1 00:00:01,680 --> 00:00:10,000 Speaker 1: Col Zone media, come with me for a moment. Back 2 00:00:10,039 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: to February of twenty seventeen. It was just weeks after 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:17,120 Speaker 1: Donald Trump had been sworn in as president for his 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:21,440 Speaker 1: first term. There was a lot of uncertainty, a lot 5 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:25,880 Speaker 1: of fear. Millions of Americans marched in Washington, d C. 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:30,240 Speaker 1: To protest his presidency in its first days. There was 7 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: still some hope in those early days that maybe he 8 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:37,559 Speaker 1: hadn't meant most of what he'd said, maybe it was 9 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:43,880 Speaker 1: campaign bluster, hot air and empty words. Within a week, though, 10 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:47,320 Speaker 1: he'd signed an executive order banning travel to the United 11 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:51,520 Speaker 1: States from predominantly Muslim countries, sparking a wave of protests 12 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:54,560 Speaker 1: at airports and signaling that he intended to follow through 13 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: on his xenophobic, anti immigrant campaign promises. A month into 14 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,320 Speaker 1: his pre tens of thousands of Americans in at least 15 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:06,600 Speaker 1: fifty cities around the country rallied for a protest on 16 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:12,399 Speaker 1: President's Day, calling it not my President's Day. But that 17 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:17,199 Speaker 1: same week, half a world away, a very different march 18 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: was taking place in Zagreb's city center. A few dozen 19 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:27,200 Speaker 1: men in black uniforms stood in formation, led by Drazen Klemenek, 20 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:32,320 Speaker 1: leader of the Croatian Fascist Party HSP. They chanted the 21 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:36,000 Speaker 1: slogans of the Eustasia, the Croatian fascist movement of the 22 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:40,480 Speaker 1: nineteen thirties and forties. Alongside the Holocaust carried out by 23 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: Nazi Germany, the Ustasia had undertaken a genocide of their own, 24 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 1: operating their own concentration camps and slaughtering whole villages of Jews, 25 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: Roma and Serbs. As those marchers assembled in the city 26 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: square and the brass band finished playing, the men took 27 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:01,840 Speaker 1: an oath of allegiance to their Croatian homeland and and 28 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 1: to Donald Trump. Most of those marchers had empty hands, 29 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: some held brass instruments, but at the front of the 30 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:37,440 Speaker 1: column several marchers held flags, the Croatian flag, of course, 31 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:41,480 Speaker 1: and an American flag to show their support for Donald Trump. 32 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: But one man at the very front of the line 33 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:48,920 Speaker 1: was carrying the flag of the German Ultranationalist Party NPD. 34 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: The march's organizer, Drazen Klemenek, was arrested that day for 35 00:02:55,400 --> 00:03:00,520 Speaker 1: shouting zadom spremni, which is the Croatian equivalent of yelling 36 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:04,800 Speaker 1: Siegheil in Germany, but when he did get a chance 37 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: to speak to the press, he explained the presence of 38 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: the German NPD flag. The man who'd been carrying it 39 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: was Alexander Nydeline, a representative from NPD, and he was 40 00:03:16,480 --> 00:03:20,400 Speaker 1: there to show his party's support for HSP. But that 41 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:25,280 Speaker 1: march in February of twenty seventeen wasn't Alexander Nydline's first 42 00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:30,239 Speaker 1: visit to the Balkans. In nineteen ninety three, nyde Line 43 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:34,240 Speaker 1: enlisted in the Convicts Battalion, a paramilitary unit of the 44 00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:38,480 Speaker 1: Croatian Defense Council made up of prisoners and foreign mercenaries. 45 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:42,520 Speaker 1: Its leader was later convicted of crimes against humanity for 46 00:03:42,640 --> 00:03:46,840 Speaker 1: his actions during the Bosnian War. Nydeline didn't stay with 47 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: the unit for very long. In the years since, he's 48 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: taken issue with being called a mercenary, arguing that he 49 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: never actually got paid. Because just before Christmas of nineteen 50 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:02,680 Speaker 1: ninety three and two other German mercenaries deserted from the 51 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:06,000 Speaker 1: Convicts Battalion. They took as many guns as they could 52 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 1: carry and disappeared into the night. A few weeks later, 53 00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 1: those German mercenaries and those stolen guns turned up seven 54 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:24,680 Speaker 1: thousand miles away in South Africa. I'm Molly conger, and 55 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:44,720 Speaker 1: this is weird little guys. This is a story about 56 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: Monica Stone. I think she may be our first weird 57 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,839 Speaker 1: little guy who happens to be a woman. There was 58 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:57,680 Speaker 1: Dallas Humber, I guess, the voice of Taragram, but she 59 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: wasn't the central character in that story, just the disembodied 60 00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:06,240 Speaker 1: voice urging young men to kill. Weird little guy is 61 00:05:06,279 --> 00:05:10,200 Speaker 1: a gender neutral term in my mind. I haven't been 62 00:05:10,279 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 1: avoiding telling the stories of women in the white power movement. 63 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:16,360 Speaker 1: It's just that, for the most part, the very nature 64 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,600 Speaker 1: of their beliefs kind of prevents women from taking center stage, 65 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:26,240 Speaker 1: even in their own lives. But this this is a 66 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: story of a woman who has dedicated her life to 67 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: the cause, and in her case, the cause is apartheid. 68 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 1: Like all my stories, this is really only kind of 69 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:41,919 Speaker 1: about one weird little guy. And this might be the 70 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:47,920 Speaker 1: widest net I've ever cast trying to understand one person's life. 71 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:52,720 Speaker 1: The story covers decades and spans continence. There are bombings 72 00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 1: and shootouts and murders. There's international gun smuggling, mercenaries and 73 00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:02,640 Speaker 1: paramilitaries and war crimes, suessful assassinations and foiled terrorist plots. 74 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:08,080 Speaker 1: Their trials and prison breaks, and crimes left unpunished, some 75 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: with extradition petitions left pending for decades with no hope 76 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: of justice. There are some familiar landmarks, names of people 77 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: and organizations I recognize, like David Duke and the Ku 78 00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:25,640 Speaker 1: Klux Klan and the Turner Diaries. But there are people 79 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: in groups in this story that were new to me, 80 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,359 Speaker 1: characters we haven't met yet and may see again in 81 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:37,800 Speaker 1: future episodes exploring these fascist friendships across borders. But at 82 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:42,719 Speaker 1: its core, this is a story about Monica Stone. She 83 00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 1: isn't in all the parts of the story playing out 84 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:48,040 Speaker 1: all around her, but the context matters more than ever, 85 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: because this week we're going to dig into a weighty idea, 86 00:06:53,600 --> 00:07:00,160 Speaker 1: the fascist international. I haven't forgotten where we started. Maybe 87 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: you have. That's understandable. I left you hanging there for 88 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: a week while I recovered from a stomach virus. But 89 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:10,800 Speaker 1: two weeks ago we were talking about white genocide. The 90 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: story began in Sacramento in twenty twelve. A group of 91 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: neo Nazi skinheads was rallying at the state capitol in 92 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:19,960 Speaker 1: California to raise awareness of the plight of the white 93 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: South African farmer in that episode, I picked apart this myth, 94 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: the idea that white farmers are being slaughtered every day 95 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: in a post apartheid South Africa, that white South Africans 96 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: are in danger of being completely wiped out by a 97 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:41,240 Speaker 1: white genocide. That idea has been quite popular among white 98 00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: supremacists around the world for some time. Norwegian mass murderer 99 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: Anders Bravik devoted a few pages of his fifteen hundred 100 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:52,640 Speaker 1: page manifesto to it. When Dylan Rufe murdered nine people 101 00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: at a black church in Charleston, South Carolina in twenty fifteen, 102 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: his Facebook profile photo showed him at the camera in 103 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,240 Speaker 1: a black jacket with two patches on the breast, the 104 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: flag of Rhodesia and the flag of apartheid South Africa. 105 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: I come across the idea pretty often in my work. 106 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 1: So many of my weird little guys are obsessed with 107 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: the idea of a fully segregated society and the state 108 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 1: violence against black people that comes with it. But that's 109 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 1: where the idea lived. It lived on stormfront and on 110 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 1: four Chan, and in manifestos and on Nazi podcasts. Those 111 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:41,080 Speaker 1: rallies in twenty twelve were pretty unique. The public display 112 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:44,320 Speaker 1: of the apartheid era South African flag at an American 113 00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:49,480 Speaker 1: political rally was unusual. It was unusual enough that it 114 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: was mentioned in news stories three years later when the 115 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: flag appeared again on Dylan Rufe's jacket. But like so 116 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: many once fringe ideas, it's part of the mainstream political discourse. Now. 117 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: I won't rechread all of that. We talked about it 118 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:08,880 Speaker 1: in the last episode, but now the President of the 119 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:12,600 Speaker 1: United States is repeating the talking points from the flyers 120 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: those skinheads printed out in twenty twelve, And I originally 121 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: set out to just talk about those rallies as a 122 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:24,960 Speaker 1: sort of standalone story, this strange incident that seems to 123 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:28,920 Speaker 1: have happened in total isolation. As far as I've been 124 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:31,040 Speaker 1: able to find, the group behind it had never put 125 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: on a public event before, and aside from a poorly 126 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: attended follow up in DC later that same year, they 127 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,040 Speaker 1: never did again. The website has been offline for years, 128 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:45,559 Speaker 1: and there's hardly any mention of the group at all anywhere. 129 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,320 Speaker 1: A lot of white supremacist groups are short lived, so 130 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,640 Speaker 1: that's not really unusual, and this group, the South Africa Project, 131 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: was pretty obviously just two people running a side project 132 00:09:59,520 --> 00:10:03,200 Speaker 1: out of an Air Nations po box. But I can't 133 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:08,160 Speaker 1: let anything go, so I started to dig, and it 134 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:11,880 Speaker 1: became clear very quickly that there was a hell of 135 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 1: a lot more going on here than I thought. Back 136 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:20,480 Speaker 1: in twenty twelve, when those rallies took place, both the 137 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:24,559 Speaker 1: SPLC and the ADL had stories on their website explaining 138 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:27,920 Speaker 1: that those events had been organized by American neo Nazis. 139 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:33,079 Speaker 1: Both groups zeroed in on Morris Goulette, a longtime Arian 140 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:35,880 Speaker 1: Nations member and the man who'd given comments to the 141 00:10:35,880 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: press as the organization's spokesman. Both outlets identified several local 142 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:44,840 Speaker 1: organizers of those assorted rallies. The Golden State Skinheads hosted 143 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: in Sacramento. Billy Roper headlined the rally in Arkansas. Rallies 144 00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: in Tennessee and Pennsylvania were hosted by members of Folksfront 145 00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:58,280 Speaker 1: and so on. But in one single line in a 146 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:01,320 Speaker 1: blog post that isn't even on the ADL's website anymore, 147 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,240 Speaker 1: the events are attributed to a woman named Monica Stone 148 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:11,960 Speaker 1: in this passing mention crediting Stone with the idea for 149 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: the rallies. The post notes that she was a South 150 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: African immigrant and a longtime member of the Christian Defense League. 151 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:24,600 Speaker 1: The CDL was a Christian identity group that grew out 152 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:27,679 Speaker 1: of the same milieu as the Aryan Nations in the sixties, 153 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,760 Speaker 1: but it never really achieved the same level of influence. 154 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:37,160 Speaker 1: But that's all there is. Monica and Louisiana. Monica from 155 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: South Africa, Monica speaking at the Aryan Nations World Congress 156 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: about the need for international solidarity between American neo Nazis 157 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: and africanter nationalists. But Google gives you exactly nothing about 158 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 1: this woman before or after this brief moment in time 159 00:11:56,559 --> 00:12:03,280 Speaker 1: in twenty twelve. This point, I'm locked in. I have 160 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: to know more about this woman. How did she end 161 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,640 Speaker 1: up in Mandeville, Louisiana, a town of just ten thousand 162 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 1: people that I've only heard of because it's where David 163 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: Duke lives. So I started with the information that I 164 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:22,320 Speaker 1: have a name, hopefully it's her real name, a city, 165 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: and some potential known associates. If her longtime membership in 166 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:31,480 Speaker 1: the Christian Defense League is the only notable fact about her, 167 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:35,160 Speaker 1: maybe that means she was a very important member of 168 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:39,680 Speaker 1: the group, And lucky for me, it turns out she 169 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:45,400 Speaker 1: was the organization has or had, I guess, since it's defunct. 170 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:47,960 Speaker 1: As far as I can tell, been run by a 171 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:52,040 Speaker 1: man named Robert K. Warner since the seventies, and when 172 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,200 Speaker 1: he took over, he moved its headquarters from California to 173 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:59,520 Speaker 1: Louisiana to be closer to his friend David Duke, and 174 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:02,480 Speaker 1: in addition into the Christian Defense League, Warner also ran 175 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:06,600 Speaker 1: a Christian identity church called the New Christian Crusade Church. 176 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:11,319 Speaker 1: Corporate filings for the church show Robert K. Warner as 177 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 1: an officer of the organization, which I expected, but in 178 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:20,120 Speaker 1: twenty eleven he filed an amendment adding someone named Monica 179 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:25,800 Speaker 1: Huggett as the church's chief financial officer, and he changed 180 00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:30,200 Speaker 1: the address on file to a residential address in Mandeville, Louisiana. 181 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: Property records for Saint Tammany Parish show that a mortgage 182 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:38,599 Speaker 1: was taken out at that address by James Stone in 183 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 1: nineteen ninety two, but after he died, the property was 184 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:46,080 Speaker 1: sold by his widow, and on the documents for the sale, 185 00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:51,760 Speaker 1: she's listed as Monica hugget Stone. And that's the kind 186 00:13:51,760 --> 00:13:55,120 Speaker 1: of concrete paper trail I love to see. There's no 187 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,320 Speaker 1: doubt at all here that the Monica Stone behind those 188 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:02,520 Speaker 1: twenty twelve rallies is the Monica Huggot who married James 189 00:14:02,559 --> 00:14:07,560 Speaker 1: Stone in two thousand and lived in Mandeville, Louisiana, two 190 00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: miles away from David Duke. So now I have a 191 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:19,520 Speaker 1: new name, Monica Huggot, and this is where I ran 192 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:25,960 Speaker 1: into trouble. Almost immediately, everything is in Afrikaans. Most of 193 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:30,440 Speaker 1: the English language material about someone named Monica Huggot is 194 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 1: about the renowned British conductor and baroque violinist. But that 195 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:39,000 Speaker 1: is an entirely different person who I am almost one 196 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: hundred percent sure has never helped an Italian terrorist build 197 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: a bomb. Violinists have to be very careful with their hands, 198 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:51,239 Speaker 1: you know. But they were a handful of extremely tantalizing 199 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,480 Speaker 1: clues that convinced me to power through the agony of 200 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: trying to translate blurry old PDFs. One of the first 201 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: English Langua sources I found referring to a South African 202 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: named Monica Huggett is the final report of the South 203 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:13,880 Speaker 1: African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission 204 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: was authorized by President Nelson Mandela in nineteen ninety five 205 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: and it was chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu. The body's 206 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: goal was exactly what it says in the name, to 207 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:29,280 Speaker 1: find the truth about what happened under apartheid and try 208 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: to find a way to move forward as a nation. 209 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:38,000 Speaker 1: The TRC had three central tasks to discover the causes 210 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: in nature of human rights violations in South Africa between 211 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:45,400 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty and nineteen ninety four, to identify victims with 212 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:50,680 Speaker 1: a goal of paying reparations, and to allow amnesty for 213 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:55,040 Speaker 1: those who fully disclosed their involvement in politically motivated human 214 00:15:55,120 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: rights violations. This wasn't a tribunal, this was a restorative 215 00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:04,760 Speaker 1: justice process. They hoped to be able to provide amnesty 216 00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:09,440 Speaker 1: to people who were honest. Over the course of three years, 217 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,200 Speaker 1: the Commission heard testimony from over twenty thousand people, both 218 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:19,360 Speaker 1: victims and perpetrators. Monica Hugget did not, as far as 219 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:23,240 Speaker 1: I can tell, ever, testify before the Commission, but her 220 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:27,360 Speaker 1: name is in there. Specifically, it appears in Volume two, 221 00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 1: the seven hundred page portion of the report dealing with 222 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: quote the Commission of gross violations of Human Rights, and 223 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:39,400 Speaker 1: more specifically, it's in Chapter seven Political Violence in the 224 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:45,000 Speaker 1: era of negotiations and transition. Under the subheading links with 225 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: international right wing groups, the report reads, the first link 226 00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:54,720 Speaker 1: between ultra right terrorism and foreign agencies came to light 227 00:16:54,760 --> 00:16:59,200 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty two when mister Fabio Mariello, mister Massimobulo 228 00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,800 Speaker 1: and mister Uni Genio's office, all white foreign expatriates known 229 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:05,919 Speaker 1: as the White Commando, were convicted of the nineteen seventy 230 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:10,480 Speaker 1: nine bombing of the offices of prominent academic doctor Jan Lombard. 231 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:14,520 Speaker 1: Originally mister KuPS Vermullen and Miss Monica Hugget, a foreign 232 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:17,920 Speaker 1: right winger, were arrested with them, but Huggitt turned state 233 00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:21,720 Speaker 1: witness and Vermullin was released after a few days. Hugget's 234 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,200 Speaker 1: name was subsequently linked to the shootout in March nineteen 235 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:27,439 Speaker 1: ninety four between the South African police and three German 236 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 1: right wingers in the Donkerhook area. One German right winger, 237 00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:35,200 Speaker 1: mister Stephen Rayes, was arrested, mister Thomas Kuons was shot dead, 238 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:39,639 Speaker 1: and a third, mister Horst Cleans, later arrested. A fourth, 239 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: mister Alexander Ndline, was later charged in the Cullen and 240 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: Magistrates Court for illegal possession of a firearm. And I 241 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:50,440 Speaker 1: think you can see why I was willing to invest 242 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,320 Speaker 1: the effort to find out more about this, because that's 243 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:56,520 Speaker 1: a hell of a thing to find under the first 244 00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: rock you turn over Italian terrorists bombing university offices in 245 00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:05,760 Speaker 1: Pretoria nineteen seventy nine, German mercenaries getting into a deadly 246 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,400 Speaker 1: shootout with the police in nineteen ninety four, And there 247 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:13,200 Speaker 1: she is right at the center of two separate acts 248 00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:20,199 Speaker 1: of pro apartheid terrorism fifteen years apart. Now there are 249 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: some problems here. First of all, her name is spelled wrong, 250 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,240 Speaker 1: only a little wrong. It's missing one of the teas. 251 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,040 Speaker 1: But Alexander Nydelin's name is spelled so incorrectly that you 252 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:35,119 Speaker 1: couldn't find this by searching for his name. The report 253 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:40,000 Speaker 1: calls him Alexander Niedneloin, which as far as I can tell, 254 00:18:40,080 --> 00:18:43,040 Speaker 1: is not anyone's name or a real German name at all. 255 00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: And the bombing of Professor Lombard's offices at the University 256 00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:52,200 Speaker 1: of Pretoria happened in nineteen eighty, not nineteen seventy nine. 257 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:57,720 Speaker 1: It also describes Monica Huggett as a quote foreign right winger, 258 00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:02,040 Speaker 1: which really threw me off at first. I've heard her talk. 259 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,800 Speaker 1: She sounds South African, and she's even said in multiple 260 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,920 Speaker 1: interviews that she was born and raised there. The confusion 261 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:14,600 Speaker 1: in the report maybe because she had publicly identified herself 262 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,840 Speaker 1: as a member of the American ku Klux Klan, and 263 00:19:17,840 --> 00:19:22,760 Speaker 1: that may have been interpreted as her being American, And 264 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:24,840 Speaker 1: by the time the Commission was starting their work, she 265 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:28,280 Speaker 1: had left South Africa and was living in the United States. 266 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:31,600 Speaker 1: They never actually had a chance to speak to her. 267 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:34,920 Speaker 1: I'm willing to cut them some slack on the details here. 268 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:38,560 Speaker 1: They were close enough for government work, as my dad 269 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: used to say, and they had a lot of work 270 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,200 Speaker 1: to do. But as my subsequent research shows, beyond a 271 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: shadow of it out, Monica Huggett was born and raised 272 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: South African. But keep those four Germans in the back 273 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:58,360 Speaker 1: of your mind for now. We'll see them again. Alexander Nydeline, 274 00:19:58,359 --> 00:20:02,399 Speaker 1: you've already met the German NPD member swearing allegiance to 275 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:05,400 Speaker 1: Donald Trump at a Croatian Nazi rally in twenty seventeen. 276 00:20:06,760 --> 00:20:09,680 Speaker 1: According to blurry old scans of arrest warrants from nineteen 277 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:12,919 Speaker 1: ninety three, Stephen Rays and Thomas Kunst were the other 278 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,640 Speaker 1: two German mercenaries he deserted with just before Christmas that year, 279 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:21,719 Speaker 1: and just as an aside, I am admittedly not at 280 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,080 Speaker 1: all an expert on the Bosnian War, so it took 281 00:20:25,119 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: me a minute to parse the letterhead on the warrants. 282 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:31,400 Speaker 1: They were issued by the non existent country of the 283 00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:36,480 Speaker 1: Croatian Republic of Hertzeg Bosnia, which explains why Nydelein had 284 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:39,720 Speaker 1: no problem re entering Croatia after fleeing as a fugitive 285 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:44,840 Speaker 1: all those years ago, and the fourth man forced Glens 286 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:52,399 Speaker 1: he still wanted for murder in Namibia. Early on in 287 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:55,840 Speaker 1: my search for more information about this mysterious woman at 288 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:58,280 Speaker 1: the center of these two terror plots carried out by 289 00:20:58,359 --> 00:21:02,360 Speaker 1: foreign neo Nazis, I found a master's thesis submitted by 290 00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:06,880 Speaker 1: Mada Visser to the University of Pretoria in nineteen ninety nine. 291 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:12,400 Speaker 1: It's in Afrikaans but translated. The title is the Ideological 292 00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,520 Speaker 1: Foundations and Development of the White Fascist Movements in South 293 00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:20,359 Speaker 1: Africa nineteen forty five to nineteen ninety five. After some 294 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,680 Speaker 1: truly agonizing trial and error trying to find a way 295 00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:27,439 Speaker 1: to translate a three hundred page PDF without paying for something. 296 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: The thesis was immensely useful, but every clue just raised 297 00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:37,000 Speaker 1: more questions, and I was running into dead end after 298 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: dead end trying to track down the primary sources in 299 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:45,359 Speaker 1: the footnotes. I can find a lot of things, but 300 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: digitize archives of forty year old newspapers published in another 301 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:53,359 Speaker 1: language in another country that might not even still exist 302 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,919 Speaker 1: at all. For all I know, I came up empty, 303 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 1: and I was on the verge of total ners was 304 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:03,359 Speaker 1: collapse at the idea that there is information out there 305 00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:07,439 Speaker 1: that is just not available to me. When I had 306 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:14,280 Speaker 1: another idea and I found an unlikely ally the Central 307 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:19,960 Speaker 1: Intelligence Agency, That's right. A special shout out this week 308 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: goes to the CIA, more specifically the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 309 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: which was operated by the CIA until it was renamed 310 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:34,600 Speaker 1: the Open Source Center in two thousand and five. Originally 311 00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:38,159 Speaker 1: called the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service, it was authorized in 312 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:42,040 Speaker 1: nineteen forty one by President Roosevelt, and its original purpose 313 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:47,200 Speaker 1: was to record, translate, transcribe, and analyze propaganda radio programs 314 00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:51,359 Speaker 1: produced by the Access Powers during the war. Over the years, 315 00:22:51,359 --> 00:22:55,200 Speaker 1: its mission grew to include peacetime operations, and they eventually 316 00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:58,879 Speaker 1: added television and print media into the mix, collecting and 317 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,399 Speaker 1: translating news from around the world and disseminating reports for 318 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:08,360 Speaker 1: use by intelligence agencies and diplomatic and military organizations. It's 319 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:15,080 Speaker 1: basically just an international news aggregator for government employees. And look, 320 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:20,480 Speaker 1: maybe all those old South African newspapers do exist somewhere. 321 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:24,400 Speaker 1: I found one. Not the one I was looking for, 322 00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:28,560 Speaker 1: not one with real journalists and investigative reporting like I'd hoped. No, 323 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: the only paper I could find a large catalog of 324 00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: digitized archives for was a paper called De Transfiller. It 325 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:42,080 Speaker 1: was an African or nationalist newspaper. That paper once unsuccessfully 326 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,439 Speaker 1: tried to sue another South African newspaper for calling them 327 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:51,240 Speaker 1: Nazi propaganda, but it was such overt Nazi propaganda that 328 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:54,160 Speaker 1: the judge dismissed the suit and ruled that the editor 329 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: of the Transfaller quote did make his newspaper a tool 330 00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 1: of the Nazis in South Africa and he knew it 331 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:07,399 Speaker 1: end quote. So the Transvaaler wasn't exactly the resource I 332 00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:24,800 Speaker 1: was hoping to find, But eventually I gave up trying 333 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: to find old South African newspapers and something that was 334 00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:33,159 Speaker 1: much easier to find were the unclassified daily reports from 335 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,800 Speaker 1: the Sub Saharan office of the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service. 336 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:42,760 Speaker 1: So just this once, I guess I will give a 337 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 1: reluctant nod to the CIA. So now I have some 338 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 1: contemporaneous reporting that has been translated into English by someone 339 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:56,399 Speaker 1: who's presumably a professional and not a robot, and the 340 00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,639 Speaker 1: pieces are starting to come together. I can start to 341 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,960 Speaker 1: see the picture here. This bombing campaign in nineteen eighty 342 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:08,320 Speaker 1: is starting to come into focus. In August of nineteen eighty, 343 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:12,720 Speaker 1: a newspaper editor in Pretoria received a letter on letter 344 00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: head bearing a symbol remarkably similar to the cross emblem 345 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: used by the American Ku Klux Klan. A group calling 346 00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:27,040 Speaker 1: themselves the Vitt Commando or the White Commandos claimed responsibility 347 00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:29,879 Speaker 1: for the bombing of Professor Jon Lombard's office at the 348 00:25:29,960 --> 00:25:34,639 Speaker 1: University of Pretoria, and the group threatened further attacks, writing 349 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:38,640 Speaker 1: that people and organizations working toward integration would be warned 350 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:44,399 Speaker 1: first and then eliminated. The Vit Commando had formed just 351 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:47,520 Speaker 1: a few months earlier in May or June of nineteen eighty. 352 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:52,359 Speaker 1: Sources vary. Monica Huggett would later testify that she joined 353 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: the newly formed vit Commando after meeting Massimo Bolo at 354 00:25:55,880 --> 00:26:00,240 Speaker 1: a meeting in Pretoria in June of nineteen eighty, as 355 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,000 Speaker 1: described in the memoirs of Ray Hill, a man who 356 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:05,760 Speaker 1: ended his lengthy career as a fascist organizer by playing 357 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:09,639 Speaker 1: informant for the anti fascist magazine Searchlight. The meeting was 358 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:13,200 Speaker 1: a summit for leaders of the British fascist group National Front, 359 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:17,760 Speaker 1: the africaner nationalist group AWB, the far right South African 360 00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:22,600 Speaker 1: Political Party HNP, and an Italian fascist group called Unido. 361 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,520 Speaker 1: So even though her involvement with vit Commando is the 362 00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:30,000 Speaker 1: first time I can put her on paper involved in 363 00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:34,240 Speaker 1: a terrorist organization, it was obviously not her first introduction 364 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:38,359 Speaker 1: to the idea. She had to have been deeply involved 365 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,480 Speaker 1: with at least one of those fascist groups to have 366 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:44,760 Speaker 1: even been in the room where Massimo Bolo invited her 367 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: to join his terrorist cell, and the group got started 368 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:52,720 Speaker 1: right away. Just two months after forming the group, the 369 00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:56,480 Speaker 1: bombing of Lombard's office was already their third big public display. 370 00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:00,480 Speaker 1: They'd started a fire at a drive in theater and 371 00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: fire bombed the Johannesburg headquarters of the Institute for Race 372 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: Relations in December. They claimed responsibility for the bombing of 373 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: Professor F. A. Merritz's office at the University of South Africa, 374 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:13,920 Speaker 1: and they would carry out at least four more bombings 375 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:18,720 Speaker 1: before members started getting arrested. The first four arrests came 376 00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:22,520 Speaker 1: in early February of nineteen eighty one a government employee 377 00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:25,960 Speaker 1: in Pretoria named W. G. Van Dyck, the director of 378 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: the South African National Front, Alan Fotheringham, an Italian fascist 379 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:34,359 Speaker 1: named Massimo Bolo, and as the newspaper put it at 380 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:40,800 Speaker 1: the time, mister Bolo's girlfriend, Miss m. Huggett of Kempton Park. 381 00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:45,600 Speaker 1: Now that's the only source I could find alleging a 382 00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: romantic relationship between the pair. It never comes up again, 383 00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:53,439 Speaker 1: so I don't know. And in the weeks that followed, 384 00:27:53,480 --> 00:27:56,040 Speaker 1: police would arrest even more alleged members of the VIT 385 00:27:56,040 --> 00:28:01,520 Speaker 1: Commando Fabio Miriello, an Italian born African citizen who'd emigrated 386 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:05,240 Speaker 1: four years earlier, kuz Vermulin, the leader of the World 387 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:09,439 Speaker 1: Apartheid Movement, and an Italian immigrant named Eugenio Zoppis and 388 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:13,919 Speaker 1: his wife Laura Zenenga. Those are all the names I 389 00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:18,680 Speaker 1: could find in most of my sources. I found a 390 00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:24,080 Speaker 1: few more names in an unlikely place. Documents released by 391 00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:26,639 Speaker 1: the Italian government as part of their investigation into the 392 00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: Bologna massacre, a nineteen eighty bombing of a train station 393 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:31,480 Speaker 1: in Italy willie you to have been the work of 394 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:36,680 Speaker 1: fascist terrorists, do list several additional names of Italians who 395 00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:38,920 Speaker 1: were in South Africa at the time and believed to 396 00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:42,240 Speaker 1: have been involved with the VIT Commando. But there's no 397 00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:45,240 Speaker 1: mention of those extra Italians in the South African or 398 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: English language press, as far as I can find. As 399 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: a matter of fact, there's no mention of almost any 400 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:56,680 Speaker 1: of those people. Ever. Again, only Mariello, Bolo and Zoppis 401 00:28:56,840 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: actually faced charges. Marieloni Bolo were charged with sabotage the 402 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:06,280 Speaker 1: bombings and possession of a massive cache of weapons that 403 00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:09,880 Speaker 1: had been stolen from the South African Defense Force, including 404 00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,520 Speaker 1: fifty kilos of plastic explosives, sixty seven hand grenades, a 405 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:16,440 Speaker 1: couple of land mines, eight rifles, four pistols, a machine gun, 406 00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:21,120 Speaker 1: and five thousand rounds of ammunition. When Bolo and Mariello 407 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:26,400 Speaker 1: went to trial later that year, Monica Hugget testified against them. 408 00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: In exchange, she wasn't charged, she admitted that she had 409 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 1: procured the bomb making manual for Bolo books that she'd 410 00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:39,760 Speaker 1: ordered from her clan contacts in the United States. I 411 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:42,200 Speaker 1: was a little surprised to see a familiar title here. 412 00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:44,840 Speaker 1: One of the books she had sent to her from 413 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,960 Speaker 1: America was called The poor Man's James Bond, which is 414 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: the same bomb making book that Dennis Mahon bought for 415 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:55,240 Speaker 1: the ATF informant that he was in love with after 416 00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,560 Speaker 1: she expressed an interest in bomb making. What a Small World. 417 00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:05,480 Speaker 1: Huggett also testified that she'd accompanied Bulow to Professor Lombard's 418 00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:08,200 Speaker 1: office to scout out the best location to place the bomb. 419 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:12,680 Speaker 1: She explained that Bulow's residence had become unsuitable as a 420 00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:17,560 Speaker 1: workspace after too many of his friends moved in, so 421 00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:19,720 Speaker 1: she rented a property under her own name that he 422 00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:23,480 Speaker 1: could use to work on his bombs. On the stand, 423 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:27,560 Speaker 1: Huggitt explained that she's a political activist. She's a member 424 00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:31,200 Speaker 1: of the American ku Klux Klan and the Vit Commando. 425 00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:36,400 Speaker 1: Never intended to endanger any human lives now, for what 426 00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:39,320 Speaker 1: it's worth not to give this woman the benefit of 427 00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:43,120 Speaker 1: the doubt. But despite the repeated threats to follow up 428 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:46,640 Speaker 1: with more violence, to take up arms, to commit actual 429 00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:50,240 Speaker 1: acts of violence against human beings. No one was ever 430 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:54,600 Speaker 1: actually injured by a vit commando bomb. They went off 431 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 1: in empty offices. I think she may have been telling 432 00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:03,160 Speaker 1: the truth. They were warnings. Huggett told the court that 433 00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:06,480 Speaker 1: their goal was to wake people up to the dangers 434 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,560 Speaker 1: of integration, to send a warning that more violence was 435 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: inevitable if this creeping, incremental progressive reform that people were 436 00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:19,920 Speaker 1: talking about were to actually happen. She swore the group 437 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:22,920 Speaker 1: had no intention of actually hurting anyone or trying to 438 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:28,240 Speaker 1: overthrow the government. By the end of nineteen eighty one, 439 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:32,920 Speaker 1: Mussimobolo had been sentenced to fifty two years, though forty 440 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 1: two of those years would run concurrent with other portions 441 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:38,440 Speaker 1: of the sentence, leaving him with just ten years to 442 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:43,200 Speaker 1: actually serve, and Fabio Miriello was given nineteen years, but 443 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: same deal. It was effectively just five, but Bolo didn't 444 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:52,080 Speaker 1: even serve those ten. He was released without any explanation 445 00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:54,640 Speaker 1: that I can find, after just four years in nineteen 446 00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:59,400 Speaker 1: eighty five, and immediately deported back to Italy. I'm not 447 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:03,640 Speaker 1: entirely sure what became of Muriello, but Myightivisser's thesis says 448 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:06,240 Speaker 1: he was known to have reconnected with Monica Huggett after 449 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,000 Speaker 1: his release, and the pair both got involved with the 450 00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:12,040 Speaker 1: South African branch of the American Neo Nazi religion, the 451 00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:17,800 Speaker 1: Church of the Creator. As for Eugenio Zuppis, the young 452 00:32:17,840 --> 00:32:21,600 Speaker 1: Italian immigrant was charged only with the theft of the weapons. 453 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:24,160 Speaker 1: He'd been the one to actually steal them from the 454 00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:27,440 Speaker 1: South African Defense Force, and he was also sentenced to 455 00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:31,160 Speaker 1: five years, and he appealed that sentence to the court. 456 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:34,360 Speaker 1: So the following year, his lawyer was urging a judge 457 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:38,760 Speaker 1: to consider the mitigating factors. He's so young. He's just 458 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,440 Speaker 1: twenty three years old, and he was a brand new 459 00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:43,880 Speaker 1: immigrant at the time, and he didn't speak any English. 460 00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,400 Speaker 1: He'd been manipulated by the much older Fabio Muriello. His 461 00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,880 Speaker 1: lawyer went as far as to say that Eugenio Zuppas 462 00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:56,040 Speaker 1: had joined the VIT Commando entirely by accident, and he 463 00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:58,920 Speaker 1: had no idea of the true nature of the organization 464 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:03,200 Speaker 1: until after he was arrested. The article about the dismissal 465 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: of his appeal only lays out what his attorney said, 466 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:09,440 Speaker 1: it's not clear from the reporting I can find if 467 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:15,120 Speaker 1: anyone contradicted those statements in court, because you might have guessed, 468 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:21,120 Speaker 1: but it's not true. I mentioned earlier that the most 469 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: complete list of names of those Italian fascists who were 470 00:33:24,320 --> 00:33:26,960 Speaker 1: arrested in South Africa in connection to the vict Commando 471 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:31,720 Speaker 1: bombings was buried somewhere in two thousand pages of documents 472 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,600 Speaker 1: released by the Italian government related to the Bologna massacre. 473 00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:40,160 Speaker 1: In August of nineteen eighty, the same month that the 474 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:44,520 Speaker 1: Vit Commando bombing started in South Africa, eighty five people 475 00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:47,360 Speaker 1: were killed when a bomb went off inside the Bologna 476 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:52,800 Speaker 1: Central train station in Italy. It is, to some extent 477 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,600 Speaker 1: kind of a mystery still. There were a number of 478 00:33:56,640 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 1: trials spanning over a decade, and several members of an 479 00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: Italian and fascist group were convicted, but the group itself 480 00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:09,200 Speaker 1: never accepted responsibility for the bombing. It is perhaps in 481 00:34:09,239 --> 00:34:14,920 Speaker 1: some ways akin to the Oklahoma City bombing. Legally we 482 00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:17,840 Speaker 1: found the guy who did it, but there are a 483 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,000 Speaker 1: lot of questions we're never going to get answers to, 484 00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:22,239 Speaker 1: and there are a lot of weird paths you could 485 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 1: let your mind go down trying to find them, so 486 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,600 Speaker 1: without losing my sanity or dragging you into the incomprehensible depths. 487 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:35,640 Speaker 1: Suffice it to say, Eugenio'suppus was not an innocent, confused 488 00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:38,520 Speaker 1: young man when he stole a small arsenal of weapons 489 00:34:38,520 --> 00:34:42,799 Speaker 1: for the vit Commando in nineteen eighty. In nineteen seventy six, 490 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:45,560 Speaker 1: he was one of fifteen members of an Italian fascist 491 00:34:45,640 --> 00:34:49,919 Speaker 1: group who armed with clubs and chains, beat a young 492 00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:54,719 Speaker 1: communist organizer to death in a small town outside of Rome. And, 493 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,799 Speaker 1: contrary to his lawyer's claims that he had by pure coincidence, 494 00:34:59,239 --> 00:35:02,439 Speaker 1: met and befriended a fellow Italian right after he moved 495 00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:05,560 Speaker 1: to South Africa, only to be manipulated by this new 496 00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:10,120 Speaker 1: friend into committee crimes. There is actually evidence that Zoppas 497 00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:13,759 Speaker 1: had been sent to South Africa specifically to meet with 498 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:18,560 Speaker 1: Fabio Mariello. In the months before Zappas arrived in South Africa, 499 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:22,640 Speaker 1: a member of Italy's Black Order wrote Mariello that he 500 00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:26,520 Speaker 1: was sending six members down very soon, with more to follow. 501 00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:30,960 Speaker 1: In nineteen eighty four, the newspaper of the Italian Communist 502 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,560 Speaker 1: Party listed Zappas among the names of seventy six fascist 503 00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:39,319 Speaker 1: fugitives believed to have fled the country. Diplomatic records show 504 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:42,960 Speaker 1: the Italian government was requesting his extradition from Paraguay by 505 00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:46,440 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty six, and I don't know what happened to 506 00:35:46,480 --> 00:36:04,200 Speaker 1: him after that. In what is becoming a constant refrain, 507 00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 1: I do want to stress that I'm not an expert 508 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,840 Speaker 1: in South African history. I'm not a scholar of the 509 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:14,440 Speaker 1: apartheid era. I'm not a historian. Every week I have 510 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,440 Speaker 1: to gain some new specialized knowledge to try to give 511 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,040 Speaker 1: context to the story I'm trying to tell. And there's 512 00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:22,480 Speaker 1: only so much one person can sort out in a 513 00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:26,239 Speaker 1: couple of days. So bear with me, because I do 514 00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:29,920 Speaker 1: want to try to give some context here. This bit 515 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:33,600 Speaker 1: commando bombing campaign in nineteen eighty didn't come out of nowhere. 516 00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:37,759 Speaker 1: When Monica Hugget testified against the men she'd helped carry 517 00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:40,960 Speaker 1: out those attacks, she said their goal had been to 518 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,759 Speaker 1: demonstrate that many white South Africans were opposed to the 519 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:49,840 Speaker 1: path of gradual concessions being made by the National Party, 520 00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:53,160 Speaker 1: and I was confused by that. It will be another 521 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:57,520 Speaker 1: fifteen years before apartheid ended, and the National Party loved apartheid. 522 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:05,160 Speaker 1: What is she talking about? Apartheid is inherently violent. It 523 00:37:05,239 --> 00:37:08,799 Speaker 1: is a form of violence in and of itself. There 524 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:13,400 Speaker 1: is no peaceful or kind way to run an apartheid state. 525 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:21,400 Speaker 1: There is no nonviolent ethno state, and that's obvious. But 526 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:24,520 Speaker 1: the kinds of violence and the visibility of that violence 527 00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:28,160 Speaker 1: change from year to year. I don't mean to say 528 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,759 Speaker 1: that things like the forced removal of Black Africans from 529 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:34,600 Speaker 1: their homes and their lands are not violence. It is 530 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:39,800 Speaker 1: every action carried out in service of implementing and maintaining 531 00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:45,160 Speaker 1: apartheid was an act of violence. But some years were 532 00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:49,000 Speaker 1: bloodier than others. And while the political movement to end 533 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:54,840 Speaker 1: apartheid ebbed and flowed, two people have always and will 534 00:37:54,960 --> 00:38:02,240 Speaker 1: always resist injustice. But in nineteen when those bombs went off, 535 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:06,600 Speaker 1: there was a growing awareness on all sides of the 536 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:10,760 Speaker 1: issue that something was going to have to change. Whether 537 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:13,960 Speaker 1: they liked it or not, The country was about to 538 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:18,799 Speaker 1: experience some of the most violent years of apartheid. For 539 00:38:18,840 --> 00:38:22,040 Speaker 1: those committed to maintaining the status quo and holding on 540 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:27,080 Speaker 1: to political power, that would mean making some targeted compromises 541 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:34,840 Speaker 1: and more importantly, doubling down on state repression. The Soweto 542 00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:40,680 Speaker 1: uprising had made apartheid a PR problem. I think for 543 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:45,440 Speaker 1: most people, dead school children is more than a PR problem, 544 00:38:45,840 --> 00:38:49,560 Speaker 1: but for the National Party, that's what it was. In 545 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:52,560 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy six, thousands of students walked out of class 546 00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:55,319 Speaker 1: in protest of a nineteen seventy four law requiring the 547 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:59,960 Speaker 1: use of Afrikaans in school. Students sang and held sign 548 00:39:00,440 --> 00:39:02,759 Speaker 1: as they marched, and they planned to rally at a 549 00:39:02,840 --> 00:39:07,480 Speaker 1: nearby stadium. Words spread to other nearby schools and students 550 00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:11,560 Speaker 1: poured out into the streets to join the march, and 551 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,720 Speaker 1: when they heard the police had blocked their intended route, 552 00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:18,880 Speaker 1: one of the march organizers urged calm, telling the crowd, 553 00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,640 Speaker 1: brothers and sisters, I appeal to you, keep calm and cool. 554 00:39:24,640 --> 00:39:27,000 Speaker 1: We have just received a report that the police are coming. 555 00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:31,840 Speaker 1: Don't taunt them, don't do anything to them. Be cool 556 00:39:31,880 --> 00:39:36,680 Speaker 1: and calm. We are not fighting. And when they encountered 557 00:39:36,680 --> 00:39:40,560 Speaker 1: the police for the first time, for a moment it 558 00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:45,960 Speaker 1: seemed cooler heads had prevailed on all sides, but the 559 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:52,920 Speaker 1: police weren't actually retreating. They were waiting for reinforcements, and 560 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,360 Speaker 1: just half an hour later, the first tear gas canister 561 00:39:55,520 --> 00:40:00,759 Speaker 1: was fired into the crowd of children, and some of 562 00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:08,080 Speaker 1: them ran, but most of them stayed facing the police, unmoving. 563 00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:14,680 Speaker 1: According to several accounts, I found the children were singing 564 00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:21,280 Speaker 1: when the first shot was fired. The police opened fire 565 00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:28,600 Speaker 1: with live rounds on the crowd of children. One of 566 00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:30,680 Speaker 1: the first children to die that day was a twelve 567 00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:36,800 Speaker 1: year old boy named Hector Peterson. The photo of his tiny, 568 00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:40,440 Speaker 1: limp body in the arms of an older boy, with 569 00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:45,680 Speaker 1: Hector's sister running beside him, was seen around the world. 570 00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:50,719 Speaker 1: Black South African photojournalist sam and Zeema had captured the 571 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:57,920 Speaker 1: true face of apartheid, and people were horrified. The violence 572 00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,680 Speaker 1: spread like wildfire, and the worst of it lasted for 573 00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:07,160 Speaker 1: three days. There was an explosion of internal resistance. White 574 00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:11,480 Speaker 1: university students marched against the killings, Black workers went on strike. 575 00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:15,120 Speaker 1: Riots broke out in black townships all over the country. 576 00:41:15,640 --> 00:41:21,799 Speaker 1: Buildings burned, and when the dust had settled, hundreds were dead. 577 00:41:24,320 --> 00:41:27,560 Speaker 1: The small reforms introduced in the late seventies had nothing 578 00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:31,760 Speaker 1: to do with the National Party softening its stance on apartheid, 579 00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:37,120 Speaker 1: but the apartheid regime saw some advantage to reducing international 580 00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:45,640 Speaker 1: criticism and disrupting black resistance. Amidst these tepid reforms, divisions grew. 581 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:49,360 Speaker 1: Some white South Africans, who had seen those pictures of 582 00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:54,759 Speaker 1: children's corpses, now saw apartheid as what it was, a 583 00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:59,440 Speaker 1: true evil. Others were repulsed by the violence, but seemed 584 00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:05,000 Speaker 1: satisfied with the gestures toward reform. People like Monica Huggett, 585 00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,440 Speaker 1: were worried that these promised reforms, things like repealing the 586 00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,360 Speaker 1: ban on interracial relationships, would set the country on a 587 00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:17,880 Speaker 1: road to hell. In her testimony the trial for Mariello 588 00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:21,040 Speaker 1: and Bolo, she laid the blame on her Italian accomplices, 589 00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,719 Speaker 1: but made no apologies for her own motivation, saying, on 590 00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:29,560 Speaker 1: the stand, I was opposed to integration. I still am. 591 00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:36,240 Speaker 1: The week Mariello and Bulo were convicted, American newspapers carried 592 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:40,080 Speaker 1: a four sentence wire story about the trial, noting that 593 00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:44,440 Speaker 1: it was South Africa's first ever prosecution of white terrorists. 594 00:42:45,080 --> 00:42:48,520 Speaker 1: How South Africa was entering its bloodiest decade of political violence. 595 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:51,960 Speaker 1: Someone had finally gone to jail for pro apartheid terror. 596 00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:55,839 Speaker 1: But it's significant that they were only willing to prosecute 597 00:42:55,840 --> 00:43:00,279 Speaker 1: those Italian men. There's hardly any mention at all South 598 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:02,560 Speaker 1: African woman who served as the point of contact for 599 00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:07,000 Speaker 1: these foreign terrorists. Many of the stories in South African 600 00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:10,480 Speaker 1: outlets stress heavily that the group was foreign in origin, 601 00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:15,080 Speaker 1: that its members were foreigners, that they didn't even speak Afrikaans, 602 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:19,320 Speaker 1: that they had no connection to any South African political organizations. 603 00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:24,319 Speaker 1: But that assertion is complicated a little bit by an 604 00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:28,440 Speaker 1: anecdote from ray Hill's memoirs. On the first day of 605 00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:32,160 Speaker 1: the trial, as Below and Miriello entered the courtroom, a 606 00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:37,120 Speaker 1: man in the gallery stood and applauded for them. Natman 607 00:43:37,440 --> 00:43:41,960 Speaker 1: Pete Rudolph was a former police officer, and at the 608 00:43:41,960 --> 00:43:45,120 Speaker 1: time of the trial in nineteen eighty one, he was 609 00:43:45,160 --> 00:43:48,480 Speaker 1: a sitting member of the Pretorias City Council and a 610 00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:53,160 Speaker 1: member of the far right party HNP. He would eventually 611 00:43:53,239 --> 00:43:56,879 Speaker 1: leave party politics behind and form a white supremacist group 612 00:43:56,960 --> 00:44:00,480 Speaker 1: called the Order Bora Folk or the Order of the 613 00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:05,080 Speaker 1: Boer People. He borrowed the name from the plot of 614 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:11,440 Speaker 1: the Turner Diaries. After Miriello and Bolo were convicted, the 615 00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:14,960 Speaker 1: VIC Commando ceased to exist. It was just one of 616 00:44:15,080 --> 00:44:20,320 Speaker 1: countless short lived right wing organizations in a shifting political landscape. 617 00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:25,360 Speaker 1: Groups formed and splintered and disappeared all the time. Sometimes 618 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:27,960 Speaker 1: there was even doubt about the actual existence of some 619 00:44:28,120 --> 00:44:31,560 Speaker 1: group claiming credit for one attack or another, and a 620 00:44:31,560 --> 00:44:36,040 Speaker 1: lot of groups had significantly overlapping membership. But the end 621 00:44:36,080 --> 00:44:38,000 Speaker 1: of the vict Commendo was not the end of Monica 622 00:44:38,080 --> 00:44:45,239 Speaker 1: Huggett's involvement in pro apartheid violence, not by a long shot. Now, 623 00:44:45,239 --> 00:44:48,440 Speaker 1: in my timeline of events, I lose track of Monica 624 00:44:48,480 --> 00:44:51,880 Speaker 1: after nineteen eighty one. I can't say what she was 625 00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:55,719 Speaker 1: up to for most of the eighties, but by the 626 00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:58,759 Speaker 1: time I find her again in the record, she's a 627 00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:02,400 Speaker 1: high ranking member of the africaner nationalist neo Nazi organization 628 00:45:02,960 --> 00:45:08,560 Speaker 1: called the Africaner Veristanspavaging the Africaner Resistance Movement in English, 629 00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:12,880 Speaker 1: or just AWB for short. It was founded in nineteen 630 00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:18,359 Speaker 1: seventy three by Eugene terre Blanche, and the AWB wasn't 631 00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:24,160 Speaker 1: happy with apartheid. No, it wouldn't do at all. Apartheid 632 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:30,040 Speaker 1: was too left wing, it was too liberal, and there 633 00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:32,920 Speaker 1: was too much risk to bore identity for them to 634 00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:37,600 Speaker 1: be living in proximity to black Africans, even under apartheid conditions. 635 00:45:38,239 --> 00:45:42,040 Speaker 1: They're secessionists, and they believe the only solution to the 636 00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:47,200 Speaker 1: problem is a pure white ethno state, a folkstot or 637 00:45:47,239 --> 00:45:52,200 Speaker 1: the white South African. It's a little bit baffling that 638 00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:55,160 Speaker 1: she was able to resume her activities retaining a fairly 639 00:45:55,239 --> 00:45:58,319 Speaker 1: high level of prestige and responsibility, particularly when it came 640 00:45:58,360 --> 00:46:03,840 Speaker 1: to her international contact after she, you know, turned state's 641 00:46:03,840 --> 00:46:07,960 Speaker 1: witness against Maryellow and Bolo. Surely everyone knew she'd sold 642 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:11,759 Speaker 1: them out to save herself, but maybe her colleagues didn't 643 00:46:11,760 --> 00:46:16,400 Speaker 1: see it that way. Maybe she was important enough that 644 00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:18,640 Speaker 1: they were willing to make that sacrifice to keep her 645 00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:23,280 Speaker 1: on the outside doing whatever it was she was doing. 646 00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:27,320 Speaker 1: I had hope to get through the end of the 647 00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:30,279 Speaker 1: nineteen eighties in this episode, but I think we have 648 00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:34,240 Speaker 1: to leave it here. In the mid eighties, our Italian 649 00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:36,960 Speaker 1: mercenaries were in the wind after serving just a handful 650 00:46:36,960 --> 00:46:41,399 Speaker 1: of years buying bars. I can't find Monica no matter 651 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:43,960 Speaker 1: how hard I squint at old TV news b roll 652 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:48,160 Speaker 1: of South African Nazi rallies. But I think she's there somewhere. 653 00:46:49,840 --> 00:46:53,720 Speaker 1: And next week, before we rejoined Monica in her own story, 654 00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:57,279 Speaker 1: we'll pick up in nineteen eighty nine with one of 655 00:46:57,280 --> 00:47:01,279 Speaker 1: our German mercenaries. Five years before shooting out with the 656 00:47:01,320 --> 00:47:04,720 Speaker 1: cops just days before the nineteen ninety four South African election, 657 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:10,200 Speaker 1: Horst Glen's was trying to prevent a different African nation 658 00:47:10,920 --> 00:47:16,000 Speaker 1: from holding its first democratic, multi racial elections. He failed 659 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:20,719 Speaker 1: both times, but in nineteen eighty nine Klen's in his 660 00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:24,920 Speaker 1: South African Nazi terror Celle, took two lives in a 661 00:47:24,920 --> 00:47:41,320 Speaker 1: failed attempt to prevent Namibian independence. Weird Little Guys is 662 00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:44,360 Speaker 1: a production of Cool Zone Media and iHeartRadio. Its research 663 00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:47,840 Speaker 1: written and recorded by me Molly Conker. Our executive producers 664 00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:50,920 Speaker 1: are Sophie Lichterman and Robert Evans. The show is edited 665 00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:53,960 Speaker 1: by the wildly talented Rory Gagan. The theme music was 666 00:47:53,960 --> 00:47:56,879 Speaker 1: composed by Brad dickerd. You can email me at Weird 667 00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:59,800 Speaker 1: Little Guys podcast at gmail dot com. I will definitely 668 00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,600 Speaker 1: and I almost certainly won't answer it. It's nothing personal. 669 00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:06,839 Speaker 1: You can exchange conspiracy theories about the show with other 670 00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:10,680 Speaker 1: listeners on the Weird Little Guys subredd end. Just don't 671 00:48:10,719 --> 00:48:12,040 Speaker 1: post anything that's going to make you one of my 672 00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:12,880 Speaker 1: room guys.