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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, when did you get up today?

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Speaker 6: How do you know I got up? I could be

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Speaker 6: recording this from my bed right now.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for that mental image. Now I kind of regret.

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Speaker 6: Asking, and even if I'm in bed, I'm technically still moving.

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Speaker 1: Really is your bed on wheels or something, or you

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Speaker 1: have like a flying bed That.

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Speaker 5: Would be exciting.

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Speaker 6: But no, I'm on Earth and the Earth is spinning

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Speaker 6: right in space and it's also flying around the Sun.

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Speaker 5: So I'm still moving right?

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Speaker 1: Does that count? I mean, does your fitbit give you

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Speaker 1: steps for it?

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Speaker 5: Well?

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Speaker 6: I don't really believe in fitbits. I believe in that bits.

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Speaker 6: I have one. They make one for cartoonists. I am Hoeham,

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Speaker 6: a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor.

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Speaker 1: You see Irvine and it feels like I'm always in motion.

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Speaker 6: Oh yeah, like your mental gears are always turning. Or

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Speaker 6: are you one of those people that work on a

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Speaker 6: treadmill all the time.

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Speaker 1: No, I definitely do not work on a treadmill. I

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Speaker 1: work on a chair and I lean way back with

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Speaker 1: a crazy, ridiculous posture that would make like any ergonomics

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Speaker 1: specialist cringe.

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Speaker 6: And that's what you mean by motion. That's your workout

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Speaker 6: leaning back for an.

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Speaker 1: App No, I mean I'm sort of always scrambling from

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Speaker 1: one thing to the other, working on this. Oops, that's late,

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Speaker 1: running over here. It feels like being an adult in

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Speaker 1: today's modern world is always scrambling from one thing to another.

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Speaker 5: I know what you mean, but you do know you

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Speaker 5: have a choice there.

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Speaker 1: With Daniel, I could retire early.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, you could not do so many things that.

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Speaker 1: Who would I even be?

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Speaker 7: Man?

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Speaker 1: Who would I even be?

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Speaker 6: Welcome to existential Questions with Daniel and Jorge now, but seriously,

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Speaker 6: welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 6: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we do delve into the deepest of existential questions.

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Speaker 1: Why does the universe exist? How does it all work?

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Speaker 1: What is our place in it? How long will it last?

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Speaker 1: How will it end? And whose fault will it be

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Speaker 1: when it finally goes poof? In which we dig deep

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Speaker 1: into the very smallest, tiniest little bits of that universe,

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Speaker 1: ask the basic questions about how everything works, and explain

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Speaker 1: all the answers as far as we know them to you.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, because it is a confusing and vast universe, and

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Speaker 6: it's a pretty restless universe. It seems to be always

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Speaker 6: in motion. There's always something going on in the universe,

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Speaker 6: because you know, it's so big, and there's always I

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Speaker 6: don't know, and exploding star somewhere. There's planet spinning everywhere,

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Speaker 6: asteroids flying through the sky.

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Speaker 1: It does seem to be sort of in slow motion violence.

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Speaker 1: You know, you look out into the night sky and

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Speaker 1: you just sort of glance at it, and it seems static.

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Speaker 1: It's not like the stars are whizzing around in front

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Speaker 1: of your eyes. But you know, you pay attention, you

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Speaker 1: see the night sky slide by, and the longer you watch,

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Speaker 1: the more you notice that, like crazy stuff is happening

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Speaker 1: out there, vast explosion that take millions of years but

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Speaker 1: are still very dramatic. So everything up there is actually

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Speaker 1: in motion. We just sort of live in a tiny

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Speaker 1: little burst of time where things seem to be stationary.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, and there's not just a lot of action going

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Speaker 6: on out there. There's a lot of action inside of us.

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Speaker 6: And in the smallest of particles, everything is always you know,

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Speaker 6: vibrating or spinning or quantum spinning or disappearing and appearing

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Speaker 6: at the same time.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you're right. Quantum mechanics says that everything is in

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Speaker 1: motion and has to be in motion, that nothing can

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Speaker 1: actually come to rest, that nothing in the end can

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Speaker 1: really have no energy. So the very nature of our

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Speaker 1: existence seems to be in motion.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, and it does seem like nowadays life involves a

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Speaker 6: lot of moving around. You know, it seems like things

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Speaker 6: are spinning and moving and changing faster than we can

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Speaker 6: you know, get a hold of it. And so you know,

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Speaker 6: the idea of resting or being motionless or you know,

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Speaker 6: just stopping and not doing anything is is kind of weird, right,

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Speaker 6: maybe to a lot of people.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe, I think a lot of people did more

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Speaker 1: of that in this last year than they're used to

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Speaker 1: when to fewer places, cancel traveling, didn't go to the

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Speaker 1: office as much, so a lot of people were sort

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Speaker 1: of stuck in a smaller orbit than they usually are

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Speaker 1: by the pandemic. But still everybody is still moving.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, it's been kind of a tough year for everybody,

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Speaker 6: but it's still fun to kind of think about the

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Speaker 6: universe and all the things that are going on inside

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Speaker 6: of it. And we especially like to ask interesting questions

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Speaker 6: in this podcast about you know, what's theoretically possible and

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Speaker 6: what is theoretically impossible or what is theoretically nonsensical.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and we're not the only ones wondering about

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Speaker 1: those kinds of questions. All of our listeners are out

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Speaker 1: there thinking about the nature of the universe and what's

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Speaker 1: possible and what their experience is like in it. And

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Speaker 1: a lot of people write in with a particular question

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Speaker 1: when they notice that everything in the universe seems to

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Speaker 1: be moving. Everything is sliding or spinning or orbiting or

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Speaker 1: zooming through space. And I think this inspires people to

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Speaker 1: ask this particular question about whether motionlessness is possible.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, so the pot we'll be tackling the question can

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Speaker 6: you be motionless in space?

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Speaker 8: Now?

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Speaker 6: Daniel, do you think people are you know, being aspirational

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Speaker 6: with this question, like how can I be motionless in space?

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Speaker 6: Or are they asking you think the theoretical question is

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Speaker 6: is it possible to be not moving at all in

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Speaker 6: this universe.

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Speaker 1: I don't think anybody is asking a practical question. I

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Speaker 1: don't think they're trying to develop one of those like

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Speaker 1: extreme isolation pods where you can float out in space

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Speaker 1: and have nothing touch you or anything like that. I

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Speaker 1: think people are pushing the envelopes because they want to

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Speaker 1: know what's possible. So in that sense, I guess it's

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Speaker 1: a theoretical question. Just like in our Extreme Universe podcast episodes,

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Speaker 1: sometimes you learn something about the nature of space by

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Speaker 1: looking at the extreme situation, asking what's the fastest you

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Speaker 1: can go or what's the slowest you can go, what's

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Speaker 1: the hottest something can be, what's the coldest something can be. So,

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Speaker 1: since everything seems to be moving, I think people are wondering,

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Speaker 1: is it even possible theoretic for something to be totally

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Speaker 1: at rest? What would that mean, what would it require?

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Speaker 1: What does it reveal about the nature of the universe?

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Speaker 6: Right? Yeah, still let me to think that a physicist

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Speaker 6: might ask a practical question.

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Speaker 5: Sorry about that, but.

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Speaker 6: It is a pretty interesting theoretical question, like can you

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Speaker 6: be not moving? I guess, And do you think that's

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Speaker 6: more about staying still or a feeling that you're not moving?

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Speaker 5: Do you know what I mean?

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Speaker 6: Like, do you think people are asking about is there

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Speaker 6: a point in the universe that's technically not moving relative

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Speaker 6: to everything else? Or do you think it means just

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Speaker 6: like how can I not have an emotion relative to

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Speaker 6: anything else?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? I think there's a lot of interesting stuff to

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Speaker 1: unpack there about like the very nature of what it

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Speaker 1: means to be in motion that we're going to have

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Speaker 1: to dig into because I think something about this question

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Speaker 1: reveals that people are thinking about speed in a way

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Speaker 1: that comes naturally to them on the surface of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: where it makes sense to talk about what my speed is.

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Speaker 1: But when you go out into space, things change. Things

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Speaker 1: are different the same way that like up and down

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Speaker 1: have a meaning on the surface of the Earth but

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Speaker 1: don't really makes sense anymore out in space. I think

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Speaker 1: we're going to learn that the whole concept of velocity

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Speaker 1: is a little bit different than what a lot of

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Speaker 1: people had in mind. So this is a great question,

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Speaker 1: not because the answer is simple and reveals the truth

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Speaker 1: about the universe, but because the nature of the question

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Speaker 1: makes you rethink the whole nature of motion.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, and then you have to ask the follow up question,

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Speaker 6: which is can you be emotionless in space? After learning

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Speaker 6: the answer to the first question.

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Speaker 1: I think we know the answer. That is called the

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Speaker 1: movie Gravity.

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Speaker 6: Oh, movie criticism and physics all in one podcast.

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Speaker 1: Seriously, nobody seemed to have any emotions in that movie.

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Speaker 1: They're all just like stoic.

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Speaker 6: I'm just trying to not die. I think in space.

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Speaker 6: Can you be alive in space? That's the question they

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Speaker 6: were asking, not just standing still because you're dead. But yeah,

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Speaker 6: This is a pretty interesting question, and so, as usual,

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Speaker 6: we were wondering how many people out there had thought

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Speaker 6: about this question and whether or not they have an

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Speaker 6: answer that they might have thought of. So Daniel went

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Speaker 6: out there into the internet to ask the question, can

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Speaker 6: you be motionless in space?

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Speaker 1: That's right, I go out into the web and beat

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Speaker 1: the bushes for people who are interested in answering these

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Speaker 1: questions for us. If you are out there on the

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Speaker 1: internet and have not participated, please we want to hear

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Speaker 1: your voice, especially if you're from a location we haven't

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Speaker 1: heard anybody from before. We would love to hear your

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Speaker 1: voice on the podcast, so please write to us to

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Speaker 1: questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 6: So think about it for a second. Do you think

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Speaker 6: it's possible to be motionless in space? Here's what people

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Speaker 6: have to say.

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Speaker 9: Well, I can be motionless if I don't move a muscle,

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Speaker 9: so nothing on me would move that would qualify as motionless,

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Speaker 9: I guess. But relative to something else, I would probably

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Speaker 9: never be motionless because everything else is moving. The Sun

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Speaker 9: is moving around the center of the galaxy, the planets

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Speaker 9: around the Sun, everything else is moving. Even space itself

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Speaker 9: is expanding, so even if I'm in a point in

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Speaker 9: space and the space around me is expanding, then the

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Speaker 9: things around me would be more moving along with it

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Speaker 9: as well. So can you be motionless in space? Yes,

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Speaker 9: if I don't move a muscle, no, relative to anything else.

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Speaker 4: I don't think you can be motionless in space. If

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Speaker 4: two bodies are passing by each other and neither is accelerating,

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Speaker 4: both bodies, from their perspective would feel that they were

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Speaker 4: standing still and the other one was moving.

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Speaker 10: It doesn't seem like it, since your motion would be

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Speaker 10: relative to whatever it was around you. So even if

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Speaker 10: you're standing still on Earth, the Earth is spinning and

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Speaker 10: moving around the Sun, and if you're standing still next

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Speaker 10: to the Sun, it's spinning around the galaxy and the

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Speaker 10: galaxy is moving. But maybe it's possible to just still

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Speaker 10: with respect to the.

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Speaker 5: Fabric of space.

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Speaker 11: Well, if I'm not moving at all, yes, but motionless

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Speaker 11: like not moving from the we really regarding to something

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Speaker 11: like the Moon, Earth, Sun, galaxy, the galaxy cluster Lannikie

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Speaker 11: and so on, probably I'll be moving.

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Speaker 12: Motion is relative, measured relatively to other things.

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Speaker 1: So I guess you could.

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Speaker 12: Technically you would always be motionless and always be moving

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Speaker 12: in all different directions at the same time. With space expanding,

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Speaker 12: I don't know if that becomes a factor too, but

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Speaker 12: probably does.

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Speaker 13: I don't think that you can be motionless in space.

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Speaker 13: I think that there's a reason why Einstein thought up

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Speaker 13: the theory of relativity, because there is no super position

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Speaker 13: that we can use to compare positions in space against.

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Speaker 13: You've only really got what you have, which is your

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Speaker 13: own frame of reference, and then you compare that to

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Speaker 13: something else, And because everybody else has a different reference,

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Speaker 13: there is no set central position where something is not moving.

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Speaker 7: If I somehow ended up in space and I wasn't

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Speaker 7: moving for some reason, according to which one Newton's first law,

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Speaker 7: an object that is not moving, well stay stationary. So

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Speaker 7: I suppose if somehow, I don't know, if the Earth

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Speaker 7: vanished and I was left suspended in space and I

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Speaker 7: wasn't moving, then I would be motionless in space.

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Speaker 5: All right.

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Speaker 6: A lot of people there doesn't seem to think it's

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Speaker 6: possible to be motionless.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. It's fascinating.

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Speaker 6: You think a lot of people are just naturally restless

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Speaker 6: or yeah, they have one of those restless leg syndrome.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there are those people who are always tapping on

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Speaker 1: something or got like a fidget spinner or something.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, yeah, I know what my kids would say.

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Speaker 6: They would say, now it's impossible, right, I know what

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Speaker 6: I would say about my children, even if they were

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Speaker 6: in space.

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Speaker 1: And the kids would say, like, and why would you

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Speaker 1: want to? That seems really boring, right, just lying there

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Speaker 1: doing nothing.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, so it's an interesting question.

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Speaker 6: I guess the question sort of boils down to, like,

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Speaker 6: it's not about standing still, but it's more about moving, right,

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Speaker 6: like your whole body moving somewhere, right, because technically we

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Speaker 6: are always vibrating, right, like if we have a temperature,

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Speaker 6: our molecules are moving. This is more about, you know,

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Speaker 6: whether we're as a whole sting still or translating or

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Speaker 6: moving or going from one place to another.

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Speaker 5: Right.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I think we should sort of like approximate you as

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Speaker 1: a little dot or point particle and ignore all the

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Speaker 1: motion inside you, and then ask the question, can point

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Speaker 1: particle you can spherical? You be motionless with respect to everything?

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Speaker 1: Is that even possible?

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Speaker 9: Right?

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Speaker 5: Like cartoon hoorhe?

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Speaker 6: So this should be easy because I'm good at ignoring

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Speaker 6: all the emotions.

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Speaker 5: Inside of me. Right, that was a little dark no,

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Speaker 5: I'm just.

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Speaker 6: Kidding, but yeah, it's about whether or not we're moving

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Speaker 6: in relative or moving in space as a whole.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And one of the most important things to

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Speaker 1: understand is that there is no absolute motion. All motion

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Speaker 1: is relative. It's always defined relative to something else.

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Speaker 9: You Know.

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Speaker 1: People write in often and ask questions about like special relativity,

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Speaker 1: and usually their questions start with something like if I

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Speaker 1: was in a spaceship and I was going really really fast,

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Speaker 1: and they don't say what they're going really really fast

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Speaker 1: relative to? You know, they have this sense that like

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Speaker 1: there's something that happens when you get up to high speeds.

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Speaker 1: But the thing that's missing there is like who are

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Speaker 1: you speeding by? Where are you going fast relative to?

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Speaker 1: There is no sense in which you have speed other

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Speaker 1: than that it's measured relative to other things or people.

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Speaker 6: Right, because I guess motion is a quantity that is

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Speaker 6: that can exist on its own.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly. If you are, for example, in an

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Speaker 1: empty universe, right, it's just you floating in space and

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Speaker 1: there's nothing else in the universe, then your speed doesn't

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Speaker 1: make any sense. You have no velocity. You can't have

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Speaker 1: velocity because velocity is just motion. Relative to something else.

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Speaker 6: You know, I guess this might be confusing to people

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Speaker 6: because I wonder, like, you know, I think a lot

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Speaker 6: of us maybe imagine that, you know, the universe maybe

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Speaker 6: has an extent, like a limit, like a wall at

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Speaker 6: some point. Maybe it's a big sphere, made it's a

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Speaker 6: big blog, maybe it's a donut. But it has sort

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Speaker 6: of like a shape of it. So couldn't I measure

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Speaker 6: my speed or my motion relative to that shape?

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Speaker 1: No, because the universe is actually symmetric, Like if you

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Speaker 1: do some experiment over here and then you do the

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Speaker 1: same experiment over there, you always get the same answer.

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Speaker 1: There's no point in space that's different than another point

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Speaker 1: in space, Like space has no texture. There's no way

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Speaker 1: to tell where you are in space. I mean, it

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Speaker 1: might be that the universe is finite and has some

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Speaker 1: like weird edge to it, but we haven't observed that,

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Speaker 1: And the current cosmological models usually assume that the universe

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Speaker 1: is infinite and that every point in it behaves it's

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Speaker 1: the same way, like the laws of physics are the

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Speaker 1: same no matter where you are, and so you can't

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Speaker 1: do an experiment to determine where you are. So it's

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Speaker 1: not like you can feel space moving by or measure

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Speaker 1: yourself your location relative to some like absolute point in space.

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Speaker 1: There is no absolute point, and so there is also

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Speaker 1: no absolute velocity.

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Speaker 6: Well, there's no absolute point that we know of, right,

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Speaker 6: But could there be one if like the universe does

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Speaker 6: have a shape or like a wall or limit.

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Speaker 1: In some scenarios, yes, in most scenarios. Know, Like, even

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Speaker 1: if the universe is not infinite, right, it might not

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Speaker 1: have an edge. Like imagine the universe is closed and

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Speaker 1: finite the way it like wraps around itself. That doesn't

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Speaker 1: mean that there's any special point. It can be finite

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Speaker 1: and still have like no special location to it. Imagine

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Speaker 1: you're like on the surface of a sphere, right, then

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Speaker 1: every point on that sphere is really the same, even

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Speaker 1: though the surface is not infinite, right.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, I guess like if the universe was like at

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Speaker 6: the Pagnag screen, then there's technically no real place in

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Speaker 6: the pac Man screen because it just loops around forever.

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Speaker 6: But I guess I'm just trying to get to the

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Speaker 6: possibility that maybe it does have an edge, in which

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Speaker 6: case there would be something like an absolute decision.

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Speaker 12: Right.

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Speaker 1: If the universe did have some sort of like strange

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Speaker 1: wall as an edge to it, or some like deformity

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Speaker 1: in its geometry. Then yes, that would break this cosmological

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Speaker 1: principle that every location is the same, and then you

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Speaker 1: could measure your velocity relative to that there would be

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Speaker 1: a special location in space. But still your velocity would

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Speaker 1: only have meaning relative to something. And you can define

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Speaker 1: your velocity to be relative to like that weird edge

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Speaker 1: of space, or the sun or the moon, or there's

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Speaker 1: dust particle, but the definition of your velocity still only

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Speaker 1: has meaning relative to something.

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Speaker 6: Right, Yeah, Because I guess you know motion or velocity.

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Speaker 6: It's like the change in a quantity, which is distance.

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Speaker 6: So you can't have distance if you don't measure relative

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Speaker 6: to something else, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And this is actually really closely connected to

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Speaker 1: like all sorts of interesting deep physics of the universe.

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Speaker 1: You know, the fact that space seems to be the

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Speaker 1: same everywhere, that if you do your experiment here and

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Speaker 1: then you transport it ten light years over there and

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Speaker 1: do it again, that you get the same answer. That's

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Speaker 1: connected to an important law of physics, which is conservation

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Speaker 1: of momentum. And we're going to do a whole fun

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Speaker 1: podcast episode about this deep theory of physics called Nuther's

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Speaker 1: theorem that tells you that anytime you have a symmetry

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Speaker 1: like that, something where the universe doesn't care where you are,

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Speaker 1: you get some conserved quantity, something which doesn't change as

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Speaker 1: you do your experiments. So in this case, the connection

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Speaker 1: is the fact that you can move from one place

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Speaker 1: in space to another and not have your experiment change.

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Speaker 1: Is why we have conservation of momentum, which is sort

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Speaker 1: of mind blowing to me. But yeah, exactly, velocity is

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Speaker 1: defined relative to other things in space, not relative to

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Speaker 1: space itself.

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Speaker 6: Right, And I think it extends not just to like

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Speaker 6: your precision in the universe, right, Like you can do

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Speaker 6: an experiment here or there and it should be worked

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Speaker 6: the same. But it also comes up in doing the

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Speaker 6: experiment at different velocities. Right, I can do my experiments

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Speaker 6: going at one hundred miles per hour and relative to

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Speaker 6: the Earth, or I can do it at one hundred

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Speaker 6: thousand miles per hour. I should get the same results

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Speaker 6: if I'm going at a constant speed, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, if you're in a box, you can't measure

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Speaker 1: your velocity relative to stuff outside the box. You can't

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Speaker 1: see that stuff at all. So if you do an experiment,

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Speaker 1: it shouldn't be sensitive to your velocity relative to that stuff.

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Speaker 1: So the classic scenario is like you set up some experiment.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what it is. It's got you know,

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Speaker 1: like balls swinging and hitting each other or whatever, and

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Speaker 1: then you gently accelerate up to some higher speed, right,

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Speaker 1: And the key there is gently accelerate so you don't

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Speaker 1: like destroy everything. Now your speed is high relative to

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Speaker 1: like the surface of the Earth or the planet you

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Speaker 1: were on or whatever. You do the same experiment, you

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Speaker 1: should get exactly the same result. And that's not just

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Speaker 1: some like weird esoteric thing. That means that you can't

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Speaker 1: measure your velocity. It's no experiment you could do that

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Speaker 1: would give a different answer if your velocity relative to

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Speaker 1: that planet is zero or one thousand meters per second,

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Speaker 1: and that means you can't build a device to measure

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Speaker 1: that veloc.

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Speaker 6: Right, And again this applies to just to double check,

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Speaker 6: this applies to like constant velocity.

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Speaker 12: Right.

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Speaker 6: If I'm accelerating, then that's a whole different ballgame.

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Speaker 1: Exactly. Acceleration is totally different, which is also really interesting.

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Speaker 1: Acceleration is something you can measure there is absolute acceleration.

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Speaker 1: If you're in a box, you can measure your acceleration, right.

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Speaker 1: You can do a simple experiment toss the ball up

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Speaker 1: in the air and it will move differently if you're

443
00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:26,520
Speaker 1: under acceleration then if you're not. And also you'll feel it.

444
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:28,840
Speaker 1: If you're in a box and it's accelerating, it will

445
00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:33,040
Speaker 1: feel just like gravity. Right, Acceleration feels just like gravity,

446
00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:36,000
Speaker 1: which was the whole inside which led to general relativity

447
00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:39,040
Speaker 1: and that whole revolution and understanding space and time. But

448
00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:44,200
Speaker 1: position and velocity only make sense relative to other things, right.

449
00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,360
Speaker 6: And I think what you're saying, basically just to kind

450
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,080
Speaker 6: of drive this home, is that like, if you're inside

451
00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:53,400
Speaker 6: of a box out in space, it's sort of impossible

452
00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:57,399
Speaker 6: to know how fast that box you're in is moving

453
00:21:57,440 --> 00:21:59,760
Speaker 6: relative to other things, right, Like if it's moving at

454
00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:02,920
Speaker 6: a con speed or not. It's impossible to tell if

455
00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:06,120
Speaker 6: that you know, boxes floating out in space or it's

456
00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,440
Speaker 6: like moving super fast across the galaxy.

457
00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:10,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, as long as you can't look outside the box.

458
00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:13,000
Speaker 1: Like if you have a window, you can look outside

459
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:14,959
Speaker 1: and you can see things moving by and measure it.

460
00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:17,160
Speaker 1: But if all you can do is measure things inside

461
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,000
Speaker 1: the box, then yeah, you can't measure your velocity relative

462
00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,679
Speaker 1: to anything outside the box. There's no way to tell.

463
00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:24,639
Speaker 6: Right, And so I think what you're getting at is

464
00:22:24,680 --> 00:22:29,200
Speaker 6: that basically just the word motionless doesn't really have any meaning,

465
00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:32,879
Speaker 6: right because you might think your motionless now inside your box,

466
00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:34,919
Speaker 6: but really you could be moving really fast or not

467
00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:37,439
Speaker 6: at all, or moving in any kind of crazy direction

468
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:40,280
Speaker 6: outside of that box. So really the word motion list

469
00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:42,800
Speaker 6: doesn't mean anything from a physics math point of view.

470
00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:46,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's either totally meaningless or it's just totally arbitrary.

471
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,359
Speaker 1: Like you can pick a definition of a reference frame

472
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:51,679
Speaker 1: and say, I'm going to say that the Earth is

473
00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:54,080
Speaker 1: at the center of my reference frame. Now my velocity

474
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:56,920
Speaker 1: has meaning. I'm talking about velocity relative to the Earth.

475
00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,360
Speaker 1: But you could also pick anything else. You could pick

476
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,520
Speaker 1: the sun, you could pick that grain of dust, you

477
00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:04,960
Speaker 1: could pick a distant comet. Your answer depends on your choice,

478
00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,280
Speaker 1: and your choice is totally arbitrary, and no choice is

479
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,040
Speaker 1: better than any other. So you can either say velocity

480
00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:12,720
Speaker 1: is meaningless, right, or you can say it only has

481
00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:16,080
Speaker 1: meaning when you make an arbitrary choice of what you're measuring.

482
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:17,480
Speaker 1: It relative to right.

483
00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:19,680
Speaker 6: So basically, when you try to answer the question can

484
00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:22,760
Speaker 6: you be motionless in space, you're saying that's kind of

485
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,720
Speaker 6: a nonsensical question, or like an impossible question to ask

486
00:23:26,840 --> 00:23:29,240
Speaker 6: in terms of the math and the physics, because there's

487
00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:31,600
Speaker 6: no way to tell if you are motionless, because it

488
00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:34,080
Speaker 6: depends on what you measure your motion relative.

489
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:34,840
Speaker 5: To and it could be anything.

490
00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 6: It could be anything, and even if you pick something,

491
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,880
Speaker 6: it would be totally different according to somebody else.

492
00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:43,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Like in some sense, the answer is trivial, like, yes,

493
00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:45,280
Speaker 1: you can be motionless in space if you measure your

494
00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:49,040
Speaker 1: motion relative to yourself. So by definition, your velocity is

495
00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,800
Speaker 1: zero relative to yourself. Boom, your motionless in space. So

496
00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:54,520
Speaker 1: that's what I meant when I said, like, this question

497
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,240
Speaker 1: is interesting because this whole question of velocity. I think

498
00:23:57,280 --> 00:24:00,119
Speaker 1: people have an intuitive sense that like, motion is something

499
00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:02,520
Speaker 1: that you can measure, but you can't actually measure it

500
00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 1: in a pure sense. You can only measure a relative

501
00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:07,440
Speaker 1: to other things, and so it becomes kind of arbitrary

502
00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:09,280
Speaker 1: and unfortunately meaningless.

503
00:24:09,359 --> 00:24:12,200
Speaker 6: All right, Well, I think that's a little counterintuitive because

504
00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:15,000
Speaker 6: our daily experience is that we are moving on Earth

505
00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:16,880
Speaker 6: and the Earth is moving around the Sun, and then

506
00:24:16,960 --> 00:24:19,560
Speaker 6: the Sun's moving around the galaxy. So let's dig a

507
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:22,359
Speaker 6: little bit deeper into these types of motions, and then

508
00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,199
Speaker 6: let's try to answer whether or not it is actually

509
00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:28,560
Speaker 6: possible to get around that loophole. But first let's take

510
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:29,320
Speaker 6: a quick break.

511
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,600
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562
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563
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565
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567
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568
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569
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579
00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,359
Speaker 6: All right, we're trying to answer the question can you

580
00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:18,720
Speaker 6: be motionless in space? And the answer is yes and no,

581
00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:20,880
Speaker 6: or ask a better question?

582
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:21,440
Speaker 5: Is the answer?

583
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:25,040
Speaker 1: It's yes according to our legal department, as long as

584
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:26,360
Speaker 1: you define a reference frame.

585
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:29,159
Speaker 6: Right, Because the idea is that you know, I can

586
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,280
Speaker 6: always say emotionless relatives to whatever box I'm in, But

587
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:35,680
Speaker 6: you know, who knows what this box is moving relative too?

588
00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:39,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's sort of like the abstract theoretical answer,

589
00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:43,480
Speaker 1: and it's unsatisfying because there are some reasonable choices you

590
00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:46,840
Speaker 1: can make. Right in theory, what reference frame you pick

591
00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:49,840
Speaker 1: to measure your motion is totally arbitrary, and there's no

592
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:52,880
Speaker 1: one preferred over others. But there are things around us

593
00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:55,760
Speaker 1: that it makes sense to define your motion relative to. Right,

594
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:57,520
Speaker 1: you know, we have the Earth, we have the Sun,

595
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: we have the galaxy, and it's fascinating how we are

596
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:02,160
Speaker 1: moving relative to those things.

597
00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:04,880
Speaker 6: Yeah, and it's not a little bit of motion. We're

598
00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:08,400
Speaker 6: going pretty fast right here on Earth. So what like,

599
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:10,960
Speaker 6: let's maybe take it one step at a time. What

600
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,160
Speaker 6: if I define our emotion as relative to the Earth

601
00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:16,440
Speaker 6: or the center of the earth, how fast are we moving?

602
00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:16,800
Speaker 14: Yeah?

603
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:18,840
Speaker 1: Right, relative to the Earth or the center of the earth.

604
00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:21,120
Speaker 1: Those are two different things. If you say, what's my

605
00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:24,840
Speaker 1: motion relative to this patch of earth underneath my feet, well,

606
00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:27,080
Speaker 1: if you're just standing on it, then it's obviously zero.

607
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:29,880
Speaker 1: But if you say, what's my motion relative to the

608
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,800
Speaker 1: very center of the Earth, then you have to measure

609
00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:35,120
Speaker 1: the spinning of the Earth, right, because the Earth is

610
00:29:35,160 --> 00:29:37,720
Speaker 1: not just a ball of rock moving through space. It's

611
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:41,480
Speaker 1: also spinning, spinning pretty quickly like it's a big rock,

612
00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:45,160
Speaker 1: and it spins once every twenty four hours, so that's

613
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,360
Speaker 1: pretty high speed. You know, at the equator, for example,

614
00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:52,040
Speaker 1: the surface of the Earth is moving at sixteen hundred

615
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: kilometers per hour relative to the center of the Earth.

616
00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:58,239
Speaker 1: And of course that depends on your latitude, because at

617
00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:00,440
Speaker 1: the north pole it's not moving at all, and then

618
00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:02,320
Speaker 1: the south pole is not moving at all, and at

619
00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:04,560
Speaker 1: the equator it has that maximum speed.

620
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 6: Right, Although I wonder if you're committing the same error

621
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,400
Speaker 6: that we were pointing out earlier, because you just said

622
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,200
Speaker 6: the Earth is spinning really fast, But don't you have

623
00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:13,480
Speaker 6: to say what it's spinning.

624
00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:15,880
Speaker 5: Fast relative to? Yeah, exactly, Like, couldn't.

625
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:19,520
Speaker 6: The whole universe, like strange coincidence, be spinning kind of

626
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:21,600
Speaker 6: at the same rate the Earth is, in which case

627
00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 6: we're not really spinning.

628
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:26,120
Speaker 1: Yes, And here we're talking about spinning relative to the

629
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: center of the Earth.

630
00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:27,239
Speaker 13: Right.

631
00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:29,840
Speaker 1: When you talk about spin, you have to pick an

632
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:33,240
Speaker 1: axis around which you're spinning. And so you're right that

633
00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:36,200
Speaker 1: there's no like preferred axis there and that's actually a

634
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 1: really interesting question. I want to get into it in

635
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,080
Speaker 1: a future episode. But whether or not the whole universe

636
00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:43,520
Speaker 1: is spinning, or whether the Earth is spinning, it's a

637
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:46,560
Speaker 1: deep question called mox principle that we should dig into.

638
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 1: But you're right, you need to pick a reference frame there.

639
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:51,240
Speaker 1: So here we've picked the center of the Earth, or

640
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:54,360
Speaker 1: more specifically, if we're talking about spinning, an axis that

641
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:56,640
Speaker 1: goes from the north to the south pole.

642
00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,640
Speaker 6: Right, So we're spinning really fast relative to that axis,

643
00:30:59,880 --> 00:31:03,120
Speaker 6: and maybe a common question might be like why don't

644
00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:06,040
Speaker 6: we feel that motion? Like you know, if I sit

645
00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,280
Speaker 6: in a Merry Go round or one of those state

646
00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:10,840
Speaker 6: fair rides that's spin your round, I definitely feel that,

647
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:13,520
Speaker 6: But we don't feel this crazy spinning of the earth

648
00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:14,000
Speaker 6: right now.

649
00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:17,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's really interesting. And if you dig back into history,

650
00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:20,080
Speaker 1: as science was sort of like figuring out that the

651
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:22,920
Speaker 1: Earth was spinning, that it was moving in this way,

652
00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:26,160
Speaker 1: people realize this and they're like, well, that's ridiculous, Like

653
00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,960
Speaker 1: if the Earth was spinning that fast, we would definitely

654
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,480
Speaker 1: feel it, wouldn't we And so it was counter to

655
00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:33,080
Speaker 1: people's impressions.

656
00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:35,720
Speaker 5: Like wouldn't we fly off into space, right, And.

657
00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:37,640
Speaker 1: The answer is yes, we would fly off into space

658
00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:39,920
Speaker 1: if the Earth was spinning faster. You know, like if

659
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,200
Speaker 1: you speed up a Merry go round and you can't

660
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:44,800
Speaker 1: hold on anymore, then you fly off the merry go round. Well,

661
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,440
Speaker 1: what's happening here on Earth is that we are spinning,

662
00:31:47,560 --> 00:31:50,040
Speaker 1: but gravity is holding us down to the surface of

663
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,680
Speaker 1: the Earth, and gravity is more powerful than that's centripetal force.

664
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:57,160
Speaker 1: But also the Earth's spin is very very smooth and

665
00:31:57,280 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 1: doesn't change. Like if the Earth was spinning up and

666
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,960
Speaker 1: going down all the time, then you would definitely notice that.

667
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:06,000
Speaker 1: But because it's very nearly constant, it just sort of

668
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,160
Speaker 1: gets like subtracted out from the gravity that you feel.

669
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,800
Speaker 1: Like you feel gravity right, it's holding you to the Earth.

670
00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:14,680
Speaker 1: You notice it. If the Earth wasn't spinning, there would

671
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:17,959
Speaker 1: be more effective gravity, Like gravity would feel stronger if

672
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,640
Speaker 1: the Earth wasn't spinning. So you are feeling the spinning

673
00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,120
Speaker 1: of the Earth as a sort of like slight lessening

674
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:25,600
Speaker 1: of the gravity you feel, but it doesn't change very much.

675
00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:28,400
Speaker 6: You don't notice, right, which you just made me think

676
00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:30,600
Speaker 6: that like if the Earth wasn't spinning, we would all

677
00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,960
Speaker 6: weigh a little bit more. Yeah, like we would feel gravity, Yeah,

678
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,320
Speaker 6: we would be heavier, yes, And you do weigh more

679
00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:38,480
Speaker 6: at the north pole than you do at the equator,

680
00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:40,720
Speaker 6: but only by a very small amount. And that's why

681
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:42,880
Speaker 6: you don't typically notice these things. And that's why the

682
00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:46,160
Speaker 6: whole sense that the Earth is spinning underneath us feels

683
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,120
Speaker 6: weird because it's not something you could like intuitively.

684
00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:49,440
Speaker 5: Grasp, right.

685
00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,760
Speaker 6: But I think, you know, I think you sort of

686
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:53,160
Speaker 6: hit on it when you said that the Earth is

687
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 6: spinning really smoothly, Like that's I think that's one reason

688
00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:58,720
Speaker 6: why we don't feel this crazy spinning.

689
00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:01,080
Speaker 5: But it I think maybe.

690
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,400
Speaker 6: The other part of it is that it's not kind

691
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:06,800
Speaker 6: of like a perfect motion system, right, Like we still

692
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:10,880
Speaker 6: do technically feel things like careolis accilaration, right, and things

693
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:12,640
Speaker 6: that would happen if you were kind of in a

694
00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,080
Speaker 6: merry go round trying to get to the center or

695
00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:17,720
Speaker 6: trying to move around a merry go round. We technically

696
00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:20,840
Speaker 6: still feel those weird forces. They're just kind of small

697
00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:22,280
Speaker 6: relative to the size of the Earth.

698
00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:25,080
Speaker 1: Absolutely, you can do experiments to prove that the Earth

699
00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:28,120
Speaker 1: is spinning, because a rotating reference frame is not an

700
00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:31,280
Speaker 1: inertial reference rame. For you special relativity wunks out there,

701
00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: and so you can definitely detect that. What happens when

702
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:37,880
Speaker 1: you have a reference frame that's accelerating, and when you're spinning,

703
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:41,200
Speaker 1: that's acceleration because you need a force towards the center

704
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:43,800
Speaker 1: of the spinning. What happens when your reference frame is

705
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:46,960
Speaker 1: spinning is that you get some apparent force. It feels

706
00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,480
Speaker 1: like there's some force doing something, even though it's just

707
00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:52,400
Speaker 1: duty your spinning. And here on Earth that's the Coriolis force.

708
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:55,280
Speaker 1: And so for example, if you drop a rock from

709
00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:57,680
Speaker 1: the top of a very tall tower, you can measure

710
00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:59,880
Speaker 1: how far it moves sort of sideways in a way

711
00:33:59,880 --> 00:34:02,360
Speaker 1: that it wouldn't if the Earth wasn't spinning. You know,

712
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:04,440
Speaker 1: it moves like a couple of centimeters when it falls

713
00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:06,800
Speaker 1: like one hundred and fifty meters. So it's a small

714
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:09,120
Speaker 1: and subtle effect, but you definitely can measure it, and

715
00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:11,359
Speaker 1: it would be more dramatic if the Earth sped up.

716
00:34:11,680 --> 00:34:13,520
Speaker 6: Interesting, so, like if you went up to the top

717
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:15,840
Speaker 6: of a tall tower and you drop the rock, it

718
00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:18,279
Speaker 6: wouldn't fall straight down, it would sort of curve in

719
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:20,200
Speaker 6: this weird way because the Earth is spinning.

720
00:34:20,320 --> 00:34:22,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, like imagine you're back on that Merry Go

721
00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:24,480
Speaker 1: round and you want to throw a ball to your

722
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,160
Speaker 1: friend who's in a different spot on the merry go round.

723
00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:29,840
Speaker 1: You can't actually just throw it in a straight line

724
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:32,799
Speaker 1: towards your friend, because by the time the ball gets there,

725
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:35,480
Speaker 1: your friend will have like rotated away. So if you

726
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:37,520
Speaker 1: want to throw the ball so that it gets to

727
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:39,120
Speaker 1: your friend, you to throw it like a little bit

728
00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:41,240
Speaker 1: to the left, because if you throw a ball straight

729
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:43,680
Speaker 1: while you're spinning on a merry go round, in your view,

730
00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:46,520
Speaker 1: the ball doesn't move straight, it'll like curve to the right.

731
00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 1: So you got to account for all these things when

732
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,280
Speaker 1: you're throwing the ball. And so because the earth is spinning,

733
00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:53,399
Speaker 1: the same effect happens when you like drop a rock

734
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:55,120
Speaker 1: from the top of a tower. Or if you've ever

735
00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:57,120
Speaker 1: been to one of those cool science museums where they

736
00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:59,719
Speaker 1: have one of those really tall pendulum, it's called the

737
00:34:59,719 --> 00:35:01,080
Speaker 1: folk pendulum.

738
00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:04,040
Speaker 5: But you have to say with a French accent, it's called.

739
00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:07,240
Speaker 1: A pendulum foucal. It's an experiment done in the eighteen

740
00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:10,240
Speaker 1: fifties originally that proved that the earth was spinning. Because

741
00:35:10,239 --> 00:35:12,840
Speaker 1: you can feel this effect on this pendulum right. The

742
00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:16,200
Speaker 1: pendulum is like a heavy weight on a very long string,

743
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:19,680
Speaker 1: and so it's sensitive to small pushes in various directions.

744
00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:21,719
Speaker 1: You set the pendulum going back and forth, and then

745
00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:25,160
Speaker 1: it eventually just starts spinning on its own. And that spinning,

746
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:27,560
Speaker 1: of course, is coming from the coriola's force. It's coming

747
00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:29,080
Speaker 1: from the spin of the Earth.

748
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:29,840
Speaker 5: Right.

749
00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:32,200
Speaker 6: So I think all these things kind of add up

750
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 6: to that conclusion that we might feel like we're motionless

751
00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:38,719
Speaker 6: here on Earth, and that even though motionless doesn't mean anything,

752
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 6: we still sort of feel motionless. But really there are

753
00:35:41,120 --> 00:35:43,920
Speaker 6: these strange forces going on, right, because the Earth is

754
00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,640
Speaker 6: spinning and the reference frames are accelerating.

755
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:49,400
Speaker 1: Right, mmmmmmm exactly. And if the Earth was not spinning,

756
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:52,480
Speaker 1: if there was no like acceleration, because remember spin is

757
00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:55,720
Speaker 1: acceleration theren there be no way to measure the Earth's

758
00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:58,799
Speaker 1: velocity relative to other stuff. So we can measure the

759
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:01,840
Speaker 1: Earth's spin only because they is acceleration. It's not just

760
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,160
Speaker 1: constant velocity. That's a bit counterintuitive because it feels like

761
00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:08,480
Speaker 1: it's constant because it's a constant rate of spin. But

762
00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:12,120
Speaker 1: constant spin requires acceleration because it requires a force to

763
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:13,920
Speaker 1: move you towards the center of the spin.

764
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:18,120
Speaker 6: All right, well, what about relative to the Sun. That's

765
00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:22,480
Speaker 6: a pretty stable and almost stationary big thing. Can we

766
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 6: be motionless relative to the Sun.

767
00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:26,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's actually a really interesting question. And you know,

768
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,759
Speaker 1: the Earth of course is moving pretty fast relative to

769
00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:32,120
Speaker 1: the Sun, and we should be glad that we are,

770
00:36:32,239 --> 00:36:34,800
Speaker 1: because it's the reason that we don't just like plunge

771
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:36,359
Speaker 1: headfirst into the Sun.

772
00:36:36,640 --> 00:36:36,799
Speaker 12: Right.

773
00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:39,359
Speaker 1: People think about like, if you're near a black hole,

774
00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:42,120
Speaker 1: would you just get automatically sucked up? Well, the answer

775
00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:44,640
Speaker 1: is no, if you can get into orbit around the

776
00:36:44,640 --> 00:36:47,640
Speaker 1: black hole, And the same thing is true for orbiting

777
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:51,000
Speaker 1: around any gravitational object. Like the reason the Earth doesn't

778
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,880
Speaker 1: fall into the Sun is because we have high speed

779
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:55,799
Speaker 1: relative to the Sun. You know, this is the kind

780
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:58,120
Speaker 1: of stuff people are talking about with these like New

781
00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:01,719
Speaker 1: Shepherd and Virgin galactic launches into space. You know, people

782
00:37:01,719 --> 00:37:04,480
Speaker 1: are saying that's really super cool and awesome, But you know,

783
00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:06,680
Speaker 1: all they did was sort of like go up into space.

784
00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:08,960
Speaker 1: The much more difficult thing is to get up into

785
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,640
Speaker 1: space and then get into orbit because that requires a

786
00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:15,080
Speaker 1: super fast velocity relative to the Earth. So the Earth

787
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:17,960
Speaker 1: is moving relative to the Sun at like thirty kilometers

788
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:20,080
Speaker 1: per second, and we should be glad that it is,

789
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:23,600
Speaker 1: because otherwise we would fall headfirst into that huge burning

790
00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:24,360
Speaker 1: ball of plasma.

791
00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:27,560
Speaker 6: Oh you mean those commercial flights, they just kind of

792
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:28,440
Speaker 6: dip into space.

793
00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:30,840
Speaker 5: It don't like. Staying in space is a lot harder.

794
00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:33,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, staying in space is a lot harder than like

795
00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:35,759
Speaker 1: dipping your toes and then coming back to Earth. Like

796
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:38,000
Speaker 1: they were just up in space for a few minutes

797
00:37:38,120 --> 00:37:40,160
Speaker 1: and they just came right back. But you know, what

798
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:42,839
Speaker 1: NASA has done, and even SpaceX has done, is much

799
00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:45,360
Speaker 1: more difficult because you need a much higher velocity to

800
00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:48,720
Speaker 1: stay in space. Right, Staying in space basically means falling

801
00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:50,960
Speaker 1: towards the Earth and missing it, sort of like in

802
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:53,319
Speaker 1: the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. And to do that,

803
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:55,560
Speaker 1: you need to be moving fast enough that when you

804
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,320
Speaker 1: fall towards the Earth, it's sort of not there anymore,

805
00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,200
Speaker 1: just like the motion on the Merry Go Round.

806
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:01,680
Speaker 5: Yeah you like overshoot it.

807
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:04,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, overshoot it. And so that's what the Earth

808
00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:06,720
Speaker 1: is doing around the Sun. We're moving at thirty kilometers

809
00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:09,920
Speaker 1: per second, which is pretty fast, but that's the velocity

810
00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,759
Speaker 1: we need because the Sun's gravity is so strong, that's

811
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:15,239
Speaker 1: the velocity. We need to overshoot it every time we

812
00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:16,239
Speaker 1: fall in towards it.

813
00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:21,200
Speaker 6: Wow, well, what about relative to the galaxy? Can we

814
00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:23,960
Speaker 6: how fast is the Sun moving relative through the galaxy?

815
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,919
Speaker 1: The Sun is really zipping around right here. We're talking

816
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:30,440
Speaker 1: about gravitational systems, and at the core of the galaxy

817
00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:32,880
Speaker 1: is an enormous mass of stuff.

818
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:33,160
Speaker 2: Right.

819
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:35,839
Speaker 1: We are sort of like out in the suburbs, where

820
00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:39,359
Speaker 1: there's like one star every few cubic light years, But

821
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,040
Speaker 1: in the center of the galaxy, things are much dense

822
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:45,320
Speaker 1: or much crazier, right, and they're hot, throbbing urban center.

823
00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:48,640
Speaker 1: There's an enormous black hole with millions and millions of

824
00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,480
Speaker 1: stars worth of mass and then just lots of stars.

825
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:55,200
Speaker 1: And so there's an extraordinarily strong gravitational force on the

826
00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:58,160
Speaker 1: Sun from the center of the galaxy. And so the

827
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,920
Speaker 1: Sun is orbiting the center of the galaxy. But to

828
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:03,879
Speaker 1: avoid falling into that black hole, it has to move

829
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,879
Speaker 1: really fast. It moves at eight hundred thousand kilometers per

830
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,040
Speaker 1: hour relative to the center of the galaxy.

831
00:39:10,239 --> 00:39:11,160
Speaker 5: Wow, that's crazy.

832
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:12,840
Speaker 6: Like if you plant the flag in the middle of

833
00:39:12,840 --> 00:39:14,960
Speaker 6: the galaxy, that's how fast we're moving relative to.

834
00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:17,600
Speaker 1: That Yeah, relative to that black hole, we are moving

835
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:21,160
Speaker 1: at eight hundred thousand kilometers per hour. It's pretty impressive.

836
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,600
Speaker 1: But you know, the galaxy is so big that it

837
00:39:23,680 --> 00:39:27,279
Speaker 1: still takes like two hundred million years for the Sun

838
00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:29,680
Speaker 1: to go around the center of the galaxy. Like a

839
00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:32,840
Speaker 1: galactic year is two hundred million earth years.

840
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 6: Wow, that's a long time to wait for your birthday

841
00:39:37,160 --> 00:39:40,160
Speaker 6: every time. But I think the point is that, you know,

842
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:42,680
Speaker 6: you might think that you're motionless here, but actually you're

843
00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,560
Speaker 6: moving relative to the center of the Earth. And actually

844
00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:47,359
Speaker 6: you might think that the Earth is not moving, but

845
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:49,399
Speaker 6: then it's moving relative to the Sun, and the Sun

846
00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:53,960
Speaker 6: is moving relative to the galaxy by a lot. But

847
00:39:54,239 --> 00:39:56,399
Speaker 6: then I guess the question is is the galaxy moving

848
00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:57,560
Speaker 6: relative to anything else?

849
00:39:57,719 --> 00:39:57,879
Speaker 7: Right?

850
00:39:57,920 --> 00:39:59,560
Speaker 1: I think this sort of goes back to the heart

851
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:01,680
Speaker 1: of the original question, which is like can you be

852
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:04,080
Speaker 1: motionless in space? Can you like get away from all

853
00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:06,560
Speaker 1: of this stuff? Or like the other question is like

854
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:10,160
Speaker 1: the galaxy itself can it just be hanging out in space?

855
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:12,319
Speaker 1: So this is a really interesting question. But again you

856
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:15,000
Speaker 1: have to measure the motion of the galaxy relative to

857
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:18,520
Speaker 1: other stuff and so now what's the other stuff. Well,

858
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,880
Speaker 1: you can look at other nearby galaxies and measure like

859
00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:25,200
Speaker 1: our velocity relative to Andromeda or relative to other galaxies

860
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:27,840
Speaker 1: that are nearby, but that's just sort of seems arbitrary.

861
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,040
Speaker 1: It is just like you know, a random galaxy nearby.

862
00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:32,480
Speaker 1: What you can do, though, which I think is pretty cool,

863
00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:36,440
Speaker 1: is you can find the motion of our galaxy relative

864
00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:39,319
Speaker 1: to like all of the stuff in the universe, like

865
00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:41,920
Speaker 1: the average of all of the things in the universe.

866
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:45,440
Speaker 6: Interesting I mean in terms of mass or energy or

867
00:40:45,719 --> 00:40:47,920
Speaker 6: just like to think that it has some sort of

868
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:50,320
Speaker 6: like aggregate that's not moving exactly.

869
00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:53,040
Speaker 1: We talked earlier about how you can't measure your velocity

870
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,600
Speaker 1: relative to space itself, right, but you can measure your

871
00:40:56,640 --> 00:40:59,960
Speaker 1: velocity relative to stuff. And even though there's no preferred

872
00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:03,400
Speaker 1: location in space, there is stuff in space, right, you

873
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:05,839
Speaker 1: can ask, like, is there a velocity where you're not

874
00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:08,960
Speaker 1: moving relative to like all of the average stuff. And

875
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,359
Speaker 1: so the way cosmologists do this is they look at

876
00:41:11,360 --> 00:41:15,040
Speaker 1: the cosmic microwave background radiation. This is the radiation that's

877
00:41:15,160 --> 00:41:18,200
Speaker 1: left over from the very very early universe, that plasma

878
00:41:18,320 --> 00:41:20,919
Speaker 1: that was hot and glowing around three hundred and eighty

879
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:24,000
Speaker 1: thousand years after the beginning of the universe, the universe

880
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,799
Speaker 1: became transparent, and that light has been bouncing around ever

881
00:41:27,840 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 1: since then. So that light sort of tells us about

882
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:32,960
Speaker 1: where the stuff was in the very early universe, and

883
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:36,719
Speaker 1: we can measure our velocity relative to this radiation, which

884
00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:39,960
Speaker 1: is sort of like measuring your velocity relative to the

885
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:42,800
Speaker 1: stuff in the early universe. So while you can't measure

886
00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:46,120
Speaker 1: your velocity relative to like empty space, space is not empty.

887
00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:49,160
Speaker 1: It's filled with stuff, and you can actually find a

888
00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:53,800
Speaker 1: preferred reference frame in which the cosmic microwave background radiation

889
00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:56,600
Speaker 1: or the plasma that generated it is at rest.

890
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:57,480
Speaker 5: Whoa, WHOA.

891
00:41:57,600 --> 00:41:59,120
Speaker 6: I feel like you just kind of pulled a fast

892
00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:01,600
Speaker 6: one on me, Like at first, you convince me at

893
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,400
Speaker 6: first that there's no way to have an absolute velocity,

894
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:06,040
Speaker 6: But now and you're sort of telling me that there

895
00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:07,759
Speaker 6: is kind of a way to do it if you

896
00:42:08,320 --> 00:42:11,239
Speaker 6: depending on how you define what the universe.

897
00:42:11,360 --> 00:42:15,120
Speaker 1: Is right exactly, imagine an empty universe. You can't have

898
00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:18,520
Speaker 1: any velocity in that empty universe. Now put ten galaxies

899
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:20,640
Speaker 1: in that universe, you could say, well, I could have

900
00:42:20,680 --> 00:42:23,520
Speaker 1: a velocity relative to one galaxy or another one, or

901
00:42:23,560 --> 00:42:26,560
Speaker 1: I could just say, what's my velocity relative to all

902
00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:29,360
Speaker 1: the stuff? Like, find the average motion of all the

903
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:32,520
Speaker 1: stuff in the universe, and you could say that's my velocity,

904
00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:35,759
Speaker 1: and it's a reasonable definition. It's sort of arbitrary, but

905
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,399
Speaker 1: it also sort of not arbitrary, because like, there's only

906
00:42:38,520 --> 00:42:41,400
Speaker 1: one way to choose the average velocity of all the

907
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: stuff in the universe.

908
00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:45,200
Speaker 6: Right, because that is the universe, right, Like who cares

909
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:49,200
Speaker 6: is that space is slippery and undefinable and you can't,

910
00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:52,279
Speaker 6: you know, measure relative to it, and what matters is

911
00:42:52,280 --> 00:42:52,920
Speaker 6: the stuff in it?

912
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:55,279
Speaker 1: Maybe I guess that, you know, it depends philosophically if

913
00:42:55,320 --> 00:42:58,360
Speaker 1: you think space is fundamental or mass is fundamental or whatever.

914
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:00,279
Speaker 1: I mean, you could also define a frame in which

915
00:43:00,480 --> 00:43:03,400
Speaker 1: those ten galaxies, your whole universe in this example, is

916
00:43:03,440 --> 00:43:06,800
Speaker 1: moving right at a billion miles per hour to the left.

917
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:09,720
Speaker 1: You know, you could define that reference frame also the universe.

918
00:43:09,760 --> 00:43:12,319
Speaker 1: Theoretical physics says they're equivalent, But yeah, I think it

919
00:43:12,360 --> 00:43:15,000
Speaker 1: makes sense to define a reference frame relative to all

920
00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:17,239
Speaker 1: the stuff in the universe. And the crazy thing is

921
00:43:17,320 --> 00:43:18,920
Speaker 1: we can kind of do that, and we can do

922
00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:21,719
Speaker 1: that by looking at the cosmic microwave background radiation and

923
00:43:21,760 --> 00:43:24,880
Speaker 1: asking are we moving through that radiation at some speed

924
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:25,840
Speaker 1: in some direction.

925
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:28,600
Speaker 6: All right, well, let's get into how we can actually

926
00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:32,800
Speaker 6: tell that velocity relative through the background radiation, and maybe

927
00:43:32,840 --> 00:43:35,440
Speaker 6: there are other ways to be motionless in the universe.

928
00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:37,280
Speaker 6: But first, let's take another quick break.

929
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,400
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

930
00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:46,640
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931
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932
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:53,400
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938
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940
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942
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Speaker 6: All right, so it is sort of possible to define

992
00:46:58,040 --> 00:47:01,640
Speaker 6: motion relative to all the stuff in the universe, not

993
00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:03,960
Speaker 6: to space, but to all the stuff in the universe.

994
00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:06,799
Speaker 6: You're saying you can do that through the cosmic microwave

995
00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:11,400
Speaker 6: background radiation. Now that's the leftover light from the Big Bang.

996
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:13,359
Speaker 6: Are you saying that we can tell which way we're

997
00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:15,080
Speaker 6: moving relative to that kind of glow?

998
00:47:15,280 --> 00:47:18,640
Speaker 1: We can, absolutely, because like everything else, we can measure

999
00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:21,879
Speaker 1: our velocity relative to the stuff that emitted it by

1000
00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:25,200
Speaker 1: using red shifts and blue shifts. Like if a star

1001
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:27,799
Speaker 1: is moving away from us, then the light that it

1002
00:47:27,960 --> 00:47:31,520
Speaker 1: sends us is red shifted, its wavelength is lengthen it's

1003
00:47:31,560 --> 00:47:34,279
Speaker 1: stretched out because that star is moving away from us.

1004
00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:36,480
Speaker 1: And if a star is moving towards us, then its

1005
00:47:36,480 --> 00:47:40,360
Speaker 1: wavelength is shrunk. It's like squeezed down. It's blue shifted.

1006
00:47:40,480 --> 00:47:43,319
Speaker 1: And when we measure the cosmic microwave background radiation, we

1007
00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:46,640
Speaker 1: notice a very very strong effect that one side of

1008
00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:48,560
Speaker 1: the sky is red shifted and the other side of

1009
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:51,359
Speaker 1: the sky is blue shifted. So that very clearly gives

1010
00:47:51,360 --> 00:47:54,520
Speaker 1: you a measurement for like our motion through the cosmic

1011
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:55,960
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation.

1012
00:47:56,280 --> 00:47:56,560
Speaker 13: Hmmm.

1013
00:47:56,840 --> 00:47:57,360
Speaker 5: Interesting.

1014
00:47:57,480 --> 00:47:59,040
Speaker 6: It's sort of like if you stick your head out

1015
00:47:59,040 --> 00:48:01,439
Speaker 6: this side of a moving car. You know, one side

1016
00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:04,919
Speaker 6: of your head would feel the air hitting one side

1017
00:48:04,920 --> 00:48:07,400
Speaker 6: of your face harder than it would on the other side,

1018
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:08,800
Speaker 6: and then that's how you know that you're moving in

1019
00:48:08,880 --> 00:48:11,319
Speaker 6: a particular direction relative to the air you're moving in.

1020
00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:14,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's like if you said, well, let's fill

1021
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:16,400
Speaker 1: the whole universe with air, then all of a sudden,

1022
00:48:16,640 --> 00:48:19,239
Speaker 1: there is a reference frame that makes sense, like your

1023
00:48:19,320 --> 00:48:22,560
Speaker 1: air speed through this universe, right, and it kind of

1024
00:48:22,719 --> 00:48:24,400
Speaker 1: is sort of filled with air. I mean it's not

1025
00:48:24,480 --> 00:48:27,719
Speaker 1: actually air molecules, of course, but it's radiation from the

1026
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:30,920
Speaker 1: early universe, and we can measure our speed relative to it,

1027
00:48:30,960 --> 00:48:34,520
Speaker 1: like the speed of the cosmic microwave background radiation wind.

1028
00:48:35,160 --> 00:48:35,480
Speaker 7: Mmmm.

1029
00:48:36,280 --> 00:48:38,840
Speaker 6: So like if we look in one direction, this microwave

1030
00:48:38,840 --> 00:48:41,440
Speaker 6: background radiation looks a little bluer, and we looked on

1031
00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:43,759
Speaker 6: the other side, it looks a little redder, and that

1032
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,680
Speaker 6: doesn't change I guess, right, it's sort of relative to

1033
00:48:48,239 --> 00:48:50,880
Speaker 6: what frame of motion. I guess you can measure relative

1034
00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:52,000
Speaker 6: to our galaxy.

1035
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:54,880
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, our galaxy is moving through this now. Earth,

1036
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:57,200
Speaker 1: of course is moving around the Sun, which is moving

1037
00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,160
Speaker 1: around the center of the galaxy, so you have to

1038
00:48:59,160 --> 00:49:02,080
Speaker 1: subtract that out. But we measure this as the motion

1039
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:06,000
Speaker 1: of our galaxy through the CMB, and it's pretty cool.

1040
00:49:06,040 --> 00:49:08,719
Speaker 1: And it's also not that small, Like we're kind of

1041
00:49:08,840 --> 00:49:11,600
Speaker 1: clipping along through the CMB at a pretty healthy rate.

1042
00:49:11,760 --> 00:49:13,799
Speaker 5: Yeah, it's like millions of kilometers per hour.

1043
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly two point one million kilometers per hour through

1044
00:49:17,920 --> 00:49:20,480
Speaker 1: the CMB. And for those of you who are enthusiasts

1045
00:49:20,480 --> 00:49:22,560
Speaker 1: about the CMB, you might know that we talk a

1046
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:24,680
Speaker 1: lot about the details of the CNB and like the

1047
00:49:24,719 --> 00:49:26,840
Speaker 1: wiggles in it, how it's a little hotter here and

1048
00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:30,160
Speaker 1: a little colder there, and that corresponds to fascinating information

1049
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:32,960
Speaker 1: about the nature of the early universe. That's after we

1050
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:36,280
Speaker 1: subtract out this big red shift and blue shift effect.

1051
00:49:36,480 --> 00:49:38,799
Speaker 1: We sort of like neutralize that, so we can just

1052
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:41,480
Speaker 1: look at the relative variations here. We're talking about a

1053
00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:45,080
Speaker 1: velocity relative to the CMB. We subtract that out and

1054
00:49:45,120 --> 00:49:47,680
Speaker 1: then we look for these wiggles to extract all sorts

1055
00:49:47,719 --> 00:49:49,720
Speaker 1: of cool physics juice about the universe.

1056
00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:53,040
Speaker 6: And it has a lot of items. See I imagine

1057
00:49:53,280 --> 00:49:54,280
Speaker 6: or cosmos.

1058
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:56,920
Speaker 1: It's probably toxic. You know, everything out there in space

1059
00:49:56,920 --> 00:49:57,400
Speaker 1: will kill you.

1060
00:49:58,480 --> 00:49:59,480
Speaker 5: We'll give you a good sumburn.

1061
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:01,719
Speaker 6: So you just made me think that. You know, the

1062
00:50:01,719 --> 00:50:04,600
Speaker 6: CMB comes from the Big Bang, which is the beginning

1063
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:08,680
Speaker 6: of the universe, right, So if there was a relative

1064
00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:13,360
Speaker 6: velocity between the CMB, which represents the stuff in the universe,

1065
00:50:13,560 --> 00:50:17,000
Speaker 6: and actual space, then it would have to come from

1066
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:19,160
Speaker 6: the Big Bang, right Like it would mean that the

1067
00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:21,920
Speaker 6: Big Bang was sort of moving relative to space when

1068
00:50:21,960 --> 00:50:22,440
Speaker 6: it happened.

1069
00:50:22,480 --> 00:50:25,560
Speaker 1: But that's arbitrary, right. The motion of the CMB relative

1070
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:29,400
Speaker 1: to space depends on defining a reference frame for space,

1071
00:50:29,680 --> 00:50:32,879
Speaker 1: which doesn't exist. So you can imagine the CMB as

1072
00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:35,759
Speaker 1: stationary in space, or you can imagine the CNB and

1073
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:37,840
Speaker 1: the Big Bang is like moving through space at a

1074
00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:40,720
Speaker 1: zillion miles per hour. They're totally equivalent, and you can't

1075
00:50:40,719 --> 00:50:43,319
Speaker 1: tell the difference because you can't define a reference frame

1076
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:43,880
Speaker 1: for space.

1077
00:50:44,120 --> 00:50:45,560
Speaker 6: Right, But it's kind of weird to think that the

1078
00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:47,640
Speaker 6: Big Bang happened at a zillion miles per hour.

1079
00:50:48,120 --> 00:50:50,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, it is weird, and it is more natural to

1080
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:53,399
Speaker 1: define a reference frame for like the stuff. And it's

1081
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,480
Speaker 1: also kind of cool because it feels like a choice

1082
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:58,120
Speaker 1: was made, right, It feels like, well, the stuff is

1083
00:50:58,239 --> 00:51:00,600
Speaker 1: here and it's not over there, or and it's not

1084
00:51:00,680 --> 00:51:03,440
Speaker 1: moving at this speed. But really it's all relative, right.

1085
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:06,040
Speaker 1: It feels unnatural to imagine the stuff moving in a

1086
00:51:06,080 --> 00:51:08,680
Speaker 1: million miles per hour. It feels more natural to say,

1087
00:51:08,960 --> 00:51:11,400
Speaker 1: let's choose a reference frame with this stuff is zero.

1088
00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:14,920
Speaker 1: But that's sort of our intuition. It's not like physically meaningful.

1089
00:51:16,680 --> 00:51:18,640
Speaker 6: So I guess then, you know, if we are moving

1090
00:51:18,640 --> 00:51:21,880
Speaker 6: relative to the CMB, do you know which way we're going? Like,

1091
00:51:21,920 --> 00:51:24,640
Speaker 6: are we moving up like relative to California? Are we

1092
00:51:24,640 --> 00:51:27,480
Speaker 6: moving up down, left right? Relative to the universe? Like

1093
00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:28,319
Speaker 6: can you compute that?

1094
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,640
Speaker 1: We can compute that, and there is a vector, It

1095
00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:32,880
Speaker 1: doesn't make sense to talk about it relative to California

1096
00:51:32,920 --> 00:51:35,840
Speaker 1: because California is direction through the CMB changes all the

1097
00:51:35,880 --> 00:51:37,640
Speaker 1: time because you know, the Earth is spinning and the

1098
00:51:37,680 --> 00:51:39,120
Speaker 1: Earth is moving around the Sun, and.

1099
00:51:39,120 --> 00:51:41,080
Speaker 6: Yeah, it's always moving. But at any given time you

1100
00:51:41,120 --> 00:51:44,400
Speaker 6: could compete like, oh, right now, we are technically moving

1101
00:51:44,440 --> 00:51:46,400
Speaker 6: through the stuff in the universe in this direction.

1102
00:51:46,520 --> 00:51:49,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, you can do that calculation. In fact, maybe

1103
00:51:49,120 --> 00:51:50,840
Speaker 1: we should make a website for that. That would be pretty

1104
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:53,080
Speaker 1: fun for people to see where we're moving through the

1105
00:51:53,160 --> 00:51:55,640
Speaker 1: universe and how fast we're going at any particular time.

1106
00:51:56,080 --> 00:51:56,520
Speaker 5: Yeah.

1107
00:51:56,600 --> 00:51:59,080
Speaker 6: Now, is it possible then to be sort of motionless

1108
00:51:59,160 --> 00:52:02,360
Speaker 6: relative to the sea? Are there spots in the universe

1109
00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:04,880
Speaker 6: or could we you know, as we're moving and spinning

1110
00:52:04,920 --> 00:52:07,239
Speaker 6: and moving through the galaxy and the Solar System, could

1111
00:52:07,239 --> 00:52:10,080
Speaker 6: we at some for an instant be not moving relative

1112
00:52:10,120 --> 00:52:10,680
Speaker 6: to the CMB.

1113
00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:14,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, that is totally possible. And astronomers an astrophysicists call

1114
00:52:14,680 --> 00:52:18,200
Speaker 1: this peculiar velocity because you know, like on average, all

1115
00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:21,440
Speaker 1: the stuff is stationary relative to the CMB, but you know,

1116
00:52:21,560 --> 00:52:24,360
Speaker 1: nothing is stationary. Everything is like switching around and moving

1117
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:27,120
Speaker 1: relative to each other, like our galaxy and the next

1118
00:52:27,280 --> 00:52:31,040
Speaker 1: galaxy over Andromeda are moving towards each other, for example.

1119
00:52:31,320 --> 00:52:33,680
Speaker 1: But it is possible. We just don't happen to be

1120
00:52:33,920 --> 00:52:37,000
Speaker 1: stationary relative to the CMB. But you could like get

1121
00:52:37,040 --> 00:52:41,200
Speaker 1: in a spaceship, fly out between galaxies, measure your velocity

1122
00:52:41,239 --> 00:52:44,360
Speaker 1: relative to the CNB and like perfectly adjusted so that

1123
00:52:44,440 --> 00:52:45,160
Speaker 1: you're not moving.

1124
00:52:45,400 --> 00:52:48,200
Speaker 6: So it is sort of technically possible to be motionless

1125
00:52:48,239 --> 00:52:51,080
Speaker 6: relative to the to the stuff in the universe, yes,

1126
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:54,120
Speaker 6: but not to space, but to the stuff in the universe.

1127
00:52:54,560 --> 00:52:57,239
Speaker 6: You could, you know, fly out there, go two point

1128
00:52:57,280 --> 00:53:00,160
Speaker 6: one million kilometers per hour in the right direction, and

1129
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:03,840
Speaker 6: you might achieve a velocity that make you still relative

1130
00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:05,320
Speaker 6: to the entire universe.

1131
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:09,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you would have no average velocity relative to

1132
00:53:09,160 --> 00:53:12,080
Speaker 1: all the stuff in the universe. You know, that wouldn't

1133
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:15,160
Speaker 1: change like special relativity effects because those things are still

1134
00:53:15,239 --> 00:53:19,120
Speaker 1: relative to other observers and stuff like that. But yeah,

1135
00:53:19,239 --> 00:53:22,480
Speaker 1: you could be motionless relative to the stuff in the universe.

1136
00:53:22,719 --> 00:53:26,520
Speaker 6: Hmmm, that's pretty cool to think that there is it

1137
00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:29,160
Speaker 6: is possible to achieve that, And I wonder if we

1138
00:53:29,320 --> 00:53:32,279
Speaker 6: sort of sometimes sort of achieve it, right, like as

1139
00:53:32,280 --> 00:53:34,440
Speaker 6: we're spinning around the Earth, and as the Earth is

1140
00:53:34,440 --> 00:53:36,840
Speaker 6: spinning around the Sun. Or do you think that because

1141
00:53:36,840 --> 00:53:39,359
Speaker 6: the galaxy is moving so fast that there's no way

1142
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:41,000
Speaker 6: we can sort of cancel out that motion.

1143
00:53:41,280 --> 00:53:44,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, our motion relative to the CMB as the galaxy

1144
00:53:44,640 --> 00:53:48,920
Speaker 1: is much greater than even the Sun's motion through the galaxy. Right, Like,

1145
00:53:48,960 --> 00:53:52,160
Speaker 1: the galaxy is moving at two point one million kilometers

1146
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:54,560
Speaker 1: per hour through the CMB. The Sun is moving in

1147
00:53:54,640 --> 00:53:57,520
Speaker 1: eight hundred thousand kilometers per hour. So even if the

1148
00:53:57,560 --> 00:54:00,000
Speaker 1: Sun was moving in just the right direction like the post,

1149
00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,959
Speaker 1: using the galaxy's motion through the CMB, it would still

1150
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:05,840
Speaker 1: only reduce it down to like, you know, one point

1151
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:09,040
Speaker 1: three million kilometers per hour, or it can make it

1152
00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:11,640
Speaker 1: even faster up to like you know, almost three million

1153
00:54:11,680 --> 00:54:14,319
Speaker 1: kilometers per hour. But we don't ever actually achieve zero

1154
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:15,960
Speaker 1: velocity relative to the CMB.

1155
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:19,960
Speaker 6: Interesting, but it is possible, which I think is pretty cool.

1156
00:54:20,440 --> 00:54:23,200
Speaker 6: But there is one last sort of confounding factor, which

1157
00:54:23,239 --> 00:54:25,839
Speaker 6: is the fact that space is expanding. Now, how does

1158
00:54:25,840 --> 00:54:29,080
Speaker 6: that affect this possibility of being motionless relative to the universe.

1159
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:32,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, it confuses everything, you know, because we're not just

1160
00:54:32,719 --> 00:54:36,880
Speaker 1: talking about objects being static in space. Right, space is expanding,

1161
00:54:36,880 --> 00:54:40,440
Speaker 1: which means new space is being made between things. Right,

1162
00:54:40,480 --> 00:54:42,759
Speaker 1: so you have a bunch of different things happening at once.

1163
00:54:43,120 --> 00:54:45,960
Speaker 1: You have like the universe expanding, so that even if

1164
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:48,760
Speaker 1: nothing was moving relative to any of the other stuff,

1165
00:54:49,120 --> 00:54:53,319
Speaker 1: still distances between things would be growing because space is

1166
00:54:53,360 --> 00:54:56,440
Speaker 1: being created between us and other galaxies, which is like

1167
00:54:56,760 --> 00:54:59,799
Speaker 1: whole mind bending concept of its own, right. But then

1168
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:02,560
Speaker 1: we're also interested in that motion, like are we moving

1169
00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:07,040
Speaker 1: relative to Andromeda? Where's our galaxy going? So cosmologists separate

1170
00:55:07,080 --> 00:55:09,120
Speaker 1: this out into two pieces. They say, all right, there's

1171
00:55:09,120 --> 00:55:12,160
Speaker 1: the expansion of the whole universe, which is like happens

1172
00:55:12,320 --> 00:55:15,200
Speaker 1: in the same level the same way everywhere between us

1173
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:17,759
Speaker 1: and other galaxies, between me and you, between the Earth

1174
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:20,239
Speaker 1: and the Sun, all this stuff. And then there's this

1175
00:55:20,320 --> 00:55:24,440
Speaker 1: sort of local motion, like we call this peculiar velocity

1176
00:55:24,480 --> 00:55:28,480
Speaker 1: relative to that expansion. And so astronomers to find these

1177
00:55:28,480 --> 00:55:32,200
Speaker 1: things called co moving coordinates, where you basically subtract out

1178
00:55:32,239 --> 00:55:35,040
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe and say, let's just isolate

1179
00:55:35,080 --> 00:55:37,799
Speaker 1: the peculiar velocity, the stuff that's like only due to

1180
00:55:37,920 --> 00:55:39,040
Speaker 1: like local gravity.

1181
00:55:39,320 --> 00:55:41,959
Speaker 6: M I guess I'm not sure quite what that means.

1182
00:55:41,960 --> 00:55:44,040
Speaker 6: Does that mean that it is not possible to find

1183
00:55:44,040 --> 00:55:46,720
Speaker 6: that spot where you're not moving relative to the universe

1184
00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:49,719
Speaker 6: because the universe is also expanding, so things will be

1185
00:55:49,760 --> 00:55:51,840
Speaker 6: sort of moving relative to you even if you find

1186
00:55:51,840 --> 00:55:52,400
Speaker 6: that spot.

1187
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:54,560
Speaker 1: No, I think it still makes sense. I mean, find

1188
00:55:54,560 --> 00:55:56,880
Speaker 1: that spot where you're not moving relative to the CMB.

1189
00:55:57,400 --> 00:55:59,959
Speaker 1: Now everything is expanding away from you, but that's true

1190
00:56:00,080 --> 00:56:03,920
Speaker 1: wherever you are, so it doesn't change your average velocity

1191
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:07,200
Speaker 1: relative to the CMB because things are moving away from

1192
00:56:07,239 --> 00:56:10,719
Speaker 1: you always in every direction, so the average velocity still

1193
00:56:10,719 --> 00:56:14,080
Speaker 1: would be zero. It does mean that everything is moving

1194
00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:16,680
Speaker 1: away from you always, and so nothing is really ever

1195
00:56:16,840 --> 00:56:19,680
Speaker 1: at rest. But you could still have average velocity of

1196
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:22,520
Speaker 1: zero relative to all the stuff in the universe, even

1197
00:56:22,560 --> 00:56:25,680
Speaker 1: though that stuff is expanding. Like imagine you're standing on

1198
00:56:25,719 --> 00:56:28,360
Speaker 1: the surface of a sphere and you find a spot

1199
00:56:28,480 --> 00:56:31,080
Speaker 1: where you're not moving relative to like all the average

1200
00:56:31,080 --> 00:56:33,719
Speaker 1: stuff in the universe. Now that sphere is expanding, so

1201
00:56:33,880 --> 00:56:36,279
Speaker 1: everything's getting bigger, but you're sort of still at the

1202
00:56:36,320 --> 00:56:39,080
Speaker 1: center of all those velocities, right.

1203
00:56:38,960 --> 00:56:41,239
Speaker 6: I see, Like the universe could be getting bigger, but

1204
00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:44,879
Speaker 6: you can still be still relative to all of it. Yes,

1205
00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:46,000
Speaker 6: even though it's growing.

1206
00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:47,840
Speaker 1: Yes, as long as you're defining your reference frame to

1207
00:56:47,880 --> 00:56:50,040
Speaker 1: be like the average motion of all the stuff in

1208
00:56:50,080 --> 00:56:51,120
Speaker 1: the universe.

1209
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:53,600
Speaker 6: Right, and as long as the universe is not finite,

1210
00:56:53,640 --> 00:56:55,799
Speaker 6: because if it is finite, then you kind of have

1211
00:56:55,880 --> 00:56:57,719
Speaker 6: to find the center of mass, or you have to

1212
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,200
Speaker 6: kind of find the sweet spot center in order are

1213
00:57:00,239 --> 00:57:02,080
Speaker 6: for really to be motionless?

1214
00:57:02,880 --> 00:57:03,319
Speaker 5: All right?

1215
00:57:03,360 --> 00:57:07,000
Speaker 6: Well, there is another interesting scenario, which is this idea

1216
00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:10,919
Speaker 6: that you can move through time or not move through time.

1217
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:13,520
Speaker 6: I'm not sure, so, Daniel, how does time fit into

1218
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:15,280
Speaker 6: this idea of being motionless in space?

1219
00:57:15,400 --> 00:57:16,960
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think a lot of people think about our

1220
00:57:17,040 --> 00:57:20,440
Speaker 1: motion through space when they read time travel novels, because

1221
00:57:20,480 --> 00:57:23,760
Speaker 1: sometimes you have, like your protagonist creates a time travel

1222
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:25,840
Speaker 1: device and they go back in time, and then the

1223
00:57:25,880 --> 00:57:28,080
Speaker 1: astute reader things, hold on a second. If you're going

1224
00:57:28,160 --> 00:57:30,680
Speaker 1: back in time, aren't you going to miss the Earth?

1225
00:57:31,080 --> 00:57:32,800
Speaker 1: Like the Earth is moving around the Sun. If you

1226
00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:34,680
Speaker 1: go back in time a month, you should be in

1227
00:57:34,720 --> 00:57:37,840
Speaker 1: deep space, right? Don't you need to move through time

1228
00:57:38,040 --> 00:57:40,160
Speaker 1: and space in order to catch up with the Earth.

1229
00:57:40,280 --> 00:57:42,640
Speaker 1: So a lot of readers write into me with this

1230
00:57:42,720 --> 00:57:44,840
Speaker 1: quibble about the science fiction novels.

1231
00:57:44,560 --> 00:57:47,360
Speaker 6: They read, right, because like a million years ago, the

1232
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:49,600
Speaker 6: Earth was not in the same spot at all, right,

1233
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,760
Speaker 6: because the galaxy is technically moving a couple million miles

1234
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:53,360
Speaker 6: per hour.

1235
00:57:53,360 --> 00:57:56,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, sort of, And it's a fair point because things

1236
00:57:56,240 --> 00:57:58,320
Speaker 1: are in motion, and so you need to move sort

1237
00:57:58,360 --> 00:58:01,040
Speaker 1: of through time and through space. But again, it sort

1238
00:58:01,040 --> 00:58:03,840
Speaker 1: of depends on your reference frame. If your reference frame

1239
00:58:03,960 --> 00:58:06,280
Speaker 1: is like the center of the Earth, then you know,

1240
00:58:06,360 --> 00:58:08,440
Speaker 1: none of that motion is really relevant and it doesn't

1241
00:58:08,440 --> 00:58:11,480
Speaker 1: affect like how time works or how space works. If

1242
00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:14,040
Speaker 1: your reference frame is the center of the galaxy, then

1243
00:58:14,080 --> 00:58:16,000
Speaker 1: it does kind of matter. And so it sort of

1244
00:58:16,040 --> 00:58:19,439
Speaker 1: depends on like when you're programming your time machine, what

1245
00:58:19,560 --> 00:58:23,000
Speaker 1: coordinates does it take? You know, is it taking its

1246
00:58:23,040 --> 00:58:25,200
Speaker 1: coordinates relative to the center of the galaxy, in which

1247
00:58:25,240 --> 00:58:27,080
Speaker 1: case you better be careful about how you type them in,

1248
00:58:27,320 --> 00:58:30,000
Speaker 1: or is it taking its coordinates relative to the Earth.

1249
00:58:29,760 --> 00:58:31,840
Speaker 6: For example, Right, But the problem is that the Earth

1250
00:58:31,920 --> 00:58:35,320
Speaker 6: is accelerating, and the and the galaxies and the Solar

1251
00:58:35,320 --> 00:58:38,920
Speaker 6: System is accelerating, So it would probably be really really complicated,

1252
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:41,480
Speaker 6: right to sort of keep that same reference frame.

1253
00:58:41,360 --> 00:58:43,560
Speaker 1: Exactly, And so if you're going to move through time,

1254
00:58:43,600 --> 00:58:46,040
Speaker 1: you need to also be moving through space to make

1255
00:58:46,080 --> 00:58:47,400
Speaker 1: sure you land in the right spot.

1256
00:58:47,760 --> 00:58:51,440
Speaker 6: M some good advice for when we when I build

1257
00:58:51,440 --> 00:58:52,880
Speaker 6: that time machine.

1258
00:58:52,720 --> 00:58:55,120
Speaker 1: Or at least good advice for science fiction authors when

1259
00:58:55,120 --> 00:58:57,200
Speaker 1: you write time travel into your novel, at least make

1260
00:58:57,240 --> 00:58:59,840
Speaker 1: sure to include this so that our listeners don't get annoyed.

1261
00:59:00,120 --> 00:59:02,240
Speaker 6: Right right, You know you have to add the caveat

1262
00:59:02,240 --> 00:59:04,760
Speaker 6: that it's a space time machine, not just a time machine.

1263
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:08,160
Speaker 1: Exactly, exactly, every working time travel machine is actually a

1264
00:59:08,240 --> 00:59:09,760
Speaker 1: space time travel machine.

1265
00:59:09,880 --> 00:59:11,160
Speaker 5: There you go. HG.

1266
00:59:11,240 --> 00:59:14,400
Speaker 6: Wells got it totally wrong. We should have men its titles.

1267
00:59:14,440 --> 00:59:16,560
Speaker 1: Too bad. We can't have him on the podcast. If

1268
00:59:16,560 --> 00:59:18,440
Speaker 1: we had a time machine, we could have him on

1269
00:59:18,480 --> 00:59:19,040
Speaker 1: the podcast.

1270
00:59:19,160 --> 00:59:21,080
Speaker 6: Yeah, but he would be in a totally different place

1271
00:59:21,120 --> 00:59:24,400
Speaker 6: in the universe. You're right, we'd be interviewing him from

1272
00:59:24,440 --> 00:59:27,040
Speaker 6: two million miles away. All right, Well, I think that

1273
00:59:27,160 --> 00:59:30,240
Speaker 6: answers the question pretty well. Can you be motionless in space?

1274
00:59:30,280 --> 00:59:34,200
Speaker 6: The answer is no, But you could be motionless relative

1275
00:59:34,360 --> 00:59:37,320
Speaker 6: to the stuff in the universe, which is pretty much

1276
00:59:37,680 --> 00:59:40,360
Speaker 6: the universe, right Like you could you could technically be

1277
00:59:40,480 --> 00:59:42,440
Speaker 6: motionless relative to the stuff.

1278
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:44,040
Speaker 5: In the universe, just not relative to space.

1279
00:59:44,200 --> 00:59:46,720
Speaker 1: Well, you just demoted space to not be like an

1280
00:59:46,760 --> 00:59:48,920
Speaker 1: important part of the nature of the universe. That's kind

1281
00:59:48,920 --> 00:59:49,560
Speaker 1: of a big deal.

1282
00:59:50,040 --> 00:59:52,960
Speaker 6: I think I demoted a relative to the question in

1283
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:55,600
Speaker 6: the podcast episode, but no disrespect to space.

1284
00:59:56,160 --> 00:59:58,040
Speaker 5: I like space. I like my space.

1285
00:59:58,880 --> 01:00:01,880
Speaker 6: But yeah, we hope you enjoy Dad. Thanks for joining us,

1286
01:00:02,720 --> 01:00:03,480
Speaker 6: See you next time.

1287
01:00:11,240 --> 01:00:14,040
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1288
01:00:14,120 --> 01:00:18,120
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1289
01:00:18,120 --> 01:00:22,760
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1290
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Speaker 5: This is Malcolm Gladwell from revisionist History. eBay Motors is

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1310
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1311
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1312
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1314
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