1 00:00:06,559 --> 00:00:12,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to It could happen here. The podcast, the podcast, 2 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:18,799 Speaker 1: every episode. When you open too many podcasts, you you 3 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: lose the ability to open podcasts anyway. Uh st Andrew, UM, 4 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:25,800 Speaker 1: this is your episode, so I'm gonna let you. Let 5 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:32,479 Speaker 1: you take it, take it away, take us on a journey. Hello, Hello, Hello, Hello, Hi, good, 6 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:37,400 Speaker 1: good afternoon, and good night. UM. Today we just wanted 7 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:43,360 Speaker 1: to cover rather broad topic. I don't even know if 8 00:00:43,360 --> 00:00:47,400 Speaker 1: it's gonna be released before the end of February, probably not, 9 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:50,840 Speaker 1: But in honor of Black History Month, UM, I wanted 10 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: to cover the history of Caribbean resistance to slavery on 11 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:03,800 Speaker 1: the different ways that manifested across the Caribbean. For those 12 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:10,319 Speaker 1: who don't know, UM, slavery in the Caribbean took place 13 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:15,679 Speaker 1: for several hundred years, beginning with the enslavement of the 14 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:22,880 Speaker 1: Amerindians the and continuing up until the abolition of slavery 15 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:29,400 Speaker 1: in three four, at least in British territories. UM. Before then, 16 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 1: there were multiple struggles against the institution, both passive and active, 17 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: and in every step of the process. UM. And then, 18 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: of course post slavery, they were also multiple rebellions and 19 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: insurrections and strikes that took place in the region. But 20 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:02,600 Speaker 1: I can't cover the well about seven thousand islands in 21 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:04,840 Speaker 1: the Caribbean, give or take. But I can't cover the 22 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: histories of all of those for the past couple of 23 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:11,079 Speaker 1: thousand years. But I will try to cover fairly generally 24 00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:16,080 Speaker 1: the different forms of resistance that took place, starting with, 25 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: of course, the resistance that took place in Africa. I 26 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:23,520 Speaker 1: mean even before enslaved people were put on these ships, 27 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:26,680 Speaker 1: even before they were captured, there were measures they were 28 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:31,359 Speaker 1: taken to protect themselves from enslavement. There was of course 29 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 1: flight in the sense of running away um, but there 30 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:42,079 Speaker 1: was also evidence of Africans moving their villages to inaccessible 31 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: areas like mountains or um or deeper into the forest 32 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:52,480 Speaker 1: were less accessible for enslaved people. UM sorry for enslavers 33 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: to try to capture their people. One of the more 34 00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: famous enslaved people um Luarda Aquino. He founded a society 35 00:03:05,240 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: in Britain after being enslaved and taken to the Caribbean 36 00:03:12,919 --> 00:03:17,600 Speaker 1: and eventually moving to Britain after becoming a freedman and 37 00:03:17,639 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 1: starting the Sons of Africa abolitionist group. He had written 38 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,959 Speaker 1: his own autobiography the interesting narrative of the life of 39 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:30,600 Speaker 1: Lada Aquino In and he detailed some of the horrors 40 00:03:30,639 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: of slavery from an enslaved person's perspective, and so a 41 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: lot of what we knew about slavery and how it 42 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: could ah comes from his personal account, among others. Of course, 43 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: so he spoke about some of the measures that were 44 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: taken in his own village to defend against capture. But 45 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: um he after being captured, of course, from the Kingdom 46 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:03,680 Speaker 1: of Nian around seventeen forty five, he ended up being 47 00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: taken on the slave ships, separated from his families and 48 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:14,480 Speaker 1: carried with four other people across the Atlantic to Barbados, 49 00:04:14,960 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 1: and then eventually taken to Virginia, and then from Virginia 50 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: being bought by a Royal Navy lieutenant and eventually being freed. 51 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:30,000 Speaker 1: During the voyages that it could and they were multiple 52 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: during the whole Triangle trade. It has been said that 53 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:37,479 Speaker 1: one in ten of all Atlantic crossings through the Middle 54 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:41,919 Speaker 1: prop passage had some kind of rebellion, whether it be 55 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: through taking control of the ships and attempting to seal 56 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:49,320 Speaker 1: them back to Africa with the assistance of the crew 57 00:04:49,480 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: without all of Africans battling against other ships um or 58 00:04:55,360 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: in one case in Amistat, in some Africans were taken 59 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: captive above aboard a cargo ship and they free themselves, 60 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:10,479 Speaker 1: killed the captain and the cook, and forced them to 61 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:15,280 Speaker 1: take them back to Sierra Leone, but instead the owners 62 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:18,480 Speaker 1: of the ship ended up taking them to the United States, 63 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:24,159 Speaker 1: where they were captured by the coast Guard. Jesus, yeah, 64 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: it's a lot um one slaveship surgeon guy named Alexander 65 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: Falconbridge became an abolitionist because he saw well. The first 66 00:05:36,360 --> 00:05:41,200 Speaker 1: of all, he saw the horrible conditions that were present 67 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:43,560 Speaker 1: on those ships in the Middle Passage, where you know, 68 00:05:43,720 --> 00:05:48,120 Speaker 1: hundreds of people were shackled together and crammed into these 69 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:56,520 Speaker 1: tight enclosed, dark, wet, infected spaces for weeks on end, 70 00:05:56,560 --> 00:06:00,480 Speaker 1: were being taken across. And of course a lot of 71 00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:05,120 Speaker 1: the so called cargo, the people who were on route 72 00:06:05,120 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 1: to be enslaved, were killed by the conditions presidents on 73 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 1: those slave ships. However, despite the fact that you know, 74 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:19,360 Speaker 1: so many people were dying from the terrible conditions of 75 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:23,719 Speaker 1: the ships, the slave trade was so profitable for the 76 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:29,520 Speaker 1: enslavers and for the economies of the colonial nations that 77 00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:34,240 Speaker 1: it was still they were still not They were still 78 00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:38,479 Speaker 1: not only able to break even but profit massively from 79 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: the excursions. And even though the Middle Passage got more 80 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:46,120 Speaker 1: and more dangerous for cruise as rebellions became more and 81 00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: more expected, production for more shackles, more weaponry to keep 82 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 1: captives secured a rose in England and helped to secure 83 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:04,359 Speaker 1: some of their travels. Of course, they were also times 84 00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: where Africans would burn the ships they were on, or 85 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: where they would jump off of the ships. As I'm 86 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: sure many people remember kill Monker's famous final words in 87 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:22,560 Speaker 1: Black Panther, And from what I remember, the first enslaved 88 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:27,320 Speaker 1: people who arrived in Hispaniola immediately ran away and we're 89 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: able to escape before being recaptured. Once UM and slave 90 00:07:32,920 --> 00:07:38,080 Speaker 1: people arrived in the horrible conditions at the various colonies 91 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 1: in the Caribbean, one of the major projects of their 92 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: colonial overlords was to convert them. While in the process 93 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:56,080 Speaker 1: of you know, enslaving them. Of course, a lot of 94 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: enslaved people were dying very rapidly due to the diseases 95 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:07,720 Speaker 1: and the terrible working conditions they had to endure. Right 96 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 1: for those who did survive, UM separated from their families, 97 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:17,040 Speaker 1: from their ties to kinship, from really their home and 98 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: everything that came along with it. As displaced indigenous people, 99 00:08:21,320 --> 00:08:26,480 Speaker 1: they had to fear out ways to maintain and protect 100 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:35,120 Speaker 1: their cultures um from you know, naming conventions, to craftsmanship, 101 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,120 Speaker 1: to language, to philosophy too believes, to music, to dance. 102 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: These were all elements of African cultures that would provide 103 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:48,960 Speaker 1: psychological support for captives who need to resist the process 104 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: of enslavement, because enslavement is an act of breaking the 105 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: will and erasing the humanity of the enslave. Practices like 106 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: voodoo um in Haiti or obia in Trinidad and Jamaica, 107 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: we're able to strengthen the revolutionary efforts of rebellious Africans, 108 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: and so in the Haitian Revolution, you know, they were 109 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:28,200 Speaker 1: fueled by voodoo and the ceremonies that occurred then, and 110 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:34,560 Speaker 1: we're able to eventually, you know, free the people of 111 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: Haiti and established the first independent black republic in the 112 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:53,959 Speaker 1: New World. You need to go four. So other forms 113 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,080 Speaker 1: of cultural resistance, and one of the main forms of 114 00:09:56,080 --> 00:10:00,120 Speaker 1: culture resistance was the preservation of African culture through too 115 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: pre realization, through the melding and the hiding in some 116 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:10,480 Speaker 1: cases of elements of African culture with um European cultural 117 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: forms to create these new cultures and new languages. Um 118 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:20,199 Speaker 1: Ciol is one example, particularly Antillian Creole, which is related 119 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 1: to Haitian Creole. These languages helped to maintain UM some 120 00:10:30,240 --> 00:10:33,520 Speaker 1: measure of identity for people who will be actively being 121 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: stripped of it. Women in particular played a major role 122 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: in this process of cultural resistance and cultural preservation because 123 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:51,199 Speaker 1: in African societies they were African societies often made trilineal 124 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:55,600 Speaker 1: and mature lucal, and women played a key role in 125 00:10:55,800 --> 00:11:00,080 Speaker 1: passing traditions onto their daughters and other young women and 126 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: to the community at large through storytelling and through um 127 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: the sharing of skills and beliefs and ideas, and so 128 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: African women played a major rule in keeping the tradition 129 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: going on at lineage going maintaining the memory of people 130 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:25,640 Speaker 1: like a Nancy and Rare Rabbits and Mamadalu and Skant 131 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:31,559 Speaker 1: and all these other folkloric figures who bavy marks of 132 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:40,680 Speaker 1: African traditions. Women under slavery also had to do what 133 00:11:40,720 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: they could to resist the consistent, consistent UM violence, sexual 134 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:53,560 Speaker 1: violence that was UM being done to them by their 135 00:11:53,760 --> 00:12:02,880 Speaker 1: clear masters. UM abortion and UM birth control, UM and 136 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:07,720 Speaker 1: other forms of resistance against sexual assault, resisting their masters, 137 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:16,600 Speaker 1: feeling illness. All these things worked too, not necessarily protect them, 138 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:24,680 Speaker 1: but two keep them going and try to steve off 139 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:31,080 Speaker 1: the worst elements of violence it was being done to them. 140 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:35,000 Speaker 1: As I mentioned the Haitian Revolution and being fueled by 141 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:39,600 Speaker 1: voodoo and whatnot. It really scared planters across the Cribban 142 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,120 Speaker 1: and across the world, really like this is the first 143 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:47,760 Speaker 1: time something I just said have happened before. And I'm sure, 144 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:50,720 Speaker 1: uh the U s audience knew. Was a bit about 145 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 1: the consequences in the US. How you know southern slave 146 00:12:56,440 --> 00:13:01,440 Speaker 1: masters were so terrified by creation of aolution, how France 147 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: um imposed restrictions on Haiti, and how the US and 148 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:12,600 Speaker 1: other European powers were complicit in that attempts to strangle 149 00:13:12,640 --> 00:13:17,840 Speaker 1: the first Black Republic. But there were cases and other 150 00:13:17,880 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: parts of the Caribbean where planters um, in their terror, 151 00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 1: used the Haitian Revolution has an excuse to crackdown on 152 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:32,880 Speaker 1: the enslaved um, for example in Trendad in the Christmas 153 00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: of eighteen o five. The Hassian Revolution ended in eighteen 154 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: o four. So in Christmas of eighteena five, UM the 155 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:47,240 Speaker 1: planters were so afraid and had really seen some acts 156 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:49,920 Speaker 1: of poisoning that we're occurring on some of the estates 157 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:54,319 Speaker 1: because part of the cultural resistance involved the passing down 158 00:13:54,480 --> 00:14:03,040 Speaker 1: of certain recipes and poisons and concoctions, and so many enslavers, 159 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:07,760 Speaker 1: you know, felt victim couldn't quote to poisoners, and so 160 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:13,040 Speaker 1: they had to try to find a way to prevent 161 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:17,480 Speaker 1: what they saw was a planned uprising. They basically invented 162 00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: this idea of a conspiracy in their paranoia that was 163 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,400 Speaker 1: meant to wipe out this entire slave owning population during 164 00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: that in one go. So of course, as historians have uncovered, 165 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:34,360 Speaker 1: the conspiracy most likely didn't actually exist or maybe perhaps 166 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 1: not today the scale that um the slave owners thought, 167 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,520 Speaker 1: But it was more so an attempt by the planters 168 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: to impose greater authoritarian rule. As Christmas they needs, you know, 169 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: five approached, the details of this conspiracy, of this plot 170 00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:01,480 Speaker 1: started to be uncovered by the planter is Um they 171 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:04,240 Speaker 1: thought that, you know, at this place called Chance Estate, 172 00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:12,040 Speaker 1: enslaved people we're organizing to launch their revolution. And of 173 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:16,040 Speaker 1: course this terrified them because at that point in time, 174 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:21,000 Speaker 1: the enslaved population was somewhere around whereas the white slave 175 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:26,080 Speaker 1: owning class it was like half that number, and so 176 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:32,000 Speaker 1: the authorities declared martial law and apprehended those involved if 177 00:15:32,040 --> 00:15:36,840 Speaker 1: they were even involved. Oftentimes they were not. But it 178 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:41,040 Speaker 1: does bring attention to an important part of enslave resistance, 179 00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: and that being the conspiracy and actual existence of slave 180 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: secret societies. Secret societies are something that, ah, It's something 181 00:15:55,360 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 1: that's common in the African Madan land, where tribal rights 182 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:08,800 Speaker 1: and initiations and advancements through those rights um in secret 183 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: groupings where it could um to sort of denote levels 184 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:19,520 Speaker 1: of Ranco maturity, and so in slave society, as different 185 00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: tribes mixed and mingled and plantations for security reasons. These 186 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: secret societies continued but had assimilated some European systems of 187 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 1: order and designation. So they gave themselves names like major 188 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:43,280 Speaker 1: or Captain and describe their societies as regiments and the echoes. 189 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: The descendants of those societies still exists to this day. 190 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:53,160 Speaker 1: In turn Dad, they are highly obscured. I honestly don't 191 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:56,400 Speaker 1: know much details about them. I just know that I 192 00:16:56,480 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: have some friends whose relatives um involved in those secret societies, 193 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:08,960 Speaker 1: and in some places like for example Grandcouver where and 194 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:12,920 Speaker 1: stay people seize the land and sort of held that 195 00:17:13,119 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: land and kept it and passed it down across the generations. Um, 196 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:22,520 Speaker 1: such secret societies and membership in such secret societies is 197 00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:27,400 Speaker 1: not unhood of so is what the the modern ish 198 00:17:28,119 --> 00:17:31,359 Speaker 1: versions of them do? Like what what what? What what 199 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:35,440 Speaker 1: are they doing? I guess like these days if if 200 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:40,200 Speaker 1: there's something that is I don't know much about about 201 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,840 Speaker 1: them or how they operate. Yeah, and so I don't 202 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:47,359 Speaker 1: think all secret societies and turned that are descended from 203 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 1: enslave secret societies like obviously not. There are other um 204 00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:57,439 Speaker 1: secret societies, their societies of doctors and of lawyers and 205 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:03,600 Speaker 1: different trades. Um. There of course Mason groups as well, 206 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:11,119 Speaker 1: and I well you knew was um superficial details of 207 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: most of these groups. Essentially thing that comes up a 208 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,160 Speaker 1: look that there there's a whole bunch of like these 209 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,680 Speaker 1: sort of secret society groups that like wind up being 210 00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:22,480 Speaker 1: part of an engine leve and revolution in China. But 211 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:24,679 Speaker 1: they sort of, like most of them, kind of go 212 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:28,280 Speaker 1: bandit like after the revolution happens, and so it's it's 213 00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:32,600 Speaker 1: interesting to see, I guess like different contexts where they 214 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:34,640 Speaker 1: don't seem to have, like just over Italy turned into 215 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:39,800 Speaker 1: organized crime groups. Right, what's the like organized crime groups 216 00:18:39,840 --> 00:18:44,240 Speaker 1: descended from secret societies in China, try ads for example. Yeah, 217 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: I actually don't think the triers send it from them. 218 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: A couple of them joined the Communists, a lot of 219 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 1: them kind of got wiped out in the sort of 220 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 1: just general warlord fighting, and then some of them kind 221 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: of got stumped up by the Communists because they were 222 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:00,400 Speaker 1: basically turned into organized like their own or a crime 223 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:03,000 Speaker 1: of things we're sort of distinct from the other ones existed. 224 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:18,119 Speaker 1: But right, there were seven major rebellions in the Colony 225 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: of Jamaica between sixteen seventy three and six six, and 226 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:27,439 Speaker 1: several others in Antigua, in Nevus, in Fujian Islands, in 227 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: you know, Barbados, in just across the Caribbean. There was 228 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: continual African resistance and rebellion and that really is what 229 00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:41,520 Speaker 1: struck fair in these slaveholders at the time. In one case, 230 00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: um in seventeen thirty three during the Amino Rebellion on St. 231 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,239 Speaker 1: John which is part of the Danish Fusion Islands, or 232 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:52,800 Speaker 1: was part of the Danish Fusian Islands. The African instlugience 233 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:55,920 Speaker 1: took control of the island for six months before being defeated, 234 00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:02,440 Speaker 1: and the most slavery reelliance really ac could in Jamaica, 235 00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:06,560 Speaker 1: in fact, more than all the other colonies, more than 236 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:10,639 Speaker 1: all the other British colonies in the Caribbean combined. One 237 00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: of the most famous of the Jamaican rebellions was one 238 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:15,600 Speaker 1: of the Sudden seventeen six day by a man known 239 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: as Tachi, and it lasted for over a year before 240 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 1: being suppressed by British colonial forces. Because Jamaica's population was 241 00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:31,240 Speaker 1: massively overwhelmingly black in comparison to the very small minority 242 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:37,160 Speaker 1: of large slavehooling white, they were more likely to launch 243 00:20:37,440 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: and more likely to succeed in slave refools um. Slave 244 00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:43,560 Speaker 1: refolds are more likely to happen, of course, where slaves 245 00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: of number white, where masters are absent, where there's economic distress, 246 00:20:48,560 --> 00:20:52,240 Speaker 1: where they are split within the ruling elite um and 247 00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: when you know large numbers of Native one Africans from 248 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 1: one area of brought in one time, which is why 249 00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:02,119 Speaker 1: they often have to split up there the people that 250 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:04,200 Speaker 1: they captured, so they wouldn't be able to collaborate with 251 00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: their can We often remember the flashy of forms of revolts, 252 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:12,800 Speaker 1: such as the revolt in St. Joseph in seven led 253 00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:16,360 Speaker 1: by Dagger, who was a former African chief in Guinea 254 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:23,639 Speaker 1: and the leader of the first British West India regiment Um. 255 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:30,120 Speaker 1: He mutinied along with two men, and although they were 256 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: taken into custody and sentenced to death, they marked just 257 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:41,920 Speaker 1: one example of this sort of bold actions that were 258 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 1: taken by in state of people in Tobago Um in 259 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:51,159 Speaker 1: the year seventeen seventy. There were numerous armed revolts over 260 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,080 Speaker 1: the next eleven years, from seventeen seventy eighteen o one, 261 00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:58,399 Speaker 1: six armed revolts, one by led by an enslaveman named 262 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:02,480 Speaker 1: Sandy in seventeen seventy two in seventeen seventy one, one 263 00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:05,440 Speaker 1: in June, yet in August, one in seventeen seventy three, 264 00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 1: another in seventeen seventy four, another in eighteen o one. 265 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,119 Speaker 1: And so these revolts are a constrat didn't one specific 266 00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,200 Speaker 1: ear of the island. They would happen in some cases 267 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:19,159 Speaker 1: over the entire island. Tobago is of course separate from 268 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:22,760 Speaker 1: Trained Dad until nine where it became a ward of 269 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:28,080 Speaker 1: Trina Tobago. But and so their history is the history 270 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:32,440 Speaker 1: of Trian Island history of Tobago. We're separate, running separately 271 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:38,480 Speaker 1: for the first couple hundred years of the age of qualization, 272 00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:46,520 Speaker 1: but Tobago's history of resistance is still connected in some 273 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: ways to trend Dad's history of resistance in the sense 274 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:53,560 Speaker 1: of the bold actions that were taken by and slave people. 275 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: Of course, not all resistance to slavery was so bold. 276 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 1: Day to day resistant was by far the most common 277 00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:06,080 Speaker 1: form of opposition to slavery, whether it be through feigning illness, 278 00:23:06,359 --> 00:23:13,520 Speaker 1: staging slowdowns, pretending ignorance, deliver a carelessness awesome and sabotage 279 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:23,440 Speaker 1: breaking tools. These sorts of expressions, while they reinforced previously 280 00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 1: held perceptions of enslaved Africans at the time, they also 281 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:37,520 Speaker 1: ways of enslaved people to express their alienation and to 282 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,720 Speaker 1: sort of carve some level of space or breathing room, 283 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,879 Speaker 1: or to give themselves some sense of catharsis in that 284 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:50,200 Speaker 1: brutal period. And so what we see is a sort 285 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:54,480 Speaker 1: of continuum of resistance from that sort of individual level 286 00:23:54,760 --> 00:24:01,119 Speaker 1: of slowing down or feeling ignorance or what or whatever, 287 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:06,359 Speaker 1: to the sort of broader cultural methods of passive resistance, 288 00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:12,320 Speaker 1: such as you know, cultivating and passing down culture and 289 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:16,680 Speaker 1: cultural memories, to the more bold aspects of resistance, which 290 00:24:16,680 --> 00:24:25,320 Speaker 1: as revolts and rebellions and revolutions. And of course there 291 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:31,879 Speaker 1: was the practice of maroonage, both petite and grand maroonage. 292 00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:39,879 Speaker 1: Petite maroonage was an effort by individuals or groups of 293 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:46,439 Speaker 1: enslaved people to escape from their plantations permanentally sometimes but 294 00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: usually for a limited amount of time, to escape mistreatment, 295 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: to negotiate better treatment, or to even just catch a break. Honestly. 296 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:05,480 Speaker 1: Grand moonage is more commonly understood and recognized where communities 297 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:12,119 Speaker 1: of fugitive slaves would establish communities on the fringes in 298 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:18,080 Speaker 1: the swamps of Louisiana, for example, or in the mountains 299 00:25:18,119 --> 00:25:23,520 Speaker 1: of Jamaica. And these moon communities have been established since 300 00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:27,399 Speaker 1: the very beginning, since the early sixteenth century, when the 301 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,520 Speaker 1: fullest and slave African support to the Caribbean by the Spanish. 302 00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:34,879 Speaker 1: They would often unite with Amerindians, whether it be you 303 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:41,560 Speaker 1: know Tinos or Kalinago's, or go to base and unite 304 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:48,679 Speaker 1: with them in their resistance in carving out settlements or 305 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:54,360 Speaker 1: strongholds of safety. For example, in fifty six in Hispaniola, 306 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 1: they were over seven thousand Maroons among a slave population 307 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:02,479 Speaker 1: of tight thousands. After the island was split between the 308 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: French santoming which is later which is now known as 309 00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:09,160 Speaker 1: Haiti and the Spanish Santo Domingo which is Dominican Republic 310 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:14,200 Speaker 1: in six Maroons took advantage of the hostility between France 311 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: and Spain to maintain settlements along the border between the 312 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: two throughout the period of slavery. Addition, there were ruins 313 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:25,639 Speaker 1: in Cuba, in Puerto Rico, and in some cases with 314 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:32,200 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico. Fugitive slaves from the Virgin Islands would literally 315 00:26:32,240 --> 00:26:36,800 Speaker 1: set sail to Puerto Rico to settle and escape the 316 00:26:36,920 --> 00:26:42,520 Speaker 1: enslavemand Yeah. In Jamaica, of course, there are many ruined communities, 317 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:45,920 Speaker 1: and in fact, there is still an active Maroon community 318 00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: in Jamaica to this day that has persisted and maintained 319 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:54,040 Speaker 1: their traditions UM in sant Kitts in Antigua, in Barbados, 320 00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: in Martinique and Quada Loup. All of these islands have 321 00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:05,399 Speaker 1: had Maroon community established UM. However, as European cultivation of 322 00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:08,679 Speaker 1: the islands increased. As Europeans ventured further and further into 323 00:27:08,720 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: the islands, into the taps of the islands, it became 324 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:14,479 Speaker 1: more and more difficult to establish Moon settlements because if 325 00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:19,520 Speaker 1: you look at some of the smaller islands, it's kind 326 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:23,240 Speaker 1: of difficult to hide or to establish any sort of 327 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: sustainable community on the fringes of an island that you 328 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: could easily jog from one side to the other, or 329 00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:37,639 Speaker 1: you know, walk from one side to the other. Of course, 330 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:40,919 Speaker 1: even on those smaller islands, there were still attempts to 331 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 1: maintain Moon settlements, such as in St. Vincent or Dominico. 332 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:50,600 Speaker 1: In St. Vincent, the Garifuna, which an indigenous group mixed 333 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: who mixed with Africans, preserved they depend their independence against 334 00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:59,120 Speaker 1: both French and the British, and they ended up spreading 335 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,919 Speaker 1: to if I recorded correctly, Central America as well, and 336 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: so the Garifona community is still very much alive and 337 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:11,480 Speaker 1: well to this day. In Jamaica and Cuba and Guadeloup 338 00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:16,520 Speaker 1: and Hispaniola, Marion communities were able to last longer because 339 00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:20,120 Speaker 1: they had um more mountainous terrain to hide in, particularly 340 00:28:20,119 --> 00:28:25,879 Speaker 1: in Jamaica. Um but they were also Maroon communities on 341 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,119 Speaker 1: the South American mainland. You know, in Brazil there was 342 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:33,520 Speaker 1: the famous Maroon community or quilombo known as peal Mares, 343 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:38,080 Speaker 1: which has existed for nearly years. From sixteen o five 344 00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:41,720 Speaker 1: to six, there is a certain invasion by both the 345 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: Dutch and Portuguese and had at least ten thousand organized 346 00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:54,680 Speaker 1: um members ready to defend their population. They were governed 347 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:57,520 Speaker 1: by a king who used the political traditions drawn from 348 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: Central Africa, but they unfortunately were eventually destroyed in the 349 00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 1: Guyana's French Guyana Um, British Guyana which is now called 350 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:15,600 Speaker 1: Guyana Um, Dutch Guyana which is now called Suriname. Marion 351 00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:18,760 Speaker 1: communities were also able to establish themselves and they still 352 00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:25,040 Speaker 1: persist to this day due to the um Amazon rainforest 353 00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:30,680 Speaker 1: and the river wheels that allowed them to conceal themselves 354 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:34,760 Speaker 1: from colonial encroachment. Of course, in the US there were 355 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:38,880 Speaker 1: all Summaron communities like the Black Seminoles of Florida or 356 00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:42,080 Speaker 1: the Marion communities in Um I believe it was the 357 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:47,880 Speaker 1: Louisiana It's most places. Of course, Maroon communities were not 358 00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:53,240 Speaker 1: very large um or often did not last very long. 359 00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,880 Speaker 1: They're usually small thriller bands led by an elected chief. 360 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,719 Speaker 1: But of course these war bands in there, although they 361 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:06,479 Speaker 1: were small, that sort of protected them to some extent 362 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:12,920 Speaker 1: from detection and from recapture. In Cuba, for example, they 363 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:17,160 Speaker 1: were hundreds of small Maroon communities and they were guarded, 364 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: and they were and they had their settlements guarded by 365 00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:26,240 Speaker 1: ditches and steaks and secret paths, and these settlements communicated 366 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: with each other while remaining isolated so they could grow 367 00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:33,680 Speaker 1: their own crops and hunt and fish and trade in peace, 368 00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:39,560 Speaker 1: sometimes with other islands in order to prevent again capture 369 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:43,640 Speaker 1: and destruction. I think there's a lot that we can 370 00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 1: learn from the different forms of resistance, small and large 371 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: that instead of people, and it took throughout the period 372 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:58,280 Speaker 1: of colonial settlements and expansion and enslavement, elements of their 373 00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:03,480 Speaker 1: practices that I think could be applied to these struggles. 374 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:08,479 Speaker 1: Do you have any thoughts before wrap? Yeah? One thing 375 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:12,320 Speaker 1: I kind of want to plug is Russell Maroon Shows 376 00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:19,920 Speaker 1: wrote a really interesting I don't know exactly what the 377 00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,920 Speaker 1: name for essay, I guess called The Dragon and the Hydra, 378 00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:28,200 Speaker 1: which is a study. Yeah, yeah, it's called Dragon the 379 00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:31,360 Speaker 1: Hydra study of historical study of organizational methods, and it's 380 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:35,280 Speaker 1: about basically a comparison of like different different kinds of 381 00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: resistance to colony landsman enslavement that talks a lot about 382 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:44,479 Speaker 1: the Roan movement, talks about sort of the problems that 383 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:46,760 Speaker 1: these sort of like highly centralized, top down movements ran 384 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,000 Speaker 1: into versus the kind of stuff that the that these 385 00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:55,080 Speaker 1: sort of more decentralized, less hierarchical Moroon movements face. And 386 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,880 Speaker 1: it's it's really interesting and it's pretty short. Everyone should 387 00:31:58,920 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 1: just read it because it's great. Yeah, yeah, yeah. He 388 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: covers the us p T, Suriname and Jamaica, and you 389 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:11,520 Speaker 1: know how those different Moon communities dealt with their conditions. 390 00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:14,600 Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure you brought this from prison too, if 391 00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:19,560 Speaker 1: I'm remembering my timeline history correctly. Yes, I highly recommend 392 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:22,240 Speaker 1: folks give that a read. I mean, I don't want 393 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:25,120 Speaker 1: to give the impression that Buring communities where these like 394 00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:30,280 Speaker 1: valiant utopias. I mean, in some cases moreon communities were 395 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:37,760 Speaker 1: manipulated UM against the other and often in exchange for 396 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:42,600 Speaker 1: maintaining their autonomy, they were made to sign treaties where 397 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,720 Speaker 1: they would have to turn in UM fugitives. So it 398 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:51,200 Speaker 1: was not by any means are perfect situation to be in. 399 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: But they were trying to cough out their survival. Yeah, 400 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,840 Speaker 1: I guess do you want to plug your stuff? So 401 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:02,640 Speaker 1: you can find me on Twitter, at on discore seeing 402 00:33:02,680 --> 00:33:07,040 Speaker 1: True and on YouTube seeming to a tourism where I 403 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,080 Speaker 1: have lots of stuff. I mean, if you were interested in, 404 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:15,080 Speaker 1: for example, the details of how spirituality played a role 405 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:18,040 Speaker 1: in African resistance, I have a video on that. If 406 00:33:18,040 --> 00:33:25,320 Speaker 1: you're interested in you know, how Wada Equa New established 407 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:28,760 Speaker 1: the Sons of Africa group and how that was one 408 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:34,160 Speaker 1: of the foundations of what eventually became the Pan Aftanist movement. 409 00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:36,120 Speaker 1: I have a video on Pan Afganism that you could 410 00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:40,920 Speaker 1: check out. So, yeah, that's it for me. That was great. 411 00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:45,120 Speaker 1: I didn't know there were still marine communities actually yeah, yeah, 412 00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:48,760 Speaker 1: the one in Jamaica, the one in Suriname. They are 413 00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:53,360 Speaker 1: still very much alive. And well, yeah, that's fascinating. Ah, 414 00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: Saint Andrew, thank you for that. That was wonderful. And 415 00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:01,080 Speaker 1: that's that's our episode for today. So go home and 416 00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:06,640 Speaker 1: doom scroll for several hours probably, or or do something 417 00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:13,120 Speaker 1: productive or something pet a cat, bake some cookies, hand 418 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,160 Speaker 1: out food to people, who were hungry, you know, bake 419 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:18,719 Speaker 1: some cookies and then handle the cookies to people who 420 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:23,239 Speaker 1: need or doom scroll, you know, all productive things that 421 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:31,719 Speaker 1: are some significantly more productive. Alright, friends, that's uh, that's 422 00:34:31,719 --> 00:34:39,240 Speaker 1: the episode piece. It Could Happen Here is a production 423 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:42,239 Speaker 1: of cool Zone Media. For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, 424 00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:44,839 Speaker 1: visit our website cool zone media dot com, or check 425 00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:47,200 Speaker 1: us out on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 426 00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:50,240 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can find sources 427 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:52,879 Speaker 1: for It Could Happen Here, updated monthly at cool zone 428 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:55,680 Speaker 1: media dot com slash sources. Thanks for listening.