1 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:07,720 Speaker 1: Welcome to trillions. I'm Joel Webber and I'm Eric bel 2 00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:13,120 Speaker 1: Tunis back in the booth. It sounds for real, way 3 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:15,720 Speaker 1: better than my closet. It's the reads, it's it's great. 4 00:00:15,720 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: I love it. It's elevated. Yeah, it's good to see you. 5 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: You too. You brought us somebody today who we're gonna 6 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:23,560 Speaker 1: hear from. Yeah, I grabbed him off of the AM track. 7 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:25,640 Speaker 1: I was like, you look only a good guest. We're desperate, 8 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:28,760 Speaker 1: we're getting lazy these days. Um No, this is Tim Edwards, 9 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:31,680 Speaker 1: who is an et F industry veteran. His SMP now 10 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: and what he's bringing to us and where we're talking 11 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: to him today is the SPEVA Report. For nerds know 12 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:40,199 Speaker 1: exactly what I just said, but if you don't, it's 13 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: the SMP Index versus Active Report. It's a scorecard that 14 00:00:44,040 --> 00:00:46,800 Speaker 1: says how will our active managers doing versus their benchmarks. 15 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:50,560 Speaker 1: This report has been out Tim make correct fifteen years 16 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:54,680 Speaker 1: and has been pretty instrumental in sort of driving the 17 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: narrative and thus the flows towards passive because the numbers 18 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:00,280 Speaker 1: are pretty bad. Okay, so we're gonna hear from Tim 19 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:09,559 Speaker 1: Edwards of SMP this timeand trillions the SPIVA Report. Tim 20 00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: wakan a trillions. Hi, thanks very much for having me. Okay, 21 00:01:12,959 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: Tim Spiver. For those not familiar, what is this going 22 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 1: to reveal? Well, it was in fact first published twenty 23 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: years ago that Chack the good Time Flies. The concept 24 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:28,319 Speaker 1: is is really really simple. Um. The idea is to 25 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 1: take a database of actively managed funds, assign each fund 26 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:36,160 Speaker 1: correctly to a representative benchmark, so if it's a large 27 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:40,399 Speaker 1: cap us equity fund, the sp and then on a 28 00:01:40,440 --> 00:01:44,319 Speaker 1: regular basis to report how many of those funds survived, 29 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: survived and beat the benchmark. And then there's a wealth 30 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:51,880 Speaker 1: of additional data around the spread in performance average performance 31 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: across funds, both over the short term and over the 32 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 1: long term. So it's a report that gives you a 33 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:02,919 Speaker 1: sense of where active management is doing really well different geographies, 34 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: different market segments. What the long term statistics tell us 35 00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: about where indexing might work as an investment strategy. Okay, 36 00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:14,960 Speaker 1: so who's winning? Who's writing? Um? Well, we just today 37 00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: published our latest edition of the spever U score cord Um. 38 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:24,399 Speaker 1: It runs data up to the media point of two 39 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:29,959 Speaker 1: and unusually perhaps um, it's really really close year to 40 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:35,680 Speaker 1: date in two of actively managed US large cap funds 41 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: underperformed the SMP five dred So it's not it's not 42 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: exactly fifty fifty's before, but essentially it's it's a coin flip. 43 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 1: So in the short term I'd say that it's a 44 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:50,520 Speaker 1: really close race for two. Over the long term, a 45 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:54,560 Speaker 1: much higher proportion of actively managed funds have underperformed the 46 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: s Yeah, I mean fifty percent is a huge feed 47 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,959 Speaker 1: for active there. When I think of active, especially in 48 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,960 Speaker 1: the large cap space, I think of like a third 49 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:09,119 Speaker 1: outperforming right this year half have So that's pretty good, 50 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:11,280 Speaker 1: is it? Because of the violatility, I think, I think 51 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:17,920 Speaker 1: there's a combination of factors. Um. So, there is traditionally 52 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: a conception that active managers tend to do better in 53 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: bear markets, and of course that's something that happened this year, 54 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,200 Speaker 1: and in the first half of the year, the US 55 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:31,560 Speaker 1: exty market turned from from boll to bear. Um the 56 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: data suggests a much more nuanced picture. Actually, a downturn 57 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:39,360 Speaker 1: tends to make things a lot more noisy and a 58 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 1: bit more random. What we also saw this year, as 59 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: well as slightly higher volatility, was a massive increase in dispersion, 60 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:49,000 Speaker 1: which is a measure of how differently stocks are performing. 61 00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: This was most visible in the performance of of different sectors. 62 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:55,880 Speaker 1: So energy doing fantastically well at the same time this 63 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: technology was doing rather badly. And what you had across 64 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:02,640 Speaker 1: different styles, across different sectors, across different stocks was a 65 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:06,280 Speaker 1: really big difference between if you like winners and losers. 66 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: What what that does? It doesn't make any sort of 67 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:14,480 Speaker 1: strategy smarter, but it does really turn it into more 68 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:17,839 Speaker 1: of a game of luck rather than skill. Um. The 69 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:20,040 Speaker 1: last time we saw a dispersion as high as we've 70 00:04:20,080 --> 00:04:22,960 Speaker 1: seen it so far in twenty two was two thousand 71 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: and nine. Funnily enough, that's the last time that active 72 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:29,280 Speaker 1: managers had such a good record. Yeah, I mean, um, 73 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:31,800 Speaker 1: I remember going back in two thousand and eight and 74 00:04:31,839 --> 00:04:34,560 Speaker 1: looking at the twenty biggest active funds, and I found 75 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,240 Speaker 1: two thirds of them underperformed the horrendous year. Like the 76 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:42,520 Speaker 1: SMP was down, two thirds were down worse. And this 77 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:44,920 Speaker 1: was part of our big theme that we've been saying 78 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: for I don't know a decade. At this point we're 79 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: pretty proven, right, is that a bear market is actually 80 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:52,880 Speaker 1: not going to help active um. It's it made help 81 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: a couple of funds, but generally speaking, the same amount 82 00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:59,320 Speaker 1: will outperform and the same amount will underperform um And 83 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:01,840 Speaker 1: the other thing I think just a bear market tends 84 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,880 Speaker 1: to be when investors flee their funds and their assets 85 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:08,080 Speaker 1: go down anyway, So it's just generally not they sort of. 86 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:11,599 Speaker 1: I don't know the turnaround opportunity that I think people 87 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:13,799 Speaker 1: think it is, although if they can keep up fifty 88 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:16,520 Speaker 1: for the year or a couple of years, that I 89 00:05:16,560 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: guess they would go a little further with maybe changing 90 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,440 Speaker 1: the narrative. Yeah, I think if if if they can 91 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:24,800 Speaker 1: maintain that that rate over the long term, then it 92 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: does get to be more of a balanced picture. I mean, 93 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:30,560 Speaker 1: you know, something to bear in mind is we don't 94 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:34,240 Speaker 1: apply any due diligence, if you like, on when producing 95 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: our speed reports. We don't say how did the good funds? Do? 96 00:05:37,839 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: You know? How do the funds that I would judge 97 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:43,400 Speaker 1: as being likely to outperform do? Instead? It's it's really 98 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:47,880 Speaker 1: about measuring the universe. So you might think, as an investor, oh, well, 99 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: you know, overall half of the funds out performed, but 100 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:52,720 Speaker 1: I might be able to identify it half. That's the problem. 101 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:54,880 Speaker 1: This is the problem for active and why I don't 102 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 1: even know if it matters. Okay, fifty out perform, let's 103 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:00,600 Speaker 1: just say they actually held that up for five years. 104 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:03,440 Speaker 1: They won't, but let's just say they did. Most people, 105 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:08,120 Speaker 1: I think, especially advisors, have just sort of resigned themselves 106 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:11,080 Speaker 1: to going well. I I admit some will outperform, but 107 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:12,919 Speaker 1: I don't know which one is ahead of time, and 108 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:14,440 Speaker 1: I don't want to roll the dice on that. I'll 109 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: just go Vanguard and buy a three basis point beta fund. 110 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:19,840 Speaker 1: And that's what the flow show. So I mean, can 111 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 1: active turn around at all? Is there? I mean? Is 112 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: it over? Um? Well, let me say two things about 113 00:06:26,279 --> 00:06:30,440 Speaker 1: that would say not. First of all, that's well no, 114 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:33,040 Speaker 1: it's the persistence problem too, and they if they do 115 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: it one year, they usually or five year period, they 116 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:36,919 Speaker 1: usually do not do it the next five year period. 117 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: And and advisors know this. This information is now out 118 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:41,800 Speaker 1: there thanks to Spiva and the Internet and whatnot. And 119 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:44,400 Speaker 1: obviously Vanguard and Bogel beat the drum on this for 120 00:06:44,440 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 1: many years. Um. I mean I'm not I'm I'm torn 121 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:51,600 Speaker 1: on how these tim tim is the game over? Well, 122 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:55,320 Speaker 1: first of all, let's just put some data around this conversation. 123 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:59,480 Speaker 1: So we mentioned under performing year to day in two, 124 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: but the Spever reports to include longer term statistics. If 125 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:04,640 Speaker 1: you look at three years, that number goes up to 126 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:07,880 Speaker 1: under performing, If you go to ten years, that number 127 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: goes up to under performing, and if you go out 128 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: to twenty years since we've started producing these reports, it 129 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 1: is actively managed under performing UM so. So so that's 130 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:22,560 Speaker 1: the challenge I think that Eric's getting at right that 131 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 1: the short term number is it's always be the long 132 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,280 Speaker 1: term number UM. Then you have the issue with as 133 00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:33,239 Speaker 1: you say, persistence so UM. There are lots of different 134 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: ways that you could try and identify a manager who's 135 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: UM your well positioned to to beat the market. One 136 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: of the challenges is the data suggests that the most 137 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: obvious thing to look at, did this manager beat the market? 138 00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,920 Speaker 1: Historically UM tends to be a low information signal, So 139 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:51,600 Speaker 1: that's something that we cover in our Persistence report, which 140 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:55,480 Speaker 1: is a separate Spever report comes out similarly on a 141 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: semi annual schedule, and what we look at is did 142 00:07:57,840 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: the funds that used to beat the market or used 143 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:03,480 Speaker 1: to be their pays continue to do so? And there 144 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:06,080 Speaker 1: you find actually there's a there's a degree of reversion 145 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:07,760 Speaker 1: to the mean. It's really interesting to think about the 146 00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: mechanics as to what happens to successful managers. That means 147 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:13,239 Speaker 1: that you know, they might be challenged in their future 148 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: out performance. What the data says is that it is 149 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: difficult to identify a fund that will win based on 150 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 1: those that have outperformed in the past. Morning Star has 151 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:32,559 Speaker 1: this great report, uh like yours, but they put fee 152 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:34,559 Speaker 1: buckets into it, and what they find is there's a 153 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:38,280 Speaker 1: high correlation between the ones that do outperform um and 154 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 1: the and the ones that are cheapest. So the lowest 155 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 1: quartile fee has a much better our performance rate than 156 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: the highest quartile fee, which is almost like they all underperform. 157 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:52,080 Speaker 1: Is that kind of a common thread with the let's 158 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: look at the tenure the ten percent or nine percent 159 00:08:54,040 --> 00:08:56,520 Speaker 1: that outperformed. Is low fee a common thread or is 160 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:00,320 Speaker 1: there something else they haven't in common? So we um 161 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 1: I've seen in the morning Star report and I like it, 162 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: and it probably is. Now I should emphasize what we 163 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:09,040 Speaker 1: do with SPEVER is to compare actively manage funds net 164 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,520 Speaker 1: of fees to benchmarks, which by convention do not include 165 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:14,199 Speaker 1: any trading costs. Right, So we're giving them a hard 166 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:17,760 Speaker 1: benchmark to be um. Over the years, we've heard this, 167 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:19,880 Speaker 1: you know, is it all about fees and so on, 168 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:22,599 Speaker 1: And so we started producing a different report which was 169 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:27,200 Speaker 1: published exactly a week ago, which looks at grosser fee 170 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:30,679 Speaker 1: performance and also looks at the performance of institutional accounts. 171 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:33,400 Speaker 1: That's called spever institutional. And what that does is is 172 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: answers first of all, the question of how much difference 173 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 1: do fees make UM and what difference would it make 174 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: if I had institutional resources devoted to selecting an outperforming 175 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:47,440 Speaker 1: active manager, and to take a just abroad look at 176 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: the results, what you see is, first of all, fees 177 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: do matter. Second of all, actually the performance of those 178 00:09:55,200 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: institutionally managed accounts is slightly better than the performance of 179 00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:05,840 Speaker 1: mutual funds. However, most active funds underperform the benchmark, so 180 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:10,479 Speaker 1: even even gross of film. You know why you know, 181 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:12,920 Speaker 1: I again my study of Bogel and this book. I 182 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: he would describe the active managers as sitting in a circle, 183 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: and they're all trading with each other, like at a 184 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:21,839 Speaker 1: poker table. And I think sometimes people think of the 185 00:10:21,880 --> 00:10:24,520 Speaker 1: stock market as something else, but it's really just a 186 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:26,640 Speaker 1: bunch of people trading with each other. And for for 187 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:28,960 Speaker 1: me to win, Joel has to lose, and then I 188 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: have to basically find losers, like four or five times 189 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: in a row to be that that person who have performs, 190 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:36,520 Speaker 1: and the odds are tough. It's just very difficult to 191 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:39,000 Speaker 1: sort of gamble your way into having more money than 192 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:41,360 Speaker 1: everybody else. I guess a couple do it, but largely 193 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:45,720 Speaker 1: that everybody's sort of netting out zero plus you added 194 00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: the fees and then it's overall people. It's not quite 195 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:51,440 Speaker 1: a zero some game. I think it's it's um. So 196 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:54,200 Speaker 1: here's here's the thing. We could all invest in the 197 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 1: equity markets and we could all make money. It's not 198 00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:00,000 Speaker 1: zero sum. What really is zero sum is is outperformance 199 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: is being smarter than than than everyone else or than 200 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: well exactly. The capital markets will build money, right, if 201 00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: you just put your money in there, it will grow. 202 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: It's more of the outperformance zero some the trading. But 203 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:15,120 Speaker 1: I mean, here's one question I have in the in 204 00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 1: the equity and we'll go to some other categories. I mean, 205 00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: all the numbers are pretty bad here, but you know, 206 00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:22,719 Speaker 1: it seems to me that some of these funds were 207 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,000 Speaker 1: like built in the seventies, eighties, and nineties, and they 208 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: have to be real close to the SMP, and it's 209 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:30,000 Speaker 1: tough to beat the SMP when you're close to it, 210 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,439 Speaker 1: whereas some funds now like an ARC, they go way 211 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:35,560 Speaker 1: out there and they're either gonna like crush it or 212 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:38,080 Speaker 1: get crushed, and seems to be investors sort of prefer 213 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:41,120 Speaker 1: that because in the core they're moving to passive. Before 214 00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: you answer that, though, I think it's important that we 215 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: talked about this universe of funds in general, right because 216 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:48,480 Speaker 1: this is everything. It's e T s, mutual funds, everything 217 00:11:48,679 --> 00:11:51,959 Speaker 1: grouped up and evaluated as one. Yes, so ets are 218 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:54,079 Speaker 1: included on a report, but it's it's basically and did 219 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:55,680 Speaker 1: you break them out at all? Or is it all? 220 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:58,240 Speaker 1: We didn't, although that that is something I've been thinking 221 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:00,719 Speaker 1: about doing, and it is also something I mean, I 222 00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:03,320 Speaker 1: don't think we'll ever do a daily spever, but you 223 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 1: could with the actually can see you know how many 224 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:08,640 Speaker 1: how many beat the market today? Anyway to the question, yes, 225 00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:10,960 Speaker 1: so there aren't different categories. We've been talking a lot 226 00:12:10,960 --> 00:12:14,560 Speaker 1: about the large cap category. The growth category is actually 227 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: quite interesting. So growth was one of those areas where 228 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 1: the record of active managers had been going pretty strong. 229 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: If we were here one year ago, you've been asking 230 00:12:23,760 --> 00:12:25,720 Speaker 1: me why is it that I think it was a 231 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,840 Speaker 1: thirty percent of growth managers were out performing over three 232 00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: years UM. That record has strongly reverted to the mean 233 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:38,240 Speaker 1: with the downturn in growth. There's you mentioned Cathy Woods 234 00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:40,520 Speaker 1: Arc Fund, which which came in for a lot of 235 00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:44,120 Speaker 1: perhaps unfair criticism. She was not alone. If you look 236 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 1: over the three year period now at large cap growth, 237 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:50,360 Speaker 1: it's it's come back completely other the other way, it's 238 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: under performing. And what you see is is that, yes, 239 00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:59,000 Speaker 1: there is this aspect to which investors more generally I think, 240 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,040 Speaker 1: have come to their active managers and demanded They said, look, 241 00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:06,119 Speaker 1: I can get very low cost access to my benchmark. 242 00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:08,120 Speaker 1: What I need you to do is to focus on 243 00:13:08,160 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: your best ideas and to concentrate on your highest conviction picks. 244 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 1: And I think many men managers have done that. It 245 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:17,320 Speaker 1: does make it then the end result a little more 246 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,960 Speaker 1: more of a broad distribution. Right there are either gonna 247 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,640 Speaker 1: win big or they're gonna lose big um. And it 248 00:13:22,679 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 1: does in some categories like like growth, I mean that 249 00:13:25,679 --> 00:13:28,000 Speaker 1: you can get quite strong extremes. I think there's evidence 250 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:32,520 Speaker 1: in our data suggest that the growth segment was kind 251 00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:35,719 Speaker 1: of more growth than than our growth index in particularly 252 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: in the downturn in growth relatively that started back in September. Yeah, 253 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:43,760 Speaker 1: I think the I think I'm getting at here is 254 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: if you were running a fund in the eighties and nineties, 255 00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,199 Speaker 1: before indexing was big, you were used in the course, 256 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 1: you were ben smart hugging largely because you couldn't get 257 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:53,400 Speaker 1: too crazy you can go you couldn't go for Cathy 258 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: would because you're sort of delivering core exposure. And I 259 00:13:56,760 --> 00:13:58,400 Speaker 1: think that locks them in because there are a lot 260 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:00,600 Speaker 1: of their existing clients are those people who alathem for that. 261 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: So I find that they're kind of in this sort 262 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:08,560 Speaker 1: of unfortunate like conundrum about still serving core exposure, so 263 00:14:08,559 --> 00:14:11,400 Speaker 1: they can't go really active. But people weren't really active 264 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:14,599 Speaker 1: now because they use indexing for their core. Yeah, I 265 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: think I think you might be right. I would say 266 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:19,440 Speaker 1: I'm not an expert in anten eighties fund history, but 267 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: there were concentrated technology funds at the time. There were 268 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: you know, top twenty funds, just twenty great idea funds 269 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,720 Speaker 1: at the time. Um, I think you're right that more broadly, 270 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:34,800 Speaker 1: it used to be the case that managers could could 271 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: essentially sell beta as alpha, that that might be a 272 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,680 Speaker 1: bit a bit unfair, but I think that's a lot 273 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:44,360 Speaker 1: harder to do nowadays. I still think there's look, there's 274 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:49,080 Speaker 1: there's still massive need for active managers in our markets, 275 00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: and they do provide a valuable service in terms of 276 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:58,560 Speaker 1: you know, price efficiency an allocation of capital. The challenge 277 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 1: I think is is your much do you need and 278 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,600 Speaker 1: how much do you as as an individual investor need 279 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 1: to to allocate to a to an active manager when 280 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:09,920 Speaker 1: actually a lot of what's driving and performance to be 281 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,120 Speaker 1: yours allocation. So walk us through some other headlines here 282 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: we had an equities there, fixed income. Yeah, so, um so, 283 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: I'll pick to too. Highlights from from other categories. The 284 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:26,000 Speaker 1: first is um so, international managers had a slightly better 285 00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: record in the latest Speeded edition and although again it's 286 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: it's we're still not seeing categories generally where you get 287 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 1: a high proportion of active managers beating the index over 288 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: the long term. One area that we have commented upon 289 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:44,800 Speaker 1: frequently as one where the active record is much better 290 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 1: international small caps. So compared to an international small cap benchmarks, 291 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: managers picking small international stocks have actually had a pretty 292 00:15:55,880 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: good record over the long term. Fixed income well fixed 293 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: income has been was it was a bit more of 294 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:05,440 Speaker 1: a mix this year. One area where active funds seem 295 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: to be having a particularly tough time was in the 296 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: intermediate US US government, and I guess that's it's just 297 00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:14,600 Speaker 1: a downturn in US government and also one of the 298 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,440 Speaker 1: typical strategies that managers use in fixed income going along 299 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:22,440 Speaker 1: the duration was a painful one this year. One area 300 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:27,040 Speaker 1: where we saw managers do actually pretty well was just 301 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:31,160 Speaker 1: general investment grade funds UM, seeing an under performance rate 302 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:35,120 Speaker 1: of seventeen percent there um. So there does appear to be, 303 00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:39,720 Speaker 1: at least in the short term, evidence for for strong 304 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:42,040 Speaker 1: performance from active managers in the fixed income space. So 305 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,040 Speaker 1: the fixed income has always been a little better than 306 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:47,600 Speaker 1: equity in these Beaver reports, and some say, well, look, 307 00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:50,680 Speaker 1: if your benchmark is the AGG it doesn't hold high 308 00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:52,640 Speaker 1: yield international. A lot of these managers will buy high 309 00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:55,440 Speaker 1: yield international, jag up the credit risk. Um do you 310 00:16:55,480 --> 00:16:58,280 Speaker 1: account for that, because in the equity world, if you 311 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:00,000 Speaker 1: do that, you sort of get put into a different 312 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: bucket that's called style drift. How do you account for that? 313 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 1: Because I do think sometimes fixed income. The bond managers. Actually, 314 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: I think I have it lucky. They've got this agg 315 00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:11,400 Speaker 1: benchmark which is waited by debt. It's whereas the smps 316 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,560 Speaker 1: got like momentum baked into it. It's a harder index 317 00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:15,240 Speaker 1: to beat on the bond side. I just feel like 318 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:18,560 Speaker 1: maybe the index is easier to beat in general. Yeah, 319 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:21,119 Speaker 1: I mean, my my team took over the production of 320 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:24,080 Speaker 1: these reports quite recently and I did a deep dive 321 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:25,920 Speaker 1: into the fixed income segment. And let me, let me 322 00:17:25,960 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: tell you something. Fixed income benchmarking is hard. It's really hard. Um. 323 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: Telling how a fund in particular is generating its returns 324 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:41,159 Speaker 1: is difficult. Because I can take an equity fund, I 325 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: could tell you you've show me its performance. I can 326 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:44,840 Speaker 1: tell you whether it's investing in emerging markets or not 327 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:47,320 Speaker 1: simply by you know how it's doing and how emerging 328 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:50,359 Speaker 1: markets are doing. Whereas in fixed income, if you're taking 329 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:52,840 Speaker 1: a little bit of extra credit risk, if you're taking 330 00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:55,800 Speaker 1: on a little bit more duration, if you're using tips, 331 00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:58,879 Speaker 1: what you'll see is in the short term you'll return 332 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 1: to be really really correlated is your benchmark. Over the 333 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,760 Speaker 1: long term, there will be a drift. And this makes 334 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: benchmarking really really difficult. I think there is a good 335 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:10,640 Speaker 1: point to be made there in terms of aggregate bond 336 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: indices not representing what is the typical active manager activity. 337 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:22,199 Speaker 1: I do think there's an open question there, and I 338 00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: would certainly say that it's it's it's still a challenge. However, 339 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:31,000 Speaker 1: I still think the way we do speaver is the 340 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: right way to do it, in the sense that we 341 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:37,280 Speaker 1: should be comparing what an active manager can do versus 342 00:18:37,359 --> 00:18:40,439 Speaker 1: what is the simple choice in terms of gating broad 343 00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:46,320 Speaker 1: market exposure. Yeah, there's an index called the Bloomberg Universal Index, 344 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:48,160 Speaker 1: which is like the AGG, but it has a little 345 00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: high yield international. When we put that against intermediate total 346 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:56,199 Speaker 1: return managers, the beat rate guts cut in half. They 347 00:18:56,240 --> 00:19:00,560 Speaker 1: become more like active stock pickers UM. But that that 348 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:04,119 Speaker 1: ticker for that universal is actually ETF growing pretty quickly. 349 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:06,959 Speaker 1: So some of these it's I U s B. It's 350 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: one of the fastest growing and I could see why. 351 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,360 Speaker 1: It's the AGG with a little extra something, and it's 352 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:13,679 Speaker 1: sort of, in my opinion, probably the best replacement for 353 00:19:13,680 --> 00:19:17,080 Speaker 1: a bond manager versus say the AGG or be you 354 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:19,080 Speaker 1: know a g G R B N d UM. What 355 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,640 Speaker 1: one question I have is sometimes the speed reports come out, 356 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:25,679 Speaker 1: someone will be like, especially on Twitter, Hey, this is 357 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:28,320 Speaker 1: an index company. You know, of course they're going to 358 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,000 Speaker 1: want to promote this. And you know what would you 359 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: say to somebody say, this is actually in your vested 360 00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,200 Speaker 1: interest to have all this these numbers be so bad? 361 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: I get it, it's true. But do you ever get 362 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:40,440 Speaker 1: people saying that or do you get maybe active manager 363 00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:44,200 Speaker 1: hate mail? Um? So well, let me let me say, 364 00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:48,040 Speaker 1: first of all, if you are an outperforming active manager. Um, 365 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: if you're one of theft in the short term or 366 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:51,760 Speaker 1: one of the ten percent in the long term in 367 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:54,879 Speaker 1: U S equities, you should love the Spever report because 368 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:58,919 Speaker 1: what it shows is how special you are. So I 369 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:04,360 Speaker 1: don't get hate mail from from good active managers. Secondly, Um, 370 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: what we committed to do was to report this number 371 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,560 Speaker 1: on a regular frequency, i e. Every six months, will 372 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:14,200 Speaker 1: report it when the numbers in our favor, will report 373 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:15,840 Speaker 1: it when the number isn't in our favor, and we'll 374 00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:20,200 Speaker 1: try and give people perspectives UH and insights into what's 375 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: driving those numbers. Now, you're right, the long term data 376 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: does carry an implication that perhaps in an index based 377 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:33,199 Speaker 1: approach could be suitable. Um. But the important point is 378 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 1: that we commit to reporting those numbers whatever they are, 379 00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: and then let the data speak for itself. I noticed 380 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:48,200 Speaker 1: you guys asset weight a section of the report and 381 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,000 Speaker 1: then you equal weight is were there differences in the 382 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,480 Speaker 1: our performance when you do those two different methods, Yes, 383 00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:58,560 Speaker 1: there are. So the reason we do both. So speeder 384 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:00,960 Speaker 1: is not a kind of weighted number. How many funds 385 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,919 Speaker 1: were there in the universe, how many beating the market? Um? 386 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: And obviously well not maybe not obviously, but but in practice, 387 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:11,280 Speaker 1: what what happens is that doesn't represent the invested assets. 388 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:13,400 Speaker 1: So there's a lot more money in some big funds 389 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: than there are in many small funds. Um. So in 390 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,320 Speaker 1: the report we do report the equal weighted average returned 391 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 1: from each category and the asset weighted returned from each category. 392 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,119 Speaker 1: If the big funds are doing better than the asset 393 00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:26,920 Speaker 1: weighted performance should be better than the equal weight to performance. 394 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,200 Speaker 1: Generally speaking, just sort of summarizing lots and lots of 395 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:32,920 Speaker 1: data pointance and lots of years of reports, asset wasted 396 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:39,040 Speaker 1: performance is better. Generally speaking, is that because money flow helps, 397 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:41,560 Speaker 1: because you're buying the stocks that the flows are coming 398 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:43,040 Speaker 1: in and therefore the stocks to go up when you 399 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 1: buy them, which is sort of like a nice upward spiral. NOA. 400 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:48,159 Speaker 1: Is it more just the big managers are able to 401 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:50,680 Speaker 1: get better execution costs, they can actually move the market 402 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: in their favor. I think. I think that's part of it. 403 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 1: I think also there are generally economies of scale or low. 404 00:21:57,920 --> 00:22:00,359 Speaker 1: When we talked about fees, generally low fees do matter. 405 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,879 Speaker 1: Lower few funds do tend to attract more assets. And 406 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:05,879 Speaker 1: I think also bear in mind we're talking about the 407 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:09,080 Speaker 1: whole universe, so that the there's quite a long tale 408 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: here of potentially quite small funds with potentially quite high fees. Jim, 409 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:15,600 Speaker 1: what was the single most surprising thing that jumped out 410 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,840 Speaker 1: of you when you got your hands on this Dad report? 411 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:22,159 Speaker 1: Uh So, I think the the the one that I 412 00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,800 Speaker 1: was most interested by was there was the reversion to 413 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: the meaning in growth managers. And the reason it was 414 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:32,159 Speaker 1: surprising is more often what you see is is the 415 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: best thing for say the small cap US equity category 416 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:38,359 Speaker 1: is for large caps to do really well, because your 417 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:40,199 Speaker 1: small cap funds might have a few large caps and 418 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:42,399 Speaker 1: that sort of so compared to their benchmark, which is 419 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:45,560 Speaker 1: only small caps. See what I mean. The same happens 420 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:48,359 Speaker 1: for growth and value. So what happened this year is 421 00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:52,600 Speaker 1: that growth did really badly. And my expectation was was 422 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:54,960 Speaker 1: that that would be good for growth managers because they 423 00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:57,119 Speaker 1: can have a little you know, a little bit of 424 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,639 Speaker 1: value as well if they want to UM and so 425 00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:02,360 Speaker 1: j really and growth doing really badly made me think 426 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:05,040 Speaker 1: that growth managers would do relatively well. That did not happen. 427 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: And as as we said earlier, it's suggestive of the 428 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,359 Speaker 1: fact that growth managers actually we're really doubling down on 429 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 1: the growthiest part of the market, as Eric was suggesting, 430 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,040 Speaker 1: you know, maybe concentrating with bets and so that that 431 00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 1: is something that seems to be corroborated by this day, 432 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,440 Speaker 1: so which I found really interesting and surprising. We talk growth. 433 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:26,000 Speaker 1: Value finally had its day, right, This is one of 434 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,720 Speaker 1: the big stories of the last year. How did value 435 00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:32,159 Speaker 1: managers do versus their benchmark value managers? UM It was 436 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:37,600 Speaker 1: not quite a coin flip, but pretty close of value 437 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,119 Speaker 1: managers A performed. Feels like they've been waiting for this moment, 438 00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:46,800 Speaker 1: just like it's like the moment came and it's like, oh, well, 439 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 1: I will say value e t fs have taken in 440 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:51,720 Speaker 1: a ton of money, like there's a real you can 441 00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: tell people are like ready for a regime change. And 442 00:23:55,080 --> 00:23:58,000 Speaker 1: I'm guessing their numbers were better than growth because they 443 00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:02,879 Speaker 1: probably were diligently buying actual value stocks that were below value, 444 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:05,359 Speaker 1: whereas growth might have been, you know, sort of like 445 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: leaning into more growthy stocks and got caught on the 446 00:24:08,359 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: wrong side for the half of year. Maybe they'll flip back, 447 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:13,679 Speaker 1: but that makes sense to me in a way. Okay, 448 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: damn question that we ask everyone at the end of 449 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:19,639 Speaker 1: trillion's favorite et F ticker, what's yours? Well, as a 450 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:26,080 Speaker 1: representative of an index company, also have to kindly I'll 451 00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: answer that if you work at SMP, it has to 452 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:31,240 Speaker 1: be spy. I mean, I mean, it would be weird 453 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:33,440 Speaker 1: if it wasn't. He could have no comment, but okay, 454 00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:35,880 Speaker 1: that's We'll just say a pretty strong contender. We'll say 455 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:37,879 Speaker 1: it's spy. Tim Edwards, thanks for joining us in Trillions. 456 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:47,000 Speaker 1: You thanks for listening to Trillions until next time. You 457 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,119 Speaker 1: can find us on the Bloomberg terminal, Bloomberg dot com, 458 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:54,080 Speaker 1: Apple podcast, Spotify, or wherever else you'd like to listen. 459 00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you more on Twitter. I'm 460 00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:02,440 Speaker 1: at Joel Webber Show. He's at Air Caltunist. This episode 461 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:07,639 Speaker 1: of Trayance was produced by Magnus Hendricksen. Bye. M hm 462 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:11,240 Speaker 1: m m hm hmm