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Speaker 2: to change.

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Speaker 3: Terms apply.

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Speaker 1: So you know how sometimes in physics there's a word,

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Speaker 1: and this word for people, it's like magic.

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Speaker 3: It means like big leap forward. It's like a huge transformation.

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Speaker 4: You mean, like dimensions.

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Speaker 1: Dimension is the worst, absolutely, yeah, stuff like that. And

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Speaker 1: the one I'm thinking of in particular is the word quantum.

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Speaker 1: Quantum mechanics obviously a huge transformation the way we think

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Speaker 1: about the world, but it also seems to be a

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Speaker 1: transformation in everything, like you can find like quantum massage,

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Speaker 1: and you know, there's that whole television show Quantum Leap,

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Speaker 1: and like all this stuff has nothing to do with

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics at all. It's just the word quantum seems

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Speaker 1: to represent.

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Speaker 4: Some sort of high tech, the next.

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Speaker 3: Generation high tech fanciness.

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Speaker 4: You know, scien see.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes it really does represent a transformative leap. Sometimes there

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Speaker 1: really is an opportunity to convert a normal version of

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Speaker 1: something into the quantum version and then take a huge

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Speaker 1: step forward.

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Speaker 5: And so that's what we wanted to talk about today

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Speaker 5: after my quantum massage. Hold on, Hi, I'm Jorhee and

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Speaker 5: I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 4: And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge explain the universe, in.

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Speaker 1: Which we take the whole universe and chop it up

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Speaker 1: in the little pieces, turn each of them into a

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Speaker 1: quantum of understanding and download it into your brain.

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Speaker 4: And in which you feel like you understand and not

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Speaker 4: understand at the same time.

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Speaker 1: No, we're going for one hundred percent understanding. We don't

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Speaker 1: want to be one of those podcasts where you feel like, oh,

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Speaker 1: I heard a lot of smart people talking about it,

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Speaker 1: but I didn't really get it right.

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Speaker 4: Yeah. Yeah, because in this podcast you only listen to

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Speaker 4: one intelligent person.

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Speaker 3: Joorhe and I together make one intelligent person.

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Speaker 1: We won't say which fraction of each, but together we

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Speaker 1: are one smart guy.

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Speaker 4: We are quantum entangled in our intelligence.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right, And this is just the latest

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Speaker 1: in our projects together. We also wrote a book called

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Speaker 1: We Have No Idea, A guide did the unknown Universe,

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Speaker 1: where we explore all the big questions in the universe,

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Speaker 1: what doesn't physics know yet and what could it mean

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Speaker 1: for humanity?

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Speaker 4: And if you search online on YouTube, you can also

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Speaker 4: find a couple of the videos that we've made together

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Speaker 4: about the Higgs boson, about dark matter, about gravitational waves.

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Speaker 4: So check this out.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so today we wanted to talk about quantum computers

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Speaker 1: because we feel like it's a word that's bandied around

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Speaker 1: and we wanted to make sure everybody understood what it

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Speaker 1: actually means.

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Speaker 4: Think about whether you know what a quantum computer is.

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Speaker 1: So, as usual, I went out and I asked ten

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Speaker 1: random people on the UCI campus if they knew what

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Speaker 1: a quantum computer was and how it works. And remember

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Speaker 1: some of these people are computer science undergraduates, so they

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Speaker 1: really should know.

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Speaker 4: Here's what they had to say.

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Speaker 3: Nope and nope, you never heard of a quantum computer.

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Speaker 3: All right, cool, I have no idea. Have you heard

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Speaker 3: of a quantum computer?

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Speaker 4: This is the first time that I'm hearing it right now.

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Speaker 6: I'm not sure about how does it work, but I

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Speaker 6: know that it has four main bits or alphabets, and

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Speaker 6: it is set to revolutionalize the computer science work.

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Speaker 5: I don't know about a quantum computer, but you've heard

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Speaker 5: of them.

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Speaker 3: I've heard the term, but I don't know much else

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Speaker 3: about it other than that.

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Speaker 4: All right, So not an impressive performance here by UCI Underground.

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Speaker 3: That's right.

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Speaker 1: Well, hey, some of them are understood it, right, At

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Speaker 1: least most of them had heard of it. The one

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Speaker 1: guy had heard about quantum computers. The moment I said

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Speaker 1: the phrase, it like exploded in his brain, like what,

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Speaker 1: I've never heard of that until you mentioned it.

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Speaker 4: I've never heard those two words together.

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Speaker 1: You probably spend the next six hours googling it and

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Speaker 1: reading about it, and maybe he's the next future quantum

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Speaker 1: computing genius. We could have changed the course of human

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Speaker 1: history through this podcast story. Oh my god, it's possible.

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Speaker 1: But most people seem to have very little understanding of

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Speaker 1: what a quantum computer is. Though you know, somebody out

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Speaker 1: there has had some idea at least, so we feel

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Speaker 1: like this is a good topic for a podcast. Let's

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Speaker 1: clear out the weeds of everybody's understanding and make sure

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Speaker 1: everybody knows what we're talking about.

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Speaker 3: When we say a quantum computer.

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Speaker 4: I mean everyone has heard of a computer, but a

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Speaker 4: quantum computer that just sounds interesting, right.

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Speaker 1: What did you think of the first time you heard

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Speaker 1: quantum computer? Do you think like a tiny computer the

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Speaker 1: size of an atom?

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Speaker 4: What did I think? I thought that it was. I

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Speaker 4: think I just had that Gudriye Channelso it's like a

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Speaker 4: like a super new magic computer.

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Speaker 3: Right, Like I want a quantum ferrari.

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Speaker 4: I would just settle for my quantum mortgage to be

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Speaker 4: paid first.

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Speaker 1: I love how the word quantum is just like taking

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Speaker 1: on this magical mystical power, you know, and it's not bad.

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Speaker 1: It's like no nuance or quantum that's bad. It's not

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Speaker 1: like dark or dangerous. It's just like the new, fancy, glittery,

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Speaker 1: shiny version of something.

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Speaker 4: The weird thing is that it's not a new word, right, Like,

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Speaker 4: it's a word that's been around for one hundred years nearly, right.

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Speaker 1: Well, it's been around for a long time, and it's

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Speaker 1: been applied to this kind of thing for about one

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Speaker 1: hundred years. Yeah, quantum mechanics is almost one hundred years old.

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Speaker 1: So the idea, the very basic ideas of quantum mechanics.

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Speaker 1: You know, that the universe is chopped into pieces and

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Speaker 1: not continuous. That's not a very new idea.

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Speaker 4: Right, Well, let's break it down. What does it mean

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Speaker 4: when you say the word quantum like quantum physics or

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Speaker 4: quantum particles. You know, what does it mean?

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Speaker 1: Well, the word basically just means portion or packet or unit.

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Speaker 4: You know, it's like a quantity, Like, yeah, quantity, quantum

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Speaker 4: is that where sort of comes from?

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Speaker 3: Here?

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Speaker 1: It's connected why I think Orge just had a realization

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Speaker 1: and you're live right there on the podcast. Yes, it's

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Speaker 1: related to quantities, right. It says things that are quantized

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Speaker 1: are things that are made out of little atomic pieces,

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Speaker 1: things that can't be broken into smaller pieces. Right, So,

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Speaker 1: like our money is quantized. We don't have money less

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Speaker 1: than a penny, right, you can't spend less than a penny.

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Speaker 1: That's the basic unit. Everything is built out of that, right.

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Speaker 1: And it's relevant to physics because it turns out the

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Speaker 1: universe is quantized, like particles are made out of smaller particles.

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Speaker 1: You can't have like half a particle or three quarters

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Speaker 1: of a particle. And energy levels are quantized, you know,

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Speaker 1: the way electrons move around in nucleus. They can't just

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Speaker 1: have like any arbitrary amount of energy, just like a

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Speaker 1: ladder of energy levels they can be on and they

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Speaker 1: can't be in between those steps.

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Speaker 4: But it kind of means more than just the idea

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Speaker 4: of chopping things up into little bits. It's really more

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Speaker 4: about what the world is like when you get down

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Speaker 4: to those little little little bits. Quantum physics means the

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Speaker 4: physics of those little little little particles, which is very

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Speaker 4: different than the physics of like, you know, a basketball

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Speaker 4: or a baseball.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's what quantum means. It's little bit bits

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Speaker 1: and quantum mechanics or quantum physics. It deals with how

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Speaker 1: those things interact with each other. And it turns out

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Speaker 1: that those little tiny bits of the universe interacting ways

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Speaker 1: that are very unfamiliar to us. There's very little intuitive

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Speaker 1: understanding we can grasp the way those things work because

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Speaker 1: they follow very different rules than the thing than baseballs

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Speaker 1: and basketballs follow. They follow more probabilistic rules, and your

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Speaker 1: intuition that you develop through observing the way baseballs and

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Speaker 1: basketballs move through the air doesn't work when you're talking

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Speaker 1: about electrons or other little quantum particles because they follow

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Speaker 1: different rules. Yeah, and those different rules lead to a

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Speaker 1: very different kind of logic. In normal logic, you can

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Speaker 1: say something like a switch is either on or off,

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Speaker 1: but not both, right, But in quantum logic it's different,

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Speaker 1: which is why quantum computing turns out to also be different.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, they don't behave like they do the big things behave, right,

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Speaker 4: Like if you had a baseball the size of a

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Speaker 4: quantum particle, you can just bounce it off of a wall.

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Speaker 3: That's right.

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Speaker 1: And the most important feature of these little quantum bits,

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Speaker 1: and the one that's going to be relevant for quantum mechanics,

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Speaker 1: is that we don't know everything about them. Like a baseball,

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Speaker 1: you know everything you need to know. You know it's

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Speaker 1: direction and you know it's velocity. From that, you can

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Speaker 1: predict its future. If you know where it is and

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Speaker 1: where it's going, you know where it's going to be.

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Speaker 7: Right.

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Speaker 1: For a quantum particle, like an electron, you can't observe

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Speaker 1: it directly, and so there's some uncertainty about where it is,

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Speaker 1: which means that it can be like here, or it

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Speaker 1: can be there. But the crucial thing about a quantum

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Speaker 1: particle is it's not actually in one place or the

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Speaker 1: other and you just don't know it. It has a

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Speaker 1: probability to be in both places. Our lack of knowledge

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Speaker 1: about it reflects the fact that its location is not

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Speaker 1: actually determined. It's like it could be over here and

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Speaker 1: it could be over there, which means it's a little

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Speaker 1: bit of both. And that's what I mean when I

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Speaker 1: say the act in ways that are different from the

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Speaker 1: ways that are normal things interact.

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Speaker 3: You know, a baseball is either here or it's.

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Speaker 4: There, right, But when you get down to that size,

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Speaker 4: it doesn't look like it, Like, an electron doesn't look

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Speaker 4: like a little tiny baseball.

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Speaker 3: Nobody knows what an electron looks like.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Like when you try to zoom in, and you

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Speaker 4: zoom in, it just becomes fuzzy, right, Like you just

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Speaker 4: see this little fuzziness.

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Speaker 3: Right, Well, that's a whole other funny question, like what

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Speaker 3: would an electron look like? Because an electron has.

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Speaker 1: Zero size, right, a zero volume, and so it doesn't

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Speaker 1: really look like anything. But about the electrons fuzziness, we

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Speaker 1: say the electron has a probability to be in a

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Speaker 1: few different places. That's the fuzziness, but it's not determined

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Speaker 1: before you ask. But when you want to interact with

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Speaker 1: the electron, like if you want to measure where it is,

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Speaker 1: then those probabilities collapse into a specific outcome. We call

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Speaker 1: that collapsing the wave function, because remember electrons are particles,

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Speaker 1: but they are controlled by wave equations, which determine the

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Speaker 1: probability of being in various places.

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Speaker 4: Kind of like if you're not looking at it, it's

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Speaker 4: sort of like a cloud almost, and then when you

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Speaker 4: look at it, then boom, it's a little point that's right.

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Speaker 1: And this is the deep question of quantum mechanics that

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Speaker 1: a lot of people don't understand. Most people don't understand.

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Speaker 1: I think maybe everybody doesn't understand. How does that make

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Speaker 1: any sense?

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Speaker 2: Right?

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Speaker 1: How does it make sense that something can be in

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Speaker 1: both places at once until you ask, do you look

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Speaker 1: at it? How does it make sense that you asking

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Speaker 1: changes where it's going to be?

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Speaker 3: Right?

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Speaker 1: It's a situation, and that's there's a huge philosophical debate

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Speaker 1: about that. You know, is it the asking that makes

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Speaker 1: it decide where's it going to be? Or does the

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Speaker 1: universe split into two options where you know, on one

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Speaker 1: hand it's on the left and then the other universe

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Speaker 1: it's on the right. And different people argue about this

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Speaker 1: stuff for decades and decades, so it's certainly not something

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Speaker 1: we can us in twenty minutes on a podcast. But

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Speaker 1: the thing you need to know to understand quantum mechanics

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Speaker 1: is that there's a probability for it to be in

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Speaker 1: one place or the other, and that both probabilities exist simultaneously.

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Speaker 4: So if I'm not looking at the electron, it looks

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Speaker 4: like a little fuzzy cloud, and you're saying that cloud is,

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Speaker 4: it's kind of like it's in all those places at

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Speaker 4: the same time with a certain probability.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think the most correct statement would say it

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Speaker 1: has a probability to be in all those places. To

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Speaker 1: say it actually is in all those places, I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's not actually anywhere. It just has a probability to

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Speaker 1: be those things. It's like the answer is not determined

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Speaker 1: or known. It's not like God has it written down

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Speaker 1: on a golden tablet somewhere. We just don't know. It's

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Speaker 1: not actually anywhere. It just has a probability to be

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Speaker 1: this or that. It's like, Wow, it's like a die

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Speaker 1: you haven't rolled yet. It's not like it already is

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Speaker 1: a four and you just haven't looked yet. You haven't

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Speaker 1: rolled the die, so you don't there isn't an answer.

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Speaker 1: The same way the electron has a probability distribution to

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Speaker 1: be in various situations, but until you measure it, it's

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Speaker 1: not in all of those at the same time, it

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Speaker 1: just has probability to be in those things.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, so you're saying all of us, all of

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Speaker 4: our particles are if you get down to that level,

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Speaker 4: they're all unthrown dye.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, wow, until you interact with them and forces

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Speaker 1: the universe to throw the die. And that's one of

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Speaker 1: the deep questions about econom mechanics is like.

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Speaker 3: Where's that die? Who's doing those random number process you know?

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Speaker 4: So when Einstein famously said God doesn't play dice, it's

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Speaker 4: kind of true. It's like, really, things are all just

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Speaker 4: unthrown dice.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, he didn't like that description of it at all.

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Speaker 1: He really believed that the dice was already thrown. We

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Speaker 1: just didn't know the answer, right.

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Speaker 4: That's a big difference.

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Speaker 3: That's a big difference.

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Speaker 1: And then eventually they proved that actually the dice is

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Speaker 1: not yet thrown until you ask the question. Oh and

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Speaker 1: that's a whole other podcast where we can talk about

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Speaker 1: how they proved that. It's called the bell inequality, and

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Speaker 1: it's a whole other topic we can get into it.

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Speaker 1: But I think for today's episode, people just need to

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Speaker 1: understand that a quantum particle can be different from classical particle,

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Speaker 1: from like a thing you're you're understand because it can

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Speaker 1: be kind of a probability to be in two different

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Speaker 1: situations at the same time.

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Speaker 4: Okay, so that's that's what quantum means. And now let's

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Speaker 4: get into quantum computers. But first let's take a break.

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Speaker 4: All right, so that's what quantum means. It's like how

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Speaker 4: the world behaves when you get down to those little

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Speaker 4: tiny pits of the universe, which is totally different and

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Speaker 4: kind of fuzzy and probabilistic. So now let's combine up

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Speaker 4: with the word everyone knows, which is a computer. So

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Speaker 4: what does it mean to like have a quantum computer.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so the idea there is, let's build a computer,

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Speaker 1: and let's build that out of pieces that can do

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Speaker 1: these weird things, because then maybe it can solve problems

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Speaker 1: that are otherwise hard. I mean, I think it's also

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Speaker 1: important to think about how a normal computer works and

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Speaker 1: like what does it mean to say a computer before

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Speaker 1: we think about what is a quantum computer? And for

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Speaker 1: those of you out there listening, you probably know what

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Speaker 1: a computer is. You have one in your office or whatever.

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Speaker 1: You bang on it, right, you download stuff and play

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Speaker 1: Mario Kart or whatever. But what it's doing on the

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Speaker 1: inside is really is that it's doing calculations. Right, A

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Speaker 1: program on your computer is something that does a calculation.

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Speaker 1: Maybe that calculation is how do I draw Mario Kart

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Speaker 1: on the screen, or you know, how do I predict

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Speaker 1: this the trajectory of this cannon ball that I want

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Speaker 1: to fire at my opponent's castle or whatever. In the end,

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Speaker 1: it's doing a calculation. And the way it does that

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Speaker 1: calculation is that it represents the problem that needs to

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Speaker 1: be solved in terms of a bunch of numbers, because

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Speaker 1: all a computer really, in the end is doing is

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Speaker 1: manipulating numbers. I mean, the memory in your computer is

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Speaker 1: a bunch of ones and zeros. That is what we

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Speaker 1: call bits, and those represent a number. And a computer

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Speaker 1: is useful when you can take a problem you want

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Speaker 1: to solve and represent it in a way that the

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Speaker 1: computer knows how to solve it.

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Speaker 3: Right.

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Speaker 1: So, for example, how do I hit my baseball in

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Speaker 1: a way that goes over the fence?

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Speaker 3: What angle is the best angle to do that? Right?

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Speaker 3: So you want to solve that problem.

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Speaker 4: You first have to break it down into math and

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Speaker 4: then have your computer basically act as a calculator and

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Speaker 4: crunch those math equations.

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Speaker 1: And the kind of math you use to break it

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Speaker 1: down depends on the kind of computer you have and

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Speaker 1: the kind of calculations that computer can do.

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Speaker 3: So the kind of computers we use.

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Speaker 1: Classical computers have ones and zeros, and all they can

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Speaker 1: do are a few basic logical operations on those ones

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Speaker 1: and zeros they can do and they can do or

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Speaker 1: they can do exo or nand and you can build

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Speaker 1: those up to do all sorts of more complicated things

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Speaker 1: like addition or subtraction or Mario Card and other video games.

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Speaker 4: Right, And the way it does that you're saying, is

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Speaker 4: that it takes the problem, you know, where is Mario

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Speaker 4: in Mario Card? Or how much is tupeless two, and

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Speaker 4: then it breaks it down into bits which are ones

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Speaker 4: and zeros. So everything that, like most of our language,

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Speaker 4: all the math that we know about, all that can

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Speaker 4: be essentially eventually breaking down into ones and zeros.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and we'll see later. The quantum computers don't

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Speaker 1: use ones and zeros, and they have a different kind

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Speaker 1: of logic, so they can solve different kinds of problems.

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Speaker 1: And in the end, it's all about efficiency. Which kind

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Speaker 1: of computer is faster at which kind of problem? Running

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Speaker 1: Mario cards or breaking into the NSA does it take

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Speaker 1: one second or does it take a billion years?

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Speaker 4: Well, let's talk a bit about why you want to

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Speaker 4: break it down into ones and zeros, right, Like, white

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Speaker 4: is that important? Because once break it down to ones

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Speaker 4: and zeros, then even like a simple computer can then

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Speaker 4: add and subtract those, Right Like, if you can break

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Speaker 4: the whole world into ones and zeros and everything into

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Speaker 4: simple operations like plus or minus, then you can have

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Speaker 4: a machine basically do.

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Speaker 1: It Yeah, you can do simple logic operations on ones

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Speaker 1: and zeros, and there's a theorem that shows that you

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Speaker 1: can combine those to do any logical operation. So if

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Speaker 1: you combine enough of those together, you can have any

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Speaker 1: operation on your inputs. That doesn't mean it's necessarily the

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Speaker 1: best way to do any problem. Like you might say, hey,

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Speaker 1: I want to know where this baseball is going to go.

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Speaker 1: So one way to do that is build a computer,

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Speaker 1: have inside the computer a perfect model of how the

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Speaker 1: baseball works, and do the calculation. Another way to do

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Speaker 1: that is just hit the baseball. Right from that perspective,

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Speaker 1: like a baseball is a computer that calculates one thing,

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Speaker 1: how far does this baseball go?

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Speaker 3: Right.

442
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,400
Speaker 1: It's very powerful, it's very fast, but it only does

443
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:01,280
Speaker 1: that one thing. The advantage of a classical computer with

444
00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:03,960
Speaker 1: ones and zeros is that it can solve lots of

445
00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:06,240
Speaker 1: different kinds of problems. They can do your baseball problem,

446
00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,200
Speaker 1: and they can do Mario Kart right.

447
00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:11,480
Speaker 4: Okay, So that's the basis of regular computers. Like even

448
00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,520
Speaker 4: the computer and the phone that people are listening to

449
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:18,200
Speaker 4: this podcast on, it's taking our voices, breaking them down

450
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,120
Speaker 4: to ones and zeros, chopping those up, mixing them up

451
00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:25,360
Speaker 4: and then basically recreating our voices and flappy bird.

452
00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:29,439
Speaker 1: Right, that's right exactly. And so what is a quantum computer. Well,

453
00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,480
Speaker 1: a quantum computer is a computer built out of different

454
00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:33,240
Speaker 1: little pieces.

455
00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:33,480
Speaker 3: Right.

456
00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:35,920
Speaker 1: Whereas a normal computer uses ones and zero's, a quantum

457
00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:40,040
Speaker 1: computer uses quantum mechanical objects that have different properties. They

458
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:43,040
Speaker 1: can be zero, they can be one, or they can

459
00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:45,840
Speaker 1: be some combination of zero in one. The way a

460
00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,520
Speaker 1: quantum particle is like, maybe it's here, maybe it's there.

461
00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,919
Speaker 1: A quantum bit, what we call a q bit, is

462
00:21:53,080 --> 00:21:56,160
Speaker 1: maybe zero, maybe one has a probability to be zero

463
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,280
Speaker 1: and a probability to be one. And again it's not

464
00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:02,080
Speaker 1: secretly zero and cqs one Like a dice you've already

465
00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:04,840
Speaker 1: rolled and you just haven't looked at. It's not determined.

466
00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:07,879
Speaker 1: It's some combination of zero in some combination of that.

467
00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:10,320
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, what if you had a computer that

468
00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:14,760
Speaker 4: was fundamental little processing unit is not just black and white,

469
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:18,359
Speaker 4: but maybe like some something in between, shades of gray, Yeah,

470
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:20,359
Speaker 4: shades of gray. Like what would happen if you add

471
00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:23,159
Speaker 4: and mix those up and try to make calculations with

472
00:22:23,359 --> 00:22:26,320
Speaker 4: things that can be not just ones and zeros.

473
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:27,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so what happens is you get a very

474
00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:31,480
Speaker 1: different kind of computer, one that's much better at things

475
00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:36,080
Speaker 1: that classical computers find difficult, but also is worse at

476
00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:40,640
Speaker 1: some things that classical computers find very easy. Right, Like what, Yeah,

477
00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,000
Speaker 1: just a way, like a baseball is a good computer

478
00:22:43,040 --> 00:22:45,520
Speaker 1: for calculating what a baseball does, it's not very good

479
00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:49,080
Speaker 1: at organizing your recipes or doing Mario Kart, right. A

480
00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:52,439
Speaker 1: quantum computer is built differently, but it still runs in

481
00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:53,360
Speaker 1: the physical universe.

482
00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:54,200
Speaker 3: You know, all these things.

483
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,439
Speaker 1: These computers are just ways to manipulate physical objects to

484
00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:01,400
Speaker 1: represent calculations that we want done. That's what a computer is, right,

485
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,280
Speaker 1: And sometimes a classical computer is really good to that.

486
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,600
Speaker 1: A quantum computer, because it's made out of different things,

487
00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:10,320
Speaker 1: is good at different kind of calculations. It's like, do

488
00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:12,600
Speaker 1: you want to build your house out of wood or

489
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:14,520
Speaker 1: out of brick? Well, you know, wood is good for

490
00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:16,560
Speaker 1: some things and brick is good for other things. You

491
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,360
Speaker 1: get a pretty different kind of house, right. So they're

492
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:21,919
Speaker 1: pretty different, but you know they're related, but they have

493
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,879
Speaker 1: different strengths, and those strengths and weaknesses come from the

494
00:23:25,080 --> 00:23:27,400
Speaker 1: essential differences in how those bits work.

495
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,639
Speaker 4: Okay, so let's get into some of these differences from

496
00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:33,199
Speaker 4: where they come from. So, like, what's happening now instead

497
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,120
Speaker 4: of when I'm mixing these ce bits that's what they're called, right,

498
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:40,160
Speaker 4: the quantum bits, they're called cubids. Yeah, So what's happening

499
00:23:40,160 --> 00:23:42,520
Speaker 4: when I mix them? Like if I do a calculation

500
00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:44,280
Speaker 4: with these fuzzy bits?

501
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: Right, So there's really two things you have to understand

502
00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:50,160
Speaker 1: about how quantum calculations work. First of all is that

503
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,560
Speaker 1: when you have two cbits, they're not independent. Okay, if

504
00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:56,679
Speaker 1: you have two bits in a computer, then they can

505
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,840
Speaker 1: have four different states zero zero, zero, one, one zero

506
00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,960
Speaker 1: or one one. Right, So two bits means two to

507
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,040
Speaker 1: the end different states. But you really just need two

508
00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:08,960
Speaker 1: numbers to specify that, right. You need this the first

509
00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:12,159
Speaker 1: number and the second number totally specifies the configuration. So

510
00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:14,920
Speaker 1: it's really just two bits means two pieces of information

511
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,159
Speaker 1: for a classical computer, that's because those two bits are

512
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:22,320
Speaker 1: totally independent. For a quantum computer, the cubits are not independent.

513
00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,080
Speaker 1: They're entangled, Okay, so they're connected to each other, and

514
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,960
Speaker 1: so you can have different states. You can have zero zero,

515
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:31,720
Speaker 1: you can have one to one, you can have some

516
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:33,560
Speaker 1: mixture of one zero and zero one.

517
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:35,920
Speaker 3: You can have other mixtures of zero zero and zero one.

518
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:40,679
Speaker 1: There's four combinations there, and what you get are you

519
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,440
Speaker 1: need four pieces of information to specify which state you're in.

520
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:48,040
Speaker 1: You have simultaneously some probability to be in zero zero,

521
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,960
Speaker 1: some probability to be in zero one, some probability being

522
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,120
Speaker 1: one zero, and some probability being one to one. So

523
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:58,680
Speaker 1: two cubits means four pieces of information needed to store

524
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,920
Speaker 1: the configuration. So two to the end pieces of information

525
00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:06,160
Speaker 1: from two cubits right. Whereas in a classical computer, if

526
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 1: there are n bits, there are two to the end

527
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:12,240
Speaker 1: different states, but you only need n pieces of information

528
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,760
Speaker 1: to specify the state. So if there are two bits, right,

529
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,520
Speaker 1: then there are four different states that can be in,

530
00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,040
Speaker 1: but you only need two pieces of information to tell

531
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:25,160
Speaker 1: you exactly which state it's in. In a quantum computer

532
00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:28,439
Speaker 1: with two cubits, you need to specify the probability of

533
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:31,000
Speaker 1: each of the two to the end different states it

534
00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,320
Speaker 1: can be in at the same time, which means you

535
00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:36,840
Speaker 1: need four pieces of information to totally nail down the

536
00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:39,720
Speaker 1: state of a two cubit quantum computer.

537
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:41,920
Speaker 4: Right, Because you're mixing two things that are that could

538
00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:43,680
Speaker 4: be a wide range of things.

539
00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 1: Right, that's right, because you not just have the things,

540
00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:48,760
Speaker 1: you have the relationships between them. Right, So as the

541
00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:52,919
Speaker 1: number of things grows, you have like thirty cubits, then

542
00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:54,800
Speaker 1: you not just have what is the state of this bit?

543
00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:57,000
Speaker 1: You have the state what is the relative state of

544
00:25:57,040 --> 00:25:59,240
Speaker 1: these two things? How closely connected are they?

545
00:25:59,400 --> 00:25:59,560
Speaker 5: Right?

546
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:04,040
Speaker 1: For example, thirty cubits, you need two to the thirty

547
00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:08,280
Speaker 1: numbers to specify the state of that quantum system. And

548
00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:12,120
Speaker 1: that that's very powerful because you know how many particles

549
00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:14,159
Speaker 1: are there in the universe. There's like two to the

550
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:18,280
Speaker 1: three hundred particles in the universe. So a quantum computer

551
00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: that had three hundred cubits in it, right, that has

552
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,560
Speaker 1: as much information as like all the numbers of the

553
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:26,120
Speaker 1: particles in the entire universe.

554
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,520
Speaker 3: Okay, boom, so a lot of information. Right.

555
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:35,119
Speaker 4: Wait, So that just means that a simple operation in

556
00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:39,639
Speaker 4: the quantum computer can represent a much bigger, sort of

557
00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:42,520
Speaker 4: richer result. Is that kind of what it means? Like

558
00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:43,640
Speaker 4: it's simple.

559
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,200
Speaker 1: There's two different there's two pieces to a computer. There's

560
00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:48,840
Speaker 1: the information in it and the operations you can do.

561
00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:51,000
Speaker 1: Right Right now, we're just talking about the information in it.

562
00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:55,480
Speaker 1: But yes, smaller quantum computer can represent much more information

563
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:56,960
Speaker 1: with a smaller number of bits.

564
00:26:57,040 --> 00:26:59,439
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, So like three hundred regular bits from

565
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:03,720
Speaker 4: a regular computer can maybe store the yes or no

566
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,960
Speaker 4: voting information from three hundred people, right, yeah, whereas three

567
00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 4: hundred quantum bids can store the information from basically the

568
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:14,080
Speaker 4: entire universe.

569
00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:16,879
Speaker 1: Now, let's be careful not to oversell it. It takes

570
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:20,560
Speaker 1: two to the three hundred numbers to specify the state

571
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,920
Speaker 1: of three hundred cubits. That's right, But that doesn't mean

572
00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,080
Speaker 1: that a three hundred cubic computer can usefully store two

573
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,159
Speaker 1: to the three hundred pieces of information because, as we

574
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,840
Speaker 1: will talk about later, cubits have a very rich internal state,

575
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,239
Speaker 1: but the information is not as accessible as it is

576
00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:39,320
Speaker 1: with classical bits.

577
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:41,200
Speaker 4: Wow, Okay, Like with.

578
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,080
Speaker 1: The electron that has lots of different probabilities, you only

579
00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:46,679
Speaker 1: measure it in one of them. So if all the

580
00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:49,119
Speaker 1: particles in the universe got together to vote on something,

581
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:51,639
Speaker 1: you'd still need a pretty big computer.

582
00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 4: Who wants to exist, say Razor quantum.

583
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:58,679
Speaker 1: I think Jorg should have another banana yes or no?

584
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:02,800
Speaker 3: That's just the state of the system. Right.

585
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,360
Speaker 1: Then there's the operation, and there's a there's another sort

586
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:08,400
Speaker 1: of magical thing that happens. Oh, I shouldn't say magic

587
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:10,920
Speaker 1: because none of it's magical. It seems like magic because

588
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:15,200
Speaker 1: it's so weird, but it's actually physics, right, And that's

589
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:17,280
Speaker 1: what happens when you do an operation. You know, in

590
00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:20,159
Speaker 1: a normal computer, your operation is on like math, I'm

591
00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:22,200
Speaker 1: going to add one and one and see what happens.

592
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:24,159
Speaker 1: Oh I get two. What happens when you do a

593
00:28:24,280 --> 00:28:28,240
Speaker 1: quantum calculation. Remember that the states can be in the

594
00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:31,040
Speaker 1: superposition of different states, right, it's like forty percent in

595
00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:33,200
Speaker 1: state zero and sixty percent in state one.

596
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 4: Like it can be thirty percent white and seventy percent black.

597
00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:39,480
Speaker 4: That's like one cubit right, right.

598
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:41,800
Speaker 1: And it's not that it has the shade of gray,

599
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,480
Speaker 1: which is thirty percent white and seventy percent black. It

600
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,040
Speaker 1: has a probability to be white and a probability to

601
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: be black. If you look at it, you can only

602
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:50,880
Speaker 1: see white or black. You'll never see gray.

603
00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:53,600
Speaker 4: Oh I see. But seventy percent of the time you'll

604
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:55,440
Speaker 4: see it as black and thirty percent you'll see it

605
00:28:55,480 --> 00:28:58,520
Speaker 4: as white. Exactly, Oh I see. So it's not gray,

606
00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:01,240
Speaker 4: it's just as a probability of being black or white.

607
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,320
Speaker 3: That's right. When you do an operation, you don't it

608
00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:06,880
Speaker 3: doesn't collapse to black or white and then do the operation.

609
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 3: It does the operation on the probabilities themselves.

610
00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:14,960
Speaker 1: Okay, So you have the thirty percent of zero and

611
00:29:15,040 --> 00:29:17,120
Speaker 1: thirty percent of one, or thirty percent of white and

612
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:20,640
Speaker 1: seventy percent of black or whatever, and you do the operation.

613
00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:22,920
Speaker 1: It does the operation on the zero and it does

614
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,040
Speaker 1: the operation on the one at the same time. So

615
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:29,440
Speaker 1: it keeps both probabilities and it evolves them forward in

616
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:33,120
Speaker 1: time using quantum mechanics. So it's like doing two operations

617
00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:33,520
Speaker 1: at once.

618
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:35,920
Speaker 4: Is it kind of like, as we were saying earlier,

619
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:39,560
Speaker 4: a quantum bit is kind of like an unthrown dice, right,

620
00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:43,160
Speaker 4: So it's like, what happens if I multiply this dyet

621
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,720
Speaker 4: that I haven't thrown times this dye that I also

622
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 4: haven't thrown.

623
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:48,160
Speaker 3: What's the result exactly?

624
00:29:48,440 --> 00:29:51,200
Speaker 1: And it needs to consider, well, you know, it might

625
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,200
Speaker 1: be two, and so what would happen if it were two?

626
00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:53,560
Speaker 3: Okay?

627
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 1: And what would happen if it was four? And what

628
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,440
Speaker 1: would happen if it were six? And it propagates all

629
00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:02,120
Speaker 1: those forward simultaneously because the quantum state reflects all those probabilities,

630
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:05,440
Speaker 1: and a quantum operation moves all those operations, all those

631
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:08,840
Speaker 1: probabilities forward in time and effect doing all of those

632
00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:12,880
Speaker 1: in parallel, So you have a massive amount of information density,

633
00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:16,840
Speaker 1: plus you have massive parallelism to do these calculations.

634
00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:20,160
Speaker 4: It keeps all of those possibilities inside of this new

635
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:23,680
Speaker 4: combination of information, like you know, it's right, Like it

636
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,720
Speaker 4: has all the possibilities stored into this little imaginary multiplication.

637
00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,160
Speaker 1: That's right, and then the new state is some different

638
00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:33,400
Speaker 1: arrangement of those possibilities, right, but it reflects all the

639
00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:37,240
Speaker 1: probabilities in the previous state. Now here's an important place

640
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:39,440
Speaker 1: that a lot of people misunderstand quantum computers.

641
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:40,800
Speaker 3: A lot of people say, oh.

642
00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:44,360
Speaker 1: Quantum computers are super powerful because they're basically infinitely parallel.

643
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:47,040
Speaker 1: You can do like a million calculations in parallel because

644
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: of quantum mechanics.

645
00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:51,640
Speaker 4: Meaning it keeps all these probabilities sort of in its head.

646
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it sort of seemed like magic, like you know, oh,

647
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:58,400
Speaker 1: I can try I can break passwords because I can

648
00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:01,320
Speaker 1: try millions of things all the same time. Well that's

649
00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,920
Speaker 1: not exactly true. I mean there's some truth to it,

650
00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:07,160
Speaker 1: because there is parallelism in the quantum world, because you're

651
00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,720
Speaker 1: keeping all these probabilities intact and you're operating on them

652
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:14,239
Speaker 1: and you're moving them all forward simultaneously. The problem is

653
00:31:14,760 --> 00:31:17,400
Speaker 1: when you get the answer okay, you want to say, okay,

654
00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:20,360
Speaker 1: I have my quantum state, I did my calculation. Now

655
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 1: I want the answer, right, how do you measure that?

656
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: When when you measure it, you're gonna get your black

657
00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:25,560
Speaker 1: or you're white. You're gonna get.

658
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:26,640
Speaker 3: Your zero or one.

659
00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:28,600
Speaker 1: You don't get all the information. You don't get all

660
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:31,680
Speaker 1: the probabilities. You just get one answer. You roll the dice,

661
00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:33,560
Speaker 1: you get your four or you get your.

662
00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:35,360
Speaker 4: Six, and you look at it. You just get a number.

663
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:36,360
Speaker 3: You just get a number.

664
00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:39,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so a lot of that information is lost, right,

665
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:41,880
Speaker 1: Huge amounts of that information is lost when you want

666
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:45,080
Speaker 1: to get the output from the quantum computer. And so

667
00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:47,280
Speaker 1: that's why it's not really fair to say that it's

668
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:50,760
Speaker 1: this huge, massive parallelism. There is some parallelism there, and

669
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,680
Speaker 1: you can exploit it to do certain kinds of calculations,

670
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:55,840
Speaker 1: but in the end, most of the information is thrown

671
00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:57,080
Speaker 1: away when you get the answer.

672
00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:59,760
Speaker 4: I see it's a much harder problem than you think.

673
00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:03,200
Speaker 1: Kind of, yeah, exactly, And so we've built this new thing.

674
00:32:03,280 --> 00:32:05,959
Speaker 1: It's a bunch of you know, states that can be

675
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,040
Speaker 1: black or white, and they're all entangled and whatever. And

676
00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:10,520
Speaker 1: then you can ask, can I use this to do anything?

677
00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:15,080
Speaker 1: Can I represent some calculation I have in a way

678
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:18,920
Speaker 1: that this physical thing I built, this entangled combination of

679
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,560
Speaker 1: quantum states can effectively solve my problem right the way

680
00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,440
Speaker 1: a classical computer can by representing in terms of math

681
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:28,600
Speaker 1: and zeros and ones or baseball, can solve that one

682
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:33,120
Speaker 1: single problem. Right, Can a quantum computer solve useful problems?

683
00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:37,959
Speaker 1: That's the next question I see. Well, let's get into that,

684
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:44,800
Speaker 1: but let's take a quick break. When you pop a

685
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:46,920
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, or enjoy a rich

686
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,239
Speaker 1: spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the

687
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:53,800
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688
00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:56,840
Speaker 1: in the dairy industry are US Dairy has set themselves

689
00:32:56,880 --> 00:33:01,000
Speaker 1: some ambitious sustainability goals, including being green house gas neutral

690
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:03,440
Speaker 1: by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard every

691
00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,600
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

692
00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:10,160
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water. For example,

693
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:13,320
Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. The

694
00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:16,640
Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

695
00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:20,440
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

696
00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:23,440
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

697
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698
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Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

699
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Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

700
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Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

701
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Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

702
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704
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706
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Speaker 4: Okay, So let's say that I build a quantum computer

728
00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:12,600
Speaker 4: and you're saying it's not going to be great for

729
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:17,320
Speaker 4: playing Mario Kart unless you're playing Quantum Maricard.

730
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:19,319
Speaker 1: Quantum marit card is awesome, Yeah, because you're both like

731
00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:21,160
Speaker 1: a dead and alive at the same time.

732
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:23,680
Speaker 4: Right, But it wouldn't be useful for like, you know,

733
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:27,719
Speaker 4: playing Flabbybird on your phone or surfing Facebook. So what

734
00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:29,920
Speaker 4: what would it be good of? What are people excited

735
00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:31,440
Speaker 4: about making quantum computers?

736
00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:33,360
Speaker 3: Yeah? Well, it took a while for people to figure

737
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:33,680
Speaker 3: this out.

738
00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:36,279
Speaker 1: You know, people thought about the idea of quantum computers

739
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:40,120
Speaker 1: a few decades ago, like, Okay, the world is built

740
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,560
Speaker 1: in a quantum way, maybe our computers should be quantum.

741
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:44,400
Speaker 1: And then it took a few decades for people to

742
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:46,439
Speaker 1: come up with ideas for how to actually use them.

743
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:49,400
Speaker 1: Like I mean, take a problem, I have map it

744
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:52,360
Speaker 1: into something that can be represented with a quantum state,

745
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,239
Speaker 1: so that when I do this experiment on it, do

746
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:58,520
Speaker 1: these operations on it, the output of that experiment is

747
00:35:58,560 --> 00:35:59,960
Speaker 1: basically answered to my question.

748
00:36:00,239 --> 00:36:02,120
Speaker 3: Right. I remember, that's sort of what we're thinking of

749
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:03,840
Speaker 3: as a as a computer.

750
00:36:03,680 --> 00:36:05,880
Speaker 4: Right, because you can't just pretend to be making a

751
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,399
Speaker 4: quantum computer. You actually have to build it out of

752
00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:11,520
Speaker 4: quantum things, things that are quantum raight, Like you know

753
00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:13,400
Speaker 4: what I mean, Like I can't just like add all

754
00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:16,640
Speaker 4: these probabilities in my on my regular computer, Like the

755
00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:20,400
Speaker 4: computer itself has to be made out of quantum things.

756
00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:22,000
Speaker 1: Right, Well, you know everything in the universe is made

757
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:24,040
Speaker 1: out of quantum things, right, so in that sense, you

758
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:25,360
Speaker 1: are a quantum computer or.

759
00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:28,080
Speaker 4: Hey, that's right, Yeah, I am spectacular.

760
00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:32,200
Speaker 1: And so one of the first things that people figured

761
00:36:32,239 --> 00:36:35,920
Speaker 1: out was that there's an algorithm you can write down

762
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:40,680
Speaker 1: for factorizing big integers that says, take an integer and

763
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,480
Speaker 1: break it all into its factors. You know, like fifteen

764
00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:46,239
Speaker 1: is five times three. That's obvious, but what if you

765
00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:48,880
Speaker 1: had a really big number. It's hard to necessarily know

766
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:51,399
Speaker 1: how to break down you know, one, two, three, four, seven, eight,

767
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,759
Speaker 1: ten into all of its factors. It's a hard, hard thing.

768
00:36:54,960 --> 00:36:56,520
Speaker 1: It takes a while to do.

769
00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:59,759
Speaker 4: You mean, like thirty can be five time SAgs where

770
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:01,600
Speaker 4: it can be three times ten, right.

771
00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:02,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well you want to break it down to all

772
00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:06,280
Speaker 1: of its fundamental factors, and so thirty is two times

773
00:37:06,280 --> 00:37:09,360
Speaker 1: three times five. Right, there's one unique set of factors

774
00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:13,719
Speaker 1: for every integer, and that's not easy to do. Right

775
00:37:13,719 --> 00:37:15,360
Speaker 1: for big numbers, it could take a while because you

776
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:17,360
Speaker 1: basically just have to check them. And this some slightly

777
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,600
Speaker 1: more clever algorithms using normal computers. But normal computers it

778
00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:22,719
Speaker 1: takes a long time for them to do this because

779
00:37:22,719 --> 00:37:25,120
Speaker 1: they have to cycle through all the different possibilities.

780
00:37:25,120 --> 00:37:27,959
Speaker 4: So you mean, like, if I told you, like seventeen million,

781
00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:31,799
Speaker 4: three hundred four thousand, seven hundred and ninety nine, tell

782
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:33,600
Speaker 4: me all the numbers that can multiply into.

783
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:34,360
Speaker 3: That number exactly.

784
00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:35,160
Speaker 4: That would be a hard problem.

785
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:37,200
Speaker 1: It would be a hard problem for me and a

786
00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:40,040
Speaker 1: slow problem for a classical computer. But there was a

787
00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,040
Speaker 1: guy who figured out how to write an algorithm to

788
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:46,040
Speaker 1: use these quantum states, how to represent that problem on

789
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:49,080
Speaker 1: a quantum computer, right, so that you can manipulate that

790
00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,839
Speaker 1: computer and out get the answer. And the way he

791
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:55,640
Speaker 1: did it, the algorithm that he came up with is

792
00:37:55,719 --> 00:37:58,160
Speaker 1: much much faster on a quantum computer than on a

793
00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:02,120
Speaker 1: normal computer because it's using the parallelism. It's like, let

794
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:05,080
Speaker 1: me represent this number, how to build this number in

795
00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:08,640
Speaker 1: lots of different ways and then push all those forwards simultaneously.

796
00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:10,920
Speaker 1: And so he came up with an algorithm to do this.

797
00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:14,520
Speaker 1: And this is a big deal because the fact that

798
00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:17,840
Speaker 1: this is really hard for normal computers is the basis

799
00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:20,759
Speaker 1: of a lot of modern cryptography.

800
00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:25,120
Speaker 4: Meaning like how passwords are encoded, that they use this

801
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:27,160
Speaker 4: idea of factoring large numbers.

802
00:38:27,280 --> 00:38:27,759
Speaker 3: That's right.

803
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,359
Speaker 1: If you can instantly factorize a large number, then you

804
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,279
Speaker 1: can break a lot of modern cryptography. You can get

805
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:37,560
Speaker 1: into the Department of Defense and the IRS and all

806
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:41,960
Speaker 1: that stuff, because all of those things, their cryptography, their protection,

807
00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:45,720
Speaker 1: their cyber protection, assumes that it would take a long

808
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,640
Speaker 1: time to factorize a large number. Cryptography is based on

809
00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:51,719
Speaker 1: the idea that let's find problems that are hard to

810
00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:52,359
Speaker 1: solve but.

811
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:53,120
Speaker 3: Easy to check.

812
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,360
Speaker 1: Right, Like, if you give me a big number and

813
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,200
Speaker 1: you asked me to find the factors, it might be

814
00:38:57,360 --> 00:38:59,319
Speaker 1: take me a long time to find them, but once

815
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,799
Speaker 1: I had them, I could verify very quickly that they

816
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:02,280
Speaker 1: were correct.

817
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 3: It just had to walk them together. Do I get

818
00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:04,640
Speaker 3: the right answer?

819
00:39:04,719 --> 00:39:06,760
Speaker 4: Like it's hard to get two times three times five

820
00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:09,439
Speaker 4: from thirty, but it's easy to verify that two times

821
00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 4: three times five is equal to thirty.

822
00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:12,600
Speaker 3: Yeah, exactly.

823
00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:15,680
Speaker 1: And so if you can find a faster way to

824
00:39:15,719 --> 00:39:18,279
Speaker 1: do these things, then you break this assumption that's in

825
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,719
Speaker 1: most modern cryptography, not all, but most modern cryptography is

826
00:39:21,719 --> 00:39:24,080
Speaker 1: based on the idea that these things are hard to

827
00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:27,360
Speaker 1: find but easy to check. So quantum computers and theory

828
00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:30,040
Speaker 1: can do this much much faster because of the way

829
00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:33,360
Speaker 1: they're constructed. So again, they're better at some problems, like

830
00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:36,120
Speaker 1: specialized problems, not necessarily better at everything though.

831
00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:37,759
Speaker 4: Right, not that I would ever have any need to

832
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:41,960
Speaker 4: break into the irs or anything like that. Right, It's

833
00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:45,320
Speaker 4: make that clear in case there's any auditors listening here.

834
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:53,440
Speaker 4: But so, how far away are we from getting there? Like,

835
00:39:53,520 --> 00:39:56,600
Speaker 4: what's the current state of the art in terms of

836
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:58,280
Speaker 4: making quantum computers.

837
00:39:58,560 --> 00:39:59,640
Speaker 3: We have quantum computers.

838
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:03,320
Speaker 1: People have built cubits, individual ones, and they've built sets

839
00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:07,759
Speaker 1: of cubits together. You know, they're up to probably by

840
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,480
Speaker 1: the time this podcast comes out, the numbers will be irrelevant.

841
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:12,759
Speaker 1: But you know, there are ten cubic computers out there,

842
00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:16,560
Speaker 1: fifteen cubic computers. There are even ones you can access online.

843
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:18,319
Speaker 1: IBM has one that's connected to the.

844
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:21,160
Speaker 4: Web, meaning you can talk to that. This quantum compute

845
00:40:21,160 --> 00:40:23,400
Speaker 4: computer they have, you can ask it questions.

846
00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:25,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's hard because you have to get these

847
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:28,279
Speaker 1: cubits built, and then you have to get them to

848
00:40:28,320 --> 00:40:31,279
Speaker 1: be stable, and sometimes these things fall apart. I mean,

849
00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:34,359
Speaker 1: the basic principle of a quantum computer works if it's

850
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,120
Speaker 1: in isolation, but no computer is really in isolation.

851
00:40:37,239 --> 00:40:38,680
Speaker 3: Interacts with the environment and.

852
00:40:38,640 --> 00:40:40,839
Speaker 1: So it gets messed up, I see. And so these

853
00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:44,080
Speaker 1: things are really finicky. They're not easy to build, and

854
00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:46,520
Speaker 1: so we're still getting good at building the bits.

855
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 4: Like if you look at it, it'll collapse into black

856
00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:50,680
Speaker 4: or white, so you have to really protect it from

857
00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:53,840
Speaker 4: anyone looking at your quantum computer until you actually want

858
00:40:53,880 --> 00:40:55,080
Speaker 4: the answer exactly.

859
00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:58,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, So technically these things are really tricky, but you know,

860
00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:00,680
Speaker 1: technical problems get solved, and when there's a lot of

861
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,319
Speaker 1: money at stake, a lot of people work on them.

862
00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:04,680
Speaker 1: And so I think quantum computers are going to come

863
00:41:05,239 --> 00:41:08,080
Speaker 1: pretty rapidly and get larger and larger and more complicated.

864
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:09,920
Speaker 1: And so you know, we're at the point where we

865
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:13,719
Speaker 1: have ten fifteen cubic computers. They don't last for very long,

866
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,120
Speaker 1: so you can't do long complicated calculations on them.

867
00:41:16,160 --> 00:41:18,000
Speaker 4: They're huge, right, Like they take up the space of

868
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:18,839
Speaker 4: a room the.

869
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:20,839
Speaker 1: Way classical computers used to. You know, you look at

870
00:41:20,840 --> 00:41:23,520
Speaker 1: a picture of a classical computer from nineteen sixty it

871
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:25,880
Speaker 1: could like do less than your iPhone and it filled

872
00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:27,080
Speaker 1: up a whole room, right.

873
00:41:26,960 --> 00:41:29,960
Speaker 4: Whoa you might one day have a quantum computer in

874
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:33,440
Speaker 4: your phone, like maybe right in fifty years.

875
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, perhaps if you needed to do that kind of stuff. Yeah,

876
00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:38,360
Speaker 1: you know, I if I poop poo the applications of

877
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:40,600
Speaker 1: quantum computers, then I risk going down in history as

878
00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:41,560
Speaker 1: like one of those guys who.

879
00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:44,879
Speaker 3: Said computers have a very specialized use. You might sell

880
00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:46,160
Speaker 3: five or six worldwide.

881
00:41:46,840 --> 00:41:48,920
Speaker 1: Nobody can ever predict how these things are going to

882
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:51,040
Speaker 1: change society and how people think to use them.

883
00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:52,319
Speaker 4: Nobody wants to be that guy.

884
00:41:52,440 --> 00:41:54,399
Speaker 1: No one wants to be that guy, right they pooh

885
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:56,680
Speaker 1: poo are But yeah, I think the future holds a

886
00:41:56,719 --> 00:41:59,040
Speaker 1: big promise for quantum computers, and I think they'll crack

887
00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:02,560
Speaker 1: open new kinds of problems that were hard before. So far,

888
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:04,760
Speaker 1: there's sort of a limited set of problems and quantum

889
00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:06,799
Speaker 1: computers can solve. It's like it's just a new toy

890
00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:08,880
Speaker 1: and we're trying to figure out exactly how to use it.

891
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:11,399
Speaker 1: It's definitely a new fun kind of thing physics are

892
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:14,040
Speaker 1: having fun putting together. But it's not like it can

893
00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:17,040
Speaker 1: speed up every problem. Some people think, oh, quantic computers

894
00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:19,280
Speaker 1: make everything faster. That's not the case.

895
00:42:19,520 --> 00:42:22,200
Speaker 4: So it's not gonna be like a quantum lead. It'll

896
00:42:22,239 --> 00:42:23,840
Speaker 4: be more like a quantum skit.

897
00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:26,000
Speaker 3: Are you saying it'd be more like a quantum massage?

898
00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:26,319
Speaker 4: You know.

899
00:42:28,080 --> 00:42:29,080
Speaker 3: Whatever that means?

900
00:42:29,120 --> 00:42:32,160
Speaker 4: Oh my gosh. Well, I hope you guys enjoyed this

901
00:42:32,880 --> 00:42:34,719
Speaker 4: deep dive into quantum computers.

902
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:36,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, And if you have questions about what we said

903
00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:39,480
Speaker 1: and you didn't understand it, please send us feedback to

904
00:42:39,719 --> 00:42:40,760
Speaker 1: Feedback at.

905
00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:42,160
Speaker 3: Daniel and Jorge dot com.

906
00:42:42,160 --> 00:42:44,840
Speaker 1: And if you have another question you think we would

907
00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:46,880
Speaker 1: take apart nicely you'd like to hear us talk about,

908
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:48,000
Speaker 1: send that to us as well.

909
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:50,280
Speaker 4: Or if you just want Daniel to give you a massage,

910
00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:55,680
Speaker 4: just write us at Quantum Massage at Daniel Moor dot com.

911
00:42:55,719 --> 00:42:59,800
Speaker 1: That's right, I'll give you one bit of massage.

912
00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:02,560
Speaker 3: Want them bit? All right? Thanks everyone for listening and

913
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:03,520
Speaker 3: tune in next time.

914
00:43:03,640 --> 00:43:04,480
Speaker 4: See you next time.

915
00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:14,600
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

916
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:17,880
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

917
00:43:17,880 --> 00:43:20,360
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

918
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:24,080
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

919
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:37,000
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielandorge dot com. When you

920
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Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth. You're probably

921
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928
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