 1: and spit out the salt water when it comes down 654 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:51,279 Speaker 1: the snork that sort of thing. But but when you 655 00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:54,160 Speaker 1: get into two diving, I mean, they're all these careful 656 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,160 Speaker 1: considerations that have to be made, and you know, I 657 00:34:57,239 --> 00:34:59,719 Speaker 1: have to keep track of your time and your your 658 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,600 Speaker 1: bree thing. I mean, it is, uh, it's and it's 659 00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:05,440 Speaker 1: a whole enterprise. We could we could easily do an 660 00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:08,760 Speaker 1: entire episode just on the science of scuba diving. Actually, 661 00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:10,719 Speaker 1: in one of the books that I recommended in our 662 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,480 Speaker 1: summer Reading episode last year, The Soul of an Octopus 663 00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:15,920 Speaker 1: by Sigh Montgomery, there's a there's a whole section in 664 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:20,440 Speaker 1: there that's sort of like a memoir of UH learning 665 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:23,960 Speaker 1: how to dive with with scuba gear and stuff, because 666 00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:28,200 Speaker 1: just because of an interest in UH octopuses and cephalopods 667 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:30,520 Speaker 1: and wanting to get closer to them and see them 668 00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:33,560 Speaker 1: in the ocean. And it's it's not as easy as 669 00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:36,120 Speaker 1: you would think. It's like an arduous journey, especially when 670 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:38,400 Speaker 1: whatever you're diving for at was going to ask you 671 00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:41,760 Speaker 1: to dive in less than ideal conditions. Uh. Fun fact 672 00:35:41,840 --> 00:35:44,920 Speaker 1: that trip to believes. Uh, the the place I stayed 673 00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:47,640 Speaker 1: had a small assortment of books and magazines, like these 674 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:50,960 Speaker 1: places tend to do, and that that book The Soul 675 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:53,000 Speaker 1: of an Octopus was was one of them. Oh maybe 676 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,040 Speaker 1: because they heard our recommendation well or just you know, 677 00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:58,080 Speaker 1: but probably more than like people that are willing into 678 00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:01,920 Speaker 1: scuba and diving uh um and and snorkeling, I guess 679 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:05,719 Speaker 1: may occasionally bring books of that nature. I'll say it again. 680 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:08,200 Speaker 1: If you want to cry about an octopus, read that book. 681 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:13,560 Speaker 1: No joke. Now, we've talked mainly about about humans here 682 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:17,120 Speaker 1: and a little bit about octopuses, but plenty of other 683 00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:22,239 Speaker 1: creatures are adapted to regular jaunts to fairly impressive depths 684 00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:25,720 Speaker 1: or even of course permanent residency in high pressure waters. 685 00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:29,080 Speaker 1: So sperm whales for instance, which we've we've covered fairly 686 00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:31,919 Speaker 1: recently on the show. Um, you know, they can dive 687 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:34,640 Speaker 1: down to depths of seven thousand feet or so. Uh 688 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:38,400 Speaker 1: and and uh, this is a really impressive anatomical process 689 00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:40,320 Speaker 1: that we we talk a little bit about in that episode. 690 00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:42,920 Speaker 1: But like one of the things that their bodies do 691 00:36:43,239 --> 00:36:46,239 Speaker 1: is that they their lungs collapse to copes with the 692 00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:49,200 Speaker 1: cope with the pressure. Yeah, um, I mean that's actually 693 00:36:49,239 --> 00:36:52,399 Speaker 1: even so we're about to talk about organisms that live 694 00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:55,640 Speaker 1: permanently in the deep seas, but the ones like sperm 695 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:58,120 Speaker 1: whales that go up and down, like they go all 696 00:36:58,160 --> 00:36:59,840 Speaker 1: the way to the surface to breathe and then go 697 00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:04,600 Speaker 1: down seven thousand feet. I mean, what that is something 698 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,360 Speaker 1: that's especially hard to imagine for you know, without the 699 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,920 Speaker 1: kind of biological adaptations that they have to sustain it. 700 00:37:10,920 --> 00:37:13,440 Speaker 1: It's gonna be hard to imagine, especially given stuff we're 701 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,720 Speaker 1: about to talk about in just a minute here. Yeah, difficult, 702 00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:19,919 Speaker 1: difficult for a landsman like like us to imagine for sure. Um. 703 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: But then of course, yeah, you've got all these deep 704 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,560 Speaker 1: sea organisms that are permanently adapted to pressure that is 705 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:28,880 Speaker 1: that boggles the mind, is just so crushing at the 706 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,080 Speaker 1: bottom of the ocean. Yeah. So yeah, deep sea fish 707 00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:34,640 Speaker 1: that are adapted to high pressures, you know, generally, namely 708 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:36,839 Speaker 1: we're talking about like the mere fact that they don't 709 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,239 Speaker 1: have air pockets inside their body like we do, right, 710 00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:41,759 Speaker 1: they don't have lungs full of air or more importantly, 711 00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:46,280 Speaker 1: swim bladders. Yes, uh, there, there's actually like a whole 712 00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:50,120 Speaker 1: host of of things that come into into play with 713 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:54,719 Speaker 1: with deep water adaptations. Like it's you know, it's easy 714 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:56,960 Speaker 1: to sort of like think casually about it and think, well, 715 00:37:57,160 --> 00:37:59,480 Speaker 1: you know it's a thicker skin or you know, different 716 00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:02,480 Speaker 1: oregan Uh, but you know, you get into like all 717 00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:07,680 Speaker 1: of these molecular examples and proteins UM. Deep water organisms 718 00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:11,839 Speaker 1: for instance, UM, they depend on something that's known as 719 00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:17,520 Speaker 1: trimethyl amine in oxide, which seems to counter protein destabilizing 720 00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:21,000 Speaker 1: effects of pressure. Yeah, that's sometimes known as t m 721 00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:23,080 Speaker 1: A O. And the problem here is that, as we 722 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,239 Speaker 1: were saying a minute ago, certain types of molecules that 723 00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:29,640 Speaker 1: are present in animal bodies anyway, actually become more toxic 724 00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,080 Speaker 1: or more dangerous at greater pressure. And one of those, 725 00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:33,960 Speaker 1: of course, is the compound of urea, which is in 726 00:38:34,120 --> 00:38:36,560 Speaker 1: your body. You know, it's important in the renal system. 727 00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:39,560 Speaker 1: Your kidneys deal with it. But t m AO is 728 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,640 Speaker 1: a protein stabilizer that helps protect the body against the 729 00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:46,000 Speaker 1: toxic effects of urea at high pressure. So if you've 730 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:47,759 Speaker 1: got urea in your body, like a lot of deep 731 00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:51,040 Speaker 1: water sharks do, and they're trying not to make that 732 00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,719 Speaker 1: a poison inside their bodies, that hurts them. The t 733 00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:57,120 Speaker 1: m AO stabilizes proteins and protects the body against it. 734 00:38:57,480 --> 00:38:59,960 Speaker 1: But I've also reather this molecule only works to serve 735 00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:03,520 Speaker 1: in depths. Basically, so extremely deep organisms, you know, many 736 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:07,640 Speaker 1: of which we really don't understand all that well yet. Uh. 737 00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,239 Speaker 1: They have membranes that require extreme pressure, Like they fall 738 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:14,480 Speaker 1: apart without that pressure in place. Yeah, totally, though it 739 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:18,440 Speaker 1: seems so. It seems that when you are an organism 740 00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:21,000 Speaker 1: that is adapted to the crushing depth of the bottom 741 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:24,319 Speaker 1: of the ocean, how you fare when you were brought 742 00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:27,160 Speaker 1: into a lower pressure environment. That varies a lot from 743 00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:29,719 Speaker 1: organism to organism. I was reading an article by the 744 00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:34,040 Speaker 1: marine biologist and evolutionary ecologist Craig McClain where he talks 745 00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:38,319 Speaker 1: about his experiences retrieving organisms for scientific research from the 746 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:40,279 Speaker 1: deep sea. You know, they'll put them sometimes in a 747 00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:43,040 Speaker 1: canister and bring them up with a probe. And specifically 748 00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:46,919 Speaker 1: he's addressing the question of whether deep sea organisms explode 749 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:49,480 Speaker 1: when you bring them up from the lower pressure environment 750 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:52,600 Speaker 1: of the surface, and it seems like for most organisms 751 00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:55,239 Speaker 1: the answer is no, they don't explode. Though he does 752 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:58,319 Speaker 1: talk about his experiences. I think somehow we've mentioned this 753 00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:00,960 Speaker 1: on the podcast before. His experience is trying to collect 754 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,560 Speaker 1: a specimen of a particular kind of red sea cucumber, 755 00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,399 Speaker 1: which he says is always reduced to a quote thick 756 00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:10,440 Speaker 1: red cool aid by the time it reaches the surface. 757 00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:13,200 Speaker 1: So there may be some kind of explosion scenario going 758 00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:16,279 Speaker 1: on with this organism in particular, and maybe some others. 759 00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,919 Speaker 1: But with most deep sea organisms, when you bring them 760 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:22,160 Speaker 1: up from the high pressure environment of the deep sea 761 00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:25,719 Speaker 1: to the surface, there's no pop. The more common immediate 762 00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:28,439 Speaker 1: danger actually is temperature change. The deep sea is very 763 00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:32,040 Speaker 1: very cold, around like zero to three degrees celsius usually, 764 00:40:32,120 --> 00:40:33,920 Speaker 1: or about thirty two to thirty seven and a half 765 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,880 Speaker 1: degrease fahrenheit, and when an organism is adapted to that temperature, 766 00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:40,560 Speaker 1: bringing it up to the warm surface can kill it fast. 767 00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,239 Speaker 1: You know, it might be like boiling it. Though many 768 00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:46,360 Speaker 1: deep sea organisms can survive if they're quickly moved to 769 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:50,000 Speaker 1: some kind of protective cold condition, But the question is 770 00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:53,200 Speaker 1: how do they survive such an extreme change in pressure 771 00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:56,600 Speaker 1: coming up from the bottom. And basically McClean says that 772 00:40:56,640 --> 00:41:00,160 Speaker 1: their adaptations to deep pressure, many of which are sort 773 00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:03,560 Speaker 1: of biochemical adaptations, having to do with like things happening 774 00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:05,799 Speaker 1: at the cell level or enzymes in the body. Those 775 00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:10,200 Speaker 1: don't happen to be adaptations of a kind that consequently 776 00:41:10,239 --> 00:41:13,279 Speaker 1: makes them vulnerable to low pressure. It's just like you know, 777 00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:15,760 Speaker 1: I think he uses the metaphor that if he puts 778 00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:18,200 Speaker 1: a hat on to protect himself from the sun, that 779 00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:22,680 Speaker 1: hat doesn't like hurt him when there is no sun. Um. However, 780 00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:26,000 Speaker 1: these organisms that survived the pressure change from sea floor 781 00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:29,440 Speaker 1: to surface have usually evolved to possess bodies without major 782 00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:33,040 Speaker 1: gas pockets. And that's key. When we're talking about any 783 00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:36,120 Speaker 1: fish or organism that has a gas pocket inside it, 784 00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:40,080 Speaker 1: like a swim bladder, all bets are off. Then. Yeah. 785 00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:44,040 Speaker 1: I was reading a paper from Ding, Wagner and Popper 786 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:47,400 Speaker 1: titled titled the Inner Ear and It's coupling to the 787 00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:52,600 Speaker 1: swim bladder in the deep sea fish uh Anti Mora rostrata, 788 00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:55,000 Speaker 1: and they pointed out that they had to pull the 789 00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:59,200 Speaker 1: specimens up from the deep really slowly because they wanted 790 00:41:59,239 --> 00:42:01,800 Speaker 1: to try and preserve of the swim the swim bladder 791 00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:05,160 Speaker 1: the creatures a swim bladder is adapted to deep water pressure, 792 00:42:05,560 --> 00:42:08,600 Speaker 1: uh that they put it up slowly to avoid damaging it. Yeah, 793 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:11,160 Speaker 1: and there's all kinds of interesting stuff out there about 794 00:42:11,360 --> 00:42:14,000 Speaker 1: the swim bladder of fish and barrow trauma. You know, 795 00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:17,880 Speaker 1: pressure related trauma. That's what barrow trauma is. So the 796 00:42:17,920 --> 00:42:21,719 Speaker 1: swim bladder in fish is this gas filled chamber that 797 00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:25,279 Speaker 1: allows a fish to essentially well, it allows several things. 798 00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:28,160 Speaker 1: It allows a fish to rest at a certain depth 799 00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,680 Speaker 1: without sinking and without expending energy to swim, to stay 800 00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:34,520 Speaker 1: where it is. But it also can help in ascent 801 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:38,600 Speaker 1: or descent simply by inflating or deflating the bladder. So 802 00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:41,520 Speaker 1: it can be a buoyancy stabilizer that helps the fish out. 803 00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:43,480 Speaker 1: You don't always have to be pulling your muscles to 804 00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:45,000 Speaker 1: go where you want to go if you have a 805 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:49,200 Speaker 1: swim bladder. But obviously a change in pressure will have 806 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,960 Speaker 1: an effect on a gas filled bladder inside an animal. 807 00:42:53,320 --> 00:42:55,920 Speaker 1: It's like if you take a balloon to lower pressure, 808 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:59,359 Speaker 1: it expands, right. So what happens when a fish with 809 00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:03,240 Speaker 1: a swim bladder, especially one adapted to very deep waters 810 00:43:03,239 --> 00:43:06,239 Speaker 1: with high pressure, gets pulled up to the surface. Well. 811 00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:09,360 Speaker 1: A common example can be seen in rock fish. Often, 812 00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:11,880 Speaker 1: when rock fish are pulled up from the depth, the 813 00:43:11,920 --> 00:43:15,520 Speaker 1: swim bladder inside its body. Cavity expands to become so 814 00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:20,040 Speaker 1: large that it pushes the fish's stomach out through its mouth. 815 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:25,120 Speaker 1: And this looks almost mind rendingly grotesque, especially since it's 816 00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:28,680 Speaker 1: often accompanied by Ronnie Cox in Total Recalls style bulging eyes. 817 00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,040 Speaker 1: I've got some images for us here, and literally the 818 00:43:32,120 --> 00:43:34,920 Speaker 1: stomach is just poking out of the fish's mouth. It 819 00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:37,799 Speaker 1: looks like a huge tongue. It does. It looks like 820 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:40,239 Speaker 1: a big cartoonish tongue or level or at least the 821 00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:43,120 Speaker 1: end of a sausage. And it's because the swim bladder 822 00:43:43,120 --> 00:43:46,080 Speaker 1: has been so inflated by the low pressure environment. It's 823 00:43:46,120 --> 00:43:48,560 Speaker 1: just like pushing out against all the other organs and 824 00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:52,160 Speaker 1: the stomach escapes that that pressure of the swim bladder 825 00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:54,279 Speaker 1: through the mouth, so it's it's averted. This is like 826 00:43:55,440 --> 00:43:59,279 Speaker 1: pocket on your jeans pulled out inside out. Yes, there's 827 00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:02,200 Speaker 1: something swelling up inside the fish because of the low pressure. 828 00:44:02,239 --> 00:44:05,080 Speaker 1: It's that gas chamber and it's like pushing the guts 829 00:44:05,080 --> 00:44:08,960 Speaker 1: out through the mouth. It's so gross. Uh. And obviously 830 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:11,000 Speaker 1: this can be traumatic and can kill the fish. But 831 00:44:11,120 --> 00:44:14,719 Speaker 1: actually I was reading fish can sometimes survive this low 832 00:44:14,760 --> 00:44:18,040 Speaker 1: pressure barrow trauma and UH and even survived the gut 833 00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:21,520 Speaker 1: a version if quickly returned to their native native depth. 834 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:24,360 Speaker 1: This can be difficult though, because sometimes the gas distension 835 00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:26,799 Speaker 1: here causes them to float and be unable to sink 836 00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:29,600 Speaker 1: back down. But I've read that you can sometimes safely 837 00:44:29,640 --> 00:44:32,320 Speaker 1: get them back down to depth just by like covering 838 00:44:32,360 --> 00:44:35,440 Speaker 1: them with a weighted upside down milk crate on a line, 839 00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:38,520 Speaker 1: which is then lowered back down to depth until the 840 00:44:38,560 --> 00:44:40,920 Speaker 1: fish swims away on its own. But it sounds like 841 00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:43,080 Speaker 1: a little extra work. But really, I mean, if you've 842 00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:45,440 Speaker 1: if you've pulled the fish out of its natural habitat, 843 00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:47,839 Speaker 1: you know it's it's it's the decent thing to do 844 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:49,640 Speaker 1: to either I guess eat it or put it back 845 00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:51,200 Speaker 1: where it came from. Well, yeah, I mean it makes 846 00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:53,719 Speaker 1: me think about there's this whole concept of catch and 847 00:44:53,840 --> 00:44:56,680 Speaker 1: release fishing. You know, people do catching release, which is 848 00:44:56,719 --> 00:44:58,799 Speaker 1: one thing if you're catching a bass in a lake, 849 00:44:58,920 --> 00:45:01,160 Speaker 1: you know you not necessarily going to kill the fish 850 00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:03,120 Speaker 1: if you catch it and then you take the hook 851 00:45:03,120 --> 00:45:05,040 Speaker 1: out and you throw it back in. But with the 852 00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:07,040 Speaker 1: you know, with a fish like this, if you pull 853 00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:09,400 Speaker 1: it up and it's guts, get averted by the by 854 00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:12,000 Speaker 1: the pressure change. Its stomach is sticking out, its mouth, 855 00:45:12,040 --> 00:45:14,120 Speaker 1: its eyes are popping out, and then you just take 856 00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:15,840 Speaker 1: it off the hook and throw it back in the water, 857 00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:18,000 Speaker 1: and then it just floats on the surface and dies. 858 00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:22,680 Speaker 1: I mean, what's the what's the purpose of release? Then? Yeah, exactly. Now, 859 00:45:22,719 --> 00:45:24,680 Speaker 1: of course, again there's there's a lot more to the 860 00:45:24,719 --> 00:45:27,399 Speaker 1: evolution of DC organisms. You know, it involves a number 861 00:45:27,440 --> 00:45:31,799 Speaker 1: of evolutionary adaptations and involving tissues, membranes, proteins, etcetera. Like 862 00:45:31,840 --> 00:45:35,480 Speaker 1: I said, Uh, And to come back to explosive decompression 863 00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:39,200 Speaker 1: for a second, which is, you know, a matter all 864 00:45:39,239 --> 00:45:42,239 Speaker 1: on its own. Uh. You know, this generally occurs when 865 00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:44,799 Speaker 1: you have a rapid change in pressure, generally going from 866 00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,000 Speaker 1: something like nine a t M to one a t 867 00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:50,080 Speaker 1: M instantly. And these sorts of events occur due to 868 00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:54,120 Speaker 1: malfunctions and closed systems. So we're talking about human technology here. 869 00:45:54,719 --> 00:45:57,080 Speaker 1: There are a lot of misconceptions and myths about this 870 00:45:57,120 --> 00:46:01,760 Speaker 1: sort of thing as well. But um, the the fatale 871 00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,200 Speaker 1: by for dolphin diving bell accident is a frequently cited 872 00:46:05,239 --> 00:46:08,480 Speaker 1: example of this sort of malfunction and the like the 873 00:46:09,320 --> 00:46:12,359 Speaker 1: fatal nature of it like just really, how how destructive 874 00:46:12,440 --> 00:46:15,239 Speaker 1: that can be to be a living organism exposed to 875 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:18,720 Speaker 1: such a drastic change. Yes, though it is. I would 876 00:46:18,719 --> 00:46:20,960 Speaker 1: say there are a lot of myths out there about 877 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:25,600 Speaker 1: explosion in low pressure environments, Like the whole idea that 878 00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:28,560 Speaker 1: you would explode if exposed to the void of empty space. 879 00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:31,680 Speaker 1: That's not generally believed to be true. Uh you know, 880 00:46:31,719 --> 00:46:33,640 Speaker 1: if you were exposed to the void of empty space, 881 00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:35,760 Speaker 1: I mean, it would kill you, but not by making 882 00:46:35,760 --> 00:46:38,080 Speaker 1: you explode. All right, Well, on that note, we're going 883 00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:39,719 Speaker 1: to take another break, and when we come back, we're 884 00:46:39,719 --> 00:46:43,360 Speaker 1: gonna talk a little bit about geologic pressure and pressure 885 00:46:43,360 --> 00:46:48,879 Speaker 1: on other worlds. Thank alright, we're back. So we've we've 886 00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:51,760 Speaker 1: discussed geologic pressure rather recently on the show, talking about 887 00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:54,160 Speaker 1: tunnels and digging in the Earth and what's the deepest 888 00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:56,520 Speaker 1: we've tunneled, and what's the what what is the depth 889 00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,920 Speaker 1: the greatest depth that we've descended to. And so just 890 00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:03,520 Speaker 1: to reiterate, geologists calculate that for every mile you dig down, 891 00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:07,000 Speaker 1: the temperature rises fifteen degrees fahrenheit and the pressure increases 892 00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:10,040 Speaker 1: at a rate of seven thousand, three hundred pounds per 893 00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:13,000 Speaker 1: square inch go down deep enough and the temperature and 894 00:47:13,080 --> 00:47:17,319 Speaker 1: pressure is enough to form diamonds. Uh. Now that the 895 00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:20,200 Speaker 1: specifics of diamond formation. This is also something you know, 896 00:47:20,239 --> 00:47:22,880 Speaker 1: we could easily devote an entire episode two, But I 897 00:47:22,880 --> 00:47:25,040 Speaker 1: want to just read this quick bit from How Diamonds 898 00:47:25,080 --> 00:47:29,479 Speaker 1: Work by Kevin Bonser on how stuff Works. I wrote 899 00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:32,120 Speaker 1: a number of articles for that website back in the day, 900 00:47:32,320 --> 00:47:34,719 Speaker 1: and and may still be for all I know. But 901 00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:37,839 Speaker 1: here's the quote. Quote. Diamonds form about a hundred miles 902 00:47:37,880 --> 00:47:40,680 Speaker 1: a hundred sixty one kilometers below the Earth's surface in 903 00:47:40,719 --> 00:47:43,400 Speaker 1: the molten rock of the Earth's mantle, which provides the 904 00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:46,680 Speaker 1: right amounts of pressure and heat to transform carbon into diamond. 905 00:47:46,960 --> 00:47:48,960 Speaker 1: In order for a diamond to be created, carbon must 906 00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:52,920 Speaker 1: be placed at least four hundred and thirty five thousand, 907 00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,920 Speaker 1: one hundred and thirteen pounds per square inch or a 908 00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:58,279 Speaker 1: p s i or thirty kilo bars of pressure at 909 00:47:58,320 --> 00:48:01,120 Speaker 1: a temperature of at least seven two degrees fahrenheit or 910 00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:05,040 Speaker 1: four hundred degrees celsius. So four hundred and thirty five 911 00:48:05,320 --> 00:48:10,320 Speaker 1: thousand pounds per square inch. Yeah, it's hard to imagine 912 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:12,440 Speaker 1: pressure like that. I mean, this is unfortunately one of 913 00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,160 Speaker 1: those cases where I think we can say the numbers, 914 00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,560 Speaker 1: but there's nothing you can compare it to, right, There's 915 00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,759 Speaker 1: no kind of you can't oh, okay, this was what 916 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,160 Speaker 1: it would feel like. You know, you just don't have 917 00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:28,520 Speaker 1: a sensation based point of comparison for that kind of pressure. Yeah. 918 00:48:28,680 --> 00:48:31,200 Speaker 1: And now if we're talking about the core of the Earth, 919 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:34,320 Speaker 1: that's that's also crazy, because we're talking about a solid 920 00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:40,120 Speaker 1: iron ball about one thousand, five hundred miles or kilometers 921 00:48:40,160 --> 00:48:43,319 Speaker 1: in diameter. It's white hot, but the pressure is so 922 00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:47,480 Speaker 1: high that the iron cannot melt um. And the temperature 923 00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:51,040 Speaker 1: is probably between nine thousand and thirteen thousand degrees fahrenheit 924 00:48:51,160 --> 00:48:53,920 Speaker 1: or five thousand and seven thousand degrees celsius. And as 925 00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:57,040 Speaker 1: for the pressure, it's I've seen it list. I think 926 00:48:57,080 --> 00:49:02,120 Speaker 1: there's a National Geographic dot com article about the Earth's interior. 927 00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:05,080 Speaker 1: The pressure here would be somewhere between three hundred thirty 928 00:49:05,120 --> 00:49:11,279 Speaker 1: and three hundred sixty giga pascal's giga pascals or um. 929 00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:14,920 Speaker 1: That would also be uh three million, three hundred thousand, 930 00:49:15,080 --> 00:49:18,360 Speaker 1: or somewhere between three million, three hundred thousand and three million, 931 00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:21,640 Speaker 1: six hundred thousand a t m s. But again we're talking, 932 00:49:21,760 --> 00:49:24,360 Speaker 1: we're talking numbers like this. It just gets impossible to 933 00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,640 Speaker 1: really put that in anything approaching a human frame of reference. Yeah, 934 00:49:27,640 --> 00:49:30,160 Speaker 1: you can't really like picture or imagine it. You just 935 00:49:30,239 --> 00:49:32,680 Speaker 1: have to say, well, I mean, I guess boy. Human 936 00:49:32,719 --> 00:49:35,719 Speaker 1: bodies don't go there, and if if they did, they 937 00:49:35,719 --> 00:49:38,560 Speaker 1: would just you'd just be I don't even know what 938 00:49:38,640 --> 00:49:41,200 Speaker 1: the word is. I'm trying to saying crushed would be 939 00:49:41,280 --> 00:49:43,520 Speaker 1: one thing, but it would be more than being crushed, 940 00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:47,319 Speaker 1: because that's normally like uh, you know, being pressed down 941 00:49:47,360 --> 00:49:52,120 Speaker 1: into a small space. I would think more than just obliterate, obliterate, annihilated, 942 00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:54,640 Speaker 1: it would be It reminds me a little bit of 943 00:49:54,680 --> 00:49:58,120 Speaker 1: the In the past, we've talked about different health theologies 944 00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:01,400 Speaker 1: about what if if there's a hell in your uh, 945 00:50:01,440 --> 00:50:04,560 Speaker 1: your your your religious worldview, what happens when you go there? 946 00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:06,920 Speaker 1: And in some of them it's you know, it's like, oh, 947 00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,720 Speaker 1: there's fire and somebody's sticking you with something. But in others, 948 00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:13,759 Speaker 1: it's total annihilation, like your being, your soul, everything is 949 00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:17,200 Speaker 1: just destroyed. And if you really were to go to 950 00:50:17,239 --> 00:50:19,680 Speaker 1: the center of the earth after you died in a 951 00:50:19,760 --> 00:50:24,239 Speaker 1: kind of like physical direct fashion, I think annihilation theology 952 00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:28,160 Speaker 1: would hold pretty sound. Maybe, yeah, what's the that's a 953 00:50:28,200 --> 00:50:31,520 Speaker 1: good point. Yeah, Or maybe you'd only I guess your 954 00:50:31,560 --> 00:50:33,440 Speaker 1: best hope to send only far enough. You would just 955 00:50:33,440 --> 00:50:37,440 Speaker 1: be crushed into a diamond. Has anyone ever been crushed 956 00:50:37,440 --> 00:50:41,880 Speaker 1: into a diamond in like a comic? I think Superman 957 00:50:41,920 --> 00:50:46,040 Speaker 1: could make diamonds. I believe there is a service. I 958 00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:48,440 Speaker 1: don't remember if this is real or not, but I 959 00:50:48,480 --> 00:50:50,920 Speaker 1: think there's a service that at least claims that they 960 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:55,240 Speaker 1: will turn your dead your dead body into a diamond. 961 00:50:55,560 --> 00:50:58,160 Speaker 1: Take your ashes, and take the carbon content of your 962 00:50:58,160 --> 00:51:02,719 Speaker 1: body and squeeze it down and to a synthetic diamond. Ah. Yes, yes, 963 00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:05,160 Speaker 1: that does ring a bell. But it's not like Fantos 964 00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:08,440 Speaker 1: Thanos doing it with his his his gauntlet or something. 965 00:51:08,520 --> 00:51:10,240 Speaker 1: I don't know. I gotta admit I don't know anything 966 00:51:10,280 --> 00:51:12,959 Speaker 1: about Thanos. What does Thanos do? He's got the big 967 00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:17,920 Speaker 1: the gauntlet with Okay, I haven't seen those movies, so 968 00:51:17,960 --> 00:51:20,920 Speaker 1: I don't know about than I'm sorry. Well, he is 969 00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:24,440 Speaker 1: from another world, so let's talk about other worlds. A 970 00:51:24,560 --> 00:51:27,920 Speaker 1: planetary examples of extreme pressure. Well, yeah, that's kind of 971 00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:31,319 Speaker 1: interesting because I was thinking about how when you imagine 972 00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:34,799 Speaker 1: crushing environments and other planets. I think most of us, 973 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:37,120 Speaker 1: if you just think about it real fast, you probably 974 00:51:37,280 --> 00:51:40,400 Speaker 1: think first of gravity. Right. We imagine there's some planets 975 00:51:40,440 --> 00:51:43,360 Speaker 1: out there in our Solar System so huge and massive 976 00:51:43,440 --> 00:51:45,719 Speaker 1: that their gravity would make it impossible for us to 977 00:51:45,760 --> 00:51:48,520 Speaker 1: walk around on their surface, would be crushed under the 978 00:51:48,560 --> 00:51:50,399 Speaker 1: weight of our own bodies. Yeah. I always go back 979 00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:52,960 Speaker 1: to phantasm. Yeah, and I think of the how they 980 00:51:53,080 --> 00:51:56,000 Speaker 1: right phantasm, Yes, how they were crunching down the corpses 981 00:51:56,040 --> 00:52:00,640 Speaker 1: into these like Java like dwarves, presumably to serve as 982 00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:04,759 Speaker 1: like slave labor on this massive world somewhere. This is 983 00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:10,160 Speaker 1: the rich imagination of Don Costcareliott a Jawa universe. But yeah, 984 00:52:10,480 --> 00:52:13,840 Speaker 1: so within our Solar System at least, it's not really 985 00:52:13,960 --> 00:52:16,400 Speaker 1: the gravity. I think you'd have to worry about the 986 00:52:16,440 --> 00:52:18,839 Speaker 1: most in terms of being crushed on other planets that 987 00:52:18,880 --> 00:52:21,640 Speaker 1: we can. So we can estimate some of the effects 988 00:52:21,640 --> 00:52:24,360 Speaker 1: of high gravity planets simply by looking at the effects 989 00:52:24,360 --> 00:52:28,239 Speaker 1: of acceleration on test pilots. Uh. The the effects of 990 00:52:28,280 --> 00:52:31,440 Speaker 1: gravity and acceleration are physically actually the same, and this 991 00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:33,880 Speaker 1: is why we measure the force of acceleration on the 992 00:52:33,920 --> 00:52:36,880 Speaker 1: human body in terms of G s. One G is 993 00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,640 Speaker 1: one Earth gravity at the surface. Yeah, if you think 994 00:52:39,640 --> 00:52:42,840 Speaker 1: back to our episodes on artificial gravity and the ideas 995 00:52:42,880 --> 00:52:45,879 Speaker 1: about how to generate artificial gravity and space, we get 996 00:52:45,920 --> 00:52:49,600 Speaker 1: into this affair amount. Yeah, you use acceleration angular momentum. 997 00:52:49,840 --> 00:52:53,960 Speaker 1: U use acceleration in space to simulate G forces and 998 00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:57,800 Speaker 1: of course heightened G forces. So gravity and acceleration alike 999 00:52:57,920 --> 00:53:01,320 Speaker 1: or negative G forces, these can harm or kill humans. 1000 00:53:01,360 --> 00:53:04,359 Speaker 1: That's certainly true. Primarily, I think, uh, the first thing 1001 00:53:04,360 --> 00:53:06,840 Speaker 1: that would kill you would be their effects on blood flow, 1002 00:53:07,040 --> 00:53:09,600 Speaker 1: like by pushing blood from one part of the body 1003 00:53:09,640 --> 00:53:13,120 Speaker 1: to the other, preventing circulation and say preventing oxygen from 1004 00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,640 Speaker 1: reaching the brain, or preventing blood from getting out of 1005 00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:18,640 Speaker 1: the brain. But unless I'm mistaken, I think there are 1006 00:53:18,680 --> 00:53:21,560 Speaker 1: no planets you could stand on in our Solar system 1007 00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:24,160 Speaker 1: with enough G forces to kill you, at least not 1008 00:53:24,280 --> 00:53:26,880 Speaker 1: immediately though. I mean there'll be lots of other things 1009 00:53:26,920 --> 00:53:30,000 Speaker 1: to kill you radiation and lack of breathable oxygen and 1010 00:53:30,040 --> 00:53:32,719 Speaker 1: all that, But the G the G forces alone, I 1011 00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:36,080 Speaker 1: don't think would crush you anywhere in our Solar system. Yeah. 1012 00:53:36,080 --> 00:53:38,120 Speaker 1: I was looking around about this a little bit and it. 1013 00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:43,080 Speaker 1: For instance, um, the estimated cloud top gravity of Jupiter 1014 00:53:43,480 --> 00:53:47,120 Speaker 1: would be something like two point five to eight g's, 1015 00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:51,920 Speaker 1: so they're not a drastic increase. That's something test pilots 1016 00:53:51,920 --> 00:53:54,840 Speaker 1: can they do when they survive. Yeah. Now the surface 1017 00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:58,000 Speaker 1: of the Sun, however, that would be a gravity The 1018 00:53:58,239 --> 00:54:01,880 Speaker 1: figure I've found for that was twin seven s. Okay, 1019 00:54:01,920 --> 00:54:03,479 Speaker 1: So if we're gonna go walk in on the Sun, 1020 00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:06,719 Speaker 1: that would be a problem, a problem, But there are 1021 00:54:06,760 --> 00:54:08,880 Speaker 1: places you can go on our solar system, or atmosphere 1022 00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:11,800 Speaker 1: pressure would pretty much instantly annihilate you. I think Venus 1023 00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:14,680 Speaker 1: is a great example. Venus is really similar to Earth 1024 00:54:14,719 --> 00:54:17,000 Speaker 1: in mass and size. It's gravity is just a little 1025 00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:21,719 Speaker 1: over likee of Earth's, probably due to runaway greenhouse effect. Though, 1026 00:54:21,760 --> 00:54:25,840 Speaker 1: the atmosphere of Venus is super dense, composed mostly of 1027 00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:30,319 Speaker 1: carbon dioxide, which traps heat, making Venus beyond boiling hot 1028 00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,480 Speaker 1: as well. Now, remember, on Earth, the atmosphere presses on 1029 00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:36,160 Speaker 1: us with about fourteen point five pounds per square inch. 1030 00:54:36,520 --> 00:54:39,759 Speaker 1: The pressure on Venus is about ninety two times that, 1031 00:54:40,320 --> 00:54:42,759 Speaker 1: or roughly equivalent to the pressure at more than nine 1032 00:54:43,320 --> 00:54:45,799 Speaker 1: meters or three thousand feet below the surface of the 1033 00:54:45,840 --> 00:54:49,080 Speaker 1: ocean absolutely crushing just to stand on the ground under 1034 00:54:49,080 --> 00:54:52,000 Speaker 1: the atmosphere in Venus, and I've seen it described that 1035 00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:54,600 Speaker 1: just the air, it would be kind of like being 1036 00:54:54,640 --> 00:54:57,839 Speaker 1: in a liquid. I mean, it would provide resistance when 1037 00:54:57,880 --> 00:55:00,359 Speaker 1: you tried to move because of how dnse the carbon 1038 00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:03,920 Speaker 1: dioxide atmosphere is. I mean, I think about the probes 1039 00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:06,560 Speaker 1: that we've actually landed on Venus in the past, you know, 1040 00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:09,160 Speaker 1: the Soviet manera landers and stuff. They were they had 1041 00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:11,839 Speaker 1: short lives. They got down to the surface and did 1042 00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:14,560 Speaker 1: manage to send back a few kind of grainy images, 1043 00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:16,719 Speaker 1: but they do not live long. Like once you're on 1044 00:55:16,719 --> 00:55:19,560 Speaker 1: the surface of Venus, it's hot enough to melt lead. 1045 00:55:19,680 --> 00:55:23,640 Speaker 1: As commonly said, it's like ninety two times surface atmospheric 1046 00:55:23,640 --> 00:55:27,359 Speaker 1: pressure on Earth. It's it's not friendly. Of course, the 1047 00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,040 Speaker 1: exact opposite is true of Mars, which has an atmosphere 1048 00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:33,120 Speaker 1: somewhere around a hundred times thinner than Earth's atmosphere, which 1049 00:55:33,120 --> 00:55:35,680 Speaker 1: means it weighs very little and pressure is very low. 1050 00:55:35,840 --> 00:55:37,400 Speaker 1: You don't want to go on the surface of Mars 1051 00:55:37,440 --> 00:55:40,520 Speaker 1: without your pressure I spacesuit on otherwise you might I 1052 00:55:40,560 --> 00:55:43,520 Speaker 1: don't think your guts would get inverted you would, you 1053 00:55:43,560 --> 00:55:47,040 Speaker 1: would have serious pressure based problems, low pressure based problems 1054 00:55:47,040 --> 00:55:50,960 Speaker 1: in addition to not being able to breathe and all that. Strangely, 1055 00:55:51,080 --> 00:55:55,560 Speaker 1: while freezing and lacking oxygen, Saturn's moon tighten, I think, 1056 00:55:55,560 --> 00:55:58,200 Speaker 1: compared to these other options, would have a relatively cozy 1057 00:55:58,239 --> 00:56:02,080 Speaker 1: atmosphere pressure of only about sixty percent greater than Earth's. 1058 00:56:02,120 --> 00:56:05,439 Speaker 1: According to NASA, it's roughly equivalent to swimming in about 1059 00:56:05,480 --> 00:56:09,200 Speaker 1: fifteen meters underwater. I mean, that's not the most comfy, 1060 00:56:09,280 --> 00:56:12,040 Speaker 1: but that's you know, better than venus, better than ye 1061 00:56:12,760 --> 00:56:15,279 Speaker 1: And interesting difference with the atmosphere of Titan is that 1062 00:56:15,360 --> 00:56:19,120 Speaker 1: because the gravity of Titan is much weaker than Earth, 1063 00:56:19,160 --> 00:56:21,640 Speaker 1: so I think it's only like fourteen percent of Earth's gravity, 1064 00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:25,879 Speaker 1: the atmosphere is held much more loosely and extends much 1065 00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:30,400 Speaker 1: higher into space. The sky literally goes higher on Titan. 1066 00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:33,680 Speaker 1: Now Earth's atmosphere, as we've discussed earlier, it's hard to 1067 00:56:33,719 --> 00:56:36,240 Speaker 1: say exactly where it cuts off. It just gets thinner 1068 00:56:36,239 --> 00:56:38,040 Speaker 1: and thinner as it goes higher and higher, much like 1069 00:56:38,160 --> 00:56:41,319 Speaker 1: Titans would also. So there is no clear dividing line, 1070 00:56:41,360 --> 00:56:44,200 Speaker 1: but a hundred kilometers is often cited as the beginning 1071 00:56:44,239 --> 00:56:46,520 Speaker 1: of space. That's just sort of an arbitrary marker that 1072 00:56:46,560 --> 00:56:50,080 Speaker 1: we use. I'd love to see what the sky looks 1073 00:56:50,120 --> 00:56:53,160 Speaker 1: like from the surface of Titan during a sunrise, during 1074 00:56:53,200 --> 00:56:55,319 Speaker 1: a sunset. I kind of want to go there with 1075 00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:59,080 Speaker 1: an atmosphere that is, you know, very roughly six times 1076 00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:02,560 Speaker 1: thicker than though I've a given different estimates I've seen. 1077 00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:04,680 Speaker 1: It also is said to be like ten times. Thinker, 1078 00:57:05,080 --> 00:57:07,080 Speaker 1: it's just six to ten time. I mean, just goes 1079 00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:09,279 Speaker 1: up and up and up. It would seem like it 1080 00:57:09,320 --> 00:57:12,319 Speaker 1: never stopped. But one last question, I was wondering about 1081 00:57:12,360 --> 00:57:16,360 Speaker 1: going back to our thing about about the possibilities of 1082 00:57:16,520 --> 00:57:21,560 Speaker 1: pressure having an effect on mountaintop religious beliefs. If different 1083 00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:25,200 Speaker 1: atmospheric environments and the differences in pressure do actually have 1084 00:57:25,240 --> 00:57:28,600 Speaker 1: anything to do with religious beliefs about mountains, Could the 1085 00:57:28,640 --> 00:57:32,000 Speaker 1: differing pressure of other planets do the same, Like what 1086 00:57:32,120 --> 00:57:35,400 Speaker 1: a low pressure or high pressure moon or planetary outpust 1087 00:57:35,560 --> 00:57:38,840 Speaker 1: become Olympus or Kailassa or some other kind of holy 1088 00:57:38,880 --> 00:57:42,080 Speaker 1: mountain in space. I think we should come back to 1089 00:57:42,720 --> 00:57:46,680 Speaker 1: doing the Sacred Mountain episode. I'm I'm stuck on that now. Well, 1090 00:57:46,680 --> 00:57:48,560 Speaker 1: there's yeah, there is a lot to discuss because I 1091 00:57:48,640 --> 00:57:52,720 Speaker 1: mean there's so many different of course myths and religious 1092 00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:56,080 Speaker 1: models that there's specifically interesting. I know, in the past 1093 00:57:56,160 --> 00:57:59,360 Speaker 1: we looked into the possibility of doing an episode about 1094 00:57:59,760 --> 00:58:03,240 Speaker 1: monsters of the mountains. Yeah, and uh, you know, we 1095 00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:05,720 Speaker 1: did a little looking around in that in that area. 1096 00:58:05,840 --> 00:58:08,160 Speaker 1: So yeah, I'm always happy to return to the mountains. 1097 00:58:08,160 --> 00:58:10,600 Speaker 1: We haven't given the mountains enough attention. Really. We can 1098 00:58:10,640 --> 00:58:13,280 Speaker 1: climb every mountain on the moon. There you go and 1099 00:58:13,360 --> 00:58:17,000 Speaker 1: find the dish that ran away with the spoon, all right, 1100 00:58:17,040 --> 00:58:19,240 Speaker 1: So there you have it. Pressure, uh, you know, just 1101 00:58:19,440 --> 00:58:24,840 Speaker 1: hopefully just a nice exploration of atmospheric pressure. Um, push 1102 00:58:24,920 --> 00:58:27,480 Speaker 1: us down on me, push us down on you. Yeah, 1103 00:58:27,640 --> 00:58:31,240 Speaker 1: under pressure. Just a nice overview of pressure to be 1104 00:58:31,240 --> 00:58:35,040 Speaker 1: found on Earth, in Earth and on other planets. As always, 1105 00:58:35,080 --> 00:58:38,800 Speaker 1: we'd love to hear from you your thoughts on this episode. Um. Uh. 1106 00:58:39,040 --> 00:58:44,360 Speaker 1: Certainly other like cool scientific uses of pressure pressure differentials 1107 00:58:44,640 --> 00:58:47,600 Speaker 1: out there that would be fun to discuss. Uh. We 1108 00:58:47,600 --> 00:58:50,760 Speaker 1: we love hearing from folks about all of that. And hey, 1109 00:58:50,840 --> 00:58:53,160 Speaker 1: if you want to learn more about our show, heading 1110 00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:54,840 Speaker 1: over to Stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. That's 1111 00:58:54,880 --> 00:58:59,320 Speaker 1: the mother ship. That's where we'll find all the episodes. Um, Also, 1112 00:58:59,400 --> 00:59:01,280 Speaker 1: if you want to support the show, the best thing 1113 00:59:01,320 --> 00:59:03,280 Speaker 1: you can do is make sure that you rate and 1114 00:59:03,280 --> 00:59:05,280 Speaker 1: review us where ever ever you have the power to 1115 00:59:05,320 --> 00:59:08,240 Speaker 1: do so, and make sure you rate and review Invention 1116 00:59:08,280 --> 00:59:11,120 Speaker 1: as well. Subscribe to Invention. That's our show. Have you 1117 00:59:11,120 --> 00:59:13,800 Speaker 1: not started listening to Invention yet? That's our other podcast. 1118 00:59:13,840 --> 00:59:15,440 Speaker 1: If you like this one, we think you'll like that 1119 00:59:15,480 --> 00:59:18,240 Speaker 1: one too, so go check it out Invention. Wherever you 1120 00:59:18,280 --> 00:59:21,480 Speaker 1: get your podcasts, subscribe. It's a lot of fun. Lately 1121 00:59:21,520 --> 00:59:24,640 Speaker 1: we've been talking about the invention of photography. We recently 1122 00:59:24,680 --> 00:59:27,560 Speaker 1: did some stuff on the invention of the toilets. Uh. 1123 00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:29,840 Speaker 1: We we were really enjoying that show, and we think 1124 00:59:29,880 --> 00:59:32,000 Speaker 1: you'll love it too, So go check it out. That's 1125 00:59:32,080 --> 00:59:34,080 Speaker 1: right and uh, and be sure be sure to recommend 1126 00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:35,960 Speaker 1: inventions for us to cover as well, because we want 1127 00:59:35,960 --> 00:59:38,960 Speaker 1: to cover everything recommended in the form of graffiti and 1128 00:59:39,040 --> 00:59:41,360 Speaker 1: in the form of skywriting. We encourage you if you 1129 00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:44,080 Speaker 1: have one of those old biplanes. How come nobody does 1130 00:59:44,120 --> 00:59:46,120 Speaker 1: skywriting anymore? I used to see that when I was 1131 00:59:46,120 --> 00:59:47,800 Speaker 1: a kid, and verseee it now. Oh, I mean I 1132 00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,280 Speaker 1: saw in cartoons all the time, for sure. But if 1133 00:59:51,320 --> 00:59:53,200 Speaker 1: you're out there and you're a skywriter, let us not 1134 00:59:53,640 --> 00:59:56,000 Speaker 1: tell us all about your profession. 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