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Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

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Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads

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Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

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Speaker 2: need them to.

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Speaker 1: Get home safely.

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Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, go safely.

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Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, do you think physicists and scientists will ever

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Speaker 3: come up with some equations that just describes everything the

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Speaker 3: whole thing? You know, like one line of one line

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Speaker 3: of symbols, just that sums up the entirety of all

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Speaker 3: of existence.

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Speaker 1: The whole universe on a T shirt. I'm sort of

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Speaker 1: two minds about it. Like one, I would love for

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Speaker 1: that to happen because it means it would be a

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Speaker 1: singular achievement in human intellectual history, you know, to like

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Speaker 1: actually unravel all of the mysteries of the universe.

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Speaker 3: When which part to come up with it or to

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Speaker 3: put it on the T shirt?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, to get down to the base layer of knowledge

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Speaker 1: and reveal like the source code of the universe, that

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Speaker 1: would be amazing. Other hand, that would kind of mean

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Speaker 1: physics is over right, Like that's the fundamental goal of physics.

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Speaker 1: And if we get there and then we're done, like

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Speaker 1: what are we gonna do? So you know, we have

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Speaker 1: a whole raft of physicists becoming cartoonists or something. So

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Speaker 1: be careful.

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Speaker 3: So your fear is that you will be unemployed.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Don't work too hard. You know, if you

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Speaker 1: get too productive, then you know, you work yourself out

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Speaker 1: of a job. That's exactly the concern.

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Speaker 3: Maybe you'll just take a little bit extra time to

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Speaker 3: figure it out.

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Speaker 1: That's right. I'll figure out the theory of everything, and

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Speaker 1: I'll just keep it in a drawer in my office.

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Speaker 3: Right, and then the day before you retire, you're like

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Speaker 3: Tull the Boom Nobel Price. Please before I die quickly,

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Speaker 3: let's put Daniel out of a job.

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Speaker 1: Let's make this physicist unemployed.

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Speaker 3: Him worehand and I'm Daniel, and this is our podcast.

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Speaker 3: Daniel and Jorge explain the.

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Speaker 1: Universe, where we take the entire universe and we roll

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Speaker 1: it up into a burrito so you can eat.

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Speaker 3: It for lunch or put it on your T shirt.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Our goal is to take everything in the

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Speaker 1: universe and make us that you can actually understand it.

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Speaker 1: We're not eager to have you feel like you're in

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Speaker 1: the presence of a great scientist hearing things you'll never

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Speaker 1: really understand. We want to break things down so you

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Speaker 1: can really understand them, you know, explain them to your

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Speaker 1: grandma or that fat uncle of family reunions. That's the

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Speaker 1: goal of this podcast.

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Speaker 3: Or show off to your coworkers at the next water

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Speaker 3: couder break.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or point out that they actually don't understand what

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Speaker 1: they're talking about because you do, because you listen to

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Speaker 1: this awesome podcast.

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Speaker 3: Today. On the podcast, we're going to tackle the biggest

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Speaker 3: question in human knowledge, right.

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Speaker 1: That's right, the most fundamental, the deepest, the biggest question

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Speaker 1: in human intellectual history. What is that question? Jorge?

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Speaker 3: Is it possible for humans to know everything?

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Speaker 1: Do you mean to know everything? Like? Where is that

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Speaker 1: sock I lost in the eighth grader?

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Speaker 4: Yeah?

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Speaker 3: Everything, some formula that tells you where that'sal went?

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Speaker 5: You know.

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Speaker 1: No, a theory of everything does not include location of

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Speaker 1: all lost socks. That's impossible. Right then we could just

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Speaker 1: end the podcast right now, because that's just impossible. No,

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Speaker 1: A theory of everything tries to describe the way things work, right,

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Speaker 1: They can't possibly explain all the details of everything that

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Speaker 1: has happened because there's a lot of chaos there. But

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Speaker 1: you know, a theory of everything tries to say we

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Speaker 1: understand the way everything works. We have a system that

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Speaker 1: explains it.

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Speaker 3: Even the things we don't see or where we can't see.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It would have to be a theory of everything.

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Speaker 1: It would have to be something that describes the universe

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Speaker 1: at the deepest level, you know, sort of like the

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Speaker 1: end of our quest to take the universe apart into

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Speaker 1: its tiny little bits.

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Speaker 3: To understand it at every level.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, to have a theory which from which

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Speaker 1: anything can be derived. Right, all the physics and biology,

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Speaker 1: gen chemistry and economics and everything would just be the

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Speaker 1: emergent phenomena that flow naturally from this one fundamental theory.

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Speaker 3: And then we'll know everything basically.

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Speaker 1: Right, except for where those thoughts are. Yeah. So I

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Speaker 1: went out and I asked people, do you think it's possible,

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Speaker 1: given the fullness of time and a bunch of geniuses

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Speaker 1: in the future, that physics could eventually describe everything, explain

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Speaker 1: everything in a single formula that goes onto a T shirt.

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Speaker 3: Do you think there's a theory of everything?

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Speaker 1: Here's what people have to say. Yes, yeah, you have freak.

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Speaker 6: Yeah.

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Speaker 5: With due time, I think research will elucidate everything that

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Speaker 5: we're looking for.

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Speaker 4: Like I'm religious.

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Speaker 6: I'm a Christian, so I believe that there are some

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Speaker 6: things that God made that just can't be described by

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Speaker 6: you know, sciences.

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Speaker 1: So that's just what I believe. That cool, I think

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Speaker 1: it could happen. That gives you such confidence.

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Speaker 6: It's math, and math in essence can describe everything. So

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Speaker 6: in theory, we can use math to describe everything.

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Speaker 5: I think eventually that can happen, but it's gonna take

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Speaker 5: a long time and.

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Speaker 3: Lots of work, all right. So some people felt pretty

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Speaker 3: confident in physicists.

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Speaker 1: I know those people. I love those people. They also

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Speaker 1: sort of terrified me, you know, I really appreciate they're like, well,

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Speaker 1: physics has figured a bunch of stuff out, so I'm

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Speaker 1: sure given enough time, they'll figure it out, you know,

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Speaker 1: Like and the guy who said, like math describes everything,

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Speaker 1: So of course that's kind of cool. But also it's

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Speaker 1: a lot of pressure. You know, like if you feel like, well,

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Speaker 1: physics can figure everything out, then all you have to

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Speaker 1: do is sit in your office with pencil and paper

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Speaker 1: and eventually all the answers in the universe will come

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Speaker 1: to you. You know. It's yeah, it's a lot of pressure.

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Speaker 1: So I appreciate those people having so much faith in us.

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Speaker 1: But it's you know, if we do figure out a

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Speaker 1: theory of everything, it's still a lot of work.

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Speaker 3: You want to leave a little bit of room for like, hey,

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Speaker 3: maybe we won't do it.

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Speaker 1: Well, I don't know. And some people, some people definitely

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Speaker 1: felt like it's impossible. Ye, No, there's a gap. There

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Speaker 1: are things that humanity can never understand, you know. And

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Speaker 1: there was the one guy who thought, well, God creates

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Speaker 1: some things that cannot be understood, right, And then there's

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Speaker 1: some people who just thought humans are not smart enough.

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Speaker 1: And maybe he'd been watching too many political talktures or something,

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Speaker 1: which you know, I might be of the same opinion

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Speaker 1: if you watch enough of those things.

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Speaker 3: So it's like people generally had faith in physicists, but

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Speaker 3: not in human beings in general.

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Speaker 1: That's right, yeah, yeah, And maybe those people don't realize

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Speaker 1: that physics is just people, right, Physics is just people thinking.

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Speaker 1: There's no like deep physics that's absent of humanity.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 1: Everything we do in physics is a model inside our head,

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Speaker 1: our attempt to understand the universe. But it's always going

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Speaker 1: to be inherently human, right, it's nothing extra human about it.

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Speaker 3: Oh, you don't think people like Einstein had some sort

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Speaker 3: of extra capacity than most people.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, I think Einstein was a super duper human.

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Speaker 1: But we're all human, right, and we think about the

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Speaker 1: universe in a certain way. We perceive it in a

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Speaker 1: certain way. Things make sense to us in a certain way.

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Speaker 1: I mean, imagine if we met alien scientists, right, what

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Speaker 1: fraction of our human physics would be understandable to them?

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Speaker 1: Skip over the part where we have to like develop

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Speaker 1: a common language and you know, agree not to kill

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Speaker 1: each other. And you know, you got a bunch of

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Speaker 1: the best alien physicists in our room and the bunch

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Speaker 1: of the best human physicists in a room. Everybody's wearing

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Speaker 1: the same lab coat, and you know, start comparing notes.

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Speaker 1: How does that go? Well? I think that's a really

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Speaker 1: deep question, and I think probably we would learn more

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Speaker 1: about the way the human mind works, like the human mind,

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Speaker 1: than the way the universe works, because I'm sure a

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Speaker 1: lot of the theories we built reflect the way we think

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Speaker 1: and feel.

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Speaker 3: Do you think it would be sort of like if

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Speaker 3: we got together with a bunch of chimpanzees and we're like, hey, guys,

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Speaker 3: let's talk physics. How would that? You know? How that

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Speaker 3: would go, and they were trying to explain to them

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Speaker 3: calmto physics, and it just they just wouldn't be intellectually

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Speaker 3: capable of grasping it, right, even if you could speak

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Speaker 3: their language.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they would probably just be throwing throwing poop at

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Speaker 1: us while we're talking think about kind of physics, which

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Speaker 1: you know, I think I've had that experience in the classroom,

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Speaker 1: you know, lecturing to a bunch of people who's just

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Speaker 1: totally uninterested. Never actually got to the throwing poop part

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Speaker 1: of the equation. But sometimes I do feel like people

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Speaker 1: aren't interested.

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Speaker 3: Did you just call your students a bunch of chimps?

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Speaker 1: None of my current students, of course, you know, they're

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Speaker 1: all are. Yeah, they're wonderful. No, it's not a question

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Speaker 1: of whether the aliens are smarter than us. I just

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Speaker 1: think that the theories we've come up with as humans

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Speaker 1: are going to be indelibly human. You know, there are

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Speaker 1: product of a human mind. They cannot be separated from that.

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Speaker 1: So I think it's until we meet alien physicists, until

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Speaker 1: we find another intelligence with different set of biases and

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Speaker 1: perspective and fundamental thoughts structure, that we can learn. What

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Speaker 1: about the physics we've developed is just human and what

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Speaker 1: of it is actually fundamental and inescapable.

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Speaker 3: It could be that we were seeing everything in the

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Speaker 3: wrong way totally.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, everything we've learned is filtered through our experience,

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Speaker 1: our consciousness. Right, so we have these few If you

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Speaker 1: have a different set of senses, you experience the universe differently,

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Speaker 1: you think very differently about the way the universe might

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Speaker 1: be structured. I mean there's a lot of deeply flawed

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Speaker 1: sci fi movies which touch on this really important issue,

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Speaker 1: like Arrival, right, you know, the Aliens and Arrival think

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Speaker 1: about time differently, and so I'm sure their physics is

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Speaker 1: built in a completely different way.

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Speaker 3: Ours is built on our limited experience.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, absolutely, and a limited, very limited grand funding.

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Speaker 3: Well, let's break it down. What does it actually mean

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Speaker 3: to have a theory of everything?

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Speaker 1: Yeah?

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Speaker 3: Does it mean an equation? Does it mean a set

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Speaker 3: of axioms you know, or statements? Or does it mean

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Speaker 3: like a little computer to which you can input anything

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Speaker 3: and it'll tell you what the universe would do?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And it doesn't mean something which will tell you

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Speaker 1: where your lost socks are.

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Speaker 3: Right, then, what's the point.

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Speaker 1: Why are we even doing this, man, Yeah, the entire

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Speaker 1: physics enterprise is just to help you find lost socks.

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Speaker 1: In my view, a theory of everything would be a

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Speaker 1: set of equations that describe the way the universe works

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Speaker 1: at its most fundamental level, meaning that from that anything

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Speaker 1: else can be explained. You know, take for example, our

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Speaker 1: current understanding of chemistry, right, molecules interacting, et cetera. Now

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Speaker 1: can you use that to explain hurricanes, right, or weather,

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Speaker 1: or you know, the solar system. Our current laws of

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Speaker 1: physics and chemistry can explain things that are larger emergent

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Speaker 1: phenomena that arise from those more fundamental aspects. Right. So

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Speaker 1: that works.

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Speaker 3: So when you say explain, you actually mean like we

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Speaker 3: see something, and then we can go back to your

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Speaker 3: magic formula, and your magic formula would say, oh, yeah,

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Speaker 3: I can see how that came to be. Or if

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Speaker 3: I run it then we get the same result.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Or you can encode those rules into a

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Speaker 1: simulation and predict exactly what's going to happen, or you

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Speaker 1: can be super smart and do it in pencil and

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Speaker 1: paper and say, these equations predict that hurricanes will happen,

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Speaker 1: or these equations predict that planets will orbit the Sun

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Speaker 1: in this way. All these things that we see that

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Speaker 1: we experience, these are emergent phenomena, right. There are higher

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Speaker 1: level events that arise out of deeper, lower level rules. Right,

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Speaker 1: So there was actually happening. You know, when for example,

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Speaker 1: you throw baseball, is all those particles are moving in tandem,

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Speaker 1: and there's all this quantum field theory that's happening while

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Speaker 1: that happens, and you know, you can describe the way

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Speaker 1: baseball moves using a very simple parabolic formula. That parabolic

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Speaker 1: formula can be derived from the lower level set of rules.

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Speaker 1: So it's sort of like an onion.

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Speaker 6: You know.

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Speaker 1: We think about theories of the universe in layers. It's

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Speaker 1: like the equations to describe the way things work in

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Speaker 1: the macroscopic level, you know, baseballs. Then there's equations that

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Speaker 1: describe how things work at the atomic level, and then

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Speaker 1: there's equations to describe the way things work at the

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Speaker 1: quark level or the electron level. Right. And so the

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Speaker 1: idea is a theory of everything would be the lowest

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Speaker 1: level would be one from which everything else could be derived.

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Speaker 3: In principle, it's like the rules at the very very

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Speaker 3: very very center of the onion exactly.

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Speaker 1: If the universe is a simulation, right, then this would

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Speaker 1: be like the source code of that simulation would be

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Speaker 1: the basic rules for which everything results.

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Speaker 6: Hmmm.

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Speaker 3: It's like you can have a rule about economics. In macroeconomics,

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Speaker 3: you know, people respond to their best interest where they

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Speaker 3: go for the lowest price. That's a good theory, and

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Speaker 3: it describes this complex phenomenon, but it doesn't actually tell

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Speaker 3: you the most basic thing that's going on.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and the most basic thing that's going on is,

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Speaker 1: you know, a bunch of particles are slashing around inside

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Speaker 1: their head, you know, and you can describe at different levels.

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Speaker 1: You could describe it at the particle level, which is

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Speaker 1: very cumbersome because there's so many particles that doing those

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Speaker 1: kind of calculations would be almost impossible. Or you can

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Speaker 1: describe it at the biochemical level. You know, these dopamine

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Speaker 1: and this sort of neurotransmitter and all these things are happening.

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Speaker 1: A lot of these things you can describe at lots

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Speaker 1: of different levels, and you pick the level that's most appropriate. Right,

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Speaker 1: you want to solve a problem involving a baseball, You're

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Speaker 1: going to do a simple parabolic calculation. You're not going

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Speaker 1: to go with a heavy hitting quantum field theory calculation, right,

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Speaker 1: But the theory of everything in principle could derive anything else, right, Right,

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Speaker 1: You can derive those laws of parabotic motion from the

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Speaker 1: deepest level, from the core of the onion. So that's

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Speaker 1: the goal, the theory of everything describe everything that happens

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Speaker 1: in terms of the smallest, most fundamental units.

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Speaker 3: Well, I think an even bigger question is how do

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Speaker 3: you even know such a thing is possible? Like, how

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Speaker 3: do you know that everything can be described by one

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Speaker 3: equation or two equations or three equations? Right?

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Speaker 4: Like?

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Speaker 3: What makes a think it's possible to even understand everything?

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Speaker 1: I know, it seems like hubrist right, Like somebody ate

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Speaker 1: a bunch of mushrooms and had a vision and now

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Speaker 1: they're like, yes, I saw it, man, Like the universe

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Speaker 1: makes sense man, Right, So it's either a weed field

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Speaker 1: dream or enormous hubris. What makes us think is possible

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Speaker 1: is that we're making steady progress. You know, I think

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Speaker 1: about the way the world used to be a total

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Speaker 1: mystery to people, you know, thousands of years ago, so

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Speaker 1: much about everyday life was a mystery, And you know,

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Speaker 1: we've cracked a lot of those nuts. You know, everything

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Speaker 1: that we thought was strange or mysterious, so we had

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Speaker 1: to attribute to some bizarre god with you know, unknown motives.

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Speaker 1: We've understood in terms of natural phenomenon that which follow rules.

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Speaker 1: So for some reason we don't understand. It appears that

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Speaker 1: the universe follows a set of rules, and those rules

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Speaker 1: are fairly constant, and so we can discover them by

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Speaker 1: experimenting and tinkering and trying stuff. And humans seem to

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Speaker 1: have the capability, the mathematical, the logical, the scientific capability

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Speaker 1: to reveal these rules and then you know, use them

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Speaker 1: for good or evil.

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Speaker 3: Right, So you're saying you have faith in physicists and humans.

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Speaker 1: I have some faith. I mean, look at what, look

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Speaker 1: at what? We have a.

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Speaker 3: Conversation, Look upon my great or let's look upon.

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Speaker 1: My works mighty and despair. Now I love that poem

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Speaker 1: Ozymandias because it's both positive and negative. Right, Yeah, you know,

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Speaker 1: be jealous of what I've accomplished because you are so small,

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Speaker 1: or if you think you're so great, remember that I

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Speaker 1: was once great and have now fallen into dust. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so maybe that future physics looks at us and says

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Speaker 1: they accomplish nothing. But I would say what makes us

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Speaker 1: think is possible is that we're making steady progress. I mean,

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Speaker 1: the kind of things we understand about the universe now

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Speaker 1: are incredible compared to what we understood one hundred years ago,

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Speaker 1: five hundred years ago, five thousand years ago.

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Speaker 3: So my favorite thing about a theory of everything is

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Speaker 3: it's acronym its initials t OE. So really, when you're

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Speaker 3: talking about the theory of the universe, you're talking about

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Speaker 3: the Universe's big toe, right right.

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Speaker 1: Such a grand idea humbled by its.

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Speaker 3: Acronymy yeah, yeah, not a great pr move there by physicists.

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Speaker 1: No, now we have to find that secret circle of

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Speaker 1: scientists who are in charge of naming this stuff, because

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Speaker 1: they've got some real work to do. I mean, I

402
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:36,920
Speaker 1: got notes, let me tell you. I mean, the particles

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Speaker 1: got ridiculous names. The theory of everything is a silly name.

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Speaker 1: I don't even know what the history of it is.

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Speaker 5: Like.

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Speaker 1: Who was the first person to say theory of everything?

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Speaker 1: I know that Einstein was one of the first people

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Speaker 1: to like seriously go after it. Well, of course he

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Speaker 1: didn't make much progress.

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Speaker 3: Why not the everything theory? Et?

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Speaker 4: Right?

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Speaker 3: Better?

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Speaker 1: The everything theory? Yeah? I like that? All right, you

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Speaker 1: should file a trademark for that. You'll get one penny

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Speaker 1: every time somebody said.

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Speaker 3: We talked about what it means to say a theory

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Speaker 3: of everything, and what it could be and what we

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Speaker 3: think one is possible. So what do we know? Like,

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Speaker 3: why isn't what we know now a good theory of everything?

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Speaker 3: What makes a thing that we don't have it yet?

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Speaker 1: Right? Well, we do know a lot. We've learned a

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Speaker 1: lot about the universe. And one thing that persuades us

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Speaker 1: that things might be understandable is that might be a

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Speaker 1: simple theory of everything is that we're making a lot

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Speaker 1: of progresses have been saying, But it's more than that.

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Speaker 1: Every time we peel back a layer of reality and

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Speaker 1: see what's underneath, the description that beneath it is simpler. Right,

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Speaker 1: The level of complexity required to describe the universe keeps

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Speaker 1: getting simpler and simpler. Like you know, for example, think

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Speaker 1: about the objects in the universe. You want to describe

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Speaker 1: everything in the universe. So there's like an infinite number

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Speaker 1: of kinds of things. Right, there's gas and stars and

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Speaker 1: hamsters and ice cream and lamas and cartoonists and all

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Speaker 1: this stuff, and you can explain all that using one

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Speaker 1: hundred basic building blocks. Periodic table. You can explain the

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00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:02,120
Speaker 1: periodic table everything that's in that using just quarks and leptons. Right,

437
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:05,200
Speaker 1: you can build any atom out of just quarks and leptons.

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Speaker 1: So the number of pieces you need to describe basically

439
00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:12,960
Speaker 1: everything we've encountered keeps getting smaller. So to me, that's progress.

440
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,080
Speaker 1: You were asking earlier, like why do we think it's

441
00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:16,800
Speaker 1: this as possible? How do we know we get there?

442
00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:20,080
Speaker 1: So we're making this progress and I feel like how

443
00:21:20,119 --> 00:21:21,600
Speaker 1: will we know we get there when we get to

444
00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:25,160
Speaker 1: the simplest possible theory, you know, a theory that has

445
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:27,800
Speaker 1: the smallest number of bits and the smallest number of

446
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:31,960
Speaker 1: parameters and has no hanging questions, no room to say, well,

447
00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,719
Speaker 1: why this and not that, or why these two different

448
00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:37,080
Speaker 1: things instead of just one thing. So when you can

449
00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:40,040
Speaker 1: simplify it no longer, that's how you know you got there.

450
00:21:40,160 --> 00:21:42,919
Speaker 3: So it's kind of about the number of ingredients that

451
00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:44,800
Speaker 3: we think things are made out of. Kind of, right,

452
00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,480
Speaker 3: we went from one hundred elements in the periodic table

453
00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:51,520
Speaker 3: of elements to like an electron and small particles. You're

454
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:55,320
Speaker 3: saying that maybe one day we'll get to one particle. Yeah,

455
00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:56,600
Speaker 3: you know what I mean. Like, if you go from

456
00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,359
Speaker 3: infinity to one hundred to three, the next step is

457
00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:00,760
Speaker 3: just to one, right.

458
00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:02,920
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, the goal is to get to one. Right,

459
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:06,160
Speaker 1: And the deepest goal in particle physics is to simplify

460
00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,280
Speaker 1: the universe and explain it in terms of just one thing.

461
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,080
Speaker 1: And I've just had like a sort of a personal epiphany,

462
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:13,320
Speaker 1: which is I realized that one of the reasons that

463
00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:16,000
Speaker 1: physics appeals to me so much is this attempt to simplify.

464
00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:18,560
Speaker 1: Like in my life, I'm always trying to simplify everything, Like,

465
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:21,040
Speaker 1: can I get this simplify? Can I explain all these

466
00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:22,880
Speaker 1: two different things in terms of just one thing? Can

467
00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:24,760
Speaker 1: I just send one email to everybody?

468
00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:27,159
Speaker 3: Is there a rule that you know? It kind of

469
00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:28,840
Speaker 3: tells me how to live my whole life?

470
00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:31,800
Speaker 1: Yea? How do I respond to a party invite or know?

471
00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:34,359
Speaker 1: Is there a strategy for making small talk and that

472
00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:35,640
Speaker 1: works in any situation?

473
00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:35,920
Speaker 3: Yeah?

474
00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:37,000
Speaker 1: I would love that.

475
00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,600
Speaker 3: You're always trying to look for the underlying rule something.

476
00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:44,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, I want the theory of every conversation, right, I

477
00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:46,760
Speaker 1: want to know how to handle how to navigate a

478
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,639
Speaker 1: party conversation no matter what happens. That would be a

479
00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:50,560
Speaker 1: fantastic theory.

480
00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:53,000
Speaker 3: Hopefully you'll figure it out before you start a podcast

481
00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:56,080
Speaker 3: or something, a conversational podcast.

482
00:22:56,080 --> 00:23:03,440
Speaker 1: Oh, it's too late. Is there a basic building block

483
00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:06,280
Speaker 1: of the universe out of which everything is built? I mean,

484
00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,679
Speaker 1: because right now we have twelve basic building blocks, so

485
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,320
Speaker 1: we're definitely not there, right, Okay, we have six quarks

486
00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:16,880
Speaker 1: and six leptons. Only three of those twelve particles are

487
00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:19,760
Speaker 1: ever used to make atoms, and those twelve particles don't

488
00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:22,120
Speaker 1: even describe like the dark matter and everything else that's

489
00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:24,520
Speaker 1: out there in the universe. So not only do we

490
00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:27,320
Speaker 1: know there are other particles that we haven't discovered, but

491
00:23:27,359 --> 00:23:29,679
Speaker 1: we also have questions about these particles, like why are

492
00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:32,280
Speaker 1: there so many? So it'd be great to narrow that down.

493
00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:34,399
Speaker 3: So you're saying that we think there might be a

494
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,280
Speaker 3: theear of everything because there's plenty of stuff still left

495
00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:41,359
Speaker 3: to explain, basically, right, like, we're not there yet because

496
00:23:41,359 --> 00:23:42,640
Speaker 3: there's a lot we haven't explained.

497
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,320
Speaker 1: That's right, we're not there yet, and we've been making

498
00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:48,520
Speaker 1: steady progress and at every stage things get simpler. So

499
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:51,320
Speaker 1: we suspect that if we keep cracking the nut, then

500
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,760
Speaker 1: we'll get simpler and simpler nuts, until eventually, maybe we'll

501
00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:57,200
Speaker 1: get down to the one thing that bilt everything else

502
00:23:57,320 --> 00:24:00,160
Speaker 1: is built out of, and that would explain everything.

503
00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:01,080
Speaker 3: Peanut of the universe.

504
00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,080
Speaker 1: If we find that particle and somebody names it peanut,

505
00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:09,440
Speaker 1: I'm gonna blame you for that, or okay, that's right,

506
00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:11,800
Speaker 1: it's because because then there's gonna be the anti peanut,

507
00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,680
Speaker 1: you know, peanutonium, you know bound states of peanuts, and

508
00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:19,399
Speaker 1: oh man, it's gonna be a disaster. But you know

509
00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:21,720
Speaker 1: that's not the whole story. Right, There's particles, but then

510
00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:22,720
Speaker 1: there's also forces.

511
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:25,400
Speaker 3: So what do you think a theory of everything would

512
00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 3: look like like? It'd be like everything is made out

513
00:24:28,280 --> 00:24:32,359
Speaker 3: of the peanut, and the peanut can form an electron

514
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:34,840
Speaker 3: if it stacks up this way, or it can form

515
00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:37,800
Speaker 3: a quark if it stacks up this other way. Basically

516
00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:39,679
Speaker 3: like the idea of the peanut and how it stacks

517
00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:41,920
Speaker 3: up and how it gives rise to everything we see

518
00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:43,840
Speaker 3: around us. That would be sort of like the theory

519
00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:44,440
Speaker 3: of everything.

520
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,439
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, the current form what we use for to

521
00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:50,399
Speaker 1: describe the deepest level of nature that we currently know

522
00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:53,960
Speaker 1: is quantum field theory, and quant field theory works by

523
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,639
Speaker 1: describing the fields and the way the fields interact with

524
00:24:56,680 --> 00:24:59,640
Speaker 1: each other. So the fields give us the particles because

525
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:02,359
Speaker 1: particle are excited states of these fields, and then the

526
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: way the fields interact with us give us forces. And

527
00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:07,840
Speaker 1: so currently you can describe everything we know about particle

528
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:11,040
Speaker 1: physics just by describing these fields and how they interact

529
00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:12,840
Speaker 1: with each other, and so that we can write down

530
00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:15,720
Speaker 1: in a single equation it's called a lagrongen, and from

531
00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:18,480
Speaker 1: that lagronngen we can derive all the rules of how

532
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:21,080
Speaker 1: everything works, how everything interacts with each other, and from

533
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,760
Speaker 1: that you get electrons and quirks and atoms. That everything

534
00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:26,879
Speaker 1: comes from this one equation, the lagronngen. But of course

535
00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:28,960
Speaker 1: there are problems with it. As we said earlier, there's

536
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,040
Speaker 1: a bunch of different kinds of fields, you know, which

537
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:34,600
Speaker 1: generate all these different particles, and not everything is described

538
00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:37,119
Speaker 1: by this lagronngen. So that's what it would look like,

539
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,280
Speaker 1: I think if it turns out that quantum fields are

540
00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:42,600
Speaker 1: the fundamental building block of the universe. But you know,

541
00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:44,560
Speaker 1: nobody really believes that.

542
00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:48,320
Speaker 3: But are we saying that maybe there's just one field

543
00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:52,400
Speaker 3: that maybe results in these other multiple fields that's right,

544
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:55,560
Speaker 3: or like these other fields are just combinations of maybe

545
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:56,840
Speaker 3: one fundamental field.

546
00:25:57,040 --> 00:26:00,200
Speaker 1: Exactly. If quantum field theory is the right way way

547
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:02,880
Speaker 1: to think about the universe, then a theory of everything

548
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:05,480
Speaker 1: as a quantum field theory would be a single field. Yeah,

549
00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: and it could interact with itself and that could give

550
00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:10,520
Speaker 1: all sorts of interesting stuff. In coming up with quantum

551
00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:12,879
Speaker 1: field theories, we've made a lot of progress and bringing

552
00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:15,960
Speaker 1: together lots of different kinds of things to describe them

553
00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:18,440
Speaker 1: in terms of just one thing. You know, for example,

554
00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:22,520
Speaker 1: we used to think of electricity and magnetism is completely

555
00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:25,520
Speaker 1: different things. You know. Electricity was like zapping stuff, and

556
00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:28,359
Speaker 1: magnetism was these weird rocks that pushed away each other

557
00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:32,080
Speaker 1: or attracted each other. Until people figured out, oh, actually

558
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:35,480
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin.

559
00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:36,400
Speaker 1: They go hand in hand.

560
00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:37,639
Speaker 3: They're like the same field.

561
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, they are just two parts of that. There's two

562
00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:42,040
Speaker 1: manifestations of the same field.

563
00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:44,399
Speaker 3: Right, so they go us to get it down to

564
00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:47,119
Speaker 3: like a theory with one field. It's called the peanut field.

565
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:54,879
Speaker 1: And all right, all right, all right, I'm on board

566
00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 1: with the peanut field.

567
00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:56,119
Speaker 3: Let's do it.

568
00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:58,520
Speaker 1: Let's describe the universe into so we got the peanut

569
00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:00,400
Speaker 1: and we got the toe. We've got the mixed metaphor. Yeah,

570
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,439
Speaker 1: the universe a peanut or is it a toe?

571
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,040
Speaker 3: Maybe you can eat peanuts with your toes and then

572
00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:13,199
Speaker 3: you wouldn't eat socks. So hey, that solves all of

573
00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:13,719
Speaker 3: our poems.

574
00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:16,000
Speaker 1: Let's leave folks for that visual and then take a

575
00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:18,919
Speaker 1: quick break while you think about eating peanuts with your toes.

576
00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:25,440
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

577
00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:28,680
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt. You're probably

578
00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:32,720
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

579
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:35,439
Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

580
00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:39,760
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

581
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,359
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

582
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:44,720
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

583
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:49,040
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

584
00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:52,160
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

585
00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:55,680
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

586
00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:58,520
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

587
00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,320
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588
00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:06,240
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589
00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:08,359
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

590
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:10,399
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

591
00:28:10,480 --> 00:28:13,160
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

592
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,720
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

593
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,520
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

594
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Speaker 1: US dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

595
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600
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Speaker 1: All Right, So we were talking about the theory of

615
00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:35,000
Speaker 1: everything and currently we have quantum fields, and we were

616
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,360
Speaker 1: saying that the theory of everything, if it was described

617
00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:40,200
Speaker 1: using quantum fields, would be a single field, and that

618
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,360
Speaker 1: field would generate all the particles because they would be

619
00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:45,040
Speaker 1: excited states of that field, and it would describe the

620
00:29:45,040 --> 00:29:48,440
Speaker 1: way those particles interact with each other and form other

621
00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:50,840
Speaker 1: sorts of bound states, which would be more complex things

622
00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:53,120
Speaker 1: like electrons, and everything would be made out of these

623
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,760
Speaker 1: one fundamental particle which came from this field, the peanut

624
00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:58,160
Speaker 1: the peanut field.

625
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,000
Speaker 3: You're saying is that you're saying that even if we

626
00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:04,160
Speaker 3: have let's say in the future twenty years from now,

627
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 3: you know, I discovered the peanut field and it describes

628
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:09,840
Speaker 3: the other all the other fields that we know about

629
00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:13,000
Speaker 3: right now, you're saying, we still wouldn't know if that

630
00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:15,760
Speaker 3: was it, if that was like the ultimate theory. Well,

631
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:18,280
Speaker 3: it's hard to know for sure when you're done.

632
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:20,600
Speaker 1: Something is the ultimate theory, right, I mean, say we

633
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:22,520
Speaker 1: have the peanut field, and it solves all the open

634
00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:24,880
Speaker 1: problems in physics, and Jorge goes and collects like five

635
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:28,240
Speaker 1: Nobel prices for discovering this thing. Right, it unifies quantum

636
00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:31,240
Speaker 1: mechanics and gravity and it explains everything we know and

637
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:32,640
Speaker 1: dark matter and all that stuff.

638
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:35,880
Speaker 3: It tells us what happened at the Big Bang, right

639
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,400
Speaker 3: exactly whether we're in a multiverse.

640
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 1: Right, and this is totally possible.

641
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:39,640
Speaker 4: Right.

642
00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:41,480
Speaker 1: But then you have that theory you write on a

643
00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:45,640
Speaker 1: piece of paper, and you're gonna have questions about that theory, right, Like, say,

644
00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:47,959
Speaker 1: for example, the theory has a number in it, you know,

645
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,640
Speaker 1: because all of all of our theories currently have numbers

646
00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:53,880
Speaker 1: in it, you know, like speed of light, or there's

647
00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,000
Speaker 1: basic physical units, but then there's also sometimes just numbers

648
00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 1: like one or four, two or pi or whatever, and

649
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 1: you have to wonder, like what do those numbers mean?

650
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:05,000
Speaker 1: Do those numbers reveal something deep about the universe?

651
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:05,280
Speaker 5: Right?

652
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:08,600
Speaker 1: Like if your pena theory has the number you know,

653
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:11,280
Speaker 1: five in it, then that tells you that the universe

654
00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:14,000
Speaker 1: is fundamentally like five ish in some way, and what

655
00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:16,280
Speaker 1: does that mean? And that's a question, right.

656
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:18,880
Speaker 3: Like why does the theory if everything, have the number

657
00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:21,040
Speaker 3: five in it? Yeah, so does it have to have

658
00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 3: a number? What if my theory is so pure and

659
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:25,600
Speaker 3: amazing and abstract that it just doesn't have any numbers

660
00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:25,920
Speaker 3: in it?

661
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:28,520
Speaker 1: Right exactly? So your pena theory has the number five

662
00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:30,840
Speaker 1: in it. And then a few years later, some clever

663
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:33,920
Speaker 1: scientist comes along with her theory that has no arbitrary

664
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:36,520
Speaker 1: numbers in it, right, mm hmm, and she's like, actually,

665
00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:40,400
Speaker 1: my theory is simpler than Professor Jorge's theory, and so

666
00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:43,200
Speaker 1: he's got to deliver me all of his Nobel prizes.

667
00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:46,000
Speaker 1: And so, you know, that's how we judge theories. We

668
00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:48,560
Speaker 1: judge them by their simplicity. And that's sort of what

669
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,040
Speaker 1: I was talking about earlier, Like it's our human desire

670
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,240
Speaker 1: to explain the universe in terms of a simple set

671
00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:54,760
Speaker 1: of rules.

672
00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:55,040
Speaker 5: Right.

673
00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:58,560
Speaker 1: Maybe aliens think about things differently and they don't look

674
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:02,200
Speaker 1: for one single equation to describe everything, or a simplest equation,

675
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:04,960
Speaker 1: or maybe what they think is beautiful is a huge

676
00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:07,520
Speaker 1: chaotic mess of an equation, and for some reason, that

677
00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:10,600
Speaker 1: really satisfies their itch to understand the universe.

678
00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:10,880
Speaker 3: Right.

679
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:14,520
Speaker 1: I think there must be something deeply human about this

680
00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:17,200
Speaker 1: whole process, and it's a bias we can't see because

681
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:18,959
Speaker 1: we've only ever talked to humans about it.

682
00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:23,920
Speaker 3: Interesting, like, maybe aliens are happy with this crazy theory

683
00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,800
Speaker 3: that explains where socks are, and you know, do you

684
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:28,840
Speaker 3: know what I mean. Maybe it's not reductive, it's maybe

685
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,640
Speaker 3: just like super complicated, Yeah, because it exclans all the little.

686
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,040
Speaker 1: Things exactly that could be that could very well be,

687
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:37,040
Speaker 1: and they could be. Like you guys are totally wasting

688
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:40,720
Speaker 1: your time. I don't even know why you care, right, Yeah,

689
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:43,800
Speaker 1: And you know, there's another possibility we haven't even talked about,

690
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,000
Speaker 1: which is that there is no deepest level, right, it

691
00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:48,440
Speaker 1: could be that it goes on forever. Things just get

692
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:51,120
Speaker 1: smaller and smaller, and like particle A is made out

693
00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:53,239
Speaker 1: of little bits of B, and then you can make

694
00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:55,000
Speaker 1: b's at a little bits of C, and C is

695
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:56,960
Speaker 1: made out a little bits of D. And Okay, so

696
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:58,920
Speaker 1: I shouldn't be on the Particle Physics pr name and

697
00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,080
Speaker 1: committee obviously because I can't come up with clever stuff

698
00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:02,680
Speaker 1: on the top of my head. But it could just

699
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:03,600
Speaker 1: go on forever.

700
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:05,680
Speaker 3: Then, wouldn't it stop a p for peanuts?

701
00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:07,840
Speaker 1: I mean absolutely?

702
00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:08,040
Speaker 4: Yeah?

703
00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,040
Speaker 3: But I mean, what could be smaller than the unit one?

704
00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:12,720
Speaker 1: You know what I mean?

705
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:15,640
Speaker 3: Like, what could be more fundamental than one than one

706
00:33:15,680 --> 00:33:18,600
Speaker 3: field in one particle? You can't split one, right.

707
00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:20,640
Speaker 1: If you discover at some level that everything in the

708
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,560
Speaker 1: universe could be described in terms of one field. That's great,

709
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:26,880
Speaker 1: But where does that field come from? Right? Is that

710
00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:29,280
Speaker 1: field the fundamental thing in the universe? It was like

711
00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:32,000
Speaker 1: the first thing made and first thing coded in the simulation?

712
00:33:32,560 --> 00:33:36,560
Speaker 1: Or is it itself an emergent phenomena from something simpler.

713
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:38,560
Speaker 1: Just because there's only one kind of particle doesn't mean

714
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,160
Speaker 1: it's not made out of little bits of another kind

715
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:41,720
Speaker 1: of particle.

716
00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:43,960
Speaker 3: Right, It could be made out of two halves of

717
00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:44,520
Speaker 3: something else.

718
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:50,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you know, two units of subpeanuts that come

719
00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:52,400
Speaker 1: together to make the glorious peanuts.

720
00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:55,040
Speaker 3: Or you're saying it could be sort of infinitely divisible.

721
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,760
Speaker 3: You mean, like, you know, like peanut butter, Like maybe

722
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,920
Speaker 3: the universe doesn't have a peanut, is just this continuous

723
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:03,520
Speaker 3: yummy smooth.

724
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: I think in the future you should have lunch before

725
00:34:07,360 --> 00:34:13,440
Speaker 1: we record these podcasts. Yeah, it could be, right, It

726
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,520
Speaker 1: certainly could be. Although it seems so far. Everything we

727
00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:19,279
Speaker 1: understand about the universe is that it seems to be quantized.

728
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:21,840
Speaker 1: You know that it's the smallest level. Everything is quantized.

729
00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:25,800
Speaker 1: So we think that particles or quantized excitations of quantum

730
00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:29,400
Speaker 1: fields rule the day. But you know, it could be

731
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:31,839
Speaker 1: that as you get deeper, that you get some sort

732
00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:35,560
Speaker 1: of scale invariant matter that looks the same no matter

733
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:37,040
Speaker 1: how close you get up to it, right, that it

734
00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:40,719
Speaker 1: doesn't resolve into tiny little bits, it's just infinitely smooth. Yeah,

735
00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:42,200
Speaker 1: that could totally be a possibility.

736
00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:46,000
Speaker 3: Well, you got into an interesting idea a little bit before,

737
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:48,600
Speaker 3: which is, why do we even want the theory of everything?

738
00:34:49,040 --> 00:34:51,440
Speaker 3: Is it really going to help us cure cancer? Or

739
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:53,600
Speaker 3: is it really going to solve global warming? If we

740
00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:57,359
Speaker 3: figure out these super quantum fields? What's motivating us as

741
00:34:57,360 --> 00:34:59,560
Speaker 3: a species to look for these simplifications.

742
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,600
Speaker 1: I believe that an artist, a cartoonist is demanding practical,

743
00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:08,759
Speaker 1: immediate benefits for my for my profession. To excuse me,

744
00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:11,560
Speaker 1: you didn't even mention the possibility that there could be

745
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,880
Speaker 1: like a deep human need to understand. You know that

746
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:18,040
Speaker 1: it adds to the experience of being human to reveal

747
00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:19,120
Speaker 1: mysteries of the universe.

748
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:19,319
Speaker 7: Right.

749
00:35:19,320 --> 00:35:22,520
Speaker 1: It doesn't need to necessarily give you a better widget, right,

750
00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:25,319
Speaker 1: or cure cancer. It's just for me at least. It's

751
00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:28,160
Speaker 1: a deep desire to understand the world around me. I mean,

752
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:30,560
Speaker 1: I don't know if it comes out of evolutionary desires

753
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:32,840
Speaker 1: to understand how things work, so I can like better

754
00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:35,640
Speaker 1: protect myself from a saber tooth tire or something. But

755
00:35:35,719 --> 00:35:38,279
Speaker 1: humans have a deep desire to understand the way things work,

756
00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,400
Speaker 1: to reveal the rules and manipulate them, and so I

757
00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:43,600
Speaker 1: just really want to understand. And you know, of course

758
00:35:43,640 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: along the way, like funding for basic research has always

759
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:51,240
Speaker 1: yielded tremendous technological advancements. I mean, we wouldn't be recorded

760
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,200
Speaker 1: as podcast if it wasn't for funding for basic research.

761
00:35:54,239 --> 00:35:56,880
Speaker 1: So I can sing the praises of basic research for

762
00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:01,920
Speaker 1: decades because of all the spinoff it's generated, incidentally, accidentally, right,

763
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,080
Speaker 1: not intentionally, but fundamentally. The reason we want to do

764
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:07,919
Speaker 1: is just because we have this deep desire to know, right,

765
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:10,879
Speaker 1: to understand the way the universe works. I mean, if

766
00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:13,880
Speaker 1: somebody told you, hey, jor I have the theory of everything?

767
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:15,520
Speaker 1: Do you want to know it? You wouldn't be like

768
00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:19,080
Speaker 1: piss off, I'm busy making a peanut butter sandwich. Right,

769
00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:20,960
Speaker 1: that would be an important moment, that would be like

770
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:26,839
Speaker 1: a deep thing to understand. So we've made a lot

771
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,000
Speaker 1: of progress and understand the theory of everything. You know,

772
00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:34,799
Speaker 1: we have boiled down matter into twelve particles. We have

773
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:37,440
Speaker 1: described all the forces in terms of just a few.

774
00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,200
Speaker 1: You know, we unified electricity and magnetism, and then we

775
00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:42,920
Speaker 1: also unified that with the weak nuclear force. We have

776
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:46,080
Speaker 1: one force that's called the electro weak force that describes

777
00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:49,920
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism and the weak force. We still have

778
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,520
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force, which we haven't understood how to

779
00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:55,400
Speaker 1: put together with the other ones, right, And then we

780
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:58,040
Speaker 1: still have gravity, which is a whole other mystery we

781
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:00,759
Speaker 1: can talk about a whole other podcast, which resists all

782
00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:03,279
Speaker 1: efforts to give it a quantum description and unify it

783
00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:06,240
Speaker 1: with everything. And even Einstein was not able to bring

784
00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:09,480
Speaker 1: gravity to heal. And then of course there's lots of

785
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:11,360
Speaker 1: things in the universe we don't understand which are not

786
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,160
Speaker 1: described by these bits. So we made a lot of

787
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,319
Speaker 1: progress and understanding, but we still have a lot to go.

788
00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:20,400
Speaker 3: So your basic message is keep physicists employed. Is that

789
00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:21,560
Speaker 3: the kind of that's right?

790
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:26,000
Speaker 1: Public funding into physics, yes, exactly, it's worthwhile.

791
00:37:26,120 --> 00:37:28,400
Speaker 3: People got a long way to go. People think that

792
00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:30,799
Speaker 3: we scientists have everything figured out. You know, we can

793
00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:36,200
Speaker 3: have these amazing phones and amazing technologies and airplanes and rockets.

794
00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:39,600
Speaker 3: You know, people sort of assume that why do we

795
00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:42,000
Speaker 3: need more physics, but there could be a whole lot

796
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:43,520
Speaker 3: of amazing things ahead of us.

797
00:37:43,480 --> 00:37:46,759
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, exactly. And you know folks a thousand years

798
00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:48,840
Speaker 1: ago who were surrounded by mysteries. There's a lot of

799
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:51,480
Speaker 1: opportunities there for scientists to explain the way things work.

800
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,320
Speaker 1: These days, it's pretty unusual if you walk down the

801
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:57,080
Speaker 1: street for you to see something that you don't think

802
00:37:57,120 --> 00:38:00,120
Speaker 1: has a scientific explanation, right, Like very few people see

803
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:03,440
Speaker 1: miracles or ghosts or things that they think are outside

804
00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:05,520
Speaker 1: of the realm of science. And that used to be

805
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:07,440
Speaker 1: every day and now it's like pretty rare. I mean,

806
00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:10,680
Speaker 1: people go to magic shows just to have that experience, right,

807
00:38:11,960 --> 00:38:14,800
Speaker 1: But there are lots of things that we still don't understand.

808
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:16,960
Speaker 1: They're not things that appear in your everyday life. They're

809
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,359
Speaker 1: at the particle level, or at the tiny little level

810
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,359
Speaker 1: or the cosmic scale. But there are huge questions about

811
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:24,400
Speaker 1: the universe that we still have to unravel.

812
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,040
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I hope you guys enjoyed dipping your

813
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:29,000
Speaker 3: toes into this topic.

814
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, we hope you enjoyed this slice of everything and

815
00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,880
Speaker 1: peanuts and peanut butter, The peanut butter, theory of the universe.

816
00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:37,920
Speaker 1: It's spreading.

817
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:44,800
Speaker 3: It's really jiffy. See you next time.

818
00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:56,239
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. If you still have a question after

819
00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:59,439
Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

820
00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:01,600
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

821
00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,399
Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's

822
00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:18,919
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at danielandorhe dot com.

823
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:20,759
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

824
00:39:20,840 --> 00:39:24,120
Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the

825
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826
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827
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828
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Speaker 1: US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors

829
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830
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Speaker 1: can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as

831
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Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

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