1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,440
Speaker 2: Turned friends and families walking, riding on passing the roads

20
00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,800
Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

21
00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:06,319
Speaker 2: need them to.

22
00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:07,040
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

23
00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,640
Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

24
00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:14,120
Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

25
00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:23,880
Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, do you ever think we should explore the

26
00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:25,840
Speaker 3: universe with all five senses?

27
00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,679
Speaker 1: Hmm? Well, I'm definitely a fan of looking out into space.

28
00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:32,280
Speaker 3: Yeah, but we have other senses. Have you thought about

29
00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:34,039
Speaker 3: what space smells like?

30
00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:37,440
Speaker 1: Well, astronauts report that space smells a little bit like

31
00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:38,760
Speaker 1: a barbecue.

32
00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:41,080
Speaker 3: Really does it taste like barbecue?

33
00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:44,560
Speaker 1: Also, I don't know, maybe frozen barbecue? I guess. Well,

34
00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,480
Speaker 1: I hope it doesn't feel like barbecue. Space is not

35
00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:49,080
Speaker 1: that saucy it turns.

36
00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:50,480
Speaker 3: Out or sound like barbecue.

37
00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:53,360
Speaker 1: That would just be the sound of aliens preparing their

38
00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:54,280
Speaker 1: barbecue grills.

39
00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:56,920
Speaker 3: Well, let's just hope we're not on the menu.

40
00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:00,640
Speaker 1: Talk about first contact, first course race.

41
00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:18,400
Speaker 3: Of course, I am more handy cartoonists and the creator

42
00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:19,560
Speaker 3: of PHP comics.

43
00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:22,399
Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I do

44
00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:23,680
Speaker 1: love me a barbecue.

45
00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:25,359
Speaker 3: So it really smells like barbecue? Space?

46
00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:28,280
Speaker 1: It does. Actually, we had a listener question recently about

47
00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:31,240
Speaker 1: what space smells like and there are a bunch of

48
00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:34,440
Speaker 1: really interesting organic molecules out there in space that like

49
00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:37,520
Speaker 1: cling to space suits and then release themselves when you

50
00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:40,400
Speaker 1: come back inside, and they smell like sometimes like sulfur,

51
00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:41,960
Speaker 1: sometimes like barbecue.

52
00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:44,120
Speaker 3: What does it mean? Like the astronauts will go out

53
00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:46,520
Speaker 3: into space on a spacewalk and then when they come

54
00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:47,800
Speaker 3: in they smell like barbecue.

55
00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:50,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, when they open up their helmets again after

56
00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:52,720
Speaker 1: they've come back in, the stuff that's stuck to their

57
00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:55,280
Speaker 1: spacesuit now goes up their nostrils and it smells a

58
00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:56,480
Speaker 1: little bit like barbecue.

59
00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:00,680
Speaker 3: The technically barbecues are part of the universe. Yeah, the

60
00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,360
Speaker 3: universe does smell like barbecue, as it does smell like

61
00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:03,919
Speaker 3: other things.

62
00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:05,639
Speaker 1: Our barbecued universe.

63
00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:08,800
Speaker 3: Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

64
00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:11,079
Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

65
00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:13,800
Speaker 1: In which we use all sorts of absurd food analogies

66
00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:16,960
Speaker 1: to explain to you what the universe is like. Is

67
00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,280
Speaker 1: it goopy and saucy, is it chewy and stringy? Can

68
00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:22,560
Speaker 1: you bite right through it? But really we want to

69
00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:25,480
Speaker 1: make sure that you understand the nature of the universe,

70
00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:28,560
Speaker 1: the things that scientists are thinking about, the things that

71
00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:31,200
Speaker 1: we are mentally chewing on and the things we have

72
00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:33,160
Speaker 1: not yet been able to digest.

73
00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,120
Speaker 3: That's right, because even analogies are part of the universe,

74
00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,520
Speaker 3: and so it's a broad topic that we are discussing here.

75
00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:44,000
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain bad analogies with other horse analogies.

76
00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:48,880
Speaker 3: It feels like we just becompounding the problem there. But

77
00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,400
Speaker 3: it is a pretty interesting universe out there, and there's

78
00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:54,520
Speaker 3: a lot going on. Like if you just sit there

79
00:03:54,560 --> 00:03:56,600
Speaker 3: in space and you float, you can smell things, you

80
00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:59,360
Speaker 3: can feel things, I'm sure radiation hitting you, and you

81
00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:01,720
Speaker 3: can see only a lot out there in the universe.

82
00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:05,560
Speaker 1: Absolutely, and we are continuing to invent new ways to

83
00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:09,360
Speaker 1: interronte with our universe. And basically every time we do,

84
00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:13,520
Speaker 1: we find something shocking, We discover something else out there

85
00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:15,960
Speaker 1: in the universe we didn't even know existed.

86
00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:18,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean, we're just sitting here in one corner

87
00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:20,280
Speaker 3: of the Milky Way, which is sitting in one corner

88
00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:22,760
Speaker 3: of the observable universe, and we're getting a lot of

89
00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:26,520
Speaker 3: signals from everywhere. Basically, anything that gives us light, we

90
00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:29,200
Speaker 3: get that light, and we detected with our telescopes and

91
00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:30,560
Speaker 3: our antennants exactly.

92
00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:34,120
Speaker 1: We are drowning in information from the universe, much of

93
00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:37,760
Speaker 1: which we didn't even know existed until recently. For example,

94
00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:41,240
Speaker 1: most of astronomy has been done using visible light, light

95
00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:43,520
Speaker 1: that you can see with your eyes, and even maybe

96
00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,840
Speaker 1: enhanced with telescopes. But there are really interesting signals in

97
00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:49,320
Speaker 1: X rays and on the other side of the spectrum

98
00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:51,839
Speaker 1: down to radio waves. You can also look at all

99
00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,279
Speaker 1: the particles that are washing over us, neutrinos and other

100
00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:58,560
Speaker 1: crazy sources of information about what's going out there in

101
00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:02,760
Speaker 1: the universe. And recently we added gravitational waves to our

102
00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:06,159
Speaker 1: toolkit for listening to the universe. And each of these

103
00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,719
Speaker 1: tells us something different about the nature of the universe

104
00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:12,080
Speaker 1: because different stuff out there emits in different ways. Some

105
00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:15,960
Speaker 1: of it gives off light, some radio waves, some gravitational waves.

106
00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:18,479
Speaker 1: Each one can tell us something different about what's out

107
00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:19,440
Speaker 1: there in the universe.

108
00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:23,840
Speaker 3: What sense would you use, Daniel to describe detecting gravitational waves? Like,

109
00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:27,159
Speaker 3: what sense do you need to detect gravity? Do you

110
00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:29,360
Speaker 3: feel it? Do we hear it, do we see it?

111
00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:32,560
Speaker 1: You would feel it technically because it's a space quake, right,

112
00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:36,720
Speaker 1: It's like a shaking of space itself. Space contracts, it

113
00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:39,960
Speaker 1: expands and wiggles, so that's really what's happening. And a

114
00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:43,400
Speaker 1: lot of science communication about gravitational waves, though they talk

115
00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:47,039
Speaker 1: about listening to the universe. They talk about like the

116
00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:50,320
Speaker 1: chirp of black holes. I think that's a tiny bit

117
00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:54,120
Speaker 1: confusing because we're not using our ears to hear these things.

118
00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:58,040
Speaker 1: We're not getting sound waves from gravitational waves. What they've

119
00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:01,520
Speaker 1: done is taken the frequency of those waves, transform them

120
00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,120
Speaker 1: into sound waves, and then listen to them.

121
00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:05,839
Speaker 3: We're feeling the gravitational waves.

122
00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:06,160
Speaker 2: Yeah.

123
00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,599
Speaker 1: I like thinking about gravitational waves as the shaking of space.

124
00:06:10,200 --> 00:06:12,120
Speaker 3: All right, Well, there are a lot of things out

125
00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:15,360
Speaker 3: there giving of a light and signals and gravity, and

126
00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:17,560
Speaker 3: for the most part we sort of know where it's

127
00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:20,719
Speaker 3: coming from over or what's making these signals. But sometimes

128
00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:21,800
Speaker 3: there are surprises.

129
00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:25,000
Speaker 1: There are almost always surprises, and a lot of times

130
00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:28,320
Speaker 1: these things are picked up by accident. Somebody develops a

131
00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:30,920
Speaker 1: new kind of antenna or a new kind of telescope

132
00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:33,279
Speaker 1: and looks out of the universe the first time, maybe

133
00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,560
Speaker 1: looking for one thing and finding something totally different, and

134
00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:39,159
Speaker 1: then puzzling over it and wondering like huh, what's making

135
00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:42,280
Speaker 1: all that light? We're emitting all that radiation? And those

136
00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:45,440
Speaker 1: are fascinating clues that tells about something new out there

137
00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,839
Speaker 1: in the universe or something we knew about that's doing

138
00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:49,080
Speaker 1: something we didn't know about.

139
00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:52,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, and there is one particular signal out there that

140
00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:55,440
Speaker 3: is basically all around us. You can hear it in

141
00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:58,160
Speaker 3: every direction, but we don't know what's making it. It's

142
00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:01,400
Speaker 3: sort of this weird, unexplained phenomena exactly.

143
00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:04,800
Speaker 1: And it's also got a hilarious name to it. Oh

144
00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:10,200
Speaker 1: does it in physics? How surprising? I'm shocked, hilarious and

145
00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,480
Speaker 1: some ways misleading. Well, today on the podcast, we'll be

146
00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:23,760
Speaker 1: tackling the question what is the space roar now, Daniel?

147
00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:26,000
Speaker 1: Is it like a roar like a lines war or

148
00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:28,840
Speaker 1: is it more like a cat's mew like rare.

149
00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:30,320
Speaker 4: Like?

150
00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:32,800
Speaker 3: Is the universe caddy or is it you know, not

151
00:07:32,920 --> 00:07:34,120
Speaker 3: had its morning coffee yet?

152
00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:37,760
Speaker 1: What is the universe's attitude exactly? Does the universe need

153
00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:40,440
Speaker 1: to go to therapy? Like, dude, chill out, Somebody give

154
00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:41,520
Speaker 1: the universe some valium.

155
00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:45,600
Speaker 3: What's definitely cool and chill. We've I think we've established that.

156
00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:48,080
Speaker 3: And does it get kind of hot sometimes.

157
00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:51,440
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. Roar is a pretty funny name. Really. I

158
00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,880
Speaker 1: would have called this the space hiss, the space hiss hiss, yeah, exactly.

159
00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:57,120
Speaker 3: Like the space buzzes.

160
00:07:57,320 --> 00:07:59,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, the space buzz That would have been a great

161
00:07:59,360 --> 00:07:59,960
Speaker 1: name for it.

162
00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,480
Speaker 3: The space hum space hum.

163
00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:05,880
Speaker 1: That makes it sound like alien music, you know, like

164
00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:07,760
Speaker 1: Gregorian alien chants.

165
00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:09,600
Speaker 3: The space whistle while you work.

166
00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:12,720
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. I think all of those would have been

167
00:08:12,720 --> 00:08:15,360
Speaker 1: more accurate names than the space raur.

168
00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:19,440
Speaker 3: Now see now you're calling it row. I would spell

169
00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:21,160
Speaker 3: that differently than roar.

170
00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:23,080
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's more like the space meal.

171
00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:26,880
Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah. But anyways, it is a thing, the space roar,

172
00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:29,800
Speaker 3: and it's kind of a big mystery in physics, and

173
00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:32,280
Speaker 3: we were wondering how many people out there knew what

174
00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,480
Speaker 3: it was or had heard of it or been I

175
00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:37,720
Speaker 3: don't know the subject of its attitude.

176
00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,160
Speaker 1: So thanks to everybody who is willing to guess at

177
00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:44,960
Speaker 1: the true nature of something poorly named by astronomers. If

178
00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,760
Speaker 1: you are willing to participate for a future episode, please

179
00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:51,160
Speaker 1: write to me to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

180
00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:54,480
Speaker 3: I like how you just totally threw astronomers under the bus.

181
00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:58,000
Speaker 3: There you could have said physicists. You definitely specifically said

182
00:08:58,000 --> 00:08:58,800
Speaker 3: astronomers there.

183
00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:00,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I feel like they are the target of

184
00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:03,680
Speaker 1: your criticism more often than other kind of physics.

185
00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:08,640
Speaker 3: So, mister particle man, are you serious.

186
00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:11,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, we got strange names, we got charming names, but

187
00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,440
Speaker 1: you know, the astronomers there, maybe let's call them more

188
00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:19,679
Speaker 1: creative with their names. Remember that whole episode about space centaurs.

189
00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,280
Speaker 3: Let's not hear me Rara about this topic any.

190
00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:24,720
Speaker 1: Longer, all right, let's not hiss about it.

191
00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:26,600
Speaker 3: All right? Well, as usual, Danel went out there and

192
00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:29,640
Speaker 3: ask people what they thought the space roar was. So

193
00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:31,680
Speaker 3: think about it for a second. If someone asked you,

194
00:09:32,480 --> 00:09:34,680
Speaker 3: what would you say? How would you answer? Here's what

195
00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:37,480
Speaker 3: people had to say, same as it's called aurora.

196
00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,840
Speaker 5: I imagine it's got to do with soundwaves, and I

197
00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:43,880
Speaker 5: think they might come from all directions in space.

198
00:09:44,559 --> 00:09:48,000
Speaker 4: The space roar sort of reminds me of a tiger

199
00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:51,720
Speaker 4: or a lion. But in our universe, I think that

200
00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,600
Speaker 4: the space roar could be like an explosions. Maybe it

201
00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:58,040
Speaker 4: could be compared to the Big Bang, and maybe this

202
00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:02,160
Speaker 4: explosion was the beginning of something. I don't know if

203
00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:04,760
Speaker 4: it could have been the beginning of a galaxy.

204
00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:08,880
Speaker 1: The spice roll, I'm fairly certain is aliens.

205
00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:15,000
Speaker 6: Probably it can only be radio waves, since nobody can

206
00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:18,720
Speaker 6: scream at us, we wouldn't hear it because you avoid

207
00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:23,000
Speaker 6: the sound cannot travel, So the space road can be

208
00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:24,080
Speaker 6: in radio.

209
00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:28,160
Speaker 7: We always talk about light and energy being transmitted through space,

210
00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:31,240
Speaker 7: but a lot of what happens in the universe also

211
00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:35,160
Speaker 7: produces or could produce sound if there was something to

212
00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:38,360
Speaker 7: convey that sound. So is this some sort of accumulation

213
00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:39,400
Speaker 7: of that. I have no.

214
00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:42,320
Speaker 3: Idea, all right, I like this idea of a space

215
00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:46,960
Speaker 3: tiger or a space lion, an alien space tiger.

216
00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:48,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, that was basically your answer.

217
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, and some people assume it has something to do

218
00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:54,640
Speaker 3: with radio waves or at least some sort of waves

219
00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:56,840
Speaker 3: that we're getting out there from the universe.

220
00:10:56,920 --> 00:10:59,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, totally solid response there.

221
00:10:59,120 --> 00:11:01,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, but technically can when you get sound from space,

222
00:11:01,559 --> 00:11:03,360
Speaker 3: I know, and space no one can hear you scream.

223
00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:06,000
Speaker 3: But is that because you're wearing a helmet or because

224
00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:07,400
Speaker 3: you can transmit sound?

225
00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:11,080
Speaker 1: Right? Anything where you describe something we get from space

226
00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:14,720
Speaker 1: in terms of a sound is usually playing the same

227
00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:17,480
Speaker 1: trick we talked about with respect to gravitational waves where

228
00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:20,320
Speaker 1: you're getting some other kind of wave, and all waves

229
00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:23,640
Speaker 1: have a frequency, and then you transform that wave into

230
00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:25,960
Speaker 1: a sound wave so you can listen to it. This

231
00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:29,560
Speaker 1: is no different than like taking radio waves or X

232
00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:33,079
Speaker 1: rays from space which you can't see visually, and then

233
00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:35,480
Speaker 1: just shifting them in the spectrum so that you can

234
00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:38,120
Speaker 1: see them like a false color image. So, no, you

235
00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:42,199
Speaker 1: can't actually hear any sounds from space because sounds are

236
00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:46,520
Speaker 1: mechanical waves. They require like air shifting or something banging

237
00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:51,000
Speaker 1: into something else. So we can't hear anything technically from space.

238
00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:54,600
Speaker 3: Right, But space isn't completely empty, right, It's not a

239
00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:58,160
Speaker 3: perfect vacuum. There's a little bit of gas and hydrogen everywhere, isn't.

240
00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:01,280
Speaker 1: There No, exactly, there are some particles out there, So

241
00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:04,080
Speaker 1: you could imagine there are some like waves in the

242
00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:07,680
Speaker 1: solar wind, for example, oscillations that happen like the sun

243
00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:11,040
Speaker 1: has a period of eleven years, where like there's lots

244
00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:13,720
Speaker 1: of ups and downs in the radiation it emits, So

245
00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:17,280
Speaker 1: you can imagine waves propagating in that medium, and perhaps

246
00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,240
Speaker 1: you could imagine actually listening to them. So yeah, there

247
00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:23,240
Speaker 1: are ways you're right for sound to propagate through not

248
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,360
Speaker 1: totally empty space. But space is also not empty in

249
00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:29,280
Speaker 1: another way. We always talk about space being filled with

250
00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,680
Speaker 1: quantum fields, and those fields can't propagate waves, and for example,

251
00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:36,000
Speaker 1: that's what a photon is. It's a wave in the

252
00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:39,280
Speaker 1: electromagnetic field in otherwise empty space.

253
00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,400
Speaker 3: Hmm, sounds good. So they can hear these scream in

254
00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,920
Speaker 3: space from radiation burning probably.

255
00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:48,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you scream in light, then yes, people can

256
00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:48,880
Speaker 1: hear you scream.

257
00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,640
Speaker 3: All right, So there's this big mystery in physics called

258
00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:54,960
Speaker 3: the space roar. Now, Daniel step us through this, what

259
00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:56,200
Speaker 3: is the space war?

260
00:12:56,360 --> 00:13:00,880
Speaker 1: The space roar is a totally weird, unexplained source of

261
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,600
Speaker 1: radio from space, and that's why they call it the

262
00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:07,880
Speaker 1: space roar because it comes in the radio spectrum, which

263
00:13:07,920 --> 00:13:10,360
Speaker 1: is a spectrum where we often listen to. Right, you

264
00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:13,200
Speaker 1: might even be hearing this podcast on the radio, which

265
00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:16,920
Speaker 1: means it's been transmitted using radio waves. So, because we

266
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:20,920
Speaker 1: associate radio waves with sound often, I think that's why

267
00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:23,880
Speaker 1: I got this name, the space roar. But basically it's

268
00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:27,320
Speaker 1: unexplained source of radio waves from space.

269
00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,200
Speaker 3: I guess, meaning that if you turn on your radio,

270
00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,439
Speaker 3: you would technically be able to listen to this rar. Right, Yeah,

271
00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:35,000
Speaker 3: exactly since it is coming in through the radio waves.

272
00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:38,240
Speaker 1: Mm hmm. You need a radio antenna. And remember that

273
00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,760
Speaker 1: radio waves are just another part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

274
00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,320
Speaker 1: All these are photons. You could call all of it

275
00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:47,520
Speaker 1: light if you want, but they're all just part of

276
00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:50,800
Speaker 1: the same wiggling of electromagnetic fields. In the center of

277
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:54,120
Speaker 1: the spectrum. There's visible light. Above that there's UV light,

278
00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:57,200
Speaker 1: and then X rays below it, there's infrared light, and

279
00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:00,320
Speaker 1: below that are radio waves. So radio waves a just

280
00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,280
Speaker 1: photons with a very very long wavelength. And you know,

281
00:14:03,360 --> 00:14:06,000
Speaker 1: as we were saying earlier, for centuries, people were doing

282
00:14:06,080 --> 00:14:09,079
Speaker 1: astronomy only by looking at visible light, the light you

283
00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:11,199
Speaker 1: could see with your eyes, and of course there's a

284
00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:14,040
Speaker 1: lot of fascinating information about stars in the universe you

285
00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:16,400
Speaker 1: can see you just with your eyes or gathering more

286
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,200
Speaker 1: of those visible photons into a telescope. But in the

287
00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,400
Speaker 1: nineteen thirties it was this amazing discovery that you could

288
00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:26,160
Speaker 1: actually listen to the sky using radio waves also, and

289
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:28,960
Speaker 1: that there was a huge source of radio waves coming

290
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,000
Speaker 1: to us from space.

291
00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:34,080
Speaker 3: How did we discover that? Was it through like actual radios?

292
00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:38,000
Speaker 1: No, it was really interesting accidental discovery. By this guy Janski.

293
00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:41,280
Speaker 1: He was hired by the Bell Telephone Company. They wanted

294
00:14:41,320 --> 00:14:44,120
Speaker 1: to beam radio signals across the Atlantic, and they were

295
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:48,040
Speaker 1: worried that thunderstorms would generate radio interference, so they hired

296
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,040
Speaker 1: him to like listen to the radio spectrum carefully and

297
00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:53,560
Speaker 1: see if you could understand these forms of interference. So

298
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:57,520
Speaker 1: he built basically a huge radio telescope, the first radio telescope,

299
00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:59,920
Speaker 1: just to gather radio waves, and he heard a lot

300
00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,640
Speaker 1: of stuff that he couldn't explain as coming from Earth.

301
00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:07,360
Speaker 3: Hmmm, interesting, totally unintended.

302
00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:09,400
Speaker 1: Totally unintended. He it was like a fascinating little piece

303
00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:12,000
Speaker 1: of science. He heard this weird hiss he couldn't explain,

304
00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:14,280
Speaker 1: and actually he discovered that it was correlated with the

305
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:16,760
Speaker 1: rotation of the Earth, which is how he knew it

306
00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,760
Speaker 1: wasn't coming from the Earth. It's like seeing something in

307
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:21,800
Speaker 1: the sky and you see it once a day, so

308
00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:24,080
Speaker 1: you know that, like as the Earth is turning, it's

309
00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,840
Speaker 1: appearing in the sky. But he was looking at the

310
00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:29,360
Speaker 1: sky in a different spectrum, right, He was looking at

311
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,320
Speaker 1: the sky in the radio waves, and what he was

312
00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:35,800
Speaker 1: actually listening to was radio emissions from the center of

313
00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:38,200
Speaker 1: the galaxy. Wow, And so here was like a whole

314
00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:41,240
Speaker 1: new way to listen to the sky, to look out

315
00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:44,480
Speaker 1: at the universe. Nobody'd ever thought that there are natural

316
00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:47,440
Speaker 1: sources of radio waves out there in the universe and

317
00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:50,200
Speaker 1: by listening to them we could tell what's going on.

318
00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:53,280
Speaker 1: And the whole field is hilarious sort of because nobody

319
00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,240
Speaker 1: really did anything about it until about ten years later

320
00:15:56,360 --> 00:15:59,280
Speaker 1: when this guy outside Chicago built the world's first radio

321
00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:03,600
Speaker 1: telescope by himself in his backyard and he was basically

322
00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:07,080
Speaker 1: the only radio astronomer in the world for about ten years.

323
00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:07,920
Speaker 3: Wow.

324
00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:12,239
Speaker 1: A pioneer, a pioneer, absolutely in his garage in his backyard.

325
00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:14,600
Speaker 1: This thing is huge. It's one of these big dishes.

326
00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,200
Speaker 1: So Janski's first one was just like a string of

327
00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:19,880
Speaker 1: antennas on a big wheel that he could turn and

328
00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:22,600
Speaker 1: then rever. He built the first dish to sort of

329
00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:25,800
Speaker 1: like concentrate radio waves and collect them together. And that's

330
00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:27,720
Speaker 1: the sort of radio dish that we have now. Like

331
00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:31,200
Speaker 1: Aricibo until recently was a big radio telescope, and we

332
00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,360
Speaker 1: have other big radio telescopes. You can see them. They're

333
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,960
Speaker 1: these huge dishes and have to be big because radio

334
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:39,080
Speaker 1: has very long wavelengths, right.

335
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,360
Speaker 3: I guess it's sort of like, you know, maybe astronomers

336
00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:43,200
Speaker 3: at the time were still busy trying to figure out

337
00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:45,800
Speaker 3: what they were seeing in the visible light spectrum, and

338
00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:48,200
Speaker 3: so nobody thought to look in other wavelengths.

339
00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:51,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. There's still plenty of astronomy to do in

340
00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:53,600
Speaker 1: visible lights. People are still doing it now. But you know,

341
00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:55,640
Speaker 1: there's a lot of spectra out there, and the universe

342
00:16:55,760 --> 00:16:58,920
Speaker 1: looks different at different spectrum. You know, different things glow

343
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,680
Speaker 1: at different temperatures. Some things are very bright in the

344
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,240
Speaker 1: UV and very dark in the visible light, or they're

345
00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:06,920
Speaker 1: very strong radio emitters and they're very quiet and the

346
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:09,119
Speaker 1: visible and so it's sort of like looking at the

347
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,159
Speaker 1: universe in color instead of in black and white. You

348
00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:15,040
Speaker 1: can see different things light up in different things being

349
00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:18,199
Speaker 1: dark at different frequencies, and so it's sort of like

350
00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:20,960
Speaker 1: extra colors to the universe. It's really a great way

351
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,280
Speaker 1: to sort of understand what's out there, right.

352
00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:26,160
Speaker 3: Right, it's a great romantic line. And hear you're glowing

353
00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:29,159
Speaker 3: in the X ray spectrum, all right, So that was

354
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:31,800
Speaker 3: a bit a hiss that he heard back then, But

355
00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:35,560
Speaker 3: now we're hearing a roar and it's sort of unexplained.

356
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:38,080
Speaker 3: So what's the history of this roar when we first

357
00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:41,360
Speaker 3: started listening to it or seeing it? And who did it?

358
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:45,119
Speaker 1: So there's an experiment developed called the Arcade instrument. ARCADE

359
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,080
Speaker 1: is one of these tortured acronyms. It stands for absolute

360
00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:53,120
Speaker 1: radiometer for cosmology, astrophysics and diffuse emission. But it's basically

361
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:57,199
Speaker 1: a really sensitive radio antenna attached to a balloon and

362
00:17:57,240 --> 00:17:59,639
Speaker 1: it goes up in the atmosphere and it listens to

363
00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,480
Speaker 1: radio waves and they're trying to really accurately measure these

364
00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:06,359
Speaker 1: sources of radio waves because they want to understand things

365
00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:08,960
Speaker 1: like the very early universe. They want to listen to

366
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,879
Speaker 1: the cosmic background radiation and detect to see if, like

367
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:14,440
Speaker 1: the first stars in the universe gave it a little

368
00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:17,199
Speaker 1: bit of hot spots here and there. So they launched

369
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,480
Speaker 1: this probe something like ten fifteen years ago, and it

370
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,199
Speaker 1: was one of the most sensitive probes to radio waves,

371
00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:26,400
Speaker 1: and they heard this crazy hiss that they couldn't explain.

372
00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:28,600
Speaker 3: Wow, where did they launch it? Was this one of

373
00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:32,200
Speaker 3: these like antarctic balloons or was it outside Chicago? Also

374
00:18:32,280 --> 00:18:34,639
Speaker 3: the epicenter of radio astronomy.

375
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:36,600
Speaker 1: It was launched from a spot in Texas. NASA has

376
00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,840
Speaker 1: a scientific balloon facility there, and this thing is not

377
00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:41,480
Speaker 1: just like a normal balloon. It's one of these like

378
00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:44,400
Speaker 1: massive weather balloons, and as it goes up it gets

379
00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:47,320
Speaker 1: really really big. And this thing went up to thirty

380
00:18:47,359 --> 00:18:50,040
Speaker 1: seven kilometers above the Earth's surface.

381
00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:53,159
Speaker 3: All right, So then they send out this balloon and

382
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:55,280
Speaker 3: they I guess were they able to point it? Can

383
00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:57,800
Speaker 3: they point it around? And that's when they heard this roar.

384
00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:00,639
Speaker 1: They can't point it. It's just sort of like flats around.

385
00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:02,800
Speaker 1: They don't steer it. But it has a bunch of

386
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,160
Speaker 1: antennas on it, so you can get directional information about

387
00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:08,400
Speaker 1: the signals you're picking up based on like when they

388
00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,080
Speaker 1: arrive at the instruments. It's sort of like parallax or

389
00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:14,680
Speaker 1: like binocular vision, and so they can't tell where things

390
00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:16,760
Speaker 1: are coming from. And so you know, they saw a

391
00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:19,200
Speaker 1: lot of the expected stuff in the radio. You can

392
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,239
Speaker 1: see the Sun, you can see the galactic center, you

393
00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:25,640
Speaker 1: can see Jupiter, you can see other galaxies that are

394
00:19:25,640 --> 00:19:28,480
Speaker 1: putting out radio waves, and that's sort of what they expected.

395
00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:32,320
Speaker 1: But they also found this sort of like overall signal,

396
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:36,320
Speaker 1: this uniform hiss that nobody'd ever heard before, and it's

397
00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:39,480
Speaker 1: much much stronger than anything they expected. Hmmm.

398
00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:42,200
Speaker 3: Interesting. All right, let's get into a little bit more

399
00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:45,360
Speaker 3: in detail of this his and then let's talk about

400
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,320
Speaker 3: where it could be coming from and what it could be.

401
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:48,960
Speaker 3: But first let's take a quick break.

402
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,159
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what

403
00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,960
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

404
00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:02,040
Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With

405
00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,560
Speaker 1: Mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

406
00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:07,879
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

407
00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,760
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

408
00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:13,240
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

409
00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,720
Speaker 1: so clear I can recommend it to you. So say

410
00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,000
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

411
00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:22,159
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

412
00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:24,720
Speaker 1: with any Mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

413
00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:28,120
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless

414
00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:30,440
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

415
00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:33,000
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

416
00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:35,480
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

417
00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:37,480
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month go to mintmobile

418
00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:41,000
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

419
00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,000
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At

420
00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:46,160
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash universe, forty five dollars upfront payment

421
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:48,919
Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on

422
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:51,800
Speaker 1: first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes

423
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,560
Speaker 1: on unlimited plan. Additional taxi speed and restrictions apply. See

424
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:55,800
Speaker 1: mint mobile for details.

425
00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:58,960
Speaker 5: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

426
00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:02,479
Speaker 5: It's storming re industry and literally billions of dollars are

427
00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:06,720
Speaker 5: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

428
00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:09,680
Speaker 5: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how

429
00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:12,840
Speaker 5: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

430
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:15,199
Speaker 5: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

431
00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:20,680
Speaker 5: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

432
00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:25,600
Speaker 5: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

433
00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:28,120
Speaker 5: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

434
00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:32,080
Speaker 5: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

435
00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:35,240
Speaker 5: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

436
00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:37,480
Speaker 5: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

437
00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:40,040
Speaker 5: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

438
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,240
Speaker 5: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

439
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:45,040
Speaker 5: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic. Take a free

440
00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:49,000
Speaker 5: test drive of Oci at Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

441
00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:54,560
Speaker 5: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic. Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

442
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,720
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

443
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:02,080
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. Gives you unlimited daily cash

444
00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:05,280
Speaker 1: back that can earn four point four zero percent annual

445
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:08,160
Speaker 1: percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings account

446
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,280
Speaker 1: through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the wallet app,

447
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:14,919
Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple Card owners,

448
00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,200
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs

449
00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:21,639
Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC terms and

450
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:31,359
Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com.

451
00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:34,800
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about the space roar, a mysterious

452
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:40,639
Speaker 3: signal that the Arcade instrument detected on a balloon thirty

453
00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:43,240
Speaker 3: seven kilometers up in the sky. Now, Daniel, this is

454
00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:47,200
Speaker 3: different than the cosmic microwave background radiation, right, the cmb R.

455
00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:52,280
Speaker 1: That's right, This is different from the cmb no R.

456
00:22:52,520 --> 00:22:55,480
Speaker 1: We're not living in the Marvel universe. The CMB does

457
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,399
Speaker 1: emit in the radio. Right. Part of the CMB is

458
00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:01,280
Speaker 1: in the radio spectrum. It's a bit of confusing terminology

459
00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,879
Speaker 1: here because sometimes waves in this part of the spectrum

460
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:07,359
Speaker 1: are called radio sometimes they're called microwaves. It truly the

461
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:10,760
Speaker 1: same thing. Essentially, anything longer than a millimeter you could

462
00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:13,159
Speaker 1: call it radio wave, or you could call it a microwave.

463
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,240
Speaker 1: So you could also call it the cosmic radio background.

464
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,600
Speaker 3: Mmmmmm, So it is sort of like the cosmic microwave background,

465
00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:22,200
Speaker 3: but it's just at a different waveline.

466
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. They were looking for at the slightly longer

467
00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,119
Speaker 1: wavelength portion that's not as well studied, because what they

468
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,200
Speaker 1: wanted to understand was can they see like the heat

469
00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:33,600
Speaker 1: the light put out from some of the first stars

470
00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,520
Speaker 1: in the universe, which would have emitted in the radio.

471
00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:40,000
Speaker 1: That was sort of their scientific goals, like measure this

472
00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:42,919
Speaker 1: part of the spectrum really really accurately and then study

473
00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,800
Speaker 1: it for hints about the formations of the first stars,

474
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,399
Speaker 1: which they hoped would leave a little fingerprint on this

475
00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:49,400
Speaker 1: part of the universe.

476
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:51,760
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, they send that Balluna up to study

477
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:55,480
Speaker 3: the CMB specifically, but in the radio wave wavelength.

478
00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:59,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly and to study sort of the longer tails

479
00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:02,359
Speaker 1: of the c B, which people haven't studied as precisely

480
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,440
Speaker 1: using like Kobe and Plank and w MAP and those

481
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:09,000
Speaker 1: other satellites. So it has a slightly different sensitivity than

482
00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:11,760
Speaker 1: other instruments. So sort of the first time people looked

483
00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:14,719
Speaker 1: with this precision at this part of the spectrum.

484
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:17,159
Speaker 3: Mmmm, all right, So then I guess they expected to

485
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,960
Speaker 3: hear like a background his but what they found was

486
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,560
Speaker 3: not quite what they were expecting to find.

487
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, they expected to find the CMB, as we talked

488
00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:28,159
Speaker 1: about that's part of the spectrum. They also expected to

489
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,560
Speaker 1: hear sort of like a diffuse background. You know, like

490
00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:32,919
Speaker 1: all the galaxies that are out there, they emit in

491
00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,560
Speaker 1: the radio, especially if they have a strong black hole

492
00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:37,480
Speaker 1: at their center, they're going to be giving off a

493
00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:39,720
Speaker 1: lot of radio waves. So you expect sort of just

494
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,520
Speaker 1: like a diffuse source of noise out there in the

495
00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:46,200
Speaker 1: universe in radio waves. But they heard this hiss. That's

496
00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:49,040
Speaker 1: not the CMB. It comes at a different wavelength, and

497
00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:52,240
Speaker 1: it's much much stronger than what you would expect just

498
00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:55,120
Speaker 1: from like all the galaxies emitting. It's like six times

499
00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:56,880
Speaker 1: larger than what we can.

500
00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:00,000
Speaker 3: Explain, Wait, why can't it be the CMBA.

501
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,919
Speaker 1: Well, we know the CMB pretty well. The CMB is

502
00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:05,200
Speaker 1: what you expect from like a two point seven degree

503
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,320
Speaker 1: kelvin black body emitter, So we know its spectrum and

504
00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:11,080
Speaker 1: we know its intensity. And this is just much bigger

505
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:14,000
Speaker 1: than the CMBs. That's not consistent with what you would

506
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:15,800
Speaker 1: expect from the CMB mm.

507
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,920
Speaker 3: I see, And it's much bigger than what you would

508
00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:21,280
Speaker 3: expect from just a general din of the universe. Yeah,

509
00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:24,440
Speaker 3: like the general radio wave background of the universe.

510
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:28,159
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And it's the most sensitive instrument in this area.

511
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,159
Speaker 1: And it also has an absolute calibration, which is the

512
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,040
Speaker 1: reason we first heard it. Most of the radio balloons

513
00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:35,960
Speaker 1: and other things listening to this part of the spectrum

514
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:39,040
Speaker 1: before would always just do a relative calibration that would like,

515
00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:42,320
Speaker 1: listen to two points and look for example, at radio

516
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:44,840
Speaker 1: from the center of the galaxy relative to just sort

517
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:48,400
Speaker 1: of like an average direction. So previous experiments couldn't detect

518
00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:51,199
Speaker 1: like an overall background noise because they were always like

519
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,200
Speaker 1: measuring relative to the background noise. This is the first

520
00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:58,080
Speaker 1: experiment that can actually measure the background noise itself because

521
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,639
Speaker 1: it has an absolute calibration on it. And so this

522
00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:03,120
Speaker 1: is the first time we realized that the background noise

523
00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:05,880
Speaker 1: that Din you were talking about is just much larger

524
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,080
Speaker 1: than what we can explain. You know, It's like if

525
00:26:08,119 --> 00:26:10,320
Speaker 1: you walked into a room expecting there to be ten

526
00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: people in there, but instead there's the noise from sixty people.

527
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:18,240
Speaker 1: You're like, where's all this noise coming from? Mysterious Yes,

528
00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:20,520
Speaker 1: something out there in the universe.

529
00:26:20,240 --> 00:26:23,080
Speaker 3: Like this one. They calibrated by I guess shielding it

530
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:26,399
Speaker 3: completely or just having like knowing their instruments so much

531
00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:30,280
Speaker 3: that they know what no radio emissions would sound like

532
00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:30,920
Speaker 3: this thing.

533
00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:33,639
Speaker 1: They shield it, they cool it down to two point

534
00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:38,199
Speaker 1: seven degrees kelvin using super fluid liquid helium, which is

535
00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:40,679
Speaker 1: pretty awesome. And then they also have a device on

536
00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:43,280
Speaker 1: there which gives out a known signal, so like it

537
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:45,760
Speaker 1: has its own little calibrator on it which they can

538
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,800
Speaker 1: calibrate absolutely, like they know what they should be hearing

539
00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:51,600
Speaker 1: from this. So rather than just using the sky to

540
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,240
Speaker 1: calibrate where you're sensitive to background noise in the sky,

541
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,199
Speaker 1: they have their own little calibration source. This is like

542
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,560
Speaker 1: a little add on thing they did to make it

543
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:02,160
Speaker 1: more sentence so they could like calibrate it more precisely.

544
00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,720
Speaker 1: And what they discovered is like ooops, the background from

545
00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:07,440
Speaker 1: the sky was much bigger than what everybody had thought,

546
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,159
Speaker 1: and nobody had been sensitive to it before because nobody

547
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:11,679
Speaker 1: else had done their own calibration.

548
00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:14,840
Speaker 3: I see now, is this coming from a particular direction

549
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:16,920
Speaker 3: or it's like it's coming from everywhere.

550
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,760
Speaker 1: It seems to be coming from everywhere, right, It's really weird.

551
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,840
Speaker 1: It comes from all directions and we don't know yet,

552
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:26,919
Speaker 1: like is it coming from our galaxy or is it

553
00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:30,200
Speaker 1: coming from other galaxies? It's really confusing.

554
00:27:31,119 --> 00:27:33,720
Speaker 3: If it was coming from other galaxies to be pretty surprising,

555
00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:36,360
Speaker 3: wouldn't it, Because they're so far away that that signal

556
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:38,640
Speaker 3: should be pretty weak by the time it gets here,

557
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:42,359
Speaker 3: So it would be a pretty big source at those galaxies.

558
00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:44,240
Speaker 1: It would be you know, some of those galaxies really

559
00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:47,640
Speaker 1: pump out radio waves. All galaxies put out radio for example,

560
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:51,600
Speaker 1: like Andromeda, it puts out ten to the thirty two watts.

561
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,560
Speaker 1: Like that's just a huge number. It's hard to wrap

562
00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:56,919
Speaker 1: your mind around. You know, your light bulb is like

563
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:00,000
Speaker 1: fifty watts or one hundred watts. Andromeda puts out ten

564
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,080
Speaker 1: into the thirty two watts, you know, and it's all noise.

565
00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:05,919
Speaker 1: It's not even like playing good music or anything. But

566
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:09,560
Speaker 1: that's actually a fairly quiet galaxy. Some of the galaxies

567
00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:12,680
Speaker 1: out there, like Sickness A. It puts out a million

568
00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 1: times as much radio energy. So these galaxies, you're right,

569
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:19,080
Speaker 1: they're really far away, there are millions of light years away,

570
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:22,040
Speaker 1: but they're still very loud in the radio, which just

571
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:23,720
Speaker 1: tells you how intense they are.

572
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,080
Speaker 3: Could those be the source of this space we are?

573
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,760
Speaker 1: Well, that was the first idea, is that people thought, oh, well,

574
00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:32,359
Speaker 1: you know, maybe the galaxies are louder than we thought,

575
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,040
Speaker 1: but we can listen to the individual galaxies. We can

576
00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:38,840
Speaker 1: tell basically how loud galaxies are. In order to explain

577
00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:41,280
Speaker 1: it with galaxies, you need to just like add more

578
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:44,320
Speaker 1: galaxies because you need this like diffuse emission not just

579
00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:48,160
Speaker 1: from individual galaxies. But there sort of isn't enough space

580
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:50,400
Speaker 1: to add more galaxies. Like if you just said, what

581
00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:52,040
Speaker 1: if there are a bunch of galaxies out there we

582
00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:54,600
Speaker 1: didn't know about somehow, then you'd have to like pack

583
00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: them into the universe like sardines. And so you can't

584
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:00,480
Speaker 1: really explain this just by like adding more galasalleaxies.

585
00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:04,720
Speaker 3: Mmm, so it can't be galaxies? Could it be something specific?

586
00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,200
Speaker 3: Like you know, there just happens to be like a

587
00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:09,200
Speaker 3: like a pulsar aimed at us or something like that,

588
00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:10,120
Speaker 3: or a quasar.

589
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:12,800
Speaker 1: It's coming from all directions, right, So what you need

590
00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,440
Speaker 1: is like a very large population of something, all of

591
00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:18,680
Speaker 1: which is emitting these sources.

592
00:29:19,160 --> 00:29:21,920
Speaker 3: And emitting sort of like noise too, right, like not

593
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:23,520
Speaker 3: any frequencies in specific.

594
00:29:23,640 --> 00:29:25,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, well down here in the radio. But exactly, it's

595
00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:28,160
Speaker 1: not like a spike. It's not like a very narrow peak.

596
00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:29,720
Speaker 1: And you know, and maybe we should talk about like

597
00:29:29,920 --> 00:29:33,080
Speaker 1: why things emit radio because that helps us understand what

598
00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:34,960
Speaker 1: it is that's generating this sound.

599
00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:38,320
Speaker 3: All right, Yeah, what makes things imi radio waves?

600
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:40,240
Speaker 1: Well, we have a few sort of categories of things

601
00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:43,480
Speaker 1: that can make radio waves. One is just things being hot.

602
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:46,400
Speaker 1: You know, everything in the universe gives off radiation. It's

603
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,800
Speaker 1: called black body radiation depending on your temperature, and things

604
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,920
Speaker 1: that are really hot give up higher frequency radiation, you know,

605
00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 1: for example, like X rays and ultra violet light from

606
00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 1: really really hot things, things like the sun give off

607
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,560
Speaker 1: in the visible spectrum, things like cool clouds of gas

608
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:05,560
Speaker 1: and dust give off in the infrared, but things also

609
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:09,160
Speaker 1: emit in the radio. So like big dark dust clouds

610
00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:11,760
Speaker 1: out there in space that are really pretty cold, they

611
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 1: glow in the radio spectrum. That's one source of radio waves.

612
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:20,360
Speaker 1: Another source comes from just like magnetic fields, charge particles,

613
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:22,560
Speaker 1: when they move to a magnetic field, they get bent,

614
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:25,959
Speaker 1: like for example, when the solar wind hits the Earth's

615
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:29,560
Speaker 1: magnetic field, you get the Northern lights. Right. The particles

616
00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:32,840
Speaker 1: are emitting light when they bend, because anything that accelerates,

617
00:30:32,880 --> 00:30:35,680
Speaker 1: anything that turns in a magnetic field, has to give

618
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:37,960
Speaker 1: off a photon to do that, and if things have

619
00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:41,600
Speaker 1: the right speed, then those photons are radio waves. And

620
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:44,360
Speaker 1: so if you have charge particles moving through a magnetic field,

621
00:30:44,640 --> 00:30:48,520
Speaker 1: you're gonna get photons, and sometimes those photons are radio waves.

622
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:51,800
Speaker 1: But maybe my favorite sos of radio waves is that

623
00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:54,640
Speaker 1: it turns out that there are sort of natural molecular

624
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:56,400
Speaker 1: lasers out there in space.

625
00:30:56,880 --> 00:30:59,240
Speaker 3: Natural molecular lasers.

626
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:01,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You know, a laser works when you have

627
00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:04,440
Speaker 1: light passing through a resonant cavity as a material in

628
00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: it that can sort of amplify it. And we don't

629
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:08,600
Speaker 1: want to go in detail into the physics of lasers.

630
00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:11,080
Speaker 1: But there are sometimes out there in space, these dense

631
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:14,760
Speaker 1: pockets of molecular clouds, and if life passes through them

632
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,880
Speaker 1: at the right frequency, it can become a maser, which

633
00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:20,560
Speaker 1: is basically a laser, but in the microwave spectrum. And

634
00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,840
Speaker 1: I remember microwaves and radio waves basically the same thing.

635
00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:27,040
Speaker 1: And so sometimes out there there are these basically radio

636
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:29,520
Speaker 1: lasers just sort of naturally occurring.

637
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,120
Speaker 3: Wow, So the could those be what's cassing these space roar?

638
00:31:33,240 --> 00:31:35,440
Speaker 1: No, we don't think those things happen often enough to

639
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,520
Speaker 1: explain the space roar. They wouldn't be coming in every direction.

640
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:42,120
Speaker 1: Those things typically come from like dense clouds inside our

641
00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 1: Milky Way. But these emissions don't follow the pattern of

642
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:49,080
Speaker 1: the Milky Way right, Like, they don't lie along the

643
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:51,680
Speaker 1: plane of the Milky Way. Remember, the Milky Way is

644
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,320
Speaker 1: a flat disc. And so if these things were coming

645
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:57,600
Speaker 1: from our galaxy, from something in our galaxy, you would

646
00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,480
Speaker 1: expect it to be like in the disk of the

647
00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:02,800
Speaker 1: galaxy that when you pointed your intennas away from the galaxy,

648
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:05,360
Speaker 1: it would get fainter. But it doesn't. It seems to

649
00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,400
Speaker 1: be in every direction. So either the Milky Way has

650
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:11,680
Speaker 1: some new structure in it that tends to be like

651
00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:16,120
Speaker 1: a spherical halo around us that's emitting this or it's

652
00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:17,960
Speaker 1: coming from somewhere outside the galaxy.

653
00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:21,480
Speaker 3: Hmmm, Like it doesn't seem to get louder when you

654
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:23,760
Speaker 3: sort of listen towards the center of the galaxy. It's

655
00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:25,080
Speaker 3: like pretty even all around this.

656
00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:27,880
Speaker 1: It's pretty even in every direction. And that's why they

657
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:30,560
Speaker 1: call it this space roar, because it's just like filling

658
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:31,840
Speaker 1: space with this.

659
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:36,720
Speaker 3: Sound right right, Trying to make a statement, But to.

660
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,360
Speaker 1: Me, it's really exciting because it's like a puzzle. It's

661
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:42,200
Speaker 1: like something out there is giving off this radiation and

662
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,960
Speaker 1: we don't have an explanation for it, and that tells

663
00:32:45,040 --> 00:32:47,160
Speaker 1: us that it has to be something new, and we're

664
00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:50,200
Speaker 1: about to learn something new about the universe. Something in

665
00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:53,160
Speaker 1: the universe has been screaming at us forever and we

666
00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:55,720
Speaker 1: only recently heard it, and so that to me is

667
00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:58,800
Speaker 1: exciting because it makes us be creative about what could

668
00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,560
Speaker 1: possibly be out there. Is it something we're familiar with

669
00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:04,400
Speaker 1: that's screaming in a way we didn't expect, or is

670
00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:09,320
Speaker 1: it something totally new out there that's creating this crazy radiation.

671
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:10,920
Speaker 3: Right, And I guess they're pretty sure it's not a

672
00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:13,920
Speaker 3: technical issue, right, Like, they've calibrated this pretty good.

673
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,320
Speaker 1: They've calibrated this pretty good. Exactly. They were really surprised

674
00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:19,280
Speaker 1: to see this, so they spent a long time. This

675
00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:21,760
Speaker 1: is not like an aha moment one evening. You know,

676
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:24,000
Speaker 1: they did this flight in over the lasted several days,

677
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,840
Speaker 1: but they spent months and months and months analyzing this data,

678
00:33:28,120 --> 00:33:32,640
Speaker 1: removing background noises, removing other background noises, checking for sources

679
00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:36,240
Speaker 1: of mistakes and uncertainty, and calibration and cross checking and

680
00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:39,280
Speaker 1: redouble cross checking, because you know, it takes a lot

681
00:33:39,280 --> 00:33:41,480
Speaker 1: of guts to publish a paper like this to say

682
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:45,160
Speaker 1: there's something we don't understand in our data. Your fear

683
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:46,440
Speaker 1: at night when you wake up the middle of night

684
00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:48,120
Speaker 1: you're like, wait a second, did I remember to check

685
00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:50,840
Speaker 1: for this thing? Is that you overlooked something simple, that

686
00:33:50,920 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: you're making a mistake. It's exciting, right to say we

687
00:33:53,840 --> 00:33:56,480
Speaker 1: found something new we don't understand, but it's also a

688
00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:59,880
Speaker 1: little terrifying. So they definitely cross their t's and dot

689
00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:02,120
Speaker 1: their eyes. These are very careful.

690
00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:05,320
Speaker 3: Folks, especially this one, because the discovery is not very specific, right,

691
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 3: I mean they're basically saying, hey, we're getting a lot

692
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:09,880
Speaker 3: more noise in our instrument than we think we should,

693
00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:13,919
Speaker 3: which normally just means that you're not doing it right right,

694
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:16,279
Speaker 3: But here they're saying that this could be something new

695
00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:16,920
Speaker 3: in the universe.

696
00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:20,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're pretty sure this is actual signal from space

697
00:34:20,560 --> 00:34:23,360
Speaker 1: and not just an artifact of their instrument. And you know,

698
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:26,040
Speaker 1: this is a very carefully engineered instrument, like they are

699
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 1: flying liquid helium up in a balloon, like they spent

700
00:34:29,160 --> 00:34:31,359
Speaker 1: a lot of time designing this thing. I read the

701
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:34,719
Speaker 1: design paper and it's very detailed. These folks definitely did

702
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:37,920
Speaker 1: their homework, and so I certainly believe that this is

703
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:40,520
Speaker 1: a signal from space, which now lets us wonder about,

704
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:42,799
Speaker 1: you know, what is it. You know, another aspect of

705
00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:45,040
Speaker 1: writing a paper like this when you see a new

706
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:47,480
Speaker 1: signal from space is you're sort of putting it out

707
00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:50,520
Speaker 1: there and you're not naming the source of it. You'd

708
00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:52,920
Speaker 1: love to see a new signal from space and at

709
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,520
Speaker 1: the same time explain it because you're like, wow, look

710
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,040
Speaker 1: a new signal, and we discovered something new. Here's the

711
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:00,760
Speaker 1: explanation that would be like a complete sign antipic story

712
00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:02,839
Speaker 1: instead you just sort of publish the experiment and then

713
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:05,719
Speaker 1: go I don't know, and then everybody gets to play

714
00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:07,880
Speaker 1: with it. But it sort of opens the door for

715
00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:12,480
Speaker 1: somebody else to come in and explain your discovery, right right, Yeah,

716
00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:15,480
Speaker 1: it's very open and collaborative. That's pretty good, all right.

717
00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,520
Speaker 3: So it can be other galaxies because there aren't enough

718
00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:22,600
Speaker 3: galaxies to make up this background roar, and it's probably

719
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:26,920
Speaker 3: not a magnetic field or the cosmic microwave background radiation.

720
00:35:27,239 --> 00:35:29,600
Speaker 3: So the question is what could it be. Let's talk

721
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:31,560
Speaker 3: about that, But first let's take a quick break.

722
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:37,640
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

723
00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:40,880
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

724
00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:44,960
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

725
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:47,600
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

726
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,960
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

727
00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:54,560
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

728
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:56,920
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

729
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:01,200
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas submissions. Take water,

730
00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:04,319
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

731
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:07,839
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

732
00:36:07,880 --> 00:36:10,680
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

733
00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:14,480
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

734
00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:18,440
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

735
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:20,520
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

736
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:22,600
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

737
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:25,319
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

738
00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:28,879
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

739
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,719
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

740
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:34,600
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

741
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:39,080
Speaker 2: There are chiltern friends and families walking, riding on paths

742
00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:41,279
Speaker 2: and the roads every day. Remember they're real people with

743
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:43,640
Speaker 2: loved ones who need them to get home safely. Protect

744
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:46,680
Speaker 2: our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

745
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,680
Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

746
00:36:49,719 --> 00:36:52,719
Speaker 8: Hey everybody, this is Jody Sweeten from how Rude Tanrito's

747
00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:55,280
Speaker 8: and I have to tell you all about Honday's most

748
00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:58,439
Speaker 8: electric evy lineup yet and how it will completely change

749
00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:02,320
Speaker 8: the way you look at and feel EV's, specifically hundaiev's.

750
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:02,759
Speaker 1: Now.

751
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:05,280
Speaker 8: Let me tell you, as a Honday owner, I love

752
00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:08,320
Speaker 8: my Hyundai Now One of my favorite aspects is Honday's

753
00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:10,600
Speaker 8: fun to drive lineup. I love these cars. I mean

754
00:37:10,640 --> 00:37:13,880
Speaker 8: these evs are tech confused with standard safety features like

755
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:17,479
Speaker 8: highway driving assists and blind spot collision warning. Being a mom,

756
00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:21,120
Speaker 8: these safety features are extremely important to me. And what's

757
00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,320
Speaker 8: better than knowing my family is safe in our vehicle

758
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:25,960
Speaker 8: while also knowing I look stylish at the same time

759
00:37:26,239 --> 00:37:29,560
Speaker 8: kind of nothing. You also get America's best warranty with

760
00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 8: a ten year, one hundred thousand mile limited electric battery warranty.

761
00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:36,239
Speaker 8: Honday's EV lineup has everything you've been yearning for in

762
00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:40,600
Speaker 8: your next or your first EV, boldly captivating your senses.

763
00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:44,239
Speaker 8: Learn more about hyndaievs at Hundai USA dot com. Call

764
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:46,839
Speaker 8: five six two three one four four six zero three

765
00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:49,839
Speaker 8: for complete details. America's best warranty claim based on total

766
00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:53,000
Speaker 8: package of warranty programs. See dealer for limited warranty details.

767
00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:58,560
Speaker 8: See your Hondai dealer for further details and limitations.

768
00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:07,279
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about the space Roar or row,

769
00:38:08,560 --> 00:38:13,400
Speaker 3: otherwise know one as the cosmic radio background noise.

770
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:15,120
Speaker 1: Kind of, yeah, part of it exactly.

771
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, Yeah, So we tacked off a couple of things

772
00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,480
Speaker 3: that it can't be. It can't be galaxies, it can't

773
00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:22,080
Speaker 3: be magnetic fields potentially, So what could it be?

774
00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:25,359
Speaker 1: Daniel, Well, as usual, we have a spectrum of possibilities

775
00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:29,840
Speaker 1: ranging from like pretty boring to totally bonkers slash exciting.

776
00:38:30,239 --> 00:38:32,000
Speaker 3: I'm gonna guess we're gonna start with the boring and

777
00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:33,880
Speaker 3: build up to the bonkers one.

778
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:38,040
Speaker 1: Absolutely, so sort of the most boring explanation is that

779
00:38:38,080 --> 00:38:42,040
Speaker 1: maybe there are just more magnetic fields than we thought. Remember,

780
00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:45,359
Speaker 1: when charge particles fly to magnetic fields, they bend, and

781
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:48,880
Speaker 1: bending means acceleration, and when any charge particle accelerates, it

782
00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:51,680
Speaker 1: has to give off a photon. It's just basic conservation

783
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,640
Speaker 1: of momentum. You can't move in one direction without pushing

784
00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:57,720
Speaker 1: something else off the other direction, and that's usually a photon.

785
00:38:57,880 --> 00:39:01,080
Speaker 1: So if magnetic fields out there are stronger than we

786
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:03,319
Speaker 1: thought they were, then there's gonna be more of this

787
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:06,440
Speaker 1: kind of radiation from charge particles than we thought. And

788
00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:10,080
Speaker 1: if there's sort of everywhere, then charge particles everywhere are

789
00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:13,080
Speaker 1: gonna be basically roaring at us. And remember we did

790
00:39:13,080 --> 00:39:17,200
Speaker 1: an episode about whether or not space itself is magnetized

791
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:20,280
Speaker 1: because we've been discovering, as we've been trying to measure

792
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:23,600
Speaker 1: magnetic fields through the universe, that magnetic fields are kind

793
00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:26,400
Speaker 1: of everywhere, Like there's definitely one from the Earth and

794
00:39:26,440 --> 00:39:29,040
Speaker 1: the Sun and Jupiter, and even our galaxy has a

795
00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:32,000
Speaker 1: magnetic field. But recently we discovered that there are magnetic

796
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:36,399
Speaker 1: fields between galaxies and between galaxy clusters, and there might

797
00:39:36,520 --> 00:39:40,040
Speaker 1: even be magnetic fields out there in the huge voids

798
00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:43,200
Speaker 1: where there's just nothing. So it might just be that

799
00:39:43,239 --> 00:39:46,000
Speaker 1: space has more magnets than we thought, which leads to

800
00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:47,879
Speaker 1: more particles roaring at us.

801
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:51,760
Speaker 3: Right, maybe the universe is just more attractive than we thought. Yeah,

802
00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:55,280
Speaker 3: it has a certain glow to it basically, right, Yeah, exactly,

803
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:56,919
Speaker 3: it's more active than we thought, you know, and it's

804
00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:59,520
Speaker 3: more magnetic. There's more things that you can't really quite

805
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:01,200
Speaker 3: see that are happening in there.

806
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:04,279
Speaker 1: M M. And you know, you need two ingredients to

807
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:07,280
Speaker 1: make a roar from magnetic fields. You need the magnetic fields,

808
00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:09,520
Speaker 1: and then you also need the particles. And as you

809
00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:12,560
Speaker 1: were saying, space is not empty, right, They're particles everywhere,

810
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:16,200
Speaker 1: even between galaxies. In fact, like something like half of

811
00:40:16,239 --> 00:40:19,680
Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe is the intergalactic plasma, this

812
00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:23,400
Speaker 1: stuff between galaxies. So there are a lot of particles

813
00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:25,640
Speaker 1: out there flying through these magnetic fields, and if they

814
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:28,520
Speaker 1: are larger than we expect, that could be the source

815
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:29,439
Speaker 1: of the space roar.

816
00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:31,840
Speaker 3: Right, But do we know what's causing these magnetic fields

817
00:40:31,960 --> 00:40:34,759
Speaker 3: or what would cause the magnetic fields to be that

818
00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:36,640
Speaker 3: strong for it to generate this roar.

819
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:39,520
Speaker 1: We definitely do not know the source of these magnetic fields,

820
00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:42,239
Speaker 1: which is sort of like awesome and crazy. That's something

821
00:40:42,280 --> 00:40:44,960
Speaker 1: as basic as like the magnetic field. Though the universe

822
00:40:45,080 --> 00:40:48,280
Speaker 1: can't be explained. People are talking about like weird unknown

823
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,760
Speaker 1: mechanisms inside galaxies or between galaxies. But my favorite possible

824
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,280
Speaker 1: explanation for what's causing these magnetic fields is that maybe

825
00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,680
Speaker 1: they are primordial, Maybe they date from the origin of

826
00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:03,120
Speaker 1: the universe itself. That when the universe was created, some

827
00:41:03,320 --> 00:41:06,160
Speaker 1: energy just sort of like slipped into a magnetic field

828
00:41:06,239 --> 00:41:09,640
Speaker 1: and then got stuck there. So it's like leftover energy

829
00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:13,720
Speaker 1: from the Big Bang captured in a magnetic field still around.

830
00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:16,120
Speaker 3: I see it's in the DNA of the universe.

831
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:19,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be. It could be people have forever

832
00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:23,399
Speaker 1: assumed the default configuration should be like no magnetic field,

833
00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:26,560
Speaker 1: no stuff, no moving charges, no magnets, no magnetic field.

834
00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:29,759
Speaker 1: But it mightn't just be that. The baseline situation for

835
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,640
Speaker 1: the universe is to have magnetic fields in it. So

836
00:41:32,719 --> 00:41:34,879
Speaker 1: if you find that stuff interesting, check out our whole

837
00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:37,560
Speaker 1: episode about is space magnetized?

838
00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:42,640
Speaker 3: All right, and that's a vanilla explanation. Then some of

839
00:41:42,719 --> 00:41:46,480
Speaker 3: the universe is inherently magnetic to a super high degree

840
00:41:46,480 --> 00:41:48,799
Speaker 3: than we thought it was possible. What's our next possibility?

841
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:50,880
Speaker 1: Next possibility is stuff happening.

842
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:55,680
Speaker 3: You know, we talked about that's a technical term, stuff happening.

843
00:41:55,960 --> 00:42:01,360
Speaker 3: Isn't that just the column definition of physics physic stuff happens.

844
00:42:01,480 --> 00:42:04,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, But in this case it'd be exciting stuff happens.

845
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:09,080
Speaker 1: Exciting stuff happens. Yes, Exciting stuff is happening out there

846
00:42:09,080 --> 00:42:11,319
Speaker 1: in the universe. And in this case it might be

847
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:14,680
Speaker 1: galaxies dancing around each other and eventually merging. You know,

848
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:18,760
Speaker 1: these galaxies are sources of radio because they're black holes

849
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:21,480
Speaker 1: and because the big clouds of gas and dust that

850
00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:25,040
Speaker 1: are in them. And it might be that when galaxies merge,

851
00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:28,920
Speaker 1: that that merging forms some turbulence, and that turbulence sort

852
00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:31,960
Speaker 1: of like gets these clouds of gas and dust to

853
00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:35,400
Speaker 1: emit in the radio waves louder than they otherwise would.

854
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:37,560
Speaker 1: And so it could be that there's part of this

855
00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:41,400
Speaker 1: process of galaxy merging that we don't quite yet understand.

856
00:42:41,719 --> 00:42:44,640
Speaker 3: Oh, I see. It could be something normal happening, but

857
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,719
Speaker 3: that when it happens at an extreme level, we just

858
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:49,480
Speaker 3: don't have a good model for it. So maybe that's

859
00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:50,880
Speaker 3: what's generating these waves.

860
00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:54,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, instead of having more galaxies out there, have the

861
00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:57,120
Speaker 1: same number of galaxies, but have them do something different

862
00:42:57,120 --> 00:43:00,000
Speaker 1: from what we expected. So maybe there's more of these

863
00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:02,560
Speaker 1: mergers happening than we thought, or the mergers are more

864
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,680
Speaker 1: turbulent than we thought, and that's what's giving off this roar.

865
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:08,319
Speaker 1: So not new stuff, but old stuff doing new and

866
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,600
Speaker 1: exciting things, teaching old galaxies.

867
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:16,839
Speaker 3: New tricks, right, physics stuff happens in any ways, all right,

868
00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:19,799
Speaker 3: So it could be merging galaxies. What else could it be.

869
00:43:19,880 --> 00:43:22,400
Speaker 1: It could also just be something new out there in

870
00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:25,359
Speaker 1: the universe that's giving off radio missions that's not on

871
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:27,799
Speaker 1: our list of things we understand. You know. It could

872
00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:31,600
Speaker 1: be not stars, It could be not the centers of galaxies.

873
00:43:31,840 --> 00:43:34,360
Speaker 1: It could be you know, not black body emission. It

874
00:43:34,360 --> 00:43:37,400
Speaker 1: could be some new source of radio emission.

875
00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:39,680
Speaker 3: That we somehow have missed all this time.

876
00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:43,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, we somehow have missed. And people have even connected it,

877
00:43:43,239 --> 00:43:47,120
Speaker 1: for example, to our favorite universe mystery, which is dark matter.

878
00:43:47,320 --> 00:43:50,279
Speaker 1: R hat it might be that dark matter is out

879
00:43:50,280 --> 00:43:54,479
Speaker 1: there and that it can annihilate with itself. Remember, dark matter,

880
00:43:54,520 --> 00:43:56,960
Speaker 1: we know is something massive that's out there, but we

881
00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,880
Speaker 1: don't really know what it's made out of. One hypoth

882
00:44:00,440 --> 00:44:03,360
Speaker 1: for dark matter is that it's the really heavy particles

883
00:44:03,360 --> 00:44:06,080
Speaker 1: that mostly just sit around and do nothing. But it's

884
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:08,560
Speaker 1: sort of hard to explain how you get dark matter

885
00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:10,680
Speaker 1: and how you have the amount of dark matter that

886
00:44:10,719 --> 00:44:12,880
Speaker 1: we have in the universe if there's no way for

887
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,080
Speaker 1: dark matter to be created or for it to annihilate itself.

888
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,160
Speaker 1: So people have thought of this idea that maybe dark

889
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,920
Speaker 1: matter sometimes bumps into itself and then annihilate. It's just

890
00:44:21,960 --> 00:44:25,880
Speaker 1: like particle antiparticle. Maybe this dark matter and anti dark matter,

891
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:28,960
Speaker 1: and sometimes it bumps into itself and then turns into

892
00:44:29,080 --> 00:44:32,600
Speaker 1: for example, normal matter like electrons and positrons.

893
00:44:33,520 --> 00:44:36,080
Speaker 3: I see. So maybe all this dark matter, because there's

894
00:44:36,120 --> 00:44:37,960
Speaker 3: a lot of dark matter in the universe. Maybe that's

895
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:40,520
Speaker 3: what's causing this glow. That's the idea. Yeah, and that

896
00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:43,000
Speaker 3: would make sense because dark matter is pretty diffuse out there.

897
00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:45,799
Speaker 3: We're sort of surrounded by it in a halo and

898
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:46,640
Speaker 3: in our galaxy.

899
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:47,120
Speaker 1: Mm hmm.

900
00:44:47,520 --> 00:44:48,600
Speaker 3: That would sort of make sense.

901
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,160
Speaker 1: That would make a lot of sense. So in more detail,

902
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:54,359
Speaker 1: the mechanism is that these dark matter particles annihilate and

903
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:57,879
Speaker 1: then create these electrons and positrons. But because dark matter

904
00:44:57,960 --> 00:45:00,799
Speaker 1: is heavy, like it's much heavier than electron or positrons,

905
00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:03,480
Speaker 1: these particles would be created with sort of a lot

906
00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:06,160
Speaker 1: of energy. It'd be flying through the universe and when

907
00:45:06,160 --> 00:45:08,440
Speaker 1: they hit magnetic fields they would bend and then they

908
00:45:08,480 --> 00:45:11,360
Speaker 1: would give off some radio waves. And so it could

909
00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:13,279
Speaker 1: be as you say that this is sort of a

910
00:45:13,320 --> 00:45:17,200
Speaker 1: signal of a lot of dark matter surrounding the galaxy

911
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:20,640
Speaker 1: and giving off these electrons and positrons which then roar

912
00:45:20,760 --> 00:45:24,359
Speaker 1: at us. Dark matter we know there's five times as

913
00:45:24,440 --> 00:45:26,400
Speaker 1: much of it as normal matter, and as you say,

914
00:45:26,520 --> 00:45:28,719
Speaker 1: it's not spread through the galaxy, and the same way

915
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:30,400
Speaker 1: that normal matter is, it tends to make up this

916
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:34,080
Speaker 1: big halo. It surrounds everything and it's fluffy and diffuse.

917
00:45:34,120 --> 00:45:36,239
Speaker 1: It's not as clumped, and so that would be a

918
00:45:36,239 --> 00:45:37,000
Speaker 1: good explanation.

919
00:45:37,280 --> 00:45:37,800
Speaker 5: Wow.

920
00:45:38,239 --> 00:45:40,560
Speaker 3: So basically dark matter would not be dark, that's what

921
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:43,200
Speaker 3: you're saying. You would have to rename it, or would

922
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:44,719
Speaker 3: you continue with this incorrect name.

923
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:47,040
Speaker 1: It would still be dark. It just wouldn't be quiet, right,

924
00:45:47,120 --> 00:45:48,319
Speaker 1: It'd be like screaming the matter.

925
00:45:49,239 --> 00:45:53,520
Speaker 3: See now you're mixing the metaphors or Daniel, so you're

926
00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:54,600
Speaker 3: saying it's not quiet.

927
00:45:56,640 --> 00:45:59,160
Speaker 1: It's so much fun to mix your metaphors and put

928
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:02,240
Speaker 1: silly names on. I see why astronomers are tempted.

929
00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:04,000
Speaker 3: I see you just threw them under the bus again.

930
00:46:05,239 --> 00:46:07,279
Speaker 1: No, and now I'm joining them. I'm saying, you know what,

931
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:08,000
Speaker 1: I get.

932
00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:10,279
Speaker 3: It all right. So it could be dark matter. That

933
00:46:10,320 --> 00:46:12,960
Speaker 3: would be pretty exciting and pretty far out there. But

934
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:14,319
Speaker 3: it gets in wilder, it.

935
00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:16,960
Speaker 1: Gets even wilder. I was reading some sort of bonkers

936
00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:20,319
Speaker 1: ideas that there could be alternate universes out there. Right.

937
00:46:20,440 --> 00:46:23,120
Speaker 1: This is like the multiverse theory, the idea that our

938
00:46:23,239 --> 00:46:25,719
Speaker 1: universe is not the only universe that's out there, there

939
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:28,919
Speaker 1: are other universes out there, and that these universes sort

940
00:46:28,920 --> 00:46:31,640
Speaker 1: of echo with ours, and there are even ways for

941
00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:35,400
Speaker 1: our universe to communicate with those universes, for like radiation

942
00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:38,759
Speaker 1: to slip from our universe to their universe. And there's

943
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:44,000
Speaker 1: this crazy idea, this Fredkin Wolfram automaton, which spreads across

944
00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:47,280
Speaker 1: multiple universes that like lives in more than one universe

945
00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:51,319
Speaker 1: and gives off radio signals, and so the idea is like,

946
00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,360
Speaker 1: maybe this could be evidence of other universes.

947
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:57,719
Speaker 3: WHOA, yeah, like you're seeing like the shadow or the

948
00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:00,719
Speaker 3: glow of other universes that are sort of on top

949
00:47:00,760 --> 00:47:01,520
Speaker 3: of ours.

950
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:04,200
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, exactly, And I don't want to be too clickbaity,

951
00:47:04,280 --> 00:47:07,360
Speaker 1: like this is total speculation and it's not a prediction.

952
00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:09,360
Speaker 1: Like if this was an idea that had been invented

953
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:11,759
Speaker 1: before we heard it, and somebody said, I think there

954
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:14,520
Speaker 1: are multiverses out there, and you can prove it if

955
00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:16,839
Speaker 1: you hear this particular thing, go out and look for it,

956
00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:19,160
Speaker 1: and then we found it. Now would be convincing, But

957
00:47:19,239 --> 00:47:21,120
Speaker 1: you know, once you see it and you don't know

958
00:47:21,120 --> 00:47:23,400
Speaker 1: how to explain it, and then later you cook up

959
00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:26,640
Speaker 1: a crazy multiverse explanation for it, it's sort of less

960
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:29,880
Speaker 1: convincing as an explanation. It's always more impressive to predict

961
00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:32,000
Speaker 1: something than to postdict something.

962
00:47:32,360 --> 00:47:35,560
Speaker 3: Right, But isn't that technically the same thing, Daniel. It's

963
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:37,360
Speaker 3: like it just depends on the order in which you

964
00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,000
Speaker 3: do it, but it's still the same sort of connection, right.

965
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:41,920
Speaker 1: I don't know. I think the order sort of matters. Like,

966
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:45,080
Speaker 1: you know, naming lottery numbers after they've picked the lottery

967
00:47:45,160 --> 00:47:48,239
Speaker 1: is a lot easier than before. Right, It's sort of

968
00:47:48,239 --> 00:47:50,719
Speaker 1: the same deal. Like telling the past is a lot

969
00:47:50,760 --> 00:47:53,719
Speaker 1: easier than telling the future. So I think order matters.

970
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:55,840
Speaker 3: Yeah, right, right, But I guess what I mean is

971
00:47:55,840 --> 00:47:58,080
Speaker 3: that they could still be right. Oh, just because they

972
00:47:58,080 --> 00:48:00,000
Speaker 3: came up with it afterwards doesn't mean that they're wrong.

973
00:48:00,160 --> 00:48:03,000
Speaker 1: Absolutely. They could still be right, absolutely, But it's not

974
00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:05,400
Speaker 1: really like evidence for their theory. You know, it's not

975
00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:07,880
Speaker 1: that hard to come up with a theory that describes

976
00:48:07,920 --> 00:48:09,759
Speaker 1: what you see. What's hard is to come up with

977
00:48:09,760 --> 00:48:12,600
Speaker 1: a simple theory that explains what you see, which means

978
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,239
Speaker 1: it's capable of making predictions. That's what science is about, right,

979
00:48:15,280 --> 00:48:18,560
Speaker 1: It's predicting the future, not just describing the past. So

980
00:48:18,640 --> 00:48:21,000
Speaker 1: you're right, we can't rule out this idea. The only

981
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:22,880
Speaker 1: way to rule it out is to do future experiments

982
00:48:22,960 --> 00:48:25,719
Speaker 1: to compare against their predictions. So it could totally be

983
00:48:25,840 --> 00:48:27,800
Speaker 1: that we live in a multiverse and that the space

984
00:48:27,840 --> 00:48:30,759
Speaker 1: war is you know, a sound from these other universes

985
00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:34,799
Speaker 1: or radio emissions from these common overlapping elements of our

986
00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:37,560
Speaker 1: universes could totally be But you know, I don't want

987
00:48:37,560 --> 00:48:38,520
Speaker 1: to oversell.

988
00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:40,440
Speaker 3: It right right, I wonder if it could it be

989
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:42,920
Speaker 3: something more mundane, like could it just be I don't know,

990
00:48:43,040 --> 00:48:46,000
Speaker 3: like rada ways coming from our technology, Like could it

991
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,040
Speaker 3: be the just human noise, or I guess you would

992
00:48:48,120 --> 00:48:49,520
Speaker 3: hear it only coming from Earth.

993
00:48:49,640 --> 00:48:52,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's not connected to the Earth, right. It

994
00:48:52,320 --> 00:48:55,640
Speaker 1: seems to be coming from every direction and it's independent

995
00:48:55,719 --> 00:48:58,680
Speaker 1: of the orientation of the Earth. And also one of

996
00:48:58,719 --> 00:49:01,000
Speaker 1: the reasons they launched this thing on a balloon was

997
00:49:01,040 --> 00:49:03,680
Speaker 1: to sort of trying to get away from earth bound

998
00:49:03,719 --> 00:49:06,160
Speaker 1: sources of noise. You know, the Earth is very loud

999
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:08,640
Speaker 1: in the radio these days because there's so many cell

1000
00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:12,080
Speaker 1: phones and radio emitters. They're basically everywhere I see. A

1001
00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:14,080
Speaker 1: good place to do radio astronomy is like on the

1002
00:49:14,160 --> 00:49:17,800
Speaker 1: dark side of the Moon because it's shielded from the Earth,

1003
00:49:17,880 --> 00:49:20,000
Speaker 1: but it's kind of hard to get there. So launching

1004
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:21,680
Speaker 1: a balloon into space is a good way to sort

1005
00:49:21,680 --> 00:49:24,400
Speaker 1: of insulate yourself away from a lot of sources of

1006
00:49:24,440 --> 00:49:25,320
Speaker 1: earth bound noise.

1007
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:27,719
Speaker 3: Well, I think I got it, Daniel, What is it?

1008
00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:30,960
Speaker 3: I think it's cell phone signals from aliens, Like it

1009
00:49:31,120 --> 00:49:33,040
Speaker 3: just happened to be in the middle of a couple

1010
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:36,919
Speaker 3: of you know, intergalactic alien cell phone towers, and that

1011
00:49:36,920 --> 00:49:37,840
Speaker 3: that's what we're listening to.

1012
00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:40,840
Speaker 1: I can't believe nobody else has suggested that idea.

1013
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:44,640
Speaker 3: Right, it's obvious, and I came up with it before

1014
00:49:45,040 --> 00:49:48,200
Speaker 3: getting in my hands into the data, so technically counts.

1015
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,080
Speaker 1: Well, then the question is, why are these aliens roaring

1016
00:49:51,120 --> 00:49:53,320
Speaker 1: at each other? Like what's going on? Can't you guys

1017
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:56,160
Speaker 1: just calm it down? You know, what's the cosmic equivalent

1018
00:49:56,200 --> 00:49:58,360
Speaker 1: of like knocking on your ceiling with a broomstick.

1019
00:49:59,360 --> 00:50:03,040
Speaker 3: Well, they're just on the phone, changing emojis and memes,

1020
00:50:03,120 --> 00:50:05,080
Speaker 3: and you know, we just don't know how to decode it.

1021
00:50:05,080 --> 00:50:05,520
Speaker 3: That's all.

1022
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:07,840
Speaker 1: Well, we're busy here trying to listen to the origins

1023
00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:10,319
Speaker 1: of the universe and understand, you know, the heating of

1024
00:50:10,320 --> 00:50:12,600
Speaker 1: the first stars, and they're just like chatting with each other,

1025
00:50:12,640 --> 00:50:15,320
Speaker 1: and we can't make out these cosmic signals.

1026
00:50:15,640 --> 00:50:17,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, well that's what life is.

1027
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,520
Speaker 1: All about, learning to live with your neighbors.

1028
00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:23,200
Speaker 3: Hogging to your fellow sentient beats. All right, So it's

1029
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,839
Speaker 3: a big mystery in astronomy and physics, and there's this

1030
00:50:26,880 --> 00:50:29,640
Speaker 3: big roar. So it's still a mystery, and so what

1031
00:50:29,680 --> 00:50:30,800
Speaker 3: are people doing about it than you?

1032
00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:33,960
Speaker 1: Well, of course they are proposing new projects, spend more

1033
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,719
Speaker 1: money to gather more data. There's this plan for a

1034
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,120
Speaker 1: new version of the Arcade experiment that's going to be

1035
00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:42,040
Speaker 1: much bigger. It's going to have five hundred gallons of

1036
00:50:42,120 --> 00:50:44,200
Speaker 1: liquid helium, which is going to allow it to be

1037
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,080
Speaker 1: even colder and stay more sensitive. To get like more data,

1038
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,560
Speaker 1: maybe we can look for some variations. Maybe we can

1039
00:50:50,560 --> 00:50:52,600
Speaker 1: see if it's a little bit stronger in one part

1040
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:55,520
Speaker 1: of the sky than somewhere else. So that's one possibility.

1041
00:50:55,560 --> 00:50:57,560
Speaker 1: So we could just sort of like get more resolution

1042
00:50:57,719 --> 00:50:59,640
Speaker 1: on the problem that might give us a clue. We

1043
00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,719
Speaker 1: also have ground based instruments, and now that Aricibo is

1044
00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:07,239
Speaker 1: in the past, unfortunately, that's most powerful radio telescope in

1045
00:51:07,280 --> 00:51:09,960
Speaker 1: the world is in Green Bank, West Virginia, which is

1046
00:51:09,960 --> 00:51:12,040
Speaker 1: the beautiful instrument you should google it and check this

1047
00:51:12,040 --> 00:51:14,239
Speaker 1: thing out, and it can make very precise maps of

1048
00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:18,319
Speaker 1: the skies and these radio frequencies. Again to look for patterns, right,

1049
00:51:18,360 --> 00:51:22,319
Speaker 1: because even the cosmic microwave background has patterns to it, right,

1050
00:51:22,719 --> 00:51:25,080
Speaker 1: and those patterns are important. There's a huge amount of

1051
00:51:25,080 --> 00:51:28,520
Speaker 1: information encoded in those patterns. So we're just the very

1052
00:51:28,560 --> 00:51:31,680
Speaker 1: beginning of understanding this other map of the sky and

1053
00:51:31,719 --> 00:51:33,120
Speaker 1: what's in it and what it means.

1054
00:51:33,320 --> 00:51:36,560
Speaker 3: Cool, all right, So maybe expect more in the coming years.

1055
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:38,640
Speaker 3: But in the near future it's going to be a

1056
00:51:38,680 --> 00:51:41,080
Speaker 3: big mystery. If we are bathed in mystery. There's a

1057
00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:44,440
Speaker 3: huge source of radio waves that is coming from all

1058
00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:46,239
Speaker 3: over space and we don't know what it is. Yeah,

1059
00:51:46,320 --> 00:51:47,680
Speaker 3: we won't know for a little while.

1060
00:51:47,760 --> 00:51:49,719
Speaker 1: Yep, until we hear more roar.

1061
00:51:49,960 --> 00:51:52,640
Speaker 3: In the meantime, Universe, we hear you. We hear you roaring.

1062
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:56,800
Speaker 3: We respect you, We get it. Maybe chill out a little.

1063
00:51:56,640 --> 00:51:59,399
Speaker 1: Bit, exactly, We're doing our best to figure out what

1064
00:51:59,440 --> 00:52:00,760
Speaker 1: you're roaring. It is all about.

1065
00:52:00,960 --> 00:52:04,120
Speaker 3: May it's the universe hitting the brustick underling at us

1066
00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:05,240
Speaker 3: because we're being too noisy.

1067
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:07,480
Speaker 1: Exactly. Maybe we should learn to shut up. Too many

1068
00:52:07,520 --> 00:52:10,680
Speaker 1: podcasts and on that note, thanks for listening to this.

1069
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:12,640
Speaker 3: One, Thanks for joining us, See you next time.

1070
00:52:20,520 --> 00:52:23,320
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1071
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:27,399
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1072
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:31,560
Speaker 1: from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

1073
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:45,279
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop

1074
00:52:45,320 --> 00:52:47,319
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

1075
00:52:47,360 --> 00:52:50,279
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

1076
00:52:50,360 --> 00:52:53,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

1077
00:52:53,719 --> 00:52:56,759
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

1078
00:52:56,800 --> 00:53:00,080
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is you as

1079
00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:04,319
Speaker 1: dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digesters to

1080
00:53:04,320 --> 00:53:07,680
Speaker 1: turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that can

1081
00:53:07,719 --> 00:53:11,479
Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as dairy

1082
00:53:11,560 --> 00:53:14,000
Speaker 1: dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

1083
00:53:15,560 --> 00:53:19,080
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

1084
00:53:19,080 --> 00:53:21,480
Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1085
00:53:21,520 --> 00:53:22,279
Speaker 2: ones who need them to.

1086
00:53:22,239 --> 00:53:23,040
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

1087
00:53:23,239 --> 00:53:26,680
Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

1088
00:53:26,719 --> 00:53:30,200
Speaker 2: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

1089
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:34,080
Speaker 3: This is Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. eBay Motors is

1090
00:53:34,120 --> 00:53:35,160
Speaker 3: here for the ride.

1091
00:53:35,520 --> 00:53:39,000
Speaker 5: With simelbow grease, fresh installs, and a whole lot of love,

1092
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:41,879
Speaker 5: you transformed one hundred thousand miles and a body full

1093
00:53:41,920 --> 00:53:44,520
Speaker 5: of rust into a drive that's all your own.

1094
00:53:45,080 --> 00:53:49,560
Speaker 3: Break kits, led headlights. Whatever you need, eBay Motors has

1095
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:53,359
Speaker 3: it and with eBay Guaranteed Fit, it's guaranteed to fit

1096
00:53:53,480 --> 00:53:57,640
Speaker 3: your ride the first time, every time, or your money

1097
00:53:57,680 --> 00:54:02,399
Speaker 3: back plus these prices your burning rubber, not cash. Keep

1098
00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:07,040
Speaker 3: your rider die alive at ebaymotors dot com. Eligible items only.

1099
00:54:07,440 --> 00:54:08,320
Speaker 1: Exclusions apply.