1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:07,080 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. Consider it a double feature. 3 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,760 Speaker 1: Enjoy the show. Hi everyone, Welcome to this day in 4 00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:22,759 Speaker 1: History class, where we uncover the remnants of history every day. 5 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:29,040 Speaker 1: The day was June tenth. The will Ray of Roy people, 6 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:32,480 Speaker 1: a tribal clan of the Gamilli Roi nation. We're getting 7 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: ready to have their evening meal at Mile Creek Station. 8 00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:40,600 Speaker 1: Just before sunset, a group of twelve Europeans, including convicts, 9 00:00:40,720 --> 00:00:44,040 Speaker 1: former convicts, and one colonist, showed up at the station, 10 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:48,519 Speaker 1: armed and massacred at least twenty eight Aboriginal people. The 11 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:51,640 Speaker 1: killings at Mile Creek was one of many incidences of 12 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:56,279 Speaker 1: colonial violence against Aboriginal people by British colonists, but the 13 00:00:56,320 --> 00:00:59,640 Speaker 1: trials that followed the massacre marked the first time British 14 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 1: subject were executed for massacring Aboriginal people in New South Wales. 15 00:01:05,319 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: At the time of the Mile Creek massacre, British law 16 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:12,320 Speaker 1: stated that killing Aboriginal people was a crime, but as 17 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:17,080 Speaker 1: Aboriginal people and colonists clashed over europeans increasing presents and 18 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: use of land and resources, violence became common. Aboriginal people 19 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:26,039 Speaker 1: fought against the incursion of colonists and the state sanctioned 20 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:31,560 Speaker 1: attacks against Aboriginal people. On January eighteen thirty eight, for example, 21 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:34,840 Speaker 1: Major James Nunn, the commander of the New South Wales 22 00:01:34,880 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: Mounted Police, along with some soldiers in Stockman, massacred more 23 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: than fifty Aboriginal people at Waterloo Creek. The Warray of 24 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:46,240 Speaker 1: Roy people had suffered many losses as a result of 25 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: the conflict between Aboriginal people and Europeans. Fleeing frontier violence, 26 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: they decided to camp on Henry Dangar's property at Mile 27 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: Creek Station, which was near present day Bingara. The Worray 28 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: of Roy assisted Stockman in an exchange were protected from violence, 29 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: but on June normal operations at the station were interrupted 30 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:11,760 Speaker 1: when the group of convicts, ex convicts and the colonists 31 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: led by John Fleming, showed up with weapons. Stockman George 32 00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:20,680 Speaker 1: Anderson and Charles Killmeister, as well as two Aboriginal men, 33 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:25,600 Speaker 1: were attending the station. About thirty Aboriginal people fled to 34 00:02:25,600 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 1: the stockmen's huts, while two boys escaped by jumping into 35 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: a creek. The attackers tied up the Wearray of Why 36 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: people and took them from their campsite, though several women 37 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:38,880 Speaker 1: and girls were separated from the group and taken elsewhere. 38 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 1: Kill Meister joined the attackers while Anderson attempted to help 39 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:47,840 Speaker 1: an Aboriginal girl and woman. The wray of why people 40 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: were taken to a stockyard and killed and their bodies 41 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:57,000 Speaker 1: were dismembered and burned. People who committed massacres of Aboriginal 42 00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:01,320 Speaker 1: people were rarely punished. In fact, many colonists thought that 43 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:05,080 Speaker 1: Europeans should not be punished for killing Aboriginal people, but 44 00:03:05,120 --> 00:03:08,480 Speaker 1: the proceedings that would follow the Mile Creek massacre sent 45 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: a judicial precedent. Station manager William Hobbs, police superintendent Thomas Foster, 46 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:19,320 Speaker 1: and colonists Frederick Foote reported the massacre, and Governor and 47 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,800 Speaker 1: George Gibbs sent police Magistrate Edward Denny Day to investigate 48 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: the crime. After taking depositions from nineteen witnesses, Day arrested 49 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:32,079 Speaker 1: eleven of the twelve people who had committed the massacre. 50 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:38,119 Speaker 1: The free colonist John Fleming managed to get away the convicts, 51 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: and ex convicts who had perpetrated the murders were sent 52 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: to Sydney for trial. The first trial began on November 53 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:49,560 Speaker 1: thirty eight at the New South Wales Supreme Court. It 54 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: was presided over by Chief Justice Sir James Dowling and 55 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: there were twelve colonists on the jury. The Aboriginal man 56 00:03:57,720 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: named yante in Ten, who witnessed the killings, could not 57 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 1: testify in court because he was not Christian, so he 58 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:07,680 Speaker 1: could not swear to his evidence. In the end, the 59 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: jury found the eleven defendants not guilty of committing murder 60 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:15,280 Speaker 1: at Mile Creek, but Attorney General John Plunkett was not 61 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,799 Speaker 1: satisfied with that verdict, so they went to a second trial. 62 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:22,360 Speaker 1: Plunkett split up the defendants, hoping they would tell in 63 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:26,080 Speaker 1: each other. Seven of the defendants were tried by Judge 64 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:29,599 Speaker 1: William Burton. They were found guilty and they were hanged 65 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: in December at the George Street Jail. The remaining four 66 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:36,360 Speaker 1: defendants were set to go to trial as well, this 67 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:39,840 Speaker 1: time with Yenta Yanten as an eyewitness as he had 68 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:44,040 Speaker 1: been introduced to Christianity. But yanta Inten was never seen 69 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:48,719 Speaker 1: again and the rest of the murderers walked free. After 70 00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:52,919 Speaker 1: the trials, Colonists expressed more anger at the executions of 71 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: the Europeans than the killings of the Aboriginal people, and 72 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:01,239 Speaker 1: they continued to massacre Aboriginal pe bowl, though the people 73 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,240 Speaker 1: who committed the murders did not publicize them as proudly 74 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,160 Speaker 1: and took measures to cover them up. Even though there 75 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: was a reward for Flomming's capture, he was able to 76 00:05:11,440 --> 00:05:15,720 Speaker 1: reintegrate into society and never faced trial. One of the 77 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:18,920 Speaker 1: people who committed the massacre and got off free died 78 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: by suicide, and William Hobbs, who reported the crime, lost 79 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:27,479 Speaker 1: his job with Dangar. Today there's a memorial site in 80 00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:31,720 Speaker 1: service at Mile Creek. I'm Eve Jefco and hopefully you 81 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:35,360 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 82 00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:38,640 Speaker 1: But if you still don't know enough, you can listen 83 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: to another show I host called Unpopular. Un Popular is 84 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: a podcast about people in history who challenged the status 85 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,559 Speaker 1: quo and we're sometimes persecuted for it. You can listen 86 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:53,440 Speaker 1: anywhere you get This Day in History Class. You can 87 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: follow us on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at t d 88 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:03,960 Speaker 1: i HC podcast. Thanks again for listening and we'll see 89 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. Hello everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to This 90 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,240 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a podcast that packages history into tiny, 91 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: bite sized pieces. The day was June tenth, nineteen eighty. 92 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:36,799 Speaker 1: The African National Congress published a message that anti apartheid 93 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:40,719 Speaker 1: leader Nelson Mandela wrote in response to the Solueto uprising 94 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:44,680 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy six. At the time, Mandela was imprisoned. 95 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:48,800 Speaker 1: In ninety eight, the National Party came to power in 96 00:06:48,839 --> 00:06:53,680 Speaker 1: South Africa and began implementing the policy of apartheid. At 97 00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: the time, racial segregation already existed in the country and 98 00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:02,880 Speaker 1: the white minority held political power. Those segregation had long 99 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: been in practice. Apartheid extended the policy. It dictated where 100 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: people could live and work based on race. The Population 101 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 1: Registration Act required people to be classified and registered as black, white, colored, 102 00:07:15,960 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: or other Past laws reinforced the ideology of white supremacy 103 00:07:20,760 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: by controlling the movement of black South Africans. Plenty of 104 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:28,480 Speaker 1: other apartheid laws were passed that enforced the country system 105 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:34,560 Speaker 1: of racial segregation and disadvantaged the majority black population. Nelson 106 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 1: Mandela was a key figure in the anti apartheid movement. 107 00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: In the early nineteen forties, Mandela joined the African National 108 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: Congress or a n C, a political party that became 109 00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: dedicated to ending apartheid. Once the National Party came to power. 110 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: In the decades after apartheid became official government policy, resistance 111 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: to the system sprang up across South Africa. The A 112 00:07:57,920 --> 00:08:00,600 Speaker 1: and C was heavily involved in the fight against apartheid, 113 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: and Mandela emerged as a leader in the A n C. 114 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: In June of nineteen seventy six, black students in Sluedo 115 00:08:08,840 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: Township led protests in response to the government mandating the 116 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 1: use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction and schools. 117 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: Afrikaans was a language of the white minority. As thousands 118 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:25,240 Speaker 1: of students marched in the demonstrations, the police responded by 119 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: shooting at the children. Many children were killed in the 120 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:33,000 Speaker 1: Siluayedo Uprising spread across the country. At the time of 121 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:37,360 Speaker 1: the Siluedo uprising, Nelson Mandela was in prison serving a 122 00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: life term after being convicted of sabotage in the Ravonia 123 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: trial in nineteen sixty four. During his time in prison, 124 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: Mandela continued to write and support the anti apartheid movement, 125 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 1: and people helped him smuggle his writing out of Robin 126 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: Island prison. One of the messages he wrote from Robin 127 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:59,440 Speaker 1: Island was in response to the Siluedo uprising. On June tenth, 128 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty, the a n C published this message, stating 129 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:05,840 Speaker 1: that it took more than two years to reach them. 130 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:10,000 Speaker 1: It included an introduction by Oliver Tombo, who was President 131 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:14,200 Speaker 1: of the African National Congress. The introduction acknowledged the importance 132 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:17,959 Speaker 1: of Mandela's quote called to unity and mass action, especially 133 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:21,199 Speaker 1: since nineteen eighty marked the twenty five anniversary of the 134 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 1: Freedom Charter, a document ratified in nineteen fifty five that 135 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: demanded equal rights for all South Africans. In the introduction, 136 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:32,440 Speaker 1: the a n C urged readers to quote, make nineteen 137 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: eighty a year of united mass struggle. In the message, 138 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:39,959 Speaker 1: Mandela laid out how quote white domination is held in 139 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: check by force of arms, and how apartheid was opposed 140 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:47,559 Speaker 1: by many people. He also called for black unity and 141 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:51,839 Speaker 1: said that quote victory is certain. Near the end of 142 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:56,079 Speaker 1: the message, he wrote the following, Unite, mobilized. Fight on 143 00:09:56,640 --> 00:10:00,360 Speaker 1: between the anvil of united mass action and the hammer 144 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:03,600 Speaker 1: of the armed struggle, we shall crush apartheid in white 145 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:08,760 Speaker 1: minority racist rule. Mandela was released from prison a decade later. 146 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:14,360 Speaker 1: In negotiations to end apartheid soon began, and Mandela became 147 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: President of South Africa in n I'm each Jeffcote and 148 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:22,360 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 149 00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you have any comments our suggestions, 150 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,199 Speaker 1: you can hit us up on social media. We're at 151 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:32,920 Speaker 1: t D I h C Podcast. You can also send 152 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: us an email. We're at This Day at I heeart 153 00:10:35,840 --> 00:10:39,440 Speaker 1: media dot com. Thanks again for listening to the show 154 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:51,199 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. M For more podcasts for 155 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 156 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.