1 00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:11,360 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, I know you're probably sick of talking about this. 2 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:16,320 Speaker 1: What's coming? Are you sure the LHC, the large Hatron 3 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:18,840 Speaker 1: collider that you work on, is not going to destroy 4 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:23,919 Speaker 1: the planet Earth for the last time. There's no chance 5 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: that the LHC will create a black hole that then 6 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: gobbles up the Earth, not even a little You're not worried, 7 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: even a little bit, like it's not even a possibility. 8 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:34,760 Speaker 1: The thing is, we don't worry about small things like 9 00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:38,080 Speaker 1: destroying the Earth. It gets particle physicists worried is things 10 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:57,600 Speaker 1: like destroying the entire universe. Hi. I'm more hammy cartoonist 11 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:01,000 Speaker 1: and the creator of PhD comics. Hi. I'm Daniel Whitson. 12 00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:04,080 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. I have not yet destroyed the 13 00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: universe yet. Is how you introduce yourself every time? Hi 14 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 1: am Daniel. I have not yet destroyed all of existence. 15 00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:13,440 Speaker 1: That's right, and that's true about everybody. And if you're 16 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: listening to this podcast, and that is proof that the 17 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:20,119 Speaker 1: universe still exists, that's right. Our word, every word we 18 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:22,920 Speaker 1: speak should be a word of comfort that the universe 19 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:26,560 Speaker 1: is still at least where you are still happening. That's right, 20 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:28,679 Speaker 1: and always somebody's Internet goes out, they're going to think 21 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: the universe's ending, right, what's going on? That's why somebody's 22 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:37,520 Speaker 1: listening to usn't it? That's right? But if folks remember, 23 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:40,840 Speaker 1: a WiFi interruption is not the end of the universe. 24 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 1: You will survive. It's the end at the end of 25 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,080 Speaker 1: my universe, Daniel. If somebody's WiFi goes out, do we 26 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:49,840 Speaker 1: stop existing because they don't hear it anymore? Well, we 27 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:52,520 Speaker 1: got deep in the philosophy all of us. Oh my goodness, Well, 28 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:55,880 Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge. Do not destroy 29 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:59,080 Speaker 1: the universe yet, or at least explain how we're not 30 00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: destroying the universe. A production of I Heart Radio. That's right, 31 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: our podcast in which we think about things big and small. 32 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,799 Speaker 1: We explore the universe. We find the craziest, most mind 33 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: blowing facts, and we explain them to you in a 34 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: way that makes you chuckle a little bit and also 35 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:16,720 Speaker 1: come away with some deep understanding of your context of 36 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: your existence. And sometimes we talk about the really small 37 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:23,400 Speaker 1: things that can maybe destroy the really big things in 38 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: the universe. One of my favorite things about physics is 39 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: when you learn something new and you discover Wow, the 40 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: universe is like a little more fragile than I thought. 41 00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 1: What do you mean, well, like, how old were you 42 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:37,920 Speaker 1: or what did you think the first time you learned that, 43 00:02:37,960 --> 00:02:40,360 Speaker 1: Like the Earth that we live on is just this 44 00:02:40,480 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: like thin crust of rock floating on a massive ocean 45 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: of lava. Right, all of a sudden, there doesn't feel 46 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:50,160 Speaker 1: so stable to me. Right, wow, I think I learned 47 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:53,760 Speaker 1: that just now, Daniel. Thank you for totally giving me 48 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:56,880 Speaker 1: anxieties now, or that I hadn't been enough before, or 49 00:02:56,919 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 1: like that our atmosphere, right is this very thin shell 50 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: of gas surrounding a huge planet. It could easily just 51 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: get like blown away by some cataclysmic you know, solar 52 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:11,120 Speaker 1: flare or something. Wow. Um, I hadn't thought about those things, 53 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:13,920 Speaker 1: but thank you. Yeah. So, sometimes you learn something about 54 00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:16,840 Speaker 1: the university gives you context. It helps you understand that 55 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:19,959 Speaker 1: our situation here is maybe an accident or is the 56 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:23,360 Speaker 1: product of the particular arrangements of things, and and so 57 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,639 Speaker 1: physics tells you like what's stable about the universe, what's 58 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:28,960 Speaker 1: dangerous about the universe, what you should worry about, and 59 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 1: what you shouldn't worry about. Yeah, so it's not just 60 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:33,960 Speaker 1: the Earth that is sort of in a precarious balance. 61 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:40,000 Speaker 1: It's also I mean, you're you're saying it's also reality itself. Possibly, Yeah, 62 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 1: you know, as we peel back layers of reality, you 63 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:45,920 Speaker 1: understand how the universe works. Sometimes we discover things like, oh, well, 64 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: this seems to be sort of an accident, you know, 65 00:03:48,200 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 1: and we never know whether things really are an accident 66 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: or whether it's due to some sort of deeper understanding. 67 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:57,400 Speaker 1: Like something we've talked about before is the relationship between 68 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,040 Speaker 1: like the electron and the proton, Right, the charge of 69 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:02,760 Speaker 1: those two particles exactly balanced, which means we can have 70 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: hydrogen atoms and chemistry and physics and bananas and all 71 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: sorts of good stuff. We don't know if that's an accident, right, 72 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: We don't know why that's that way. It's essential for 73 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: life to happen, but we don't know if it's that 74 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: way for a reason or if it's a coincidence. And 75 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: so sometimes we stumble across other things like that that 76 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:20,360 Speaker 1: seems essential for life to be the way we wanted, 77 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:25,440 Speaker 1: but maybe accidental and may also not be permanent. Yeah, 78 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:27,600 Speaker 1: and so one of those things is something that you 79 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:30,320 Speaker 1: might be familiar with. We're hoping if you're a listener 80 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:32,520 Speaker 1: of our podcast, and so today on the program, we 81 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:41,560 Speaker 1: will be asking the question will the Higgs boson destroy 82 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: the universe? And I like the way you phrase that 83 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:46,840 Speaker 1: because it means if the universe does get destroyed, it's 84 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 1: the Higgs Boson's fault. Our particle physicist is going to 85 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:53,400 Speaker 1: destroy the Blame it on the boson. Oh, I'm sorry, 86 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:57,919 Speaker 1: I meant um, I meant to blame you. Daniel Whiteson 87 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: going to destroy the universe. Now I hear government agents 88 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:04,400 Speaker 1: knocking on my door on your podcast from my Heart Radio, 89 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:08,240 Speaker 1: Daniel Moore destroyed the universe. Yeah, so this is a 90 00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: question that I think it was all over the news 91 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,320 Speaker 1: back when they were looking for the Higgs boson. Everyone 92 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: was worried and concerned that that you guys in Geneva 93 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:21,040 Speaker 1: at cern we're maybe gonna do something in your experiment 94 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:24,400 Speaker 1: that was going to cause our demise of the Earth, 95 00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:28,040 Speaker 1: Like maybe you were gonna unlock something in the universe 96 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:30,839 Speaker 1: that was going to swallow us all up and destroy 97 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:34,359 Speaker 1: the planet. That's right, This sort of two totally different 98 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: but both devastating concerns. Right. One is when you collide 99 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:41,840 Speaker 1: to protons, could you trigger really strong gravity and make 100 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 1: microscopic black hole which could then eat stuff around it 101 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:47,479 Speaker 1: and grow and eat the whole earth. Yeah, that's what 102 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,160 Speaker 1: That's what people were. People were trying to shut you down. Yeah, 103 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:52,680 Speaker 1: people sued the LHC. There was like court cases. We 104 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:54,640 Speaker 1: have to like prove in court if this is something 105 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:57,880 Speaker 1: reasonable to do. And for those of you suddenly worried 106 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:00,960 Speaker 1: out there, there's no danger. These kind of collisions that 107 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,520 Speaker 1: we do the LHC happen all the time. Particles from 108 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:05,720 Speaker 1: space hit the Earth and hit the Sun, and they 109 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:08,279 Speaker 1: do not create black holes that gobble the Earth. So 110 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:11,640 Speaker 1: we are feel like that that's a thin excuse. Daniel. 111 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: You're like, look, everyone else around this has nuclear bombs, 112 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: so therefore we should be able to tinker with one, 113 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,480 Speaker 1: no problem. Well, you know, actually when people set off 114 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 1: the first nuclear bomb, they were worried, right they were 115 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:26,440 Speaker 1: where they might ignite the atmosphere and that was a 116 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:28,920 Speaker 1: serious concern, but they did it anyway. But now that 117 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: they've done it, we know pretty well that blowing up 118 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: a nuclear bomb doesn't ignite the atmosphere. Well, I think 119 00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 1: they did it in secret. That was the key. You 120 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:38,600 Speaker 1: guys were doing it in the public public eye. I 121 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: always wonder like, did the physicists tell the government agents 122 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: that that was a risk. You know, they have to 123 00:06:43,040 --> 00:06:44,920 Speaker 1: fill out a form, you know, like, oh, if you're 124 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:48,160 Speaker 1: going to potentially ignite the atmosphere, please fill out this form, 125 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:53,320 Speaker 1: Please fill out this r IB. That's right. Yeah, But 126 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: so that's a concern number one, which is not something 127 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:57,599 Speaker 1: worry about. We thought about the physics. We are not 128 00:06:57,640 --> 00:06:59,560 Speaker 1: going to create a black hole which destroys the Earth. 129 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 1: We might a black hole, but it would evaporate very rapidly. 130 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:06,120 Speaker 1: I think it's all sorts of fascinating insights about the universe. Right, 131 00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: So you're saying the atmosphere creates black holes all the time. 132 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,120 Speaker 1: It's not that different than what you do. And even 133 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: if you do make one, it's going to evaporate. That's right, 134 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: because these tiny black holes will disappear, they'll evaporate because 135 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,080 Speaker 1: they'll radiate away very quickly. That's the theory at least. 136 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:21,240 Speaker 1: And you're you're pretty sure about that. I'm pretty sure 137 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 1: about that. Yes. I mean, my family lives on Earth, 138 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:26,480 Speaker 1: so I'm risking my family by keeping the l e 139 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: C running. And I'm pretty confident well, I've seen you 140 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 1: say that you would risk a lot to answer answer 141 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: is about the universe? That's true, Yeah, I would sacrifice 142 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:37,920 Speaker 1: a good fraction of humanity. You get to talk to aliens, 143 00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: but not my family fraction. Which fraction to be talking about. 144 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: But there's a totally separate concern about whether or not 145 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:50,440 Speaker 1: the Earth will get destroyed, but actually whether we could 146 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:54,280 Speaker 1: trigger a cataclysmic event which fundamentally changes the nature of 147 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: the universe. So it involved the Higgs boson. And so 148 00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:00,480 Speaker 1: you're telling me the Higgs boson might destroy the universe? 149 00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: Is this something that everyone knows? Do you think there 150 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: was some press about it a while ago? But I 151 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:08,920 Speaker 1: was curious, like, are people worried that the Higgs boson 152 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:11,600 Speaker 1: might destroy the universe? Do people even remember what the 153 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: Higgs is? Because it's been a little while since I 154 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 1: got pressed, and you know, stuff has happened since then. Um, 155 00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: And so I was curious, do everyday people worry about 156 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:22,680 Speaker 1: whether I'm going to ruin the universe? So I've run 157 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,080 Speaker 1: out and asked them. So, as usual, Daniel went out 158 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: and asked people on the street if if they think 159 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson will destroy the universe. So think about 160 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: it for a second. If you have maybe heard of 161 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:37,079 Speaker 1: this news item, or if you have thought about the 162 00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:41,280 Speaker 1: Higgs boson and the precariousness of nature, think about it 163 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: for a second. What would you answer if you were asked, 164 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: will the Higgs boson destroy the universe? Here's what people 165 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: had to say. Do you worry about the Higgs boson 166 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: destroying the universe? I don't have anything to back that up. No, 167 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:56,440 Speaker 1: I don't worry about yet. Maybe because the unknown. Have 168 00:08:56,559 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: you ever heard of the Higgs boson? Me on? Real 169 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:03,960 Speaker 1: dumb right now? I have a lot of existential warries, 170 00:09:05,160 --> 00:09:08,959 Speaker 1: but not that one um nowadays. Okay, the last name 171 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:11,839 Speaker 1: Higgs sounds familiar, but now alright, So people don't seem 172 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:15,079 Speaker 1: very concerned. I think it sounds like mostly out of 173 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:17,680 Speaker 1: because they didn't know that the Higgs boson could destroy 174 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:20,319 Speaker 1: the universe. No, and a lot of people hadn't even 175 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: heard of the Higgs boson, which may felt like physics 176 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:26,199 Speaker 1: has relaxed too much. We had our big thing with 177 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: the Higgs boson. We gotta get back in the news 178 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,920 Speaker 1: because he gets forgotten us get on that branding. That's right, 179 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: Where is the PR Department? I gotta talk to them. Now. 180 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:38,760 Speaker 1: People weren't really very familiar with the Higgs, and nobody 181 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 1: was worried that the Higgs boson would destroy the universe, 182 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:43,400 Speaker 1: at least until I asked them this question. And then 183 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:46,320 Speaker 1: they started googling it, and now maybe they're a little worried. 184 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:48,720 Speaker 1: So okay, so you're telling me, Daniel that the Higgs, 185 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: something about the Higgs boson could potentially destroy the universe. 186 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:55,680 Speaker 1: So let's let's let's step through it. First of all, um, 187 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:59,880 Speaker 1: let's maybe recap for our listeners what the Higgs boson is. Yeah, 188 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:02,280 Speaker 1: so the Higgs boson is a particle we discovered at 189 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: the LHC in twelve. It's the last particle ever found 190 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:08,560 Speaker 1: so far, and it completes the standard model and it 191 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,080 Speaker 1: answered a really interesting question, which is where does mass 192 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: come from? We talked on this podcast what is a particle? 193 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:17,200 Speaker 1: And we think of them as these little dots in space, 194 00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: but you have to ask, like, where is the mass 195 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:21,640 Speaker 1: of the particle of something is a tiny dot? Where 196 00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,199 Speaker 1: does it get its mass? And it's not so much 197 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: about like where where does it come from or what 198 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,440 Speaker 1: gets it's it's more like particles have this thing and 199 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:33,080 Speaker 1: it's more like how does how does it manifest itself 200 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: in the universe, Like, how do we what gives you 201 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,679 Speaker 1: that feeling of mass? Yeah, and it's also a question 202 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 1: of patterns, like we look at all the particles and 203 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: they all have different masses. You know, this one is 204 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:43,080 Speaker 1: a lot, this one is a little, but they're all 205 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: the same size, so it's not like they have more 206 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: stuff to them. So we're wondering, like, why do these 207 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: particles have this mass and this particle of the other mass. 208 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:54,600 Speaker 1: For example, we talked on another podcast about the weak 209 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:58,320 Speaker 1: nuclear force and electromagnetism, which are fundamentally the same thing, 210 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:01,320 Speaker 1: but the weak nuclear force is really weak because the 211 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,040 Speaker 1: particles that carry it have a lot of mass, and 212 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:07,520 Speaker 1: the photon has no mass, which is why electromagnetism is 213 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: so powerful. So this is sort of the question that 214 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 1: led to the discovery of the Higgs, is why some 215 00:11:12,840 --> 00:11:14,680 Speaker 1: of these particles have mass and some of them don't. 216 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,520 Speaker 1: What's the mechanism there? And it turns out the answer 217 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: is this Higgs field, this invisible thing that fills space 218 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:24,440 Speaker 1: and interacts with some of these particles in different ways, 219 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: and the Higgs boson is a manifestation of that field, 220 00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:30,920 Speaker 1: Like when parts of that feel get really excited, that 221 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: appears as like a ripple in that field, which we 222 00:11:33,559 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: interpret as a Higgs boson. So there's two physical things, 223 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:40,080 Speaker 1: the field and the boson itself, which is the particle, right, 224 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:43,719 Speaker 1: and they were sort of discovered at different times, right, 225 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:46,199 Speaker 1: Like people physicists came up with the idea of the 226 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:49,000 Speaker 1: Higgs field first to kind of make all of the 227 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:53,280 Speaker 1: equations in the universe work. Dude named Higgs, Yeah, that 228 00:11:53,559 --> 00:11:56,560 Speaker 1: makes sense. How do you feel about that naming choice there? 229 00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:58,439 Speaker 1: I feel like we could do better, to be honest. 230 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:02,199 Speaker 1: I mean, Peter Haig, you know, he did this thing. 231 00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: He did his thing, and he deserves it. But you know, 232 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: you might maybe call it the mass field. Would that 233 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:08,080 Speaker 1: be a better name? Yeah? I think that would be hard, 234 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:11,079 Speaker 1: to be more instructive, that would save you that explanation. 235 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,200 Speaker 1: The thing that gives things mad. Just called the mass field, 236 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: massive field, the mass giving field, Yeah, dessert field. Would 237 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:21,920 Speaker 1: you call it the desertion because that's what the that's 238 00:12:21,920 --> 00:12:26,680 Speaker 1: what people immediately associate, I'm sure, um so yeah. So 239 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 1: so it is that the whole universe is premiered by 240 00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:33,800 Speaker 1: this field, which is like, what would you describe a field? 241 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:36,360 Speaker 1: It's just kind of like a It's just like an 242 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:39,839 Speaker 1: aura of the out there, right, aura, Like I don't 243 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: know how would you describe a field to somebody? That's 244 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:43,839 Speaker 1: a great question, man. The whole episode about what is 245 00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: a quantum field? And a field is just um, it's 246 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: a physical thing has a value everywhere in space, like 247 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:53,040 Speaker 1: an electric field, right, is strong here and weak there. 248 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:55,679 Speaker 1: The gravitational field is strong here and weak there, and 249 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:59,120 Speaker 1: kind of like an aura. I don't know what it is. 250 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 1: I mean I read about horrors and it's stronger here 251 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:04,440 Speaker 1: or stronger around you kind of thing. Or you can 252 00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:07,040 Speaker 1: say an odor and odor is stronger here and not 253 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:10,640 Speaker 1: so strong there. Um such a small difference between or 254 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:13,680 Speaker 1: and order, that's right. But so a field is something 255 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,080 Speaker 1: we imagine is everywhere in the universe and has a 256 00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:18,680 Speaker 1: different value at each location. Right, It's like part of 257 00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:21,280 Speaker 1: the fabric of the universe. And would that be a 258 00:13:21,320 --> 00:13:23,160 Speaker 1: good way to say it's like one of the things 259 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:25,040 Speaker 1: that make up the universe. As long as you make 260 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:26,800 Speaker 1: that hand gesterre when you say it, you know, that 261 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 1: makes it look all dramatic that our listeners can't see 262 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:30,959 Speaker 1: then yes, I agree, it's part of the fabric of 263 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,680 Speaker 1: the Yes. Great. And the Higgs field is different from 264 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: all the other fields we've ever discovered, right, because it's 265 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:44,319 Speaker 1: the one that um makes things have mass. Yeah, it's 266 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:46,040 Speaker 1: the one that makes things have mass. But that's not 267 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:48,760 Speaker 1: the only weird reason that it's different. It's different than 268 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: the other fields because it's the only one that can't 269 00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:54,720 Speaker 1: ever totally relax like it's it's a little tense, it's 270 00:13:54,720 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 1: a little like worked up. You know, it needs a 271 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:00,920 Speaker 1: quantum fields, is what you're saying. I can't really the 272 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,679 Speaker 1: Higgs field can't chill, right, And we talked about this 273 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:06,600 Speaker 1: also in other episodes, like can space ever be empty? 274 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: Because you imagine some like block of space out there, 275 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,040 Speaker 1: what's in it? Well, there are quantum fields, and those 276 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 1: quantum fields mostly are relaxed. Like if there's no light 277 00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:19,600 Speaker 1: in that block of space, then you imagine the electromagnetic 278 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: field in that block of space is sort of at 279 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:24,120 Speaker 1: its lowest level. Right, It's as empty as possible. And 280 00:14:24,160 --> 00:14:26,480 Speaker 1: you can argue philosophically about whether it can actually get 281 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,360 Speaker 1: to zero, whether there are quantum fluctuations around zero, but 282 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:32,400 Speaker 1: on average it's zero. So most fields can get down 283 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 1: to zero. Okay, So you're saying that Higgs field is 284 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:39,320 Speaker 1: sort of um maybe um un stable, Like there's a 285 00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:42,440 Speaker 1: certain buzz about it, like it's it's it's not it's 286 00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:45,680 Speaker 1: not chowing out, it's like it's on a ten state. Yeah, 287 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: And so there's two questions there is is it at zero? 288 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:51,200 Speaker 1: And is its stable? Right? So the Higgs field is 289 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: not at zero like the lowest level of the Higgs 290 00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:56,360 Speaker 1: field all the way through the universe, that every part 291 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:58,920 Speaker 1: in space is not at zero energy. It's sort of 292 00:14:59,280 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 1: stuck at the This decision has this internal tension to 293 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:04,680 Speaker 1: it that makes it like to hang out at a 294 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:07,960 Speaker 1: place that's not at zero. And if you think that's weird, 295 00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:11,120 Speaker 1: how can something relax when it's not a zero Imagine 296 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:13,840 Speaker 1: like a lake in a mountain, right, water likes to 297 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:17,720 Speaker 1: flow down, but sometimes he gets stuck. Right, The configuration 298 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:20,520 Speaker 1: of the mountains around it means that water relaxes in 299 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:22,600 Speaker 1: the top of a mountain. You would like to flow 300 00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:24,680 Speaker 1: down to the sea if it could get there, but 301 00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:27,120 Speaker 1: it's happy to just stay there stably for a long time. 302 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: In a mountain lake, you say, like an alledge, like 303 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:32,960 Speaker 1: you're happy on a ledge. You could go down further 304 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,000 Speaker 1: to relax, but that would be effort to get out 305 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:37,840 Speaker 1: of your ledge. That's right, exactly, you have to go 306 00:15:37,960 --> 00:15:40,640 Speaker 1: up first, right, So the Higgs field relaxes and it 307 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:44,440 Speaker 1: gets stuck in this local minimum, which is above zero energy. 308 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:46,920 Speaker 1: So the Higgs field is different from all the other 309 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,280 Speaker 1: fields in the universe, and that when it relaxes, he 310 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:51,480 Speaker 1: gets stuck in this sort of local minimum, doesn't go 311 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:53,560 Speaker 1: all the way down to zero. It's called a vacuum 312 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: expectation value. And it's fascinating issue with that name. Also, 313 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: and that's the reason why I, the W and the 314 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 1: z boson have mass and the photon doesn't, because the 315 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:07,240 Speaker 1: Higgs has a non zero vacuum expectation value. And so 316 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:09,760 Speaker 1: and that's the clue that generated the whole idea of 317 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: the Higgs. People like, this is really weird. Why does 318 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,640 Speaker 1: this thing massive? This thing not? How could you explain that, Well, 319 00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:18,160 Speaker 1: you'd have to have some really weird field that couldn't 320 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:21,040 Speaker 1: relax to zero. That was the genesis of the whole idea. 321 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: That's why we thought of the Higgs. That's the thing 322 00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:25,800 Speaker 1: about it that gave us the clue to discover it 323 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: right to like explain the particles that we see. We 324 00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:34,640 Speaker 1: need um to come up with a field that can't relax. Yeah, exactly, 325 00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:37,000 Speaker 1: it suck and you went out and you found it. 326 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: Then that's where the Higgs boson comes from. Me. It's 327 00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:42,240 Speaker 1: like the manifestation of the field. It's evidence of the 328 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: field exists. It's evidence of the field exists because the 329 00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:46,800 Speaker 1: field could also go up. Right, it doesn't just have 330 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:49,320 Speaker 1: to stay at at the lowest but non zero value. 331 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:51,240 Speaker 1: It can go up and when it gets excited, because 332 00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,960 Speaker 1: you create energy density in one spot, you can create 333 00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,600 Speaker 1: a Higgs boson temporarily. So the Higgs boson, as you say, 334 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,960 Speaker 1: is evidence that the field exists. All right. So that's 335 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 1: the Higgs field, And you're telling me that there's something 336 00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:07,119 Speaker 1: about its inability to relax that might cause the universe 337 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:11,679 Speaker 1: two destroy itself, to disappear. Yes, And I'm loving your 338 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:14,639 Speaker 1: use of the passive voice there the universe to destroy itself. 339 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: I'd rather than Daniel destroys. Well, you are the universe 340 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 1: to me, Daniels, we are all one, We are all 341 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:24,920 Speaker 1: the universe. Well, let's get into how that can cause 342 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 1: the universe. How Daniel can call it the universe to destroy, 343 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: to be destroyed. Better give me what I want or 344 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:33,600 Speaker 1: I'll destroy the universe. So you've given me a lot 345 00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:35,560 Speaker 1: of power here. We're gonna have some discussions here, but 346 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:51,240 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break, all right, Daniel, we're 347 00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: talking about the Higgs field and the Higgs boson, and 348 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:57,000 Speaker 1: you're telling me that it's something that is kind of 349 00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,240 Speaker 1: embedded in the fabric of the universe and gives things mass, 350 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,439 Speaker 1: but it's sort of not maybe stable. It's like maybe 351 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,119 Speaker 1: at a sort of heightened, kind of buzzy tense state. Yeah, 352 00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:09,800 Speaker 1: And we don't know very precisely sort of what the 353 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: shape of this mountain that it's resting in. Like, we 354 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 1: know that it's in a place that's stay somewhat stable 355 00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: because it's been sticking around and you know, things have 356 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:19,760 Speaker 1: been going on for a long time. We don't think 357 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,720 Speaker 1: in the last billion years the physics has changed fundamentally, um, right, So, 358 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: but we don't have we don't have enough precise measurements 359 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,160 Speaker 1: about sort of parameters of the universe to know exactly 360 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 1: the shape of that mountain. So it could be that 361 00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:34,399 Speaker 1: it's in a really pretty stable spot. I mean, it 362 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 1: might still be stuck up on a ledge. But it 363 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:39,240 Speaker 1: might be the the sort of the edges of that lag, 364 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: the lip of that ledge that it would have to 365 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:43,440 Speaker 1: go over to get down to the bottom, are really 366 00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:46,320 Speaker 1: tall and sharp, in which case it's basically never going 367 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:48,280 Speaker 1: to get out of it, Like it's a lake surrounded 368 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:51,440 Speaker 1: by really really tall mountains, and so there's no way 369 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:53,159 Speaker 1: that water is going to come down to the ocean. 370 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: That's right. That's one scenario, right, Or it might be 371 00:18:56,920 --> 00:18:59,560 Speaker 1: that sort of meta stable that like there's a part 372 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,040 Speaker 1: of that edge that's a kind of shallow and not 373 00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:04,720 Speaker 1: very tall, and it might sort of like slop over 374 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: the edge and flow down to the ocean. And so 375 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,600 Speaker 1: we're trying to figure that out. Oh, I see, it's 376 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: not in your equation models. It's in the models, and 377 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:17,399 Speaker 1: but there's uncertainty, right, the shape of that sort of potential, 378 00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: which is defined by various other pieces of knowledge, like 379 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: the mass of the top cork and the mass of 380 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:25,280 Speaker 1: the w boson. We measure those things, and we measure 381 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:28,520 Speaker 1: them pretty precisely. And the funny thing is that it 382 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,199 Speaker 1: puts the shape it's like ride on the edge, like 383 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,639 Speaker 1: on our current level of knowledge, this Higgs field is 384 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:37,680 Speaker 1: like very close to the edge between being stable and 385 00:19:37,720 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: being meta stable, so we're not exactly sure, right, It's like, wait, 386 00:19:42,359 --> 00:19:44,880 Speaker 1: what's the difference between stable and meta stable? Stable would 387 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:46,919 Speaker 1: mean like the lip is high enough that's never going 388 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:49,960 Speaker 1: to get out, and metal stables like it got stuck 389 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,320 Speaker 1: there for a while, but it's gonna eventually bounce out 390 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,320 Speaker 1: to go down to the ocean. Oh, I see, not 391 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:57,480 Speaker 1: super stable. Not super stable. So we don't know very 392 00:19:57,480 --> 00:19:59,919 Speaker 1: precisely the shape of that lip, and so we can 393 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:05,480 Speaker 1: can't really say with great confidence how stable it is. Okay, So, um, 394 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:08,359 Speaker 1: I guess the question is, um, what would happen if 395 00:20:09,320 --> 00:20:14,160 Speaker 1: the Higgs field gets out of this pseudo stable state. 396 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:18,280 Speaker 1: That's when you're saying bad news might happen, the ultimate 397 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:20,600 Speaker 1: bad news, the ultimately bad news. And you might be thinking, 398 00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: I didn't even really know the Higgs boson existed. I 399 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: didn't really think about it. I don't care. Why should 400 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: that affect me at all? Right, I never use Higgs bosons. 401 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: I don't buy them at the store. The price is 402 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: not going to change. But remember that this field underlies 403 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,040 Speaker 1: basically everything. I mean, the fact that the Higgs boson 404 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: has the minimum it does, which is above zero. Is 405 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:43,640 Speaker 1: the reason why ws and zs have mass, and it's 406 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:46,440 Speaker 1: the reason that all the fundamental particles have the mass 407 00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:50,520 Speaker 1: they do. Right. So, for example, so if anything, basically 408 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: you're saying that, if anything changes about it, we would 409 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,960 Speaker 1: have a totally different universe. We would have a totally 410 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: different universe with different basically different laws of physics. For example, 411 00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:04,840 Speaker 1: I would weigh less. Possibly you wouldn't even really exist anymore. 412 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,239 Speaker 1: I mean, all your particles, all the masses of all 413 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:10,439 Speaker 1: the particles would change, so the electron would have a 414 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:13,360 Speaker 1: different mass, would have a different mass, Like we don't 415 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,480 Speaker 1: even know in that case, if corks could confine into 416 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,680 Speaker 1: stable particles, or if they would be free so we 417 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 1: have protons, we don't know if we'd have stable atoms. 418 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:25,119 Speaker 1: The strengths of the forces would change, because if the 419 00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: W and Z aren't massless, all of a sudden, the 420 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,639 Speaker 1: weak force not so weak anymore. Well, it would be 421 00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:33,359 Speaker 1: a totally different universe. But I mean, it wouldn't be 422 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: better or worse, would just be different. We wouldn't be 423 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:41,080 Speaker 1: in it. It would be if somebody could argue that 424 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:44,639 Speaker 1: that's worse, I'm pretty sure that for us, But but 425 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,359 Speaker 1: what about for the Horian Daniel and that orhand Daniel prime. 426 00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:50,800 Speaker 1: They would probably they're waiting to get on the stage. 427 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 1: They're lighter, they're probably you know, more electric. I don't know. No, 428 00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:57,360 Speaker 1: you basically start from zero and build the universe up again, 429 00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,359 Speaker 1: and you have totally different I mean, it's not like 430 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,040 Speaker 1: we're changing this beat of light, right. Um, we're not 431 00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:04,760 Speaker 1: changing the universe in that's in the multiverse sense. We're 432 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,680 Speaker 1: like picking totally new laws. But the parameters are changing. 433 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:12,320 Speaker 1: The masses are changing, which affects everything downstream. Right, how 434 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: things come together, how they form bonds, how they make atoms. Um, 435 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: everything would be totally different, right, the fabric would would 436 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 1: you're saying the fabric of the universe would unravel or 437 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,560 Speaker 1: would just change where it's a totally different cardigan. It 438 00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:28,280 Speaker 1: would be a totally we don't even know if you 439 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:30,399 Speaker 1: could make a card again, right, Like what could you? 440 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,320 Speaker 1: I mean, it would be very hard to go from 441 00:22:34,359 --> 00:22:36,760 Speaker 1: here's the description of the fundamental nature of the universe 442 00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:39,679 Speaker 1: as we have it now and then predict chemistry and 443 00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,280 Speaker 1: biology and like that would be hard, you know, yeah, currently, 444 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:45,919 Speaker 1: and so to say let's change those laws and then 445 00:22:45,920 --> 00:22:48,200 Speaker 1: try to understand what the universe would look like. That's 446 00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:51,159 Speaker 1: a hard problem. We know it would look totally different, right, 447 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: so it would be dramatic. Is the Higgs boson the 448 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,720 Speaker 1: Higgs field change and you're saying it is, And we 449 00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:01,040 Speaker 1: don't know if it's possible, if the Higgs yield can change, 450 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,240 Speaker 1: but there is sort of that possibility that it could, 451 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: you know, um, jump out of those mountains and flow 452 00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:10,000 Speaker 1: down to the ocean and then and when we would 453 00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:13,720 Speaker 1: have a totally different Cardigan List universe. Yeah, exactly, everything 454 00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:15,919 Speaker 1: that we know about the universe would be different. And 455 00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,400 Speaker 1: that does seem like kind of a big deal. And 456 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:20,679 Speaker 1: you know, we made these measurements, were trying to understand it. 457 00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: We're trying to make better measurements to get a better 458 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:26,120 Speaker 1: sense of how stable this is. Right, And also there's 459 00:23:26,119 --> 00:23:29,639 Speaker 1: the possibility that we just don't understand physics correctly. This 460 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:32,280 Speaker 1: is our current model pusiness, and it could be wrong. 461 00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: So it could be that like, hey, you know, there's 462 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:38,159 Speaker 1: some other physics that's preventing this from happening. And in 463 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: a new theory of physics that better describes the universe, 464 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:43,399 Speaker 1: the Higgs is totally stable and this couldn't happen. But 465 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,800 Speaker 1: in our current understanding, the Higgs is not guaranteed to 466 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:50,119 Speaker 1: stay in its state, right, and you're saying that possibly 467 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: maybe some of the things you're doing at the l 468 00:23:52,760 --> 00:23:56,439 Speaker 1: C could maybe accidentally cause that change. What what do you? 469 00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:59,040 Speaker 1: What do you? What are you trying to warn is about? Daniel? 470 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 1: I'm uncomfortable with your changed to the active voice. Here. 471 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,679 Speaker 1: Can we return to the past, but Daniel and assume 472 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:10,159 Speaker 1: responsibility for what happens? Well, in the scenario where the 473 00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:13,760 Speaker 1: Higgs field is not totally stable, it's meta stable, then 474 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:15,600 Speaker 1: you could ask, like, what could get it over that 475 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:18,159 Speaker 1: edge and down to the ocean to change the universe 476 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:20,880 Speaker 1: into a totally different Cardigan List universe right, without any 477 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,679 Speaker 1: bananas or anything. And we don't really know, but there 478 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:26,720 Speaker 1: are some ideas, right. Idea number one is what about 479 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:31,280 Speaker 1: random fluctuation? You know, we talked about, you know, quantum tunneling. 480 00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:33,960 Speaker 1: You know, we talked about electrons in potential wells and 481 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:35,800 Speaker 1: there trapped because they can't go over the lip. But 482 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:37,600 Speaker 1: we talked about how they could get through, right, and 483 00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: they could tunnel through that barrier. This is sort of 484 00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: like water teleporting out of that lake and then flowing 485 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:47,320 Speaker 1: down the mountain. That's possible. And like the field itself 486 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:51,040 Speaker 1: could in some points in the universe um change, but 487 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:53,240 Speaker 1: then it would change back at one point in the 488 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: universe would change. And the thing is if it changes 489 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,879 Speaker 1: at one point, then it sort of nucleates and it 490 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:02,000 Speaker 1: triggers this threshold where it makes this stuff around it unstable. 491 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: So if any point in the universe UM does this, 492 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:07,360 Speaker 1: it spreads out sort of at the speed of light 493 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,439 Speaker 1: and spreads out across the universe, sort of like a 494 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:12,480 Speaker 1: water balloon. Right once you pop it in one spot, 495 00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 1: the rest of the spot is not going to hold 496 00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: the water. It's gone. Like if you get a little 497 00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:21,959 Speaker 1: bit of the fields to relax, then that spreads like 498 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,679 Speaker 1: it holds the rest of the fields to relax. How 499 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,479 Speaker 1: do you know that? That's just what the math tells us. 500 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: You know that these would spread, It would spread, yeah, um, 501 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: And so you sort of kind of got to keep 502 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:37,280 Speaker 1: the field stable everywhere all the time, which is the 503 00:25:37,359 --> 00:25:39,160 Speaker 1: kind of thing that makes me a little bit terrified. 504 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:42,120 Speaker 1: But the chance of this kind of tunneling, we've done 505 00:25:42,119 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 1: the calculation, the chances of this kind of telling are 506 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,400 Speaker 1: very very small. According to our current understanding, it should 507 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,240 Speaker 1: happen once in about ten to the one hundred and 508 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:56,439 Speaker 1: thirty nine years ten with hundred and thirty nine zeros, 509 00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,639 Speaker 1: which is a lot of zeros. Remember the universe's current 510 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: age is ten to the ten years, so it's it's 511 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:06,080 Speaker 1: a very very long time, which means it's basically never 512 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:08,080 Speaker 1: going to happen. So that's not something to worry about. Well, 513 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:11,120 Speaker 1: let's talk about kind of what would happen if it happened. 514 00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:15,240 Speaker 1: So you're saying that maybe something might cause it or someone, 515 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:19,320 Speaker 1: which we'll talk about next. Alien physicist, that's Alian Daniel 516 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:24,840 Speaker 1: Cardian worrying Alien Daniel. Um, why isn't it alien? Maybe 517 00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:27,000 Speaker 1: the alien version of you as the physicist and I'm 518 00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: the cartoonist, in which case it wouldn't happen because you know, 519 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:35,760 Speaker 1: all horries are responsible, and it was responsible that was 520 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:40,840 Speaker 1: on deadline. At least they show up for the podcast. 521 00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:44,040 Speaker 1: This is all I can say. Um, But so, um, 522 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,240 Speaker 1: let's say we did something here and it started to 523 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:50,480 Speaker 1: relax here on Earth, Like, what would happen, like the 524 00:26:50,560 --> 00:26:53,919 Speaker 1: universe would collapse in at that point? Would it just 525 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:57,240 Speaker 1: be like a black hole? Expanding. What what the field? 526 00:26:57,520 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: The field us through the Michael Baine movie in which 527 00:26:59,840 --> 00:27:06,639 Speaker 1: this happens. That's the movie. Um no, you the field collapses, 528 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:09,760 Speaker 1: So physics changes at that point, and in the field 529 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:12,639 Speaker 1: around it collapses. In the field around it collapses, And 530 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:15,280 Speaker 1: so what's happening is that the laws of physics of 531 00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: the universe are not fixed. They would change as the 532 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:21,639 Speaker 1: field changes. Right, So, so like point one seconds into it, 533 00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:24,119 Speaker 1: I had paused on my Blu ray player. What am 534 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:26,879 Speaker 1: I seeing in the special effects shot there? You know, 535 00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: I have no idea what this new form of the 536 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,640 Speaker 1: universe would look like, right, Like you know, what would 537 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,560 Speaker 1: how would light travel? What kind of other things would move? 538 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:37,840 Speaker 1: I have no conception of what it would be like 539 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,760 Speaker 1: to be in that universe, sort of new universe like 540 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,960 Speaker 1: zero state, Higgs field universe would spread at the speed 541 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:46,879 Speaker 1: of light. You get this pocket which grows and grows 542 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:48,879 Speaker 1: and grows, And I have no idea what would be 543 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:50,600 Speaker 1: like to be in that movie, like gas to spread 544 00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:52,120 Speaker 1: at the speed of light, it spreads at the speed 545 00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:54,200 Speaker 1: of light. Yeah, okay, so it would be a quick 546 00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:56,120 Speaker 1: death for us, Yes, that's right. You wouldn't have time 547 00:27:56,160 --> 00:28:00,440 Speaker 1: to panic and you can start panicking now pre panic. 548 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:02,920 Speaker 1: I'm Jewish, so I know that panicking actually works. Right, 549 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:08,320 Speaker 1: Worrying helps things the universe response to your aura of panic. 550 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:10,959 Speaker 1: It's the only thing think that can violate causality. Actually, 551 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 1: if you worry now, worry it can change things that 552 00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:19,840 Speaker 1: have already happened. Um, yeah, exactly. And one thing people 553 00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:23,720 Speaker 1: worry about is maybe some very high density event I 554 00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,399 Speaker 1: don't know, like colliding protons that near the speed of 555 00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:29,960 Speaker 1: light might trigger my sort of like give enough energy 556 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,280 Speaker 1: to this thing that it slops over the edge and 557 00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:36,800 Speaker 1: and gets out of this meta stable region zero. So 558 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:38,920 Speaker 1: if it happened here on Earth, I mean in a 559 00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:43,239 Speaker 1: flash of light, basically we would be gone. Yeah, and 560 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: we would in our place a totally be totally different 561 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,000 Speaker 1: universe that starts from scratch. You think, like you'd be 562 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:51,000 Speaker 1: like they're a big bang or something. I mean, still 563 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:53,840 Speaker 1: so our universe, but it's like the next version of it, right, 564 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:56,720 Speaker 1: Like bangs field is now a different state, and so 565 00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,040 Speaker 1: physics is different, and so everything is different. It might 566 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 1: be really boring univer verse, or might be really fascinating 567 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: complex in the way that ours is. Right, it might 568 00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:06,000 Speaker 1: even be more rich, like maybe you can do all 569 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:08,320 Speaker 1: sorts of crazy new kinds of physics we never imagined. 570 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: But you know, our brains rely on this kind of physics, 571 00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,640 Speaker 1: and so we couldn't really exist in that universe, you know, 572 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: so we wouldn't ever really enjoy it. Um. But you 573 00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:23,120 Speaker 1: know the same argument that suggests that we are not 574 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: in danger of creating black holes that eat eat up 575 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,640 Speaker 1: the Earth, right, that similar collisions happen all the time 576 00:29:28,680 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: and have not created black holes, That same argument can 577 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:35,280 Speaker 1: be applied here. All right, let's let's get into how 578 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:39,120 Speaker 1: physics may or may not cause this Michael bay movie 579 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,280 Speaker 1: to be become a reality that destroys reality. But first 580 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, So Daniel um 581 00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: steps three, How are are you going to destroy the universe? Well, 582 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:06,440 Speaker 1: first I'm gonna get a consulting fee from Michael Bay. Um, 583 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 1: I want I want a writing credit on the script. 584 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:10,560 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, how much is that going to be worth 585 00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:14,560 Speaker 1: when the universe no longer exists? Like, is it possible 586 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:17,719 Speaker 1: that as you're when you're colliding particles and and you know, 587 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:21,239 Speaker 1: creating many black holes that evaporate, but you know, in 588 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:25,320 Speaker 1: that sort of high energy collision, could you maybe trigger 589 00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:31,200 Speaker 1: the Higgs field to start collapsing or not. And again, remember, folks, 590 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,320 Speaker 1: this is a theoretical concern. We don't know if this 591 00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:35,640 Speaker 1: is real. Just sort of like we've done this calculation, 592 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:39,520 Speaker 1: we noticed this thing makes us wonder. Um, so there 593 00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,200 Speaker 1: is the the sort of theoretical possibility that a high 594 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:45,440 Speaker 1: energy density event like that might trigger the Higgs field 595 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,560 Speaker 1: to relax into it's a true vacuum. But we have 596 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: those kind of collisions all the time. It's the same 597 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:55,000 Speaker 1: argument that makes us feel safe about black holes also 598 00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: makes us feel pretty confident about the Higgs field collapsing 599 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,840 Speaker 1: because protons are hit protons in the atmosphere all the time. 600 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,600 Speaker 1: Remember at the same energy that you're doing it at 601 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,640 Speaker 1: the l YES and and at much higher energies. Remember 602 00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:10,680 Speaker 1: that we have these crazy particles from space, cosmic rays 603 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:13,400 Speaker 1: that hit the atmosphere thousands of times the energy of 604 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:16,360 Speaker 1: collisions at the LHC. Really, and it's been doing that 605 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:18,920 Speaker 1: for billions of years. You're saying that if I look 606 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 1: up in the sky out into space or at least 607 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,560 Speaker 1: or atmosphere, there are you know, there's like a thousand 608 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:28,880 Speaker 1: LHC's up there doing things that are much worse than 609 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,960 Speaker 1: what you guys are doing. Yeah, and remember, we don't 610 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:33,720 Speaker 1: know what's creating those particles. Is like another great mystery 611 00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:37,320 Speaker 1: the universe is like what or who is creating these 612 00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:39,440 Speaker 1: super high endured particles. But they are hitting the Earth 613 00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:41,680 Speaker 1: and they've been doing it a lot. There's millions of 614 00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:44,560 Speaker 1: them every year at much higher energies in the LHC. 615 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: So if if there was a pretty good chance that 616 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: one of those collisions would nucleate a relaxation at the 617 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:53,920 Speaker 1: Higgs field which spread at the speed of light, we're 618 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 1: pretty sure what happened already, and we're pretty sure we're 619 00:31:56,960 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: not increasing the danger by doing our little, tiny, dinky 620 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,560 Speaker 1: collisions in a relative to the alien ELC. I feel 621 00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:08,040 Speaker 1: like you're telling me, like, look, everyone's vaping. If you vape, 622 00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:11,040 Speaker 1: I'm sure if I vape, I'm sure that nothing bad 623 00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:13,760 Speaker 1: will happen. Yeah. Look, they you know, they set off 624 00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:16,160 Speaker 1: a nuclear bomb and they didn't even the atmosphere, so 625 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:19,360 Speaker 1: I'm sure ours won't be here you're saying. I think 626 00:32:19,360 --> 00:32:23,000 Speaker 1: you're saying that, Uh, the evidence tells you that this 627 00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:27,719 Speaker 1: is super low probability or maybe even impossible, because you know, 628 00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:30,880 Speaker 1: there's l C is happening in the sky all the time, 629 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,960 Speaker 1: and I'm sure in other planets as well, all across 630 00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:37,720 Speaker 1: the universe. And we are still here. We are still here. Yes, 631 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:39,560 Speaker 1: if you were listening to this podcast, then we have 632 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:46,320 Speaker 1: not yet destroyed the universe. Well that's good. That stop 633 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:51,720 Speaker 1: that you freak out, all right. So, um, So that's 634 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:55,960 Speaker 1: the question is is will the Higgs boson destroyed the universe? 635 00:32:56,120 --> 00:33:01,160 Speaker 1: You're saying it's theoretically possible. Um, but so far, so good. 636 00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:03,960 Speaker 1: That's right, And I wouldn't fold it into your plans. 637 00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:06,640 Speaker 1: It's more of an intellectual curiosity. It's one of these 638 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:10,280 Speaker 1: things where we've learned something totally new about the universe, right, 639 00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:13,120 Speaker 1: that this is weird field out there that has a 640 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:15,120 Speaker 1: little bit of tension in it, and that tension is 641 00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:18,280 Speaker 1: what gives our universe. It's particular flavor that we're used to. 642 00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:21,360 Speaker 1: And so we've learned that about the universe. And so 643 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,280 Speaker 1: we've learned sort of that we're like fluiding on this magma, right, 644 00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:26,760 Speaker 1: that are maybe our lives are more precarious than we thought. 645 00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:29,800 Speaker 1: On the other hand, the Earth's been around a long time, right, 646 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: And while there are a few volcanic eruptions now and 647 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:34,760 Speaker 1: then people get gobbled by lava. Mostly you can go 648 00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:38,160 Speaker 1: round your the existence and not worry about sinking into 649 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:40,280 Speaker 1: a lake of lava. And that's basically what you need 650 00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:42,400 Speaker 1: to do here, is not worry that the universe is 651 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 1: going to get destroyed by particle physicists or cartoons, or 652 00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:48,320 Speaker 1: if it does happen, it'll be over at the speed 653 00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: of light, so why worry about that. It won't be 654 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,800 Speaker 1: painful either way. Yeah. Also, just as a reminder that 655 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:57,800 Speaker 1: if you are curious to know the universe has ended, 656 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: there's always a website you can check, right, Daniel, That's right, 657 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: it's u has the LHC destroyed the world yet? Dot com? 658 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:07,760 Speaker 1: And it's always kept up to date, we promise. All right, Well, 659 00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: I think it all points to again, just the idea 660 00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:14,920 Speaker 1: of how precarious our universe is. You know, how lucky 661 00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:17,759 Speaker 1: and how amazing it is if we are even here 662 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:21,560 Speaker 1: able to talk about these things and explain him to 663 00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:24,279 Speaker 1: you guys out there. That's right. So you should enjoy 664 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:26,719 Speaker 1: that ice cream, you should take a deep breath of 665 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 1: that fresh air. You should listen to your favorite podcast, 666 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:32,880 Speaker 1: and you should enjoy the universe because we don't know 667 00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:35,839 Speaker 1: how long it will continue. Um but as we keep 668 00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,640 Speaker 1: learning more and more about the universe, we discover amazing, 669 00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,440 Speaker 1: crazy things about it, and some of those things a 670 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,600 Speaker 1: little bit scary. So go out there and live life. 671 00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:47,279 Speaker 1: Thank you for listening. We hope you enjoyed that. See 672 00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:50,040 Speaker 1: you next time, and please don't destroy the universe before 673 00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:52,319 Speaker 1: the next podcast. What are you saying that to other 674 00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:56,480 Speaker 1: people or to yourself? That's sort of a mental note, 675 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,160 Speaker 1: I feel stick you on your chest there wait until 676 00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:05,680 Speaker 1: the next podcast, But I think it applies generally, so 677 00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:15,879 Speaker 1: I think it's good advice for everyone to follow. Before 678 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,959 Speaker 1: you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, 679 00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:22,000 Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 680 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,839 Speaker 1: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 681 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:28,279 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 682 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:32,280 Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, 683 00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:35,000 Speaker 1: and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is 684 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,640 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. More podcast from my 685 00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:42,560 Speaker 1: Heart Radio visit the I Heart Radio Apple podcasts or 686 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:50,200 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah,