1 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:07,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production of I Heart Radios 2 00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:14,120 Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. 3 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:17,319 Speaker 1: I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with 4 00:00:17,920 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio. I almost said how Stuff Works. That's 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:22,800 Speaker 1: my old employer, but no, I Heart Radio and I 6 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:26,800 Speaker 1: love all things tech. And we're gonna have a really 7 00:00:27,040 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 1: cool throwback today. Yep, it's Friday. It's time for a 8 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,800 Speaker 1: classic episode. So we're going to listen to how refrigerators work. 9 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 1: This episode originally published on March two, thousand thirteen. So 10 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:45,560 Speaker 1: let's listen to how fridges work. I totally forgot and 11 00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: I need to chill out, so let's let's let's hear it. 12 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: We're gonna talk about refrigerators then. And here's the interesting thing, guys. 13 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: If you listen to the episode that Chris Pallette and 14 00:00:56,160 --> 00:01:00,800 Speaker 1: I did quite some time ago about air conditioners, podcast 15 00:01:00,880 --> 00:01:03,160 Speaker 1: is going to sound very similar to that because the 16 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:06,200 Speaker 1: technology is used in air conditioning systems and the technology 17 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 1: is used in refrigerators are essentially the same, just one 18 00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: is a more small and controlled and um not for 19 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: people usually usually right. No, there's some notable exceptions to that. 20 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:22,440 Speaker 1: We are not going to talk about those guys, because 21 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: that's creepy and probably belongs in another podcast. Okay, so 22 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:29,679 Speaker 1: we're not talking about people in refrigerators today, although now 23 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: I can't think of anything else. Um, but no, no, no, 24 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: first let's start with what the definition of refrigeration is. 25 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:40,960 Speaker 1: So it's defined as the process of achieving and maintaining 26 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: a temperature below that of the surroundings. And the aim 27 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:46,760 Speaker 1: of it is to cool some sort of space or 28 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: object to a required temperature. Right, because bacteria grow most 29 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: rapidly in this and it's it's called the danger zone 30 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: actually of in between. I now I have a new 31 00:01:59,080 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: thing filling my head. But okay, yes that I had 32 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:08,679 Speaker 1: debatably better than than okay, well excellent, but so yeah, 33 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:11,679 Speaker 1: the danger zone is in between forty degrees fahrenheit and 34 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:13,839 Speaker 1: a hundred and forty degrees fahrenheit, which is a four 35 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: point four to sixty degrees celsius. And and in that 36 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: temperature range, bacteria really just groove out. They can they 37 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: can more than double in in twenty minutes, and the 38 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:28,240 Speaker 1: population just explodes. And and bacteria and for things like 39 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,560 Speaker 1: you know, food stuff that that we would consume that's 40 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:36,000 Speaker 1: not necessarily a great mix that can lead to some 41 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:40,320 Speaker 1: pretty nasty contamination. It can lead to some really serious 42 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: health problems. And uh, and this is why refrigeration is 43 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:46,320 Speaker 1: such a big deal. I mean, clearly, before we had 44 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: any kind of refrigeration, we had to look at different 45 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:53,079 Speaker 1: ways to preserve food. Otherwise, you pretty much had to 46 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: get food from the source and consume it right away 47 00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: immediately or as close to immediately as possible. Or you 48 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 1: had to get so that it would yeah, so it 49 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: wouldn't spoil as quickly, or you had to salt it 50 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:08,080 Speaker 1: like crazy so that again the salting would would inhibit 51 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:13,080 Speaker 1: the bacteria from from from reproducing so quickly. And even 52 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: in refrigeration we still have that that process. It's just 53 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:19,960 Speaker 1: slowed down quite a bit, which is why you cannot 54 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:24,200 Speaker 1: leave food in a refrigerator indefinitely. It will eventually go bad. 55 00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: Um and then just like in that great Far Side cartoon, 56 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:31,800 Speaker 1: the potato salad will hold up the catchup when potato 57 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: salad goes bad. So the trick here, though, is how 58 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: do you create this cool environment? This this cold environment 59 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:47,320 Speaker 1: because adding heat two things is easy. Taking heat away 60 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 1: not as easy, less less easy. And also before I 61 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: get all my physicist friends sending in messages about the 62 00:03:56,040 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 1: use of the word heat. I do apologize. We're going 63 00:03:58,920 --> 00:04:01,440 Speaker 1: to be using it in the vernacular quite a bit 64 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 1: because that's really what everyone's familiar with. But to be clear, 65 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:10,880 Speaker 1: an object does not possess heat. It has a temperature, 66 00:04:10,960 --> 00:04:13,440 Speaker 1: but it doesn't possess heat. An objects will have internal 67 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: energy as a result of molecular motion, and heat is 68 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: really the description of an energy transfer process. And you 69 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:25,280 Speaker 1: go from a high temperature object to a lower temperature one. 70 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: That is the basic concept of heat. It's really an 71 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,720 Speaker 1: energy transfer. So when we say, like this object's got 72 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: a lot of heat to it, uh, that's a that's 73 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:39,720 Speaker 1: a completely colloquial way saying it. So I do acknowledge that. 74 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:43,159 Speaker 1: I apologize. But if you really want someone who's going 75 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: to be a stickler for science, go bug Robert Lamb 76 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 1: because he loves that the stuff to blow your mind. Gay, Um, 77 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: Robert's awesome. I love Robert. So, yeah, that's the way 78 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:59,160 Speaker 1: heat works. Though you have high temperature low temperature, then 79 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:02,560 Speaker 1: heat moves from the high temperature to the low temperature. 80 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: It does not go the other way around, right without 81 00:05:05,839 --> 00:05:09,360 Speaker 1: without some sort of external force working on the system. 82 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:13,599 Speaker 1: This is essentially one of the basic laws of thermodynamics. 83 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: And so you've got this, uh, you've got a way. 84 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: You have to find a way of creating a lower 85 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: temperature environment to pull heat from or to for heat 86 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:31,080 Speaker 1: to transfer from the objects that are inside a refrigerator 87 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:35,160 Speaker 1: to make them cool. So that's the basis of refrigeration. 88 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:37,160 Speaker 1: But you know, to get to that point, we had 89 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,320 Speaker 1: to do a lot of stuff and we had to 90 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: understand a lot about physics for this to become what 91 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,600 Speaker 1: we now all kind of take for granted. Yeah, So 92 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,680 Speaker 1: to to get started, I guess we can talk about 93 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 1: what the predecessor was to the modern refrigerator, which was 94 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:56,279 Speaker 1: the ice box, right, or you know, going going way 95 00:05:56,279 --> 00:05:58,920 Speaker 1: back in time, you had you had people not even 96 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: making ice boxes, yes, just collecting ice and putting it 97 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:04,800 Speaker 1: next to stuff. Yeah, or like maybe you know, you 98 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: might have a seller that you'd put ice into, or 99 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:10,000 Speaker 1: you might just have a hole in the ground, or 100 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:12,320 Speaker 1: you may just like if you were in a part 101 00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: of the world where there was a significant amount of snowfall. Uh, 102 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:19,360 Speaker 1: we here in Georgia are not in that part of 103 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:21,720 Speaker 1: the world. We did have some snow the other day, 104 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:25,760 Speaker 1: I could see a bare trace of it next to 105 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 1: my steps. Some of it landed in my hair when 106 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:29,560 Speaker 1: I walked my dog. That was That was about it. 107 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:31,640 Speaker 1: But if you were in a place where they get 108 00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:34,360 Speaker 1: a significant amount of snow and they're large snow banks, 109 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:36,839 Speaker 1: then one of the things you might do is store 110 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: some food inside the snow. They're bury it in the snow, 111 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:43,440 Speaker 1: and just hope that nothing comes along to to grab 112 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 1: that food. Or Yeah, if if you've got an ice house, 113 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:48,200 Speaker 1: you can preserve some of the ice with a sawdust 114 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: or wood shavings. Later on, cork was used to insulate 115 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,560 Speaker 1: it for a few months anyway, until temperatures warmed up enough. 116 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:58,000 Speaker 1: Right right, Yeah, you could. You could definitely slow the process, 117 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 1: insulated enough from the heat of the outside environment so 118 00:07:01,360 --> 00:07:05,120 Speaker 1: that it would preserve it, you wouldn't lose too much 119 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:07,359 Speaker 1: in melt off. It took a while before people started 120 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: to figure out the best ways to keep ice from 121 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: from melting too quickly. And it's interesting because just as 122 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:17,240 Speaker 1: they were really getting getting very good and making sure 123 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:21,080 Speaker 1: they kept ice uh cold for as long as possible, 124 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:25,920 Speaker 1: even in hot environments. Uh, that's when the mechanical refrigeration 125 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:28,760 Speaker 1: technology had started to really take off and it became 126 00:07:28,840 --> 00:07:32,160 Speaker 1: less important. Yeah, and these were happening simultaneously, which is 127 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 1: really fascinating to me. It was in seven five that 128 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: the first refrigerating machine was produced. I believe it could 129 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: make small amounts of ice in the lab. Yeah. Yeah, 130 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 1: to to really understand well, first of all, the word refrigerate, 131 00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:48,120 Speaker 1: I found the I found the earliest use of it, 132 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:50,920 Speaker 1: which was or at least earliest recorded use that I 133 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:53,640 Speaker 1: could find, which was from fifteen fifty. But it was 134 00:07:53,680 --> 00:07:57,040 Speaker 1: all about using chemicals and water. People were discovering that 135 00:07:57,080 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: if they added certain chemicals to water for some reason, 136 00:07:59,640 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: the temper sure the water would drop. So if you 137 00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:04,560 Speaker 1: were to put something in a container of water that 138 00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 1: had this chemical in it, you could cool that's something. Now, 139 00:08:07,840 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 1: if that's something was unprotected food and that chemical was poisonous, 140 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:13,560 Speaker 1: that was not necessarily a great thing. But if that's 141 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 1: something where I don't know, a bottle of wine and 142 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: you happen to be French, this was a great way 143 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: to cool your wine. And in fact, in the Renaissance, 144 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: these cooled drinks became very popular, to the point where 145 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 1: if you added chemicals to water it would drop the 146 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:30,000 Speaker 1: temperature enough that if you put something in it that 147 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: that you could turn on a regular basis, you could 148 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 1: actually make ice this way. Um. Yeah, so this was 149 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: kind of an early ice maker. Not efficient, not good 150 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:42,480 Speaker 1: for producing ice on any kind of large scale, but 151 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:45,040 Speaker 1: it was one of those things that the rich people 152 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:47,520 Speaker 1: really enjoyed, and really those were the only ones who 153 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:50,480 Speaker 1: had any chance of getting at it. Um. But yeah, 154 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:55,839 Speaker 1: it was just before your the refrigerator unit type thing 155 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:58,560 Speaker 1: you were talking about from the seventeen seventies. Seventeen fifty 156 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: five is pretty much when we talk about the origin 157 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:06,320 Speaker 1: of the idea. That's when William Cullen made his machine 158 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: with which you used a vacuum UH and UH ether 159 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:16,600 Speaker 1: to UH to create this UH environment where he would 160 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:21,440 Speaker 1: put water into a container, put a smaller amount of 161 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:25,520 Speaker 1: ether in there, put a essentially a vacuum bell jar 162 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 1: on top, you know, a pump with a pump on it. 163 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: By creating the vacuum, the ether would start to boil off. 164 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:34,479 Speaker 1: And when the ether was boiling off, when it was vaporizing, 165 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,520 Speaker 1: he noticed that the temperature was going down in the 166 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:42,040 Speaker 1: water and in fact, by when the ether would continue 167 00:09:42,040 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: to boil off, the water would start to turn into ice. 168 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: Now we'll talk about why that is a little bit later, 169 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: but this was one of those early observations that started 170 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,200 Speaker 1: to lead people into thinking, you know, if we harness 171 00:09:55,320 --> 00:10:00,120 Speaker 1: this in some way, pretty cool. You're doing it too here, 172 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:06,200 Speaker 1: there's no way to avoid it. Vocal baumb join us together, 173 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:08,800 Speaker 1: we will rule the galaxy. Jonathan. We need to we 174 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: need to chill out. Yes we do. Okay, alright, not 175 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:14,439 Speaker 1: too fast, too fast. You gotta gotta pace yourself here. 176 00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:19,240 Speaker 1: Um So, anyway, this does form the basis. This, this 177 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:24,960 Speaker 1: idea of vapor pulling out heat somehow, that is what 178 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:29,440 Speaker 1: was the very basis of mechanical refrigeration. It would be 179 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: quite a while before the mechanical refrigerators would start to 180 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:36,319 Speaker 1: become a real thing. Uh, I have in eighteen o three, 181 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: you have a Thomas Moore obviously, not that one different 182 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:45,520 Speaker 1: Thomas Moore UH of Maryland. In fact, he received a U. S. 183 00:10:45,559 --> 00:10:49,200 Speaker 1: Patent for a refrigerator. Now this was not the same 184 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:51,560 Speaker 1: thing as mechanical refrigerators that would come later. But that 185 00:10:51,679 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: same year that was when the domestic ice box was invented. 186 00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:58,680 Speaker 1: So three you get the domestic ice box. This was 187 00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 1: usually a wooden cabinet that you would put a block 188 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:05,920 Speaker 1: of a large block of ice into the top, and 189 00:11:05,960 --> 00:11:09,600 Speaker 1: then you would keep your food and consumables in the 190 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: bottom part of this cabinet, and convection would essentially keep 191 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: because because heat rises and cold sinks, the which is 192 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 1: which we know is the generalization generalization, yes, but but 193 00:11:22,679 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: in general in this particular case, yeah, you've got you've 194 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:29,160 Speaker 1: got the dense the dense cold air going down and 195 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: the and the less dense warm air moving up. Because yeah, 196 00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:36,559 Speaker 1: but we we understand that is a gross over generalization. 197 00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:40,080 Speaker 1: But for the purposes of this podcast, it's effective enough. Yeah, 198 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:41,640 Speaker 1: you keep that ice on top. You have a like 199 00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:44,199 Speaker 1: a drip tray on underneath, because hey, that ice is 200 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: melting um, and so you would collect the water which 201 00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:49,800 Speaker 1: you would not just pour into the top where it 202 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: would magically become ice again. Essentially, once that ice was gone, 203 00:11:52,600 --> 00:11:54,839 Speaker 1: you had to go out and buy more ice. And 204 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:57,640 Speaker 1: actually the ice trade was really huge right around that time. 205 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 1: In eighteen o six, I think Frederick Tudor began his 206 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:04,880 Speaker 1: his ice empire. He was called the Ice king Um 207 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:07,679 Speaker 1: when he started cutting chunks out of the Hudson River 208 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:10,640 Speaker 1: in various ponds around Massachusetts and then exporting it as 209 00:12:10,679 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: far as China and Australia, in India and India. Yeah. 210 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:18,199 Speaker 1: Also what's interesting is that India was the way the 211 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:20,120 Speaker 1: way they were producing ice in India at this time 212 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:25,120 Speaker 1: was through a process called nocturnal radiative cooling. Right, I 213 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:27,440 Speaker 1: was reading about this this it took me a while 214 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: to grasp how that work. I still did not understand it. 215 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: So I mean what I what I understand that basically 216 00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: they were doing was putting water in shallow clay trays 217 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:39,560 Speaker 1: and setting it outside under the open sky overnight and 218 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:43,000 Speaker 1: then in the morning ice would be there. Yeah. What 219 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:47,160 Speaker 1: what essentially is happening is that the uh it's there 220 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:49,480 Speaker 1: is another physical process going on here. But you've got 221 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 1: you've got a tray of water outside. The sky needs 222 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:55,400 Speaker 1: to be clear because what's happening is the heat is 223 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: radiating from the water out into the atmosphere and escape 224 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:03,480 Speaker 1: that way. Now, if there are clouds, then the heat 225 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:06,800 Speaker 1: can radiate back down too, because it's like an insulator. 226 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,440 Speaker 1: It'll it'll end up insulating the earth and you end 227 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 1: up you don't get us. But otherwise, even if the 228 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: the ambient temperature outside is still right around freezing or 229 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:22,920 Speaker 1: just above freezing. You can still freeze water that way 230 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:25,439 Speaker 1: under a clear sky. It also helps if it's a 231 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: very dry climate. Right. And and from what I understand 232 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:30,599 Speaker 1: that it's important that it's a that it's an earthenware 233 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,959 Speaker 1: tray because that way you get some of them, well, 234 00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 1: you have to have that insulated effect there as well. 235 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:40,079 Speaker 1: It's the earthen tray and there's usually hay underneath it, 236 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: some kind of compressed Yeah, so it's it's interesting that 237 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,600 Speaker 1: that was the way that India was producing ice, but 238 00:13:46,320 --> 00:13:49,400 Speaker 1: that was not a very again, a very efficient way 239 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,360 Speaker 1: of producing ice. You couldn't produce a lot of it, 240 00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:55,720 Speaker 1: and uh there was a big demand. So Tutor was 241 00:13:55,800 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: really raking it in by harvesting ice in the United States, 242 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,080 Speaker 1: just natural ice. Not he's not producing it in any 243 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 1: mechanical means. He's actually going out and digging it up, 244 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:09,720 Speaker 1: packing it in wood shavings and that sort of stuff, cork, 245 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: that kind of thing, shipping it to the other side 246 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: of the world, and making huge bank off of it, 247 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: huge bank. And I want to mention that also right 248 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:21,880 Speaker 1: around this time, in UH seven, ammonia was first liquefied 249 00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:25,080 Speaker 1: in a laboratory, right, which will becoming point um, So 250 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: just keep that in your heads for a second and um. 251 00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:30,320 Speaker 1: And then also in eighteen o five, right before Tutor 252 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,240 Speaker 1: began his big ice trade, um Oliver Evans described did 253 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: not create, but described a closed at their vacuum refrigeration system. Yeah. 254 00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 1: So this is the same sort of of mechanical system 255 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:46,920 Speaker 1: that would eventually become what we use in refrigerators, most refrigerators, 256 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:52,680 Speaker 1: I'm saying refrigerators in general, but there are different types. Yeah, well, 257 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:55,920 Speaker 1: we'll mention a few, but but the we're focusing on 258 00:14:55,920 --> 00:15:00,000 Speaker 1: what most of us have available in like in our kitchens. Uh, 259 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: and maybe our basement if Okay, I'm not gonna go 260 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:08,880 Speaker 1: back there. It's dark base to a dark place. Voco 261 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:11,920 Speaker 1: bomb really early on, I'm very fond of that of 262 00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:15,400 Speaker 1: that documentary American Psycho. Okay, that's fair, All right, guys, 263 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:17,320 Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick break. I'm gonna go raid 264 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: the fridge and we'll be right back in. This is 265 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:34,840 Speaker 1: interesting that the Michael Faraday was working again with liquid ammonia, 266 00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:39,480 Speaker 1: and that's when he started realizing that liquid ammonia, which 267 00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: ammonia is naturally at room temperature is a gas, right, 268 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:47,240 Speaker 1: because it boils it at like negative twenty seven degrees fahrenheits. So, 269 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:49,920 Speaker 1: so to to liquify it, you have to compress it. 270 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:52,360 Speaker 1: You have to pressurize it to make it a liquid. 271 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 1: And he realized that when it went from liquid back 272 00:15:55,480 --> 00:16:00,520 Speaker 1: to gas, it caused cooling and so again and another 273 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: important part of this mechanical refrigeration. Now, in one a 274 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:09,600 Speaker 1: German physicist by the name T. J. Cbeck discovered that 275 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:13,760 Speaker 1: if you have two junctions of dissimilar metals kept at 276 00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:18,680 Speaker 1: two different temperatures, it induces electromotive force or electric currents. 277 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:20,720 Speaker 1: So what that means is that let's say that you 278 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: have a junction of a copper wire and an iron wire, 279 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,640 Speaker 1: all right, and then you have a second junction where 280 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: the iron wire is attached to a second copper wire. 281 00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:33,000 Speaker 1: And let's say you were to heat up that, uh, 282 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: that first junction, and cool down the second junction, perhaps 283 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,040 Speaker 1: put some ice on it, you would actually induce electricity 284 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: to flow through that wire. Now that's important because in 285 00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty four, uh Peltier discovers that if you do 286 00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: the opposite, if you put electricity through a series of 287 00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:54,760 Speaker 1: wires that have these kind of junctions on one side 288 00:16:54,760 --> 00:16:56,600 Speaker 1: will heat up and the other side will cool down 289 00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: exactly and then by up to I think forty degrees fahrenheit. 290 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,680 Speaker 1: It all depends on what kind of material material you're using. UH. 291 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,640 Speaker 1: In fact, this sort of is called the Peltier effect. Actually, 292 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:11,119 Speaker 1: but this sort of effect is dependent upon the types 293 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: of metals or or materials you're using and UH their purity. UH. 294 00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:19,719 Speaker 1: If you're using pure metals, the effect is pretty small, 295 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:22,760 Speaker 1: so small as to not be very useful. It's interesting 296 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:25,239 Speaker 1: in the laboratory setting, but not terribly useful. Also, if 297 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:27,679 Speaker 1: you're using pure metals, they tend to be very good 298 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: thermal conductors, which means that that that difference in temperature 299 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:36,159 Speaker 1: will not maintain itself for very long. You will eventually 300 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,160 Speaker 1: have the the heat will move from the high temperature 301 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: to the low temperature and balance that out. UH. Meanwhile, 302 00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:45,520 Speaker 1: if you were to use an insulator, then you wouldn't 303 00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:49,000 Speaker 1: get the effect, so it would take years before anyone 304 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:50,959 Speaker 1: would find a way to make that useful. But that 305 00:17:51,119 --> 00:17:55,000 Speaker 1: is used that that same technique is used in some 306 00:17:56,640 --> 00:17:59,159 Speaker 1: little portable refrigerator things like the kind of stuff you 307 00:17:59,240 --> 00:18:03,440 Speaker 1: might plug in to your your car outlet. Sure. Yeah. 308 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: Basically you just get a whole bunch of these junctions 309 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:07,560 Speaker 1: set up. You put the hot ones outside the unit, 310 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:11,800 Speaker 1: the cool ones inside the unit. Fridge. Yep, that's exactly it. 311 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:14,879 Speaker 1: So so spoiler alert, that's how that one works. But 312 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:16,840 Speaker 1: we thought it i'd be interesting to talk about that, 313 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,639 Speaker 1: But that's that was what caused was the basis of 314 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:22,199 Speaker 1: that sort of refrigerator. UM. And that same year, in 315 00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:26,720 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty four, Jacob Perkins developed a vapor compression cycle 316 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,920 Speaker 1: refrigerator using either. So you got a lot of people 317 00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:34,200 Speaker 1: working on patent for it. Happened that year and h 318 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:36,840 Speaker 1: eighteen forty four you had John Gory proposing an air 319 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:41,600 Speaker 1: cycle refrigerating machine for making ice. UH eighteen fifty you 320 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,560 Speaker 1: had Rudolph Clausus who said heat can never pass from 321 00:18:45,560 --> 00:18:48,119 Speaker 1: a colder to a warmer body without some other change 322 00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: connected there with occurring at the same time. This is 323 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 1: what I was talking about at the top of the podcast. 324 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 1: It's kind of a rewording of the second law of thermodynamics. 325 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 1: It's related to that. So that's one of the principles 326 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:05,439 Speaker 1: that guided refrigeration as well. UH. In eighteen fifty one, 327 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:08,400 Speaker 1: our buddy John Gorey from back when he had proposed 328 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: that air cycle refrigerating refrigeration machine to to create ice. 329 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty one, that's when he got the another 330 00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:19,119 Speaker 1: patent for mechanical refrigeration. And in eighteen fifty five Alexander 331 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,560 Speaker 1: Twining starts his first commercial ice making plant using vapor 332 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: compression refrigeration. We'll explain what that is in more detail 333 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 1: in a little bit. Eighteen fifty six, commercial refrigeration begins 334 00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:35,800 Speaker 1: in industries like brewing and meat packing. Now, commercial refrigeration 335 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: did not necessarily mean they were using mechanical refrigeration. They 336 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,560 Speaker 1: could be using natural refrigeration, as in going out and 337 00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:45,879 Speaker 1: buying lots and lots of ice and packing stuff in it. Um. 338 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: It's interesting to me that brewing picked up on this 339 00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:51,119 Speaker 1: really quickly, like like the brewing companies were like, we 340 00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:54,440 Speaker 1: want beer that tastes good. It's as though alcohol technology 341 00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:57,800 Speaker 1: is something that drives industry in some way. Yeah, the 342 00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:03,520 Speaker 1: meat packers were slower to follow, which is disturbing. Spoiled 343 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:05,679 Speaker 1: meat was something everyone was used to write. But and 344 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,800 Speaker 1: if you're drunk enough, you don't care. Okay, got it, 345 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 1: I understand now as someone who does not imbibe alcohol, 346 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:13,280 Speaker 1: it was just completely foreign to me. But I don't 347 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 1: eat meat either, so what do I care? Um. Also, 348 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:18,920 Speaker 1: we're no longer in the eighteen fifties, as it turns out, 349 00:20:19,119 --> 00:20:21,640 Speaker 1: But yeah, meat pagging was slow to adopt this technology, 350 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:24,600 Speaker 1: but it did start it back in the eighteen fifties, 351 00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:27,920 Speaker 1: and the majority of plants wouldn't switch to mechanical refrigeration 352 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: until about nineteen fourteen, and by then you were getting 353 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: into a really like a booming time of refrigeration. But 354 00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:39,000 Speaker 1: backtracking just touch. In eighteen fifty nine we had a 355 00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:43,440 Speaker 1: Ferdinand car of France who developed an ammonious slash water 356 00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: refrigeration machine. Eighteen sixty eight you had Peter van der Wide. Uh. 357 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:52,639 Speaker 1: He patents thermostatically controlled refrigeration systems. That's going to be 358 00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:56,160 Speaker 1: important when we get to the modern refrigerator. Eighteen seventy 359 00:20:56,359 --> 00:20:59,680 Speaker 1: Carl Lynn publishes a paper called the Extraction of Heat 360 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:03,240 Speaker 1: at Temperature by Mechanical Means, and he designs the first 361 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: practical portable compressor refrigeration machine in eighteen seventy three. Uh. 362 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy seven, that was the peak of the 363 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:15,400 Speaker 1: ice trade so in the US that it hit its peak, right, 364 00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: and the late eighteen seventies, the United States was exporting 365 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:24,159 Speaker 1: almost almost a quarter of a million tons of ice 366 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:27,960 Speaker 1: to other countries. So uh, yeah, a lot of ice 367 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:32,879 Speaker 1: leaving the United States. Um, and uh it's interesting to 368 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:36,159 Speaker 1: me that at this point where the ice trade is 369 00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:40,080 Speaker 1: at its peak, but mechanical refrigeration is already in its infancy. 370 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:46,680 Speaker 1: The only reason that mechanical refrigeration even started to take off, 371 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:50,639 Speaker 1: it wasn't because the technology was getting great. It's because 372 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:55,080 Speaker 1: the ice trade was starting to encounter problems. Once it 373 00:21:55,119 --> 00:21:58,520 Speaker 1: gets to about the eighteen nineties or so, Like, if 374 00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:02,600 Speaker 1: the ice trade had not encountered problems, then even with 375 00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:06,480 Speaker 1: the technological advances in mechanical refrigeration, we may not have 376 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: seen refrigerators in the United States for another you know, 377 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:14,800 Speaker 1: I don't know, four or five decades, but so yeah, 378 00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:20,160 Speaker 1: and that what happened with was that as people were 379 00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:25,040 Speaker 1: essentially mining ice, you know, cutting away ice from these 380 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: rivers and ponds, they were starting to uh exhaust the 381 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: clean sources of water and so more and more of 382 00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:38,280 Speaker 1: the ice. The demand was was growing, right, and the 383 00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 1: supply was diminishing, not that we were running out of 384 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: lakes and rivers and stuff. It's just the demand was 385 00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:46,440 Speaker 1: so great and great that there wasn't enough to go around. Yeah, 386 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:49,240 Speaker 1: there's not there's only that are frozen and the Hudson 387 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:51,320 Speaker 1: is really big and stuff. But yeah, I mean when 388 00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:53,479 Speaker 1: you're talking about a quarter of a million tons, right, 389 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,199 Speaker 1: so you're talking about tons of ice that might have 390 00:22:56,240 --> 00:23:00,960 Speaker 1: things like sewage in not so great when you're using 391 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:05,000 Speaker 1: it in the meat packing industry as not maybe not 392 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:10,239 Speaker 1: such a big advantage over spoiled meat. Um. Yeah. So uh, 393 00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:13,400 Speaker 1: it's because the ice industry was starting to have these 394 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: issues that we began to see the rise of mechanical refrigeration. 395 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,200 Speaker 1: One was when a trade journal called Ice and Refrigeration 396 00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:24,920 Speaker 1: began to publish. Nineteen o four was when the American 397 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 1: Society of Refrigerating Engineers was founded. By the way the 398 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:32,920 Speaker 1: American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, I learned, was about engineers 399 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:35,720 Speaker 1: who were experts in refrigeration. It was not a society 400 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:39,680 Speaker 1: that would actually refrigerate engineers. Because the way it was 401 00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:43,720 Speaker 1: worded it was confusing. I find that difficult to believe. Jonathan. 402 00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:46,280 Speaker 1: I think you should check your Storvices American Society of 403 00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:48,600 Speaker 1: Refrigerating Engineer. It does sound like you're just shoving a 404 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 1: guy with a hard hat into a fridge, and that 405 00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:54,960 Speaker 1: brings us back to American Psycho. Nineteen eleven, General Electric 406 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:59,359 Speaker 1: introduced the first domestic refrigerator. Depending upon whom you ask, 407 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 1: we should also point out that when we've got these 408 00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:05,920 Speaker 1: dates and saying who brought out the first one, etcetera, etcetera, 409 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:11,560 Speaker 1: there's some dispute in them, and it all like I've 410 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:15,240 Speaker 1: seen conflicting time. The history, and especially uh scientific in 411 00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:18,600 Speaker 1: corporate history tends to be written by the victors and um. 412 00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: So therefore, sometimes you know, yea in different reports differ 413 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:24,840 Speaker 1: about exactly who won that right, and you know, exactly 414 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:29,160 Speaker 1: nineteen according to some sources, that's the first electric refrigerator. 415 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,800 Speaker 1: According to actually frigid Air's timeline, I can tell you specifically, 416 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:38,120 Speaker 1: nineteen sixteen was when models like the Kelvinator and Servel 417 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:42,400 Speaker 1: were introduced, and in nineteen eighteen General Motors purchased Guardian 418 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,760 Speaker 1: Refrigerator Company and renamed it frigid Air. So nineteen eighteen 419 00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,280 Speaker 1: was when frigid Air as a thing became a thing 420 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,159 Speaker 1: like it existed before, but it didn't exist in like, 421 00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: it didn't have the frigid name. And Frigida is where 422 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,199 Speaker 1: we get the word fridge from. I do believe, I 423 00:24:57,240 --> 00:24:59,600 Speaker 1: believe so. And it's also they that's the company that 424 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,200 Speaker 1: developed free On, which we will talk about a little 425 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,560 Speaker 1: bit in just a moment. Yeah, yeah, so way up 426 00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 1: in the nineteen thirties, we've got like one other point 427 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:08,960 Speaker 1: to cover before then I've got I've got a couple more, actually, 428 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,120 Speaker 1: because I've got I've got three. In the twenties, here 429 00:25:11,119 --> 00:25:14,800 Speaker 1: we go, Oh my goodness. In the USA there were 430 00:25:14,840 --> 00:25:18,760 Speaker 1: about twenty five million domestic refrigerators, only seventy five thousand 431 00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:22,360 Speaker 1: of which were mechanical. So these refrigerators, some of them 432 00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:25,639 Speaker 1: were more like the ice box refrigerator, right. I remember, 433 00:25:25,680 --> 00:25:28,359 Speaker 1: I remember watching like Lassie growing up that that the 434 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:30,800 Speaker 1: mom and Lassie had an icebox, not not a fridge. 435 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:36,240 Speaker 1: Random mom in Lastie, not the mom and Lassie from all, 436 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:38,040 Speaker 1: I thought Lastie had its own fridge. I'm like that 437 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:41,760 Speaker 1: dog was luckier than I was. Ninety seven was the 438 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:45,560 Speaker 1: first porcelain on steel cabinet refrigerator, which is that's the 439 00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: one I always think of, like the nineteen fifties refrigerator, 440 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,480 Speaker 1: the big porcelain ones looks a little bit like a rocket. Yeah, mine, 441 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,760 Speaker 1: mind is minds a steel refrigerator. I've got the same 442 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: les steel thing going now, so but I don't see 443 00:25:56,080 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: I remember the one, the porcelain ones. Uh. The line 444 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:03,520 Speaker 1: was when Frigidair introduced the first home food freezer, and 445 00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 1: it was a chest style freezer, so you know, not 446 00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:10,680 Speaker 1: the not the upright type, not not incorporated into a refrigerator. Um. 447 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,879 Speaker 1: And that was right around that time is when uh, 448 00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:18,480 Speaker 1: frigid Air starts to introduce chlorofluoral carbons, right. I believe 449 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,520 Speaker 1: that DuPont had developed it's also called a free on. Yeah, 450 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:28,960 Speaker 1: that's the patented specific lora flora carbon that Frigidair introduced. Um. 451 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 1: And yeah, before then, um, some of the very early fridges, 452 00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:37,880 Speaker 1: I believe we're using sulfur dioxide. Yeah, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, ammonia. Yeah. 453 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: And these are all chemicals that are toxic, super toxic. 454 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 1: So whenever there were accidents, and you know where human 455 00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: accidents happen happens, uh, then sometimes people were really badly 456 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,119 Speaker 1: injured or even they died even as a result of 457 00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:55,120 Speaker 1: being exposed to these sort of chemicals, and so there 458 00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:59,600 Speaker 1: was a big incentive for companies to develop refrigerants that 459 00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:03,359 Speaker 1: we're not toxic, and so that was the reason why 460 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:06,680 Speaker 1: companies were looking into something like a chloral fluora carbon. Now, 461 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,440 Speaker 1: later on we would learn other downsides to chlora flora carbons, 462 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:13,440 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about in a second um, which is 463 00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: why we don't use them anymore. Now. In nineteen thirty one, 464 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:19,359 Speaker 1: that was the first use of free on as a refrigerant. 465 00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,359 Speaker 1: So it was kind of introduced in ninety nine and 466 00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,200 Speaker 1: it was being incorporated into the design and mechanical refrigerators, 467 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,440 Speaker 1: and in the first refrigerator freezer combo with the freezer 468 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:34,000 Speaker 1: having its own separate section was introduced. So you that 469 00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:35,399 Speaker 1: was where you know, you would open up the fridge 470 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,320 Speaker 1: part or you would open up the freezer part um. 471 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,520 Speaker 1: And in ninety nine, Soviet engineers discovered a way to 472 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:47,440 Speaker 1: create thermoelectric refrigeration systems using the the Peltier effect by 473 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:51,080 Speaker 1: using semiconductor material because you know, like I said, those 474 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:54,560 Speaker 1: pure metals weren't producing enough of an effect for it 475 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:56,760 Speaker 1: to be useful in any way. They found that by 476 00:27:56,840 --> 00:28:00,919 Speaker 1: using semiconductor materials, they could create a pure differential that 477 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:04,320 Speaker 1: was effective enough for it to be used for something science. 478 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:08,080 Speaker 1: So yeah, they actually started creating refrigerators using that thermoelectric 479 00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:12,280 Speaker 1: system rather than the vapor compression system that was being 480 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:16,760 Speaker 1: used pretty much everywhere else. Also in A nine the 481 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: business was so booming that seven million refrigerators were being 482 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,199 Speaker 1: produced in the US annually. Nice and in fact, my 483 00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,760 Speaker 1: timeline ends at nineteen because I didn't write down specifically 484 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:30,560 Speaker 1: the bit about the nineteen seventies, where right around nineteen 485 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:32,960 Speaker 1: was when we started figuring out the chloral flora carbons 486 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: were starting to accumulate in the atmosphere. Yeah, and eat 487 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:38,760 Speaker 1: through the ozone layer, which is not the science for that, 488 00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:41,200 Speaker 1: that's right, right, but that it was. It was in 489 00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:44,280 Speaker 1: fact harming the ozone layer, and that was what gave 490 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:48,120 Speaker 1: the incentive for us to develop something besides that, which 491 00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: is why these days hydrofluora carbons or isopu tane or yeah, 492 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: those are the those are the main two to be 493 00:28:56,360 --> 00:28:59,239 Speaker 1: used because they don't have the same environmental impact nor 494 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:02,840 Speaker 1: did they have the same toxicity levels as the previous 495 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: refrigerants before free on, Yeah, ammonia and things are still 496 00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 1: used in industrial capacity because they assume that someone who has, 497 00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: you know, um, five thousand dollars to drop on a 498 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:15,880 Speaker 1: refrigerator is going to or five thousand dollars more on 499 00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 1: top of what you would normally spend, is going to 500 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:19,040 Speaker 1: take a little bit better care with the care of 501 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:20,560 Speaker 1: it and not you know, let the dog eat through 502 00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:22,480 Speaker 1: the back end. Yeah, it's it's it's one of those things. 503 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 1: Also where you're talking about efficiency as well, Ammonia is 504 00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:27,840 Speaker 1: a very efficient refrigerants. So that's that's you know, when 505 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:30,800 Speaker 1: you're talking about a large scale production, efficiency ends up 506 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:36,080 Speaker 1: being the difference between a profitable year and a disaster. Yeah, 507 00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 1: especially when you've got health inspectors coming through making sure 508 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,720 Speaker 1: that you do not have any food that is entering 509 00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:43,440 Speaker 1: that danger zone that I talked about, right, So that 510 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:45,320 Speaker 1: that kind of brings us up to speed to the 511 00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,680 Speaker 1: general refrigerator of today. Let's take a quick break to 512 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:59,760 Speaker 1: thank our sponsor. Okay, so I think it's time we 513 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:05,280 Speaker 1: start talking about the actual process of refrigeration and how 514 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:08,840 Speaker 1: the modern day refrigerator in general works. Do you mean 515 00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: the technology of it, Like we're like we're a tech 516 00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:13,440 Speaker 1: as if we were talking about the stuff that is 517 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:20,240 Speaker 1: techy talk. So so you're using essentially the refrigerator cooling 518 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,680 Speaker 1: system is a closed system, right, it's a closed system. 519 00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,560 Speaker 1: Think of it as a series of tubes. So it's 520 00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:30,640 Speaker 1: its own internet, but a series of tubes that are 521 00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:34,640 Speaker 1: all connected to one another. There there's no external venting 522 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:39,120 Speaker 1: or anything or intake. So you've got a system where 523 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,440 Speaker 1: you're using a refrigerant like we were talking about in 524 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:45,680 Speaker 1: those early days. Yes, some sort of some some sort 525 00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:49,360 Speaker 1: of of material that at room temperature is a gas, 526 00:30:50,120 --> 00:30:53,680 Speaker 1: but when you pressurize it, you can make it a liquid. 527 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: And that's the key. So um, if you if you're 528 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,880 Speaker 1: having trouble understanding how this works, think about like you 529 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:05,000 Speaker 1: get some rubbing alcohol and put a little bit on 530 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:07,080 Speaker 1: your skin, and you're gonna feel that it it feels 531 00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:10,719 Speaker 1: very cool. And that's not because the rubbing alcohol itself 532 00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:14,000 Speaker 1: is at a cooler temperature. Yeah, that the liquid in 533 00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: the bottle, when you hold the bottle, it can feel 534 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:19,160 Speaker 1: like it's the simply the same temperature room right. But 535 00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 1: but the thing is that rubbing alcohol will start to 536 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: evaporate at room temperature. So when you put it on 537 00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:27,000 Speaker 1: your skin as it evaporates. You're gonna feel your skin 538 00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:31,000 Speaker 1: cooled down that evaporative effect. It's as the the liquid 539 00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:34,720 Speaker 1: is turning into a vapor, it's pulling heat, uh through 540 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:38,160 Speaker 1: part of that physical reaction endothermic reaction. The energy that 541 00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:42,240 Speaker 1: is required to turn something from a liquid to a vapor. 542 00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: Um sucks in energy heat energy from the air around 543 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:49,720 Speaker 1: and you've got the higher temperature generated by your body, 544 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 1: so that's where that heat can come from. It can 545 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,440 Speaker 1: pull the heat from there to help fuel this reaction. Essentially, 546 00:31:56,720 --> 00:31:59,280 Speaker 1: again we're kind of oversimplifying, but yeah, but we're also 547 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:02,400 Speaker 1: not not physic system, so we also don't have visual 548 00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:04,840 Speaker 1: effects to show you what we mean, which makes aside 549 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: from our own gesticulation, which is really only benefiting us. Yes, 550 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:11,080 Speaker 1: we can. We can also do the safety dance in here. 551 00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 1: Apparently that's that's what it looks like whenever I start talking, Um, 552 00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:17,960 Speaker 1: that's just the way I am. But okay, So you've 553 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,240 Speaker 1: got the coolant in your refrigerator, which is called a refrigerant. 554 00:32:21,480 --> 00:32:25,840 Speaker 1: The coolant moves through a series of coils and through 555 00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:28,960 Speaker 1: different parts of the system. The coolant is either going 556 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,520 Speaker 1: to be in a liquid state or a gas state. 557 00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:36,440 Speaker 1: Now you have to think of this system in its 558 00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:39,880 Speaker 1: various parts so on. It's kind of hard to say 559 00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 1: on one end of the system because really, in a way, 560 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,080 Speaker 1: this is kind of like a big circle. So you 561 00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:46,480 Speaker 1: don't have a start and an end. Really, I think 562 00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:49,120 Speaker 1: it's easy to start with that. With the compressor, that compressor. 563 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:51,600 Speaker 1: So yeah, I've got a compressor. The compressor is, of 564 00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:54,440 Speaker 1: course does what it sounds like it does. It compresses 565 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:59,120 Speaker 1: compresses the gas. So it's uh, well it compresses the 566 00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: coolant at the the time. Yes, it's a gas, it's 567 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,760 Speaker 1: compressing it, so it's coming in through Uh, it's pulling 568 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:09,800 Speaker 1: in gas and compressing it. Now, remember we said that 569 00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:14,080 Speaker 1: heat is not a thing that an object possesses. Instead, 570 00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:18,280 Speaker 1: an object possesses some sort of internal energy. So if 571 00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:21,520 Speaker 1: you were to pressurize something like a gas, if you 572 00:33:21,560 --> 00:33:24,560 Speaker 1: were to pressurize a gas, uh, or you were to 573 00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,280 Speaker 1: heat up that gas, you would increase the molecular movement 574 00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:32,880 Speaker 1: there and just from being just from observing the gas itself, 575 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,320 Speaker 1: without having any knowledge of how it got that way, 576 00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:39,240 Speaker 1: you would be unable to tell whether it had achieved 577 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:43,280 Speaker 1: its internal motion through heat, pressurization, or some combination between 578 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,400 Speaker 1: the two they would be indistinguishment. They all like the same, right. 579 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 1: So essentially, what I'm saying is that compression and heat 580 00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:54,479 Speaker 1: gets you the same result. So you are compressing this 581 00:33:54,600 --> 00:34:00,120 Speaker 1: gas and as a result, the temperature of that gas 582 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:04,080 Speaker 1: goes those up, all right, So you then create this 583 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:07,400 Speaker 1: long series of coils. This is on the outside of 584 00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:11,840 Speaker 1: the fridge. The compressor is right ready, the edge of 585 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:14,719 Speaker 1: the fridge. It it draws the air in, it draws 586 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:18,720 Speaker 1: the gas, right sorry, draws the gas from the fridge 587 00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:21,520 Speaker 1: out to the outside, compresses it and then yeah, and 588 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:24,280 Speaker 1: then it proceeds up through the series of coils coils. 589 00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:25,840 Speaker 1: And you keep in mind, like I said, this is 590 00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:28,920 Speaker 1: totally a closed system. This this gas is not exposed 591 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:32,600 Speaker 1: to the interior of your refrigerator. There's it's always in 592 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 1: in tubes essentially, it's always in pipes. So it's going 593 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:40,080 Speaker 1: through After it gets compressed, it's heat heats up. It 594 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,879 Speaker 1: doesn't it isn't heated up. It heats up through the compression, uh, 595 00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 1: and then it goes through this series of coils. As 596 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 1: it goes through the series of coils and the outside 597 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:50,759 Speaker 1: the refrigerator, it starts to lose some of that it 598 00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:54,440 Speaker 1: you know, the heat moves from the coils to the 599 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:57,000 Speaker 1: surrounding atmosphere, right that that that is the purpose of 600 00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:59,560 Speaker 1: these coils to to cool down this air to the 601 00:34:59,560 --> 00:35:05,040 Speaker 1: point that it going to gas. Okay, I just don't 602 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:09,000 Speaker 1: want it to be too too vague, but yes, yes, exactly, 603 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:13,880 Speaker 1: it's it's cooling down the gaseous coolant, right because because 604 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:17,239 Speaker 1: at this point that that compressed gas is at a 605 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: higher temperature than the ambient air around it. So if 606 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:22,439 Speaker 1: you were to touch one of these coils, you would 607 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:25,520 Speaker 1: feel it was very hot. We don't necessarily recommend doing No, 608 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:28,719 Speaker 1: don't do it. And this also shows that the refrigerator 609 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:31,360 Speaker 1: is only going to work if it's in an environment 610 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:35,080 Speaker 1: that is cooler than what the coils are. Like if 611 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:37,360 Speaker 1: if for some reason you put a refrigerator in the 612 00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:41,760 Speaker 1: middle of a volcano, then the forty degrees it probably 613 00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:44,960 Speaker 1: wouldn't do well because because then you have the temperature 614 00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:48,560 Speaker 1: of the surrounding environment is higher than the temperature of 615 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:51,360 Speaker 1: the coils, the heat transfer would move in the opposite direction, 616 00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,560 Speaker 1: would never cool down. So so clearly you have to 617 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:56,880 Speaker 1: have a cooler temperature in your environment. In this case, 618 00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 1: it's in your kitchen, and your kitchen, while even when 619 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:02,239 Speaker 1: you're looking full blast feels like it gets pretty warm, 620 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:06,440 Speaker 1: is nowhere near as hot as those those coils are. First, Um, 621 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:11,240 Speaker 1: when the gas is compressed, so as it moves through uh, 622 00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:14,040 Speaker 1: it starts to cool down, and it begins to condense, 623 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:18,920 Speaker 1: and under that compression, under that pressure, this condensed cooler 624 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:23,960 Speaker 1: gas becomes a liquid. Because as you increase the pressure 625 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:28,120 Speaker 1: on a liquid, you also increase its boiling point. So 626 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 1: if you were to take a uh, let's let's take water. Okay, 627 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:34,680 Speaker 1: So water boils at two and twelve degrees fahrenheit or 628 00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:37,839 Speaker 1: one hundred degrees celsius, So much easier to talk in 629 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:42,600 Speaker 1: terms of celsius. Although I'm totally I'm so used to 630 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 1: everything else being in fahrenheit that water is the only 631 00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:47,680 Speaker 1: thing that makes sense to me in celsius. So that's 632 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 1: because I'm an ignorant American alright, so uh and I'm 633 00:36:50,719 --> 00:36:52,919 Speaker 1: not saying all Americans are ignorant. I'm saying I am 634 00:36:53,320 --> 00:36:57,239 Speaker 1: so anyway. Um, So at a hundred degrees celsius, that's 635 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,680 Speaker 1: normally when water would boil, right of water under one 636 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:03,880 Speaker 1: atmosphere pressure. If you were to increase the pressure on 637 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,440 Speaker 1: that pot of water. Let's say let's say we somehow 638 00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:11,200 Speaker 1: put a pressure cooker around this this pressure canister around 639 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:14,320 Speaker 1: this pot of water and increase the pressure on that water. 640 00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:16,359 Speaker 1: That would also increase the boiling point, so you would 641 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:18,799 Speaker 1: actually have to go over a hundred degrees celsius in 642 00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:20,879 Speaker 1: order to get that water to boil. The same sort 643 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:23,319 Speaker 1: of idea here. You've got this compressed gas, you've got 644 00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:26,200 Speaker 1: condensed down into a liquid. That means the boiling point 645 00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 1: has gone up. So as long as that that liquid 646 00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:32,600 Speaker 1: is under pressure, the boiling point is higher than it 647 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:35,160 Speaker 1: normally would be. That's why it can be a liquid. Right, 648 00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: all right, So you've got this liquid, it would normally 649 00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:41,120 Speaker 1: be a gas at this temperature. How do you make 650 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:45,440 Speaker 1: this liquid suddenly magically make everything cool again? Well, you've 651 00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:49,200 Speaker 1: got to have a valve, an expansion valve Juel Thompson 652 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:51,880 Speaker 1: or our Juel Kelvin, depending on on how how you 653 00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:55,279 Speaker 1: want to say that. Uh, Lord Kelvin. Lord Kelvin, Yes, 654 00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,600 Speaker 1: came up with this with this ingenious little valve concept 655 00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:03,000 Speaker 1: where if you have a high pressure liquid on one 656 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:05,799 Speaker 1: side and a very tiny hole right and a low 657 00:38:05,840 --> 00:38:08,960 Speaker 1: pressure area on the other side stuff happens. Right. What 658 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:11,719 Speaker 1: happens is that liquid will pass through that expansion valve 659 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,120 Speaker 1: once it gets to the area of low pressure. Now 660 00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:15,840 Speaker 1: you don't have the pressure on there anymore. Once the 661 00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:18,480 Speaker 1: pressure is gone, that boiling point goes back down to 662 00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:22,080 Speaker 1: where it normally would be. Now again, with the refrigerants 663 00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:25,160 Speaker 1: you're using in the refrigerator, that boiling point is way 664 00:38:25,239 --> 00:38:28,360 Speaker 1: lower than room temperature. Yeah, yeah, negative twenty eight degrees 665 00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:31,839 Speaker 1: fahrenheit or negative thirty three degrees celsius. So that's when 666 00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:35,440 Speaker 1: this liquid would normally boil off into a gas. Okay, 667 00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,279 Speaker 1: here's the other the cool thing about boiling points. Let's 668 00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:42,000 Speaker 1: say that you are magically inside an oven. Don't ask 669 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:45,000 Speaker 1: me why you went in there, but you're okay, for 670 00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:48,560 Speaker 1: some of you, you're very heat resistant. Okay. Now you've 671 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,640 Speaker 1: got you have that pot of water from the pressure 672 00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:54,520 Speaker 1: experiment earlier, because you don't like to waste now, right, 673 00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:57,640 Speaker 1: especially not water. It's a it's a precious resource. So 674 00:38:57,840 --> 00:38:59,920 Speaker 1: you've you've taken that pot of water with you into 675 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:03,440 Speaker 1: the oven, and you're watching the water and the temperature 676 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:06,200 Speaker 1: inside the oven is four hundred degrees and you're watching 677 00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:09,000 Speaker 1: the water boil and you you have a thermometer inside 678 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:10,960 Speaker 1: the water. It doesn't have any contact with the metal 679 00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:12,959 Speaker 1: or anything. It's just measuring the temperature of the water. 680 00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:15,440 Speaker 1: The temperature of the water. Even though the oven is 681 00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:18,279 Speaker 1: four hundred degrees temperature, the water is still going to 682 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:22,880 Speaker 1: be assuming regular pressure two twelve degrees fahrenheit one degrees celsius, 683 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:26,759 Speaker 1: because that water cannot physically cannot go above that temperature. 684 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,799 Speaker 1: Not not a liquid form, no, because as when you're 685 00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:32,279 Speaker 1: in liquid form, you can go only up as high 686 00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:34,000 Speaker 1: as the boiling point and then you turn in again. 687 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:38,360 Speaker 1: So so the water itself is at one hundred degrees 688 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,800 Speaker 1: celsius so to you, because you know you're in the 689 00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,560 Speaker 1: four hundred degree air, to you, the water would actually 690 00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:46,600 Speaker 1: seem cold, right. So that's the whole idea is that 691 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:49,360 Speaker 1: once it goes down to this boiling point, the temperature 692 00:39:49,360 --> 00:39:53,759 Speaker 1: actually drops dramatically. So it goes through the expansion valve. 693 00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 1: The liquid, the highly pressurized liquid, goes through this expansion valve, 694 00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,920 Speaker 1: hits the area of low pressure, immediately boils off. And 695 00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:03,480 Speaker 1: because most from what I've read, about half of it 696 00:40:03,520 --> 00:40:06,400 Speaker 1: boils off. Well, yeah, because again you're getting into this 697 00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,280 Speaker 1: low pressure system, which means that now that that uh 698 00:40:10,360 --> 00:40:13,959 Speaker 1: that it's no longer confined by the high pressure, which 699 00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:16,359 Speaker 1: means now it can it can boil off into its 700 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:19,520 Speaker 1: vapor form, which means that it starts pulling in the 701 00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:25,839 Speaker 1: heat to essentially be part of this uh, this process. Yeah. 702 00:40:26,080 --> 00:40:28,560 Speaker 1: As as the process happens, it pulls in heat necessarily 703 00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:30,960 Speaker 1: because that is where the energy for the process comes from. 704 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:33,879 Speaker 1: So what what that means for your refrigerator is that 705 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:38,080 Speaker 1: the interior of your refrigerator, all the heat that's contained 706 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:42,399 Speaker 1: within the interior refrigerator moves to these sucked into the pipes. Yeah, 707 00:40:42,480 --> 00:40:45,560 Speaker 1: so that the same series, same sort series of coils 708 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,280 Speaker 1: that you would find on the outside of refrigerator, something 709 00:40:48,320 --> 00:40:51,040 Speaker 1: similar to that is on the inside of your refrigerator, 710 00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:54,480 Speaker 1: only there, instead of putting heat out, it's pulling heat 711 00:40:54,560 --> 00:40:57,520 Speaker 1: in because it's pulling heat in from the interior of 712 00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:01,239 Speaker 1: your your refrigerator and free sir. There's just there's really 713 00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:03,880 Speaker 1: just more length of it and your freezer than there 714 00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:07,000 Speaker 1: isn't your refrigerator. That's the difference there. Yeah. So so 715 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,480 Speaker 1: so yeah, this liquid, this half liquid half gas is 716 00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:11,440 Speaker 1: running through the coils inside the body of the fridge 717 00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:15,600 Speaker 1: and fans are blowing air across the coils through the 718 00:41:15,640 --> 00:41:19,400 Speaker 1: food part of the fridge, which which continues to to 719 00:41:20,160 --> 00:41:23,680 Speaker 1: vaporize the rest of the liquid into gas and continues 720 00:41:23,719 --> 00:41:26,680 Speaker 1: to pull more heat more heat. Yep, and that's what 721 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,200 Speaker 1: makes the refrigerator cold. So really it's not that it's 722 00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:32,560 Speaker 1: not that the refrigerators pushing cold in. It's pulling heat out. 723 00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:34,799 Speaker 1: So that's something because, i mean, which is so cool 724 00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:36,879 Speaker 1: when you open up refrigerator and you feel that little 725 00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:39,280 Speaker 1: blast of cold air, you just think, oh, there's something 726 00:41:39,360 --> 00:41:43,080 Speaker 1: magically and there's the same Yeah, that's not what's happening. 727 00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,480 Speaker 1: So but it is really neat to think about that 728 00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:48,000 Speaker 1: that's all going on at the same time. So you're 729 00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:50,560 Speaker 1: really you're talking about too closed systems. The closed system 730 00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:53,319 Speaker 1: of the interior of the refrigerator where all your food is, 731 00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:56,240 Speaker 1: and the closed system of the actual coolant that's moving through. 732 00:41:56,880 --> 00:41:59,480 Speaker 1: And um, yeah, that's that's the basic idea. Oh and 733 00:41:59,560 --> 00:42:01,600 Speaker 1: once it it once the gas gets to the end 734 00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:04,120 Speaker 1: of that part of the cycle, you know, it's it's 735 00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:07,560 Speaker 1: completely in gas form, it's no longer pressurized. That's when 736 00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:10,560 Speaker 1: the compressor pulls that gas through to move it all 737 00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,040 Speaker 1: the way through the system again, So it's reusing the 738 00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,399 Speaker 1: same coolant over and over and over again with with 739 00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:18,800 Speaker 1: no waste. Right, assuming there are no leaks in the system, 740 00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:20,799 Speaker 1: you're good to go. If you've ever had to have 741 00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:23,640 Speaker 1: a refrigerator or freezer unit, if you had to had 742 00:42:23,719 --> 00:42:27,360 Speaker 1: coolant added to it, this happens frequently I've seen with 743 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:32,040 Speaker 1: air conditioning systems or climate systems. Then that means there's 744 00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:33,839 Speaker 1: probably there has to be a leak somewhere in there 745 00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:36,040 Speaker 1: because it is a closed system, and otherwise you shouldn't 746 00:42:36,040 --> 00:42:39,720 Speaker 1: really have any loss, at least not any appreciable loss. 747 00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:43,600 Speaker 1: So that's the basic way of fridge works. I find 748 00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:49,040 Speaker 1: it super interesting. I almost said cool, and I almost 749 00:42:49,080 --> 00:42:51,160 Speaker 1: did it. I almost did. I didn't want to do that. 750 00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,239 Speaker 1: I think, did I do that a second ago? I apologize. 751 00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:57,080 Speaker 1: I apologize for accidental puns guys, But uh, you might 752 00:42:57,160 --> 00:43:00,520 Speaker 1: be wondering, Okay, well, my refrigerator allows me a set 753 00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:05,000 Speaker 1: a temperature, right, like I can choose to either go 754 00:43:05,360 --> 00:43:08,800 Speaker 1: super cold. Yeah, for for my freezer, I wanted to 755 00:43:08,840 --> 00:43:11,440 Speaker 1: be as cold as possible. Or you might think, well, no, 756 00:43:11,640 --> 00:43:13,959 Speaker 1: that's gonna use up a lot of energy. I'm gonna 757 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:15,680 Speaker 1: be a little bit. But when when the stuff in 758 00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:17,560 Speaker 1: your cheese or alway starting to frost over and you 759 00:43:17,560 --> 00:43:20,759 Speaker 1: start going like, yeah, this is bad. So what what 760 00:43:20,920 --> 00:43:23,600 Speaker 1: governs that is what's called a thermo couple, which is 761 00:43:24,239 --> 00:43:28,320 Speaker 1: essentially a thermometer and a switch. So the thermometer detects 762 00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:31,160 Speaker 1: the temperature the interior of the refrigerator, and when it 763 00:43:31,239 --> 00:43:35,719 Speaker 1: drops below whatever the temperature set to, it turns off 764 00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:39,080 Speaker 1: electricity to the compressor. So the compressor stops, which means 765 00:43:39,080 --> 00:43:42,319 Speaker 1: this whole cycle that we've been talking about stops, and 766 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:44,799 Speaker 1: then if the temperature creeps up above it again, it 767 00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:47,080 Speaker 1: turns electricity back on. Yeah. So that's when if you've 768 00:43:47,080 --> 00:43:50,960 Speaker 1: ever heard your refrigerator just kind of kick on, that's 769 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,439 Speaker 1: what's going on in you know, the more modern ones 770 00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:56,239 Speaker 1: do this really efficiently, so you don't have it happen 771 00:43:56,320 --> 00:44:00,000 Speaker 1: as frequently or as dramatically. I remember an old refrigerat 772 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:01,759 Speaker 1: it or I had where you thought that, you know, 773 00:44:01,840 --> 00:44:05,480 Speaker 1: perhaps Steven Spielberg was filming Poltergeist for in your kitchen 774 00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:08,560 Speaker 1: every time I kicked in. Yeah. Modern fridges also do 775 00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:12,400 Speaker 1: contain small, low wattage heaters, which just keeps the evaporator 776 00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,640 Speaker 1: coils at the correct temperature and not frosted over um, 777 00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,920 Speaker 1: which which I find also fascinating. Just yeah, like like 778 00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:20,279 Speaker 1: fridges contain heaters, that's the thing that they do. Yeah, 779 00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,600 Speaker 1: And you know, obviously refrigerators can have lots of other 780 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:26,600 Speaker 1: bells and whistles on them. Of course. Sometimes literally, my 781 00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:30,640 Speaker 1: my refrigerator does ding. Uh if I like, if I 782 00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:33,680 Speaker 1: am using the there has a water dispenser, right, so 783 00:44:34,120 --> 00:44:37,919 Speaker 1: it intakes water from my my house's water system and 784 00:44:38,040 --> 00:44:39,680 Speaker 1: puts it through a filter, and then I can get 785 00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:42,080 Speaker 1: a nice clean glass of water. But if you open 786 00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:44,680 Speaker 1: up a the other door, it's a it's a double 787 00:44:44,719 --> 00:44:47,720 Speaker 1: door refrigerator. The open of the other door it cuts 788 00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:50,759 Speaker 1: the water off. You can't you can't dispense water while 789 00:44:50,760 --> 00:44:54,040 Speaker 1: the door is open, and if you have depressed the 790 00:44:54,680 --> 00:44:59,160 Speaker 1: water dispenser, it will bring at you and mercilessly chide 791 00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,440 Speaker 1: you for trying to do two things that are not compatible. 792 00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:05,279 Speaker 1: Because I frequently forget. While I'm getting a glass of water, 793 00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:06,680 Speaker 1: I'm thinking, you know, it would go great with this 794 00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:10,000 Speaker 1: water that enormous hunk of cheese that's in my refrigerator, 795 00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:12,640 Speaker 1: And then my refrigerator tells me that yes, indeed, that 796 00:45:12,680 --> 00:45:15,040 Speaker 1: would be lovely, but you need to wait until you've 797 00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:18,160 Speaker 1: either gotten the cheese or finished getting your glass of water. 798 00:45:18,239 --> 00:45:20,439 Speaker 1: You cannot do both at the same time. That's great. 799 00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:22,440 Speaker 1: I love it when electronics chide man by love I 800 00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:24,759 Speaker 1: mean hate. I hate that thing. Well, and there are 801 00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:28,680 Speaker 1: other kind of interesting uh like additions you can get. 802 00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:34,279 Speaker 1: LG has a beer chiller. Yeah, that's so. This is 803 00:45:34,280 --> 00:45:35,880 Speaker 1: this thing. I actually got to see this in person 804 00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:41,080 Speaker 1: at sea. I think it one like the innovator or yes, 805 00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,840 Speaker 1: it did it did It won one of the Innovation awards. 806 00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:47,640 Speaker 1: Uh and uh So this is like a tiny little 807 00:45:47,680 --> 00:45:50,880 Speaker 1: thing chamber within the refrigerator part itself. It's called a 808 00:45:50,920 --> 00:45:55,080 Speaker 1: blast chiller. Yeah, it's designed it's designed to take a well, 809 00:45:55,520 --> 00:45:58,240 Speaker 1: the demo was a can of beer from room temperature 810 00:45:58,239 --> 00:46:01,480 Speaker 1: to ice cold within about five minut and uh and 811 00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,719 Speaker 1: essentially it's doing the same process we talked about right here. 812 00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:07,600 Speaker 1: It's just that I imagine there are more of those coils. 813 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:11,439 Speaker 1: It's a very small chamber and very controlled. Yeah, there's 814 00:46:11,480 --> 00:46:14,640 Speaker 1: their fans involved. I mean it's it's they're they're they're 815 00:46:14,680 --> 00:46:18,440 Speaker 1: trying to increase the circulation of air and the and 816 00:46:18,520 --> 00:46:23,200 Speaker 1: the surface area that the cold coils have so that 817 00:46:23,280 --> 00:46:26,400 Speaker 1: it pulls heat as efficiently as possible, so that you 818 00:46:26,440 --> 00:46:28,640 Speaker 1: can have your frosty beverage when you want it, or 819 00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:31,160 Speaker 1: at least five minutes after you thought about it. Um, 820 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:33,840 Speaker 1: and that's assuming you want one can if you want to, 821 00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:36,239 Speaker 1: it's going to take about eight minutes because it's more 822 00:46:36,320 --> 00:46:39,640 Speaker 1: for it to more heat for it to disperse um. 823 00:46:39,680 --> 00:46:41,520 Speaker 1: But yeah, there's there's stuff like that. And then they're 824 00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,279 Speaker 1: smart refrigerators, right, Yeah, now you can you can have 825 00:46:44,360 --> 00:46:47,879 Speaker 1: your fridge tell you what's in it and what kind 826 00:46:47,920 --> 00:46:50,799 Speaker 1: of recipes you can make with that, and yeah, and 827 00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:54,239 Speaker 1: send information to other elements in your home, assuming that 828 00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:57,520 Speaker 1: they are made by the same company and are compatible 829 00:46:57,560 --> 00:46:59,600 Speaker 1: are willing to talk to each other. Yeah. So the 830 00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:02,480 Speaker 1: idea here, of course, is that it's not a new idea. 831 00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:04,320 Speaker 1: It's one of those things that people have been trying 832 00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:07,480 Speaker 1: various to implement in various ways. But now that we 833 00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:09,799 Speaker 1: have smartphones, it's a little bit it's a little easier, yeah, 834 00:47:09,840 --> 00:47:12,280 Speaker 1: because you can you can connect a smartphone to a 835 00:47:12,320 --> 00:47:15,600 Speaker 1: refrigerator and scan things in that way. That was that 836 00:47:15,680 --> 00:47:17,520 Speaker 1: was the big issue, right, was that how do you 837 00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,200 Speaker 1: tell a refrigerator what's inside of it? If you have 838 00:47:20,280 --> 00:47:22,960 Speaker 1: to stay in there and manually input onto probably a 839 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,120 Speaker 1: really miserable touch pad on the refrigerators surface, exactly like 840 00:47:27,160 --> 00:47:29,440 Speaker 1: how many bananas you have? I don't. I never want 841 00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:31,640 Speaker 1: to do that. I don't put bananas in the refrigerator. 842 00:47:31,719 --> 00:47:35,120 Speaker 1: I do not put it to thinking. Okay, well, foco bomb, 843 00:47:35,120 --> 00:47:37,839 Speaker 1: I've found your problem. Uh no, but you you are, 844 00:47:37,960 --> 00:47:40,759 Speaker 1: you are correct that that that's that's the barrier, right, 845 00:47:40,840 --> 00:47:42,960 Speaker 1: How do you make it so easy? And you know, 846 00:47:42,960 --> 00:47:44,400 Speaker 1: there were people who are talking about why don't you 847 00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:47,040 Speaker 1: put r F I D chips and or strips of 848 00:47:47,080 --> 00:47:50,920 Speaker 1: some sort onto various products and then you could just 849 00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:52,759 Speaker 1: have it scanned when you put it in. But then 850 00:47:53,120 --> 00:47:54,680 Speaker 1: other people are saying, wait, if you have r F 851 00:47:54,719 --> 00:47:56,960 Speaker 1: I D chips, you can end up tracking everything that 852 00:47:57,080 --> 00:47:59,040 Speaker 1: someone buys, whether they want to be part of a 853 00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:03,680 Speaker 1: customer you know not. Yeah, And there are people who 854 00:48:03,719 --> 00:48:06,440 Speaker 1: are very sensitive about that. And I can completely understand. 855 00:48:06,480 --> 00:48:09,520 Speaker 1: You know, I personally I don't worry about it that much. 856 00:48:09,520 --> 00:48:11,760 Speaker 1: But that's just because that's who I am. I'm waiting 857 00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:15,200 Speaker 1: to do it so that I can get sent yogurt coupon, right, 858 00:48:15,680 --> 00:48:17,839 Speaker 1: you know. But but I'm I'm totally understand the people 859 00:48:17,840 --> 00:48:20,440 Speaker 1: who are like, no one has any business knowing what 860 00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:22,440 Speaker 1: I buy. I go out and I buy it. I 861 00:48:22,480 --> 00:48:26,240 Speaker 1: buy it with my money. It's my exchange. That's all that. 862 00:48:26,239 --> 00:48:28,600 Speaker 1: That's where it should end. And I totally respect that. 863 00:48:29,360 --> 00:48:31,759 Speaker 1: But so that that the r F I D thing 864 00:48:31,840 --> 00:48:34,400 Speaker 1: never really I mean, I've seen some implementations of it, 865 00:48:34,440 --> 00:48:36,480 Speaker 1: but I don't expect that off the ground because it 866 00:48:36,480 --> 00:48:39,640 Speaker 1: would also require the entire food industry to change, right, 867 00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:42,480 Speaker 1: All the packaging would have to change. And that's when 868 00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:46,000 Speaker 1: you look at that across every single company that makes 869 00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:49,400 Speaker 1: food that's designed to go into a refrigerator. That's a 870 00:48:49,480 --> 00:48:52,440 Speaker 1: lot of money that that would require billions of dollars 871 00:48:52,440 --> 00:48:56,040 Speaker 1: of investment from various companies. Yeah, for for relatively low 872 00:48:56,440 --> 00:48:59,279 Speaker 1: usage point, I think, yeah, especially right now because we're 873 00:48:59,280 --> 00:49:00,880 Speaker 1: talking about you know, right now, I don't think there 874 00:49:00,920 --> 00:49:03,760 Speaker 1: are that many people who have smart refrigerators, and again, 875 00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:06,480 Speaker 1: like to get one that's really useful that can work 876 00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:09,359 Speaker 1: with something else, like say you're your oven so that 877 00:49:09,719 --> 00:49:12,160 Speaker 1: you know, you pull up a recipe on your refrigerator 878 00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:14,360 Speaker 1: and it's it's telling you what you can make based 879 00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:16,880 Speaker 1: upon the ingredients that you that it knows that you 880 00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:19,680 Speaker 1: have available, and you say, yes, that's what I want. 881 00:49:19,680 --> 00:49:22,120 Speaker 1: I'm gonna make chicken ala king, and you have pushed 882 00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:24,879 Speaker 1: the button, and then it could actually again if it's 883 00:49:24,920 --> 00:49:27,160 Speaker 1: part of this this sort of network system could send 884 00:49:27,239 --> 00:49:29,480 Speaker 1: information to the oven so that the oven starts to 885 00:49:29,600 --> 00:49:32,239 Speaker 1: pre heat to the correct temperature to make chicken ala 886 00:49:32,320 --> 00:49:35,160 Speaker 1: king right while you are actually pulling the materials out 887 00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:36,960 Speaker 1: so that you can prep them for for cooking. So 888 00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:39,360 Speaker 1: this way ends up making the whole experience more efficient 889 00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:41,839 Speaker 1: and could even potentially, uh, you know, send another note 890 00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:43,239 Speaker 1: out to your cell phone the next time that you're 891 00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:46,120 Speaker 1: in a shopping market and and say, hey, by the way, 892 00:49:46,239 --> 00:49:48,879 Speaker 1: you really like this one thing because you you made 893 00:49:48,880 --> 00:49:51,200 Speaker 1: it like fourteen times in the last two months, but 894 00:49:51,520 --> 00:49:54,400 Speaker 1: maybe you want it again, or or maybe you're out 895 00:49:54,440 --> 00:49:56,680 Speaker 1: a chicken, uh and we're planning on doing something else 896 00:49:56,760 --> 00:49:58,560 Speaker 1: later this week. Maybe you need to buy more chicken. Yeah, 897 00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:00,879 Speaker 1: it just tells you go out there and buy more chicken. Now. 898 00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:04,200 Speaker 1: The the thing that I find interesting is that we're 899 00:50:04,200 --> 00:50:06,760 Speaker 1: talking about this. These are kind of future applications. They're 900 00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:11,120 Speaker 1: really coming into practice now. Uh, and we'll probably see 901 00:50:11,160 --> 00:50:13,120 Speaker 1: more of that in the next maybe five or ten years. 902 00:50:13,120 --> 00:50:15,239 Speaker 1: It's gonna take a while before this technology to to 903 00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:17,719 Speaker 1: get out there far enough for it to be pervasive. 904 00:50:17,840 --> 00:50:20,560 Speaker 1: Especially you know, once you buy a big appliance like 905 00:50:20,560 --> 00:50:23,040 Speaker 1: a refrigerator, you want that to last for a while, 906 00:50:23,640 --> 00:50:25,680 Speaker 1: not something you replace every couple of years, ety year 907 00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:29,680 Speaker 1: kind of can. I definitely can't be. So I think 908 00:50:29,680 --> 00:50:32,000 Speaker 1: this is one of those those things that we're gonna 909 00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,800 Speaker 1: see kind of played around with, like high end homes 910 00:50:35,840 --> 00:50:37,840 Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff. I don't I don't imagine 911 00:50:37,880 --> 00:50:41,600 Speaker 1: I'll be buying a smart refrigerator anytime the near future 912 00:50:41,960 --> 00:50:44,640 Speaker 1: unless I just win the lottery or something. I'm like, 913 00:50:44,719 --> 00:50:47,480 Speaker 1: I don't know what else to do with this for everyone, right, 914 00:50:49,320 --> 00:50:52,680 Speaker 1: like just knock on random doors, guess what you want today? Yeah, 915 00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:55,400 Speaker 1: I don't know otherwise, But it is interesting to me 916 00:50:55,440 --> 00:50:57,520 Speaker 1: because I sit there and I think about the time 917 00:50:57,880 --> 00:51:00,000 Speaker 1: back when people were like, well, we could buy them 918 00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:04,839 Speaker 1: mechanical refrigerator, but ice is so available, so he knows 919 00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:10,440 Speaker 1: what will happen um anyway. So that's that's how refrigerators work, alright, guys. 920 00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:13,120 Speaker 1: That wraps up this classic episode of tech stuff, How 921 00:51:13,239 --> 00:51:16,560 Speaker 1: refrigerators Work. I hope you enjoyed it. If you have 922 00:51:16,719 --> 00:51:20,879 Speaker 1: suggestions for future topics of tech stuff, please let me know. 923 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:23,560 Speaker 1: You can let me know on Facebook or Twitter. The 924 00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:26,440 Speaker 1: handle for both of those is text stuff hs W 925 00:51:26,840 --> 00:51:33,839 Speaker 1: and I will talk to you again really soon. Text 926 00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:36,520 Speaker 1: Stuff is a production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. 927 00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:39,480 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the i 928 00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,840 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 929 00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:43,800 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.