1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in history today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,880 Speaker 1: You'll also here too, hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson. 4 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy Welcome to this Day in History Class 5 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk 6 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,799 Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show 7 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time 8 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:30,520 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:34,920 Speaker 1: it's January. The eighteenth Amendment to the U. S Constitution 11 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:39,960 Speaker 1: was ratified on this day. In several states ratified the 12 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:43,080 Speaker 1: amendment on that day, but it was Nebraska that gave 13 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:46,880 Speaker 1: the amendment the necessary thirty six states required to be ratified. 14 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: This followed an ongoing movement for prohibition. There were a 15 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: lot of concerns about drunkenness and crime, and a lot 16 00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: of the most vocal and visible members of this movement 17 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,400 Speaker 1: were women. A lot of them women who were personally 18 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:04,240 Speaker 1: affected alcohol abuse. They were being physically or emotionally abused 19 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:06,840 Speaker 1: by husbands who were drunk, or they were in situations 20 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,199 Speaker 1: where their husbands weren't supporting the family because of drink. 21 00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:14,400 Speaker 1: This was also connected to religion. The Second Great Awakening 22 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:17,360 Speaker 1: had spurred religious revival all over the United States, and 23 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: that led to an increase in the idea that drinking 24 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:25,600 Speaker 1: was sinful. Individual states had started passing laws regulating or 25 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:29,319 Speaker 1: prohibiting alcohol starting in eighteen thirty eight. Some of the 26 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:32,960 Speaker 1: most famous people and organizations in this movement where the 27 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti Saloon League. There 28 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: was also carry a Nation who became famous for smashing 29 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,399 Speaker 1: up saloons with a hatchet between the mid eighteen hundreds. 30 00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:48,600 Speaker 1: In the early nineteen teens, As this advocacy went on, 31 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:53,480 Speaker 1: more and more states past laws prohibiting alcohol. It started 32 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: to become part of platforms when people ran for office. 33 00:01:57,080 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 1: Dry candidates supported prohibition, while when candidates opposed it. In 34 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: nineteen sixteen, dry candidates won a significant majority in the U. S. Congress, 35 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:10,080 Speaker 1: and they got to work writing a constitutional amendment. In 36 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:14,760 Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen, that eighteenth Amendment passed both houses of Congress 37 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: and was sent to the states to ratify, which brings 38 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:20,320 Speaker 1: us to January sixteenth of nineteen nineteen, when it was 39 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:24,600 Speaker 1: ratified by the required thirty six states. Here is Section 40 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:27,639 Speaker 1: one of the amendment. Quote, after one year from the 41 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: ratification of this article, the manufacturer, sale, or transportation of 42 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: intoxicating liquors within the importation thereof in two, or the 43 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject 44 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:46,320 Speaker 1: to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes, is hereby prohibited. 45 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:51,120 Speaker 1: Section to quote. The Congress and the several States shall 46 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: have concurrent power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. 47 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:59,120 Speaker 1: And Section three give a deadline of seven years for 48 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: ratification by the states, so that the amendment could just 49 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,880 Speaker 1: sit there forever, awaiting ratification if it did not get enough. 50 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:09,840 Speaker 1: That legislation that was described in section two came along 51 00:03:09,919 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: later in nineteen nineteen with the National Prohibition Act, also 52 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:19,120 Speaker 1: known as the Volstead Act. Industrial medical, and sacramental uses 53 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,359 Speaker 1: of alcohol were still allowed. That's why the molasses bath 54 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,200 Speaker 1: that we talked about yesterday was still necessary for making 55 00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: industrial alcohol, but in almost all cases, alcohol for just 56 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 1: personal consumption was banned when prohibition went into effect the 57 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: following year. Though it was a huge failure. It did 58 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:42,520 Speaker 1: not reduce crime. It increased crime. Speakeasies, which were illegal 59 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:47,320 Speaker 1: places to consume alcohol, sprouted up everywhere. Bootlegging, which was 60 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: already pretty popular for people who wanted to evade taxes, 61 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:55,840 Speaker 1: became more widespread. Criminal enterprises formed to support the illegal 62 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,840 Speaker 1: production of alcohol, and some of the most famous names 63 00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: and organized crime I'm we're part of all this, including 64 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 1: al Capone. And because the alcohol was being produced illegally 65 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:08,680 Speaker 1: by people who needed to get it done out from 66 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: under the watchful eye of any law enforcement, the end 67 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:15,119 Speaker 1: result was often dangerous or even poisonous. By the late 68 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties, people had started calling for a repeal of 69 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:20,120 Speaker 1: the Eighteenth Amendment, and then after the start of the 70 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: Great Depression, these calls got a whole lot louder. The 71 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,600 Speaker 1: twenty first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and the legislation 72 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: that had followed it, and that was ratified in nineteen 73 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:34,240 Speaker 1: thirty three. That makes the eighteenth Amendment the only amendment 74 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: to the U. S Constitution that was successfully ratified but 75 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,919 Speaker 1: then later repealed. There is more to this in a 76 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: whole lot of episodes from Stuff you missed in History Class, 77 00:04:44,279 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: including how Prohibition Works from December fifteenth, two thousand eight 78 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:53,839 Speaker 1: a brief history of moonshine from October and a two 79 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:59,359 Speaker 1: parter on Carry a Nation on July seventeen. IF also 80 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,359 Speaker 1: talked about people who tried to repeal Prohibition, including Pauline 81 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 1: Saban on February twelve. Thanks to Casey Pegram and Chandler 82 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 1: Mays for their audio work on the show. You can 83 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:13,440 Speaker 1: subscribe to the Stay in History Class on Apple podcast, 84 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and wherever else 85 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,120 Speaker 1: you get podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for the overthrow of 86 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:31,240 Speaker 1: one nation's last and only Queen. Welcome back. I'm your 87 00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:34,240 Speaker 1: host Eves, and you're tuned into This Day in History Class, 88 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: a show that takes history and squeezes it into bite 89 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 1: size stories. The day was January sixty two. A massive 90 00:05:51,040 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: southwesterly Atlantic gale known as St. Marcellus Is Flood or 91 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,679 Speaker 1: the Grota Mandraca hit the British Aisles, the Netherlands, Northern 92 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:04,720 Speaker 1: Germany and Denmark. It resulted in at least twenty six 93 00:06:04,760 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: thousand deaths. The event is also known as the second St. 94 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:13,279 Speaker 1: Marcella's Flood, since a similar disaster happened on January six 95 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: and twelve nineteen. St Marcelluss flood took place during what 96 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:22,920 Speaker 1: some climatologists now called the Little Ice Age. This period 97 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: wasn't an actual ice age. The term, coined by geologists F. E. Matt, 98 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: refers to a climate interval after the Medieval warm period 99 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 1: when mean annual temperatures declined and the weather was unstable. 100 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,159 Speaker 1: The climatologists and historians disagree on the exact span of 101 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,720 Speaker 1: the period. By many definitions, the so called Little Ice 102 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:49,080 Speaker 1: Age lasted from the fourteenth century to the mid nineteenth century. 103 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:53,280 Speaker 1: Around the twelfth century, a series of large storm surges 104 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: started occurring in the North Sea. By this time, though 105 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 1: Europeans were already familiar with storm surges caused by the 106 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 1: gales of extratropical cyclones. An extratropical cyclone is one that 107 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 1: forms in the middle or high latitudes. These cyclones are 108 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: driven by temperature contrasts in the atmosphere where two air 109 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:19,200 Speaker 1: masses meet and create a front. Though tropical cyclones create 110 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:23,080 Speaker 1: higher storm surges and get a lot of attention, extratropical 111 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:28,160 Speaker 1: cyclones cover larger geographical areas. These storms lead to the 112 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:33,240 Speaker 1: loss of valuable land and forced communities to relocate. Europeans 113 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:36,080 Speaker 1: could not predict when the next flood would happen, but 114 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:40,160 Speaker 1: they did build coastal defenses to protect against big storms 115 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: and reclaimed land from the sea using innovative techniques. The 116 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 1: low countries, including the Netherlands, Western Germany, Denmark, Belgium and 117 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: northern France, were particularly vulnerable to storm surges and destruction. 118 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: The first St. Marcellus flood that occurred in twelve nineteen 119 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: drowned and estimated their the six thousand people, mostly in 120 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: West Friesland and Groningen, which are now locations in the Netherlands. 121 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: In twelve eighty seven St. Lucius flood killed more than 122 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: fifty thousand people in the Netherlands and northern Germany. This 123 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: storm over the North Sea destroyed sand dunes and natural 124 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: clay barriers that separated a lake in the northwest of 125 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:25,040 Speaker 1: the Netherlands from the sea, that turned the lake into 126 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: a bay that became known as the Zeider's A or 127 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: Southern Sea. Villages were wiped out in Harlingen, a town 128 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: that was landlocked, became a seaport. England was also affected 129 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,319 Speaker 1: by the storm surge. The second St. Marcella's flood was 130 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: also devastating. It hit large parts of northwestern Europe. On 131 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:49,960 Speaker 1: January thirteen sixty two, a southwesterly Atlantic gale swept across 132 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:54,880 Speaker 1: the British Isles, the Netherlands, Northern Germany and Denmark. High 133 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: tides combined with a storm to flood large parts of 134 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:02,280 Speaker 1: the Low Countries. Runghole Support on the island of Strand 135 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 1: in the Duchy of Slissby reportedly completely stuck into the sea. 136 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:11,040 Speaker 1: The city attained a sort of mythical status, with debate 137 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:15,680 Speaker 1: later rising over whether it ever even existed. The port 138 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: of ravenser Odd in England was largely wiped out. The 139 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: storm further opened the Dezider's A to the sea, and 140 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:27,400 Speaker 1: around sixty parishes in Denmark were reportedly destroyed. The storm 141 00:09:27,480 --> 00:09:30,600 Speaker 1: changed the shape of the Danish, German and Dutch coastlines. 142 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,400 Speaker 1: The death toll of the flood has been estimated at 143 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: at least twenty five thousand people and up to one 144 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 1: hundred thousand, though the exact number is disputed. January six 145 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: is the feast day of St. Marcellus, hence the name 146 00:09:45,520 --> 00:09:49,959 Speaker 1: Sat Marcelluss flood. The storm also became known as grown 147 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 1: up Mandraca, which means great drowning of men in Low Saxon. 148 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: In the centuries after the storm, thanks were rebuilt and 149 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,520 Speaker 1: land was reclaimed from the sea, but massive storm surges 150 00:10:01,559 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: continue to hit the region and reshape the land. I'm 151 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: Eve Jeff Code, and hopefully you know a little more 152 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. Keep up with 153 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:15,440 Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d i 154 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:19,680 Speaker 1: h C Podcast, or if you are so inclined, you 155 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:22,960 Speaker 1: can send us a message at this Day at I 156 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks for listening. We'll see you 157 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:28,960 Speaker 1: again tomorrow with another episode.