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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 2: Most deals are barely worth mentioning. But then there's at 20 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 2: and t's best deal on the new Samsung Galaxy Z 21 00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 2: Flip six featuring Flexcam with Galaxy AI. You can get 22 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:10,839 Speaker 2: it on them when you trade in your eligible smartphone, 23 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:14,080 Speaker 2: any year, any condition. It's a deal so good you'll 24 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:17,880 Speaker 2: be shouting from the rooftops. So grab a latter and 25 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 2: learn how to get that new phone on AT and 26 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 2: T AT and T connecting changes. Everything requires trading in 27 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:25,560 Speaker 2: a Galaxy S NOTEWORZ series smarphone. Limit time off for 28 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:27,399 Speaker 2: two hundred fifty six gigabyce for Z your dollars. Additional 29 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:29,280 Speaker 2: bees terms and restrictions apply. See att dot com. Slash 30 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 2: Samsung Corp. Is an AT and T store for details. 31 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:44,160 Speaker 1: Hey Jorge, do you worry much about things from space 32 00:01:44,319 --> 00:01:45,039 Speaker 1: coming to kill you? 33 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 3: Not until right now? Why should I? Well, it depends 34 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 3: depends on what. Well, if there was nothing you could 35 00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 3: do to prepare for to prevent it, would you still 36 00:01:55,560 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 3: want to know? Yeah? I think so. It'd be nice 37 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,160 Speaker 3: to know I can get my things in order and 38 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,520 Speaker 3: you know, get a couple, finish that TV series I've 39 00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:05,040 Speaker 3: been watching. 40 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:08,240 Speaker 1: In that case, I highly recommend you pay attention to 41 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:11,600 Speaker 1: this episode of our podcast because it's going to prepare you. 42 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 3: Why should I listen? To the episode or finish my 43 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:16,360 Speaker 3: TV series. I'm confused. What should I do? Daniel? 44 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,360 Speaker 1: I imagine how I have while we're recording this episode. 45 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:20,800 Speaker 1: You do sound distract sometimes? 46 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 3: Well, I say, she'd multitask. 47 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 1: Exactly. There's a you know, death from space is coming, 48 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:28,960 Speaker 1: so you got to get stuff done. 49 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:31,280 Speaker 3: I feel like the universe is huge and there's there's 50 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:33,440 Speaker 3: a million things out there that can kills instantly at 51 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 3: any time. Are you saying there's something in particular I 52 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 3: should be worried about? 53 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:56,240 Speaker 1: Stay tuned find out. Hi. 54 00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,240 Speaker 3: I'm Borhan. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of the 55 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,200 Speaker 3: comic strip Piled Higher and Deeper or PhD Comics. 56 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: He's also a shill for big Banana corporations, but you'll 57 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:08,440 Speaker 1: hear more about that later. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle 58 00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:13,440 Speaker 1: physicist and a part time podcast host and amateur bakery. 59 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 3: And also a shill for Marvel Comics. 60 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: And DC whatever. Man, I'm totally a DC guy. 61 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 3: That's why he sold out to Marvel because it's the 62 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:24,680 Speaker 3: most successful, more successful franchise. 63 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:26,600 Speaker 1: Oh, I am still waiting for that check, by the way, 64 00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:27,720 Speaker 1: for selling out to Marvel. 65 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:31,799 Speaker 3: I think I think they're waiting for Tony Stark to 66 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:32,200 Speaker 3: sign it. 67 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, I was fact checking their Pim Particle episodes 68 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:39,680 Speaker 1: and I sent them a long list of corrections and 69 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 1: never heard back. So maybe I'm maybe they don't want 70 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: to hear from me anymore. 71 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 3: I know the scientific advisor of the AT movies. He's 72 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,600 Speaker 3: it buddy, So I could we could just have a 73 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 3: whole podcast with. 74 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: Him, really, because I got a few things to say 75 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: about the pim particle and the quantum realm. 76 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 3: Now he's a quantum physicist. Are you sure you're off 77 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 3: for the for the challenge. 78 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: Well, he's either right or he's wrong. There's no in between, right, No, 79 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:06,720 Speaker 1: he is, he's both. No, he's right and wrong at 80 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: the same time. 81 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:08,920 Speaker 3: That's right. 82 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: Yeah. Anyway, this is our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain 83 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: the Universe. 84 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:16,279 Speaker 3: A production of iHeartRadio, where we talk about all the 85 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 3: amazing and mysterious things that are out there in the 86 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 3: universe that may or may not kill you instantly. 87 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:22,280 Speaker 1: That's right. 88 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:22,520 Speaker 4: I know. 89 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: Sometimes we talk that's about the real universe. Sometimes we 90 00:04:25,720 --> 00:04:28,279 Speaker 1: talk about the Marvel universe, or the DC universe or 91 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:31,760 Speaker 1: the Banana universe. Whatever is interesting today. 92 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:33,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, and so today on the podcast, we are going 93 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,000 Speaker 3: to talk about a very interesting topic. 94 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 1: That's right. Today's topic is gamma ray bursts. A bunch 95 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:47,839 Speaker 1: of listeners wrote in and asked us to explain gamma 96 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:50,480 Speaker 1: ray bursts. What are they? Can they kill us? Can 97 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:54,000 Speaker 1: they really turn Bruce Banner into the Hulk? What's going on? 98 00:04:54,279 --> 00:04:55,440 Speaker 1: Please break it down? 99 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:57,719 Speaker 3: Wait, gamma ray bursts. I thought we were talking about 100 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 3: Billy ray Syres. I thought, isn't that the weird from 101 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 3: space that we're doing. 102 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:06,279 Speaker 1: No, Billy ray Cyrus' career is based on getting irradiated 103 00:05:06,279 --> 00:05:09,120 Speaker 1: by gamma ray bursts. That's the connection. He used to 104 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: be a mild mannered singer and then he got gamma 105 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,679 Speaker 1: rays and now he's like the crazy Billy ray Cyrus. 106 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:18,440 Speaker 3: Oh all right, and so gamma rays are involved until. 107 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:22,080 Speaker 1: I totally made that up. That is completely fabricated. I 108 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,839 Speaker 1: apologized to Billy ray Cyrus and all of his fans 109 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:28,520 Speaker 1: for implying that a mere mortal could not have written 110 00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: that music, the Pokey. He didn't write the hockey Pokey anyway. 111 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: But but gamma rays do play a big role in 112 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,040 Speaker 1: the Marvel universe, right because back when gamma rays were 113 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:43,680 Speaker 1: the crazy thing people were worried about. It showed up 114 00:05:43,720 --> 00:05:46,479 Speaker 1: in comic books all the time, and that's how Bruce 115 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 1: Banner got turned into the Hulk. 116 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 3: That's right. And I'm surprised you know this fact about 117 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:51,839 Speaker 3: the Marvel universe. I thought you were a DC guy. 118 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:54,440 Speaker 1: Well, you know, Marvel is not paying me, so I 119 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:55,719 Speaker 1: figured i'd do some research. 120 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,640 Speaker 3: Yeah. So he he gets a rate it by gamma 121 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:02,839 Speaker 3: rays and some kind of accident, and that's what turns 122 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 3: it into the Hulk. And so these are like magic 123 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:06,719 Speaker 3: mysterious rays. 124 00:06:06,839 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: Right, that's right. And you know, I gotta wonder about 125 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: this origin story the Hulk, Like do you think they're 126 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 1: trying to make it seem like it's his fault? Like 127 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:17,719 Speaker 1: crazy scientist just wants to learn about the universe, doesn't 128 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:21,240 Speaker 1: care about the risks to humanity, gets irradiated. Like is 129 00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: that like a moral punishment like tisk tisk. You shouldn't 130 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: be playing with these forces you don't understand? 131 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:29,839 Speaker 3: Yeah, for sure, way are you saying that comic books 132 00:06:29,839 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 3: can have like literary you know, secret messages and themes. 133 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: And there's definitely literary. I don't know if it's so 134 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,600 Speaker 1: secret though. I just wonder about, like how is interpreted 135 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,120 Speaker 1: at the time. You know, like, are scientists like the 136 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:45,560 Speaker 1: leading edge they're bringing us into the atomic age? You look 137 00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: at all the wonderful things we're getting out of science, 138 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:50,160 Speaker 1: or is it like I'm kind of scared of science. 139 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 1: Scientists don't seem trustworthy, look at all the crazy stuff 140 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:53,960 Speaker 1: they're doing. 141 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 3: M I think it was a It's supposed to be 142 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:59,160 Speaker 3: kind of a take on you know, Doctor Jekyll and 143 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 3: mister Hyde, you know, the scientists who's trying to understand 144 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:05,360 Speaker 3: things and playing maybe with things he doesn't quite fully understand, 145 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:08,240 Speaker 3: and then he gets turned into superhero and into a 146 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 3: multi billion dollar franchise. So it kind of worked out 147 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:10,880 Speaker 3: for the scientists. 148 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, so the lesson is everybody should do crazy radiation 149 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: experiments in their basement, right. No, but gamma rays do 150 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: feature a lot in comics from a long time ago, 151 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 1: and they are real thing. Gamma rays really are a 152 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,360 Speaker 1: real thing, and gamma ray bursts are a real thing, 153 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: and so we thought it'd be fun to do an 154 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,160 Speaker 1: episode where we explained it. It turns out that they 155 00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 1: are quite a scientific puzzle. For a long time, physicists 156 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: have not understood where they came from and what's generating. 157 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:40,280 Speaker 3: Them and should we be worried about them? 158 00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: Yeah? Should we worry about them? Exactly? 159 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 3: And are we all going to turn into the Hulk? 160 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:48,559 Speaker 1: And how do you feel about that anyway? And should 161 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: you watch your TV show? Well, you mean, what happens 162 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: if you turn into the Hulk and you have all 163 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:55,280 Speaker 1: those TV shows recorded? Do you think the Hulk likes 164 00:07:55,320 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: to watch the same TV show as you do? Do 165 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:00,200 Speaker 1: you need like separate tvrs for when you're in Hulk 166 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: mode when you're not in Hulk mode? 167 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,640 Speaker 3: You know, I don't think the Hulk would get past 168 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 3: you know, the pilot episode of most TV shows. You know, 169 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:09,720 Speaker 3: you'd probably smashed the TV right away. 170 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: No, no stars from no unnecessary dialogue. That sounds like 171 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:20,680 Speaker 1: how my son reviews most television shows. 172 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:23,720 Speaker 3: Really too much talking, too much. 173 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:28,000 Speaker 1: Talking, where's the action? Exactly exactly? 174 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 3: But they sound pretty cool. Gamma rays, right, gamma rays? 175 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:33,679 Speaker 3: I mean it sounds like some sort of new kind 176 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 3: of ray energy. 177 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:38,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Does it have a positive connotation to you, like, 178 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:40,679 Speaker 1: oh my god, look at this amazing source of energy, 179 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:42,199 Speaker 1: all the good we can do for the world, or 180 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:45,040 Speaker 1: does that have a negative connotation like is this a weapon? 181 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:45,920 Speaker 1: That's going to kill me. 182 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 3: I think it just sounds like something out of science fiction. 183 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:52,480 Speaker 3: You know, like if you called it like puppy dog rays, 184 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:55,199 Speaker 3: I'd be like, oh, that's cute, it's safe. Or she 185 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:58,960 Speaker 3: called it like a you know, kind of superhero cancer 186 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:00,000 Speaker 3: inducing rays. 187 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: I can't let that go. I can't let it go. 188 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: What if a scientist is experimenting with puppy dog rays 189 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 1: and gets irradiated, what kind of superhero does he turn into? 190 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:10,800 Speaker 1: The Hulk puppy. 191 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 3: Yeah, the hush puppy. 192 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: Goes around looking everybody snuggling with them. 193 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 3: The husky, the husky there you go, exactly, the green husky, 194 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 3: which sounds pretty adorable. But no, yeah, they sound mysterious. 195 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,079 Speaker 3: They sound very sci fi, right, like Gamma, Like, oh, 196 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 3: you have to just pick a Greek letter and marry 197 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 3: it to like a scientific physics term and you have 198 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 3: something sci fi. 199 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. No, you're right, it does sounds fictiony, 200 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:39,559 Speaker 1: But the cool thing about it is that it's actually 201 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:42,200 Speaker 1: also science y, Like there's a lot of really interesting 202 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: science behind Gamma ray bursts. 203 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 3: Yeah, and a big mystery, right, there's a big mystery 204 00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:47,680 Speaker 3: about them. 205 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:50,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, So I was wondering what people knew about gamma 206 00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:52,000 Speaker 1: ray bursts? Were they worried about them? Do they know 207 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: what they mean? Do they know what a gamma ray 208 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:54,760 Speaker 1: is at all? 209 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 3: So, as usual, Daniel went out there and ask people 210 00:09:57,280 --> 00:10:01,840 Speaker 3: on the street, random strangers, what they thought a gammory was. 211 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:05,439 Speaker 1: And these interviews happened partially on the campus if you 212 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 1: see Irvine, and also partially at the Irvine spectrum. So 213 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: you're gonna get a selection of students and random people. 214 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:13,840 Speaker 3: What's the Irvine spectrum? 215 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:16,080 Speaker 1: What's the Irvine spectrum? Oh my god? How do you 216 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: not know about that? People like people like fly from Japan? 217 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:23,839 Speaker 3: The range of colors in Orange County? Is it like 218 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 3: the range from a dark base to dark baby? 219 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: I never realized the dramatic irony of Irvine calling anything 220 00:10:31,559 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: a spectrum because there is no spectrum. You're right, No, 221 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: it's a big mall here in Irvine. People actually like 222 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:41,440 Speaker 1: fly here from Japan, stay in a hotel and just 223 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:43,120 Speaker 1: show up of the mall and then like fly back. 224 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:44,040 Speaker 1: It's crazy. 225 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:46,679 Speaker 3: Really, is it like a fancy or is it like 226 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:49,199 Speaker 3: a mega Minnesota Maldi Mercas. 227 00:10:49,559 --> 00:10:52,600 Speaker 1: I'm not the right person to evaluate malls. I spent 228 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:55,720 Speaker 1: as little time in them as possible. I was there 229 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:58,319 Speaker 1: because my kids were on spring break and I took 230 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:00,200 Speaker 1: them to a movie, and while they were in the movie, 231 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: I interviewed people about gamma rays. 232 00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:04,080 Speaker 3: You didn't go into the movie with them. 233 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: No, No, I stood outside looking like a weirdo asking 234 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:09,240 Speaker 1: people weird science questions. 235 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 3: All right, Well, those of you at home, think about 236 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:14,360 Speaker 3: it for a second. If you if a random physicist 237 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:16,800 Speaker 3: approach you outside of a movie theater in a fancy 238 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,560 Speaker 3: mall and ask you what is a gamma ray? What 239 00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:22,400 Speaker 3: would you say, go a good step away, sir. 240 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: You'd say, I didn't fly here from Japan just to 241 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: answer your questions. 242 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:29,559 Speaker 3: Security security. 243 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:33,319 Speaker 1: One fascinating thing is that on campus at UCI, ninety 244 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 1: nine percent of people will answer my questions, whereas that 245 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,839 Speaker 1: the spectrum, only like one in ten are willing to 246 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: answer questions. 247 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 3: Really huh yeah, why that is? 248 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:44,400 Speaker 1: I don't know. 249 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:45,880 Speaker 3: So here's what people had to say. 250 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: First question is, have you ever heard about gamma ray burst? 251 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:50,280 Speaker 1: Do you know what that is? 252 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:51,280 Speaker 5: No? 253 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:53,360 Speaker 2: No, I don't know, but I've heard of it because 254 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 2: it definitely has to do something with UV light. 255 00:11:58,400 --> 00:11:59,800 Speaker 3: It's like a sun ray, I'm assuming. 256 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's just I know that it modifies like your 257 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: DNA or something. 258 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:07,959 Speaker 5: I could just blast your DNA and it could cause some. 259 00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: Damage to you, like severely. Yeah. Yeah, so that's about it, 260 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,960 Speaker 1: but not too into it. Gamma reavers a kind of 261 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: gam or I don't know. Okay, Yes, but the star 262 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: explodes and it'll admit a lot of frequency of photons 263 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,480 Speaker 1: and if it be a large exposure, then the prectation 264 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 1: will be high. I will be gammera explosion something, okay? 265 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:34,319 Speaker 1: And is it something to worry about? 266 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:37,360 Speaker 3: I don't think it will be that powerful that makes 267 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 3: us worry depends on how close the star is, Honestly, 268 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 3: I cann't tell you. 269 00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 1: I'm not sure, all right? 270 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 3: Is that something to do with stars? So it's when 271 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:49,160 Speaker 3: the sun explodes or something? 272 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:50,360 Speaker 5: Right? Is something? 273 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:51,520 Speaker 1: Is it something to worry about? 274 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:53,720 Speaker 5: I would seem so? Yeah? 275 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,480 Speaker 3: All right, So pretty binary response. Right. Most people said no, 276 00:12:57,840 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 3: or they knew all about. 277 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,880 Speaker 1: It, Yeah, exactly a lot of people never heard about 278 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: them or like it tickled something in their brain maybe, 279 00:13:04,920 --> 00:13:07,640 Speaker 1: but they were not able to say anything concrete about it. 280 00:13:07,920 --> 00:13:10,160 Speaker 1: But some folks clearly had done some reading. 281 00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:11,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, but nobody mentioned the Hulk. 282 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,439 Speaker 1: No, nobody mentioned the Hulk though. You know, I've been 283 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:17,480 Speaker 1: bulking up recently, so I was sort of digging for 284 00:13:17,520 --> 00:13:19,160 Speaker 1: compliments there, but I didn't get any. 285 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:22,160 Speaker 3: Did you paid yourself green as well? 286 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:26,400 Speaker 1: No, you're not allowed to be green and irvine. It's 287 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:27,600 Speaker 1: only beige allowed. 288 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:29,359 Speaker 3: Oh, the beige Hulk. 289 00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: Exactly, That would be the irvine version. 290 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 3: So that sound they sound pretty mysterious. Gamma rays, so 291 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,000 Speaker 3: what are they done? Now, let's break it down for people. 292 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,200 Speaker 3: What are gamma rays? 293 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 1: So, in the end, of gamma rays not as exotic 294 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,880 Speaker 1: as it sounds. It's just a kind of photon. So remember, 295 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:52,920 Speaker 1: photons are the particle that carry electromagnetic radiation. So all 296 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,199 Speaker 1: light you know, radio waves to visible light, to X 297 00:13:57,320 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: rays and all the way up to gamma rays, they're 298 00:13:59,520 --> 00:14:03,320 Speaker 1: all just photons of different frequency. They're just light wiggling 299 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:06,000 Speaker 1: at different wavelengths. And we call different parts of the 300 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: spectrum different things because they were discovered different times where 301 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,080 Speaker 1: we treat them differently or they're qualitatively different. But in 302 00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:15,600 Speaker 1: the end, they're all just parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. 303 00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,080 Speaker 3: So wait, did they think before that they were different, 304 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:21,040 Speaker 3: like a different kind of ray or particle or was 305 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 3: this before they we even knew about particles. 306 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:25,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, before we even knew about particles, and we knew 307 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: about rays, like we had cathode rays and stuff like that, 308 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:31,000 Speaker 1: and X rays, and we didn't understand for a long 309 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: time that rays were particles. And then later they unified 310 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:37,840 Speaker 1: a lot of these different things and understood them to 311 00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: all just be parts of the same thing. 312 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:41,880 Speaker 3: So they just thought it was like a just like 313 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:44,760 Speaker 3: a different kind of ray, yeah, like a different kind 314 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:46,000 Speaker 3: of beam of something. 315 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, because particles at different energy, photons of different energy 316 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:52,800 Speaker 1: act really different. You know, photons that are the visible wavelength, 317 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 1: you can see them. They look green, for example, Photons 318 00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: that are high enough energy to penetrate through you and 319 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 1: give you a picture of your bone. And you know, 320 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,160 Speaker 1: we call those X rays. They're just photons of a 321 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:07,160 Speaker 1: higher energy. But qualitatively they seem different, right, And so 322 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,280 Speaker 1: before we understood a lot more about how things worked, 323 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:12,840 Speaker 1: we treated them like different things. But that's that's the 324 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:14,800 Speaker 1: whole goal of physics, right, is to take a bunch 325 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: of disparate phenomena, things that don't seem related, and discover 326 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: that they're actually connected. They're all just different parts of 327 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:23,480 Speaker 1: the same thing, different sides of the same die. 328 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:26,480 Speaker 3: Oh, I guess they thought there were different things because 329 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:30,280 Speaker 3: they they're made differently, right, Like you make cather raise 330 00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:32,920 Speaker 3: one way, and you make visible light another way, and 331 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 3: you make gamma rays a different way, and so they thought, hey, 332 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 3: these are just different things that come out when you 333 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:39,120 Speaker 3: do these other things. 334 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, you make them differently, and they behave differently, like 335 00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:43,480 Speaker 1: one of them can penetrate through the wall and the 336 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:45,880 Speaker 1: other one can't write, And so if you don't have 337 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:49,160 Speaker 1: a microscopic understanding of it, it makes sense to categorize them differently. 338 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 1: So it's pretty cool later when you stitch it all 339 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:55,200 Speaker 1: together and realize that these are all just different flavors 340 00:15:55,280 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: of the same thing, or different colors quite literally of 341 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: the same thing. And gamma rays typically are the very 342 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: very high edge of that spectrum. So anything that's you know, 343 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:08,200 Speaker 1: like a million times more energetic than a visible photon, 344 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:10,600 Speaker 1: you call it a gamma ray. And it's not like 345 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: a hard cut off and not like a little below 346 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: and like sorry, you don't get to be a gamma ray. 347 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: You know, it's sort of a rough thing, but there's 348 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:18,640 Speaker 1: no upper limit. 349 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 3: It's like a it's like a soft definition. Yeah, that's 350 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:25,440 Speaker 3: what point does it and the photon become turned from 351 00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:28,440 Speaker 3: a regular photon to a gamma ray. 352 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 1: Well, you know, I think photons would be insulted to 353 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:33,680 Speaker 1: be called regular photons. You know, they're all special. Okay, 354 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: they all can do something that no other photon can do. 355 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,040 Speaker 3: That's right. Sorry, they're all bright, shining points of light. 356 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, is there some colors that you like 357 00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: more than others? Or hey, are you a you know, 358 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:46,360 Speaker 1: are you a colorist? Exactly? 359 00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, but I've worked with a lot of colorists. 360 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:52,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. You are a cartoonist. You should be 361 00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:56,240 Speaker 1: pro colored man. Yeah. So you got radio waves a 362 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,440 Speaker 1: very very low edge, and then you've got infrared right 363 00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:01,320 Speaker 1: just below what we can see. Then you got the 364 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:02,080 Speaker 1: visible spectrum. 365 00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:03,400 Speaker 3: The radio ways are the bottom. 366 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,119 Speaker 1: Radio waves are the very longest wavelengths. They have the 367 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:09,879 Speaker 1: lowest energy. Exactly the way you said at the bottom 368 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,280 Speaker 1: makes it sound judgmental. You know, radio waves are awesome, 369 00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:17,359 Speaker 1: they're super powerful and fantastic and the reasons that we 370 00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:20,600 Speaker 1: can see black holes and stuff like that. But yeah, 371 00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:22,640 Speaker 1: radio waves are at the bottom in terms of energy. 372 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:26,560 Speaker 1: Then you get infrared, Then you get the visible spectrum, 373 00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:29,880 Speaker 1: then you get x rays, right, and then you get 374 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:32,119 Speaker 1: they're just above the ultraviolet, you get X rays, and 375 00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:34,880 Speaker 1: then you get gamma rays. So gamma rays are the hardest, fastest, 376 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,000 Speaker 1: most energetic kind of photon you can have. 377 00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 3: But they're all photons, Like, they're all the same particle. 378 00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:45,639 Speaker 3: They're just kind of vibrating differently or the different wavelengths 379 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:47,159 Speaker 3: or sizes. What's the difference. 380 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:49,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, they're all photons. They all travel at the speed 381 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: of light. But the difference is the frequency, right, how 382 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:56,000 Speaker 1: often they are wiggling? Right? Remember, photons are vibrations of 383 00:17:56,040 --> 00:18:00,440 Speaker 1: the electromagnetic field, right, and they oscillate, and the speed 384 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:02,840 Speaker 1: at which they oscillate that gives you the frequency. Right, 385 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: how many times per second do they go up and down? 386 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:07,200 Speaker 1: Does the electromagnetic fields go up and down? 387 00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:10,720 Speaker 3: And they're all moving at the speed of light. One 388 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,720 Speaker 3: radiophoton is moving at the same speed as a gamma 389 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 3: ray photon. 390 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:17,920 Speaker 1: That's right. If you had a race and you had 391 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:21,440 Speaker 1: a source of radio waves and a source of gamma rays, 392 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:22,840 Speaker 1: and you shot them at each other, they would have 393 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:26,200 Speaker 1: different energies but move at the same speed. They all 394 00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 1: travel at the speed of light, even if they have 395 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,040 Speaker 1: different energies. That feels kind of weird, right, because you're 396 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: used to thinking of energy and speed as closely connected. 397 00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:34,800 Speaker 1: But this is something different. They have no mass and 398 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:37,600 Speaker 1: they travel at the speed of light. They all have 399 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: the same speed, but they have different energies, which means 400 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 1: they have different frequencies and different wavelengths. Right. The wavelength 401 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: and the frequency are closely connected. The higher the frequency, 402 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:48,480 Speaker 1: the shorter the wavelength. 403 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 3: And yeah, let's talk about that a little bit more. 404 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 3: But first quick break. 405 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,240 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 406 00:19:01,359 --> 00:19:04,040 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 407 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: the price you thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With 408 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,680 Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again. 409 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:13,000 Speaker 1: When mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a 410 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. 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Apple Card and Savings 452 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,399 Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member 453 00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:36,600 Speaker 1: FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com. 454 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:40,239 Speaker 3: Okay, so, Gamma rays are photons, but they have not 455 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:42,119 Speaker 3: just a little bit, but a lot more energy than 456 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:44,800 Speaker 3: the regular photons that we see every day. 457 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:45,360 Speaker 1: That's right. 458 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:47,840 Speaker 3: A million times. That's yeah, that's a lot. 459 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:50,080 Speaker 1: It's a lot. If I shot gamma rays at you, 460 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:52,760 Speaker 1: they would deposit a lot more energy in you than 461 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 1: normal light, right, And also they can penetrate into you 462 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:56,359 Speaker 1: much further. 463 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,360 Speaker 3: Like, well it would, they would deliver a million times 464 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:01,800 Speaker 3: more energy. Right, You need to alien photons to be 465 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:04,120 Speaker 3: equal to one gamma ray photon, exactly. 466 00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: And so gamma rays are dangerous. They can't turn you 467 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:10,880 Speaker 1: into the Hulk probably, but they could give you cancer, right, 468 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:13,880 Speaker 1: they can shatter your DNA and all sorts of crazy 469 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: stuff inside your body. You don't want gamma rays. 470 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,200 Speaker 3: Okay, So they're just regular photons, but they're they're just 471 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:20,880 Speaker 3: an upper spectrum of light. 472 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:23,359 Speaker 1: That's right, they're the high ended spectrum. They are dangerous, 473 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:25,879 Speaker 1: much more dangerous than normal light because they can damage 474 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:29,280 Speaker 1: your DNA, right, they can. They can cause errors in 475 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 1: DNA which get copied and that's a big source of cancer. 476 00:22:33,359 --> 00:22:35,480 Speaker 3: So what they are is not very mysterious, right, Like 477 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:37,160 Speaker 3: we can make them here on Earth. 478 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,520 Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, exactly, we can make gamma rays here 479 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,400 Speaker 1: on Earth. And gamma rays are produced by radioactive elements 480 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,160 Speaker 1: all the time. Right, They're just high energy photons. From 481 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:49,960 Speaker 1: radioactive decays. So there are gamma rays around one of 482 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:53,080 Speaker 1: them just hit you right now. Yeah, So gamma rays 483 00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: themselves not mysterious. We know all about them. We can 484 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:59,720 Speaker 1: make them. The question is what out there might be 485 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: made gamma rays. And that's the fascinating part of the story. 486 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:07,639 Speaker 1: That's the interesting mystery, right, is that we know the 487 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:11,000 Speaker 1: gamma rays are produced when we do experience with nuclear weapons, right, 488 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: you do you blow up a nuclear bomb, You're going 489 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:16,280 Speaker 1: to produce a lot of gamma rays. So when in 490 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: the Cold War, when we had trees with the Russians saying, oh, 491 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,399 Speaker 1: no testing or whatever, we sent up a bunch of 492 00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,200 Speaker 1: satellites to verify that they weren't testing, try to detect 493 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:29,879 Speaker 1: gamma rays from nuclear explosions. And I don't know if 494 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:31,680 Speaker 1: they found any to haven't release that, but what they 495 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,679 Speaker 1: did discover is a bunch of gamma rays not coming 496 00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:37,359 Speaker 1: from the Soviet Union, not coming from somewhere else on Earth, 497 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,639 Speaker 1: not coming from the mountain volcano layer of some evil villain, 498 00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,119 Speaker 1: but instead coming from deep in space. 499 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,720 Speaker 3: So the mysteries that we're getting bombarded by gamma rays, 500 00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 3: we don't know. We didn't know where they came from. 501 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:54,840 Speaker 1: Yeah. And the really fascinating thing about them is that 502 00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:57,000 Speaker 1: it's not like a continual source. It's not just like 503 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,560 Speaker 1: you know, the solar wind where it's just like constant coming. 504 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,520 Speaker 1: They come in bursts, and that's really interesting because it 505 00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:07,000 Speaker 1: makes you think like something happened, something created this, like 506 00:24:07,320 --> 00:24:11,600 Speaker 1: some big event occurred and must have produced this burst, right, 507 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:13,800 Speaker 1: And that's a clue. It's like, what's going on on 508 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,159 Speaker 1: there seems to feels like a message or a clue 509 00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:19,440 Speaker 1: about something fascinating that's happening somewhere else in the universe. 510 00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:22,320 Speaker 3: So what do you mean by a burst? Like we suddenly, 511 00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:25,639 Speaker 3: suddenly we're washed by a bunch of gamma rays and 512 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:26,400 Speaker 3: then it stops. 513 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:30,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's exactly like a huge pile of them 514 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:31,680 Speaker 1: come all at once, you know, it's like a big 515 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:35,000 Speaker 1: flash in the sky, like quite literally a big flash 516 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:37,560 Speaker 1: in the sky. And then the other fascinating thing is 517 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,280 Speaker 1: that there are two kinds. Is like short gamma ray 518 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,280 Speaker 1: bursts ones that last much less than a second, like 519 00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:45,800 Speaker 1: less than half a second, and then there's ones that 520 00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:49,199 Speaker 1: last like twenty or thirty seconds. And it's not like 521 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:51,359 Speaker 1: a continuous range. It's not like you know, every gamma 522 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,919 Speaker 1: ray burst is you know, some somewhere less than thirty seconds, 523 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,280 Speaker 1: and there's a smooth distribution. There's like two bumps if 524 00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,120 Speaker 1: you made a histogram, like. 525 00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 3: Really a lot of them. 526 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,359 Speaker 1: A lot of them peak at like zero point three seconds, 527 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,280 Speaker 1: and a lot of them peak at like thirty seconds. 528 00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:07,040 Speaker 1: So there's definitely two kinds of bursts happening. 529 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:08,879 Speaker 3: It kind of sounds like Morse. 530 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:13,640 Speaker 1: Quote exactly, some very slow message. That's the exciting thing, Right, 531 00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:16,320 Speaker 1: you don't know what's creating this. You don't know is 532 00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: out there making it, and it could be anything. It 533 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:20,320 Speaker 1: could be like some new kind of star you never 534 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:24,440 Speaker 1: saw before, or it could be some bizarre galactic race 535 00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:27,440 Speaker 1: sending you messages over decades, right, who knows? 536 00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:28,600 Speaker 3: Planet Hulk? 537 00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:32,479 Speaker 1: Yeah, because it's they're not very common. It's not like 538 00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:35,920 Speaker 1: they're happening all the time. You know, these days are 539 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:39,040 Speaker 1: estimate is that we about one per day hits the Earth. 540 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:43,439 Speaker 3: So we first that taked these with Cold War satellites. Yeah, 541 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,080 Speaker 3: exactly what did people think, Like, did they think was 542 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:46,919 Speaker 3: a glitch or. 543 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,159 Speaker 1: At first they had no idea They're like, what you know, 544 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,600 Speaker 1: first I'm sure they thought are the Soviets testing in 545 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:54,119 Speaker 1: outer space. Maybe they're already at the Moon or something. 546 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:56,800 Speaker 3: Right, Oh, we could tell that were coming from out 547 00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:57,120 Speaker 3: of space. 548 00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, we could tell that were coming from out of space. Absolutely, 549 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:01,720 Speaker 1: we could tell the direction. And you know, they didn't 550 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: release a lot of details because all this information comes 551 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:09,399 Speaker 1: from like classified satellites. As scientists, we sometimes wonder, like, 552 00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:12,040 Speaker 1: we spend all this money trying to get satellites up 553 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: in space to answer scientific questions, but the budget for 554 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: defense is much bigger, and there's a huge network of 555 00:26:20,119 --> 00:26:23,480 Speaker 1: defense satellites listening for stuff and telescopes and all sorts 556 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:26,040 Speaker 1: of stuff, and we wonder sometimes like could we use 557 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: that network for science, Like it's so much bigger and 558 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,679 Speaker 1: more powerful. Of course it's not designed to do science, 559 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: but sometimes it can accidentally do science, and that's what 560 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:36,960 Speaker 1: happened here. So we don't know a lot of details 561 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: about the technical capabilities of these Department of Defense satellites. 562 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:44,439 Speaker 1: But after a few years, the DOOD realized, Okay, this 563 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:47,080 Speaker 1: is not Russians, this is something weird and interesting from 564 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: outer space, and so they declassified this data and shared 565 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:51,440 Speaker 1: it with the scientific community. 566 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,200 Speaker 3: And that's what they used to discover what they were. 567 00:26:53,359 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, that was the first hint. And then the scientists 568 00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:57,120 Speaker 1: were like, we have no idea, what is this. Hm, 569 00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,240 Speaker 1: let's study it some more. And this is a lesson. 570 00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:02,240 Speaker 1: They're also folks like if the government did discover aliens, 571 00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: they would probably turn it over to the scientific community 572 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:07,119 Speaker 1: to help them figure it out. Right, that's basically what 573 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:08,080 Speaker 1: happened here, right. 574 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:11,600 Speaker 3: Weird may not watch enough Hollywood movies, Daniel, and they 575 00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:12,840 Speaker 3: always try to cover it up. 576 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:16,080 Speaker 1: You know, I should be a consultant in some of 577 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:23,080 Speaker 1: those Hollywood movies because I have better ideas. So then 578 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: the scientific community said, well, wow, we have no idea 579 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:27,359 Speaker 1: what could make this And it was really it was 580 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: a puzzle for a long time. 581 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:33,360 Speaker 3: So because it's they knew it wasn't coming from the sun, right, 582 00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:36,800 Speaker 3: And these these weren't just like a small burst. These 583 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:38,679 Speaker 3: are really bright bursts, right. 584 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:40,879 Speaker 1: That's right, They're really bright. And so the first thing 585 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,119 Speaker 1: you do in astronomy when you see a signal you 586 00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:44,760 Speaker 1: don't know what it is, You try to figure out 587 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,000 Speaker 1: where it's coming from. Right, You point it in the sky. 588 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:49,920 Speaker 1: If you can connect it with something in the sky, 589 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: then you think, oh, it's came from there, right, pretty 590 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:54,320 Speaker 1: simple stuff, so they know it didn't come from the Sun. 591 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,679 Speaker 1: They also didn't seem to be coming from anything in 592 00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: our galaxy. Like, we know where we are relative to 593 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:04,280 Speaker 1: the galaxy, and so if some signals being generated by 594 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:06,800 Speaker 1: some like new kind of star or some activity in 595 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,560 Speaker 1: our galaxy, it's going to be mostly coming from the 596 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:12,080 Speaker 1: direction of the center of the galaxy or the plane 597 00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: of the galaxy. Right, But these things were coming from 598 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:20,080 Speaker 1: every direction, like random directions, So suggest that's not something 599 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,160 Speaker 1: happening in our galaxy but something coming to us from 600 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 1: other galaxies. 601 00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:28,760 Speaker 3: Wow. So for something to be that far away and 602 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:31,520 Speaker 3: for us to feel it and to get so many 603 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:34,120 Speaker 3: of these photons, it like at the source, it must 604 00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:36,119 Speaker 3: be huge, right, Like it must be like a huge 605 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:37,399 Speaker 3: bright explosion. 606 00:28:37,720 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely, It's kind of scary to think about because 607 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: these gamma ray bursts they're like as powerful as like 608 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,440 Speaker 1: a star, you know, when they hit us. The light 609 00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: from the gamma ray burst is about as much energy 610 00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:50,880 Speaker 1: as the lighte from a star in our galaxy. Right. 611 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:56,360 Speaker 3: But but if it came from really far away, then yeah, exactly, 612 00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,120 Speaker 3: I mean that must have and it probably sprayed that 613 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:00,760 Speaker 3: much in all direct right. 614 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: Well, we actually don't know about that. We don't know 615 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:05,280 Speaker 1: that much about how they're made. So it could be 616 00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:11,480 Speaker 1: like blazars and pulsars, that they're concentrated in some directions, 617 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: like along the magnetic poles. But whatever it is, they're 618 00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,840 Speaker 1: super bright at the source because remember, other galaxies are 619 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,720 Speaker 1: crazy far away, Like other stars are far away inside 620 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:24,360 Speaker 1: our galaxy, but other galaxies are like an order of 621 00:29:24,480 --> 00:29:28,240 Speaker 1: magnitude further away. So to even see those galaxies as hard, 622 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:30,800 Speaker 1: you have to add up all the hundreds of billions 623 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 1: of stars in those galaxies just to see them. So 624 00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: to see one object from that galaxy being as bright 625 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,480 Speaker 1: as the star in our galaxy, I mean, you have 626 00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:42,440 Speaker 1: to do the math. That's crazy, no, I think, Yeah, 627 00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:44,080 Speaker 1: you were telling me earlier. You did the math, and 628 00:29:44,120 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: it's about one million trillion times brighter than the sun exactly. 629 00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:51,880 Speaker 1: That's how far away these things are. In order for 630 00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: us to see them as bright as a star in 631 00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:58,000 Speaker 1: our galaxy, they have to be a million trillion times 632 00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,000 Speaker 1: brighter than the sun. Well that's a fun thing to say, 633 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:01,640 Speaker 1: isn't it a million trillion? 634 00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:04,880 Speaker 3: Like how you say a gazillion? You know, it don't 635 00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:06,600 Speaker 3: even bother I don't even know how many zeros that. 636 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,719 Speaker 1: Is, No, a lot, I like million, like body swoops 637 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:11,880 Speaker 1: of ice cream? Would you like a million trillion? 638 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:18,680 Speaker 3: Just a whole bunch, more than more than a million. 639 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,040 Speaker 3: It's a million times a trillion. 640 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: It's a million times a trillion times the Sun, which 641 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:26,280 Speaker 1: is already really bright, you know. 642 00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:29,560 Speaker 3: Wow. That means there's stuff going on in the universe 643 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,680 Speaker 3: out there all the time. That's a million trillion times 644 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:33,800 Speaker 3: brighter than the Sun. 645 00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:37,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so we think they come from other galaxies. 646 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,200 Speaker 1: But that's a bit of a puzzle, right, Like why 647 00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: only from other galaxies and not from ours? How are 648 00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:44,640 Speaker 1: these what are these things that are making these gamma 649 00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:46,760 Speaker 1: ray burds? How can they be so crazy powerful? 650 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:50,400 Speaker 3: You mean we should be if they were common in 651 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:53,080 Speaker 3: our galaxy, we would be getting them a lot more 652 00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:57,960 Speaker 3: from the sides of the galaxy, right, like we would notice. 653 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, either they don't have happen very often, in 654 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:03,960 Speaker 1: which case it's more likely to see them from other 655 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: galaxies than from ours, right, because there are more other 656 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: galaxies than ours, right, or our galaxies different from other 657 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:13,720 Speaker 1: galaxies in some way, which is why we don't see 658 00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:14,640 Speaker 1: them from our galaxy. 659 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,720 Speaker 3: Wow, well you were telling me also that there's more 660 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:21,360 Speaker 3: energy in one second of these gamma ray burs than 661 00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,160 Speaker 3: possibly all the energy that our Sun will give in 662 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:25,160 Speaker 3: its entire life. 663 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:27,680 Speaker 1: That's right. It's a huge amount of energy. And this 664 00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: is one of the funnest things about space and about astronomy, right, 665 00:31:30,840 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: it's just the crazy numbers, you know, like, can you 666 00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:36,120 Speaker 1: wrap your mind around how much energy is going to 667 00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:39,160 Speaker 1: be put out by the Sun over billions of years. 668 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:41,480 Speaker 1: I don't think it's possible for humans to grasp this 669 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,400 Speaker 1: kind of stuff. I mean, even just the timescale billions 670 00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,040 Speaker 1: of years. You know, it's hard for humans that live 671 00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,000 Speaker 1: for such a flicker to understand and then integrate all 672 00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:53,880 Speaker 1: the energy of this million earth ball of fire and 673 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,560 Speaker 1: then focus that all into one second. I mean it 674 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: it burns a hole in my mind. 675 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:00,520 Speaker 3: Wow, it turns in to the Hulk. 676 00:32:00,680 --> 00:32:03,959 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. If you took the Earth right and you 677 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 1: collided it with the anti Earth, like an anti Mattter 678 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,959 Speaker 1: version of the Earth, right, so you converted all of 679 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,400 Speaker 1: the mass from the Earth into energy, you know, it's 680 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: it's it's crazy powerful. Right. For example, if you collided 681 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 1: two raisins out of raisin and an anti raisin it 682 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:20,800 Speaker 1: would have as much energy as a nuclear weapon. Right, 683 00:32:20,840 --> 00:32:22,640 Speaker 1: So it's a huge amount of energy is stored in 684 00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: a raisin. Now imagine doing that for the Earth. Right, 685 00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:28,400 Speaker 1: you'd have to do that for a one hundred copies 686 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:31,160 Speaker 1: of the Earth to get as much energy as is 687 00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:32,840 Speaker 1: stored in these gamma ray bursts. 688 00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,760 Speaker 3: Wow, what if you collide a hulk in an anti. 689 00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:38,280 Speaker 1: Hulk they both get pissed off? 690 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,600 Speaker 3: It mash. It's each each other to an anti smash. 691 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:46,760 Speaker 3: They would, you know, hook. 692 00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:48,360 Speaker 1: Up as well. I don't know, but you are generating 693 00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:50,600 Speaker 1: a huge list of great ideas for the next Marvel movies. 694 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: I hope you're you're patenting these. 695 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:57,480 Speaker 3: I know, Yeah, yeah, Mark call me but yees. So okay, 696 00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:00,880 Speaker 3: let's so let's get into what it could be generating 697 00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:04,720 Speaker 3: these gamma ray burs and are they dangerous? But let's 698 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:05,520 Speaker 3: take a quick break. 699 00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,160 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 700 00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:15,440 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 701 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:19,520 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 702 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:22,160 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy 703 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:26,480 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 704 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:29,400 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty fifty. That's why they're working hard 705 00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:31,920 Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve 706 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,760 Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 707 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,400 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. 708 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:42,840 Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, 709 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:46,640 Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases. 710 00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:49,640 Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from 711 00:33:49,680 --> 00:33:53,080 Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and 712 00:33:53,120 --> 00:33:55,360 Speaker 1: electric cars. 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Visit the Explorer Card 729 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:47,400 Speaker 6: dot com to apply today. Cards issued by JP Morgan 730 00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:51,080 Speaker 6: Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer 731 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:52,120 Speaker 6: subject to change. 732 00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:53,000 Speaker 1: Terms apply. 733 00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:56,520 Speaker 4: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in 734 00:34:56,560 --> 00:35:00,600 Speaker 4: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quick damage, 735 00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:03,240 Speaker 4: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours. 736 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 4: Does it Strengthen your House dot com to learn how 737 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:09,280 Speaker 4: to strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. 738 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:12,000 Speaker 4: The work may cost less than you think and can 739 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,040 Speaker 4: often be done in just a few days. Strengthen your 740 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:18,719 Speaker 4: home and help protect your family. Get prepared today and 741 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:31,439 Speaker 4: worry less tomorrow. Does it Strengthen your House? Dot com? 742 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:34,520 Speaker 3: All right, so we're talking about Gamma ray bursts, which 743 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:38,200 Speaker 3: are different than billy ray sires. We've established that, and 744 00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:41,880 Speaker 3: that they're also just regular photons, but super highly energetic. 745 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:44,400 Speaker 3: And we're getting these crazy bursts from out of space. 746 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:48,839 Speaker 3: So Daniel, what could be causing these birds? What could 747 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,160 Speaker 3: be out there making these that were feeling them so 748 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:53,600 Speaker 3: energetic here on Earth? 749 00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:57,080 Speaker 1: Well, the short answer is we don't really know very well. 750 00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 1: We have now recently some hypotheses that might work, but 751 00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,160 Speaker 1: the truth is we don't really know. And remember, there's 752 00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:07,359 Speaker 1: two kinds of gamma ray bursts's the short and the long. 753 00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:10,240 Speaker 1: Short last less than a second, and the long lasts 754 00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:13,680 Speaker 1: like thirty seconds. And the best guesses these days are 755 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:16,759 Speaker 1: that the short ones are due to neutron stars that 756 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,200 Speaker 1: are in a binary system, so they're orbiting each other, 757 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,000 Speaker 1: and when they do this, they lose energy slowly so 758 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,440 Speaker 1: that they rotate around each other and get closer and 759 00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,320 Speaker 1: closer and closer and eventually collide. And this is exciting 760 00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:31,680 Speaker 1: stuff astronomically because we recently saw like gravitational waves coming 761 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:34,560 Speaker 1: from neutron star collisions, and we confirm that like all 762 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,000 Speaker 1: of the gold in the universe is probably made in 763 00:36:37,080 --> 00:36:40,400 Speaker 1: neutron star collisions, and all sorts of crazy stuff, but 764 00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: we think it might also produce these gamma ray bursts 765 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:46,440 Speaker 1: because it's a huge amount of energy and if you 766 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,040 Speaker 1: read the details about it, it's crazy. 767 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,520 Speaker 3: That means that they're the short bursts, right, they are 768 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:53,560 Speaker 3: point three seconds long, and you're saying they generate, like, 769 00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:56,520 Speaker 3: that's how fast these neutron stars are crashing into each other, 770 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:58,880 Speaker 3: the whole thing that's about point three seconds. 771 00:36:59,080 --> 00:37:02,600 Speaker 1: No, it's the burst itself they think comes from the 772 00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:07,799 Speaker 1: crust of the neutron stars being crushed by the gravitational 773 00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:10,080 Speaker 1: pressure from the other neutron stars. So remember, if you're 774 00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:12,480 Speaker 1: close to a really heavy object, you get these tidal 775 00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:15,560 Speaker 1: forces because gravity acts differently on things further away and 776 00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:18,800 Speaker 1: closer up, so you basically get massaged. So two neutron 777 00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:22,040 Speaker 1: stars are like massaging each other just before they collide, 778 00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:26,880 Speaker 1: which is making the crust of them basically shake and crack. 779 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,120 Speaker 1: So you're getting these like earthquakes on the surface of 780 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,800 Speaker 1: neutron stars just before they collide. That might be generating 781 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,400 Speaker 1: these crazy fast bursts of gamma rays. I mean it 782 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:38,640 Speaker 1: sounds like science fiction, right. If I pitch that to Marvel, 783 00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:40,680 Speaker 1: they'd be like, that's sorry. That's too far out there, 784 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:42,720 Speaker 1: but we think that's actually happening. 785 00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:46,280 Speaker 3: It's really like you're colliding to suns, right, you're exactly. 786 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:48,600 Speaker 3: You take a neutron star, take another neutron star and 787 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:51,480 Speaker 3: used tomash them together and in that point three seconds 788 00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:52,799 Speaker 3: it explodes. Right. 789 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:54,239 Speaker 1: Yeah, But I have to remind you that in our 790 00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:57,080 Speaker 1: previous episode about neutron stars, you complain that neutron stars 791 00:37:57,160 --> 00:38:00,080 Speaker 1: aren't really stars. They should just be called neutron balls. 792 00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:00,680 Speaker 1: They don't glow. 793 00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:06,319 Speaker 3: Okay, so when you smash the balls together, that's where 794 00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:06,880 Speaker 3: you get together. 795 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:08,480 Speaker 1: And I have to say a lot of our listeners 796 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:11,520 Speaker 1: on Twitter agreed with you that they should be called balls. Yeah, exactly, 797 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,799 Speaker 1: they should be demoted from stars to balls. Yeah. 798 00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:16,080 Speaker 3: You sound surprised that people on Twitter agree with me. 799 00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,440 Speaker 1: I'm surprised that people it's on Twitter agree with anybody. 800 00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:25,720 Speaker 1: So congratulations, you've unified social media with overballs. Yeah exactly. 801 00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:33,520 Speaker 1: We have located a few of them. Like neutron star collisions, 802 00:38:33,520 --> 00:38:35,799 Speaker 1: we can see in other ways. Right. We can see 803 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:39,439 Speaker 1: them from their gravitational wave of emissions that that's pretty rare. 804 00:38:39,920 --> 00:38:41,600 Speaker 1: But we can see them from the bright flashes of 805 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:44,480 Speaker 1: visible light that they produce, and so the trick has 806 00:38:44,520 --> 00:38:48,520 Speaker 1: been watching these things for years and basically constructing dedicated 807 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:50,960 Speaker 1: satellites that are looking for these things. And the key 808 00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:52,840 Speaker 1: is that they don't last very long. So what you 809 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:54,680 Speaker 1: want to do is as soon as you see one, 810 00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:56,839 Speaker 1: you've got to point all your good telescopes at it. 811 00:38:57,320 --> 00:38:59,920 Speaker 1: So the science community become much better at that building 812 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:02,680 Speaker 1: dedicated telescopes that look for these things, and then everybody 813 00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:04,960 Speaker 1: swivels over to look at it at the same time, 814 00:39:05,320 --> 00:39:07,239 Speaker 1: which gives you a good review of it. 815 00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:09,400 Speaker 3: But you only have point three seconds. 816 00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:12,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You got to be fast for these really 817 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:14,839 Speaker 1: fast ones. And so some of these telescopes are all 818 00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:17,880 Speaker 1: hooked up, like the Fermi telescope that's orbiting the Earth 819 00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:21,480 Speaker 1: has a gamma ray burst detector and when it when 820 00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,640 Speaker 1: it finds something and it immediately sends a message. And 821 00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:25,879 Speaker 1: then telescopes on Earth point in that direction and try 822 00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:28,600 Speaker 1: to capture, you know, the last bits of the of 823 00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:31,880 Speaker 1: the burst before it disappears, and also to capture anything 824 00:39:31,880 --> 00:39:34,120 Speaker 1: else coming from that direction. And that's where we got 825 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:37,279 Speaker 1: these clues. We started watching the sky more carefully and 826 00:39:37,360 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: seeing what else was coming from the direction of the 827 00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:42,520 Speaker 1: gamma ray bursts, and that gave people ideas about what 828 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:44,480 Speaker 1: could be happening that could be causing them. So you 829 00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:46,480 Speaker 1: get an idea like, oh, maybe it's neutron stars, in 830 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:48,400 Speaker 1: which case we should see this and that and the 831 00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:50,799 Speaker 1: other thing also, and then they started to pick those 832 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:51,239 Speaker 1: things up. 833 00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:53,600 Speaker 3: Okay, so that's the short burst, that's where they we 834 00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:56,000 Speaker 3: think they come from. What about the long burst? Yeah, 835 00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 3: the thirty second ones. 836 00:39:57,160 --> 00:40:01,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, the long bursts come from super duper super right. 837 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:08,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, super duper supernovas. Is that the technical is that 838 00:40:08,239 --> 00:40:10,400 Speaker 3: like a million trillion supernovas. 839 00:40:10,960 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: That's a super duper ice cream Sunday. No, the technical 840 00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:16,120 Speaker 1: term is a hyper nova hyper nova. 841 00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, oh man, but I. 842 00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:21,759 Speaker 1: Prefer super duper supernova because it sounds better than supernova. 843 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:24,920 Speaker 3: So they're not just a supernova or like extra special. 844 00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:29,080 Speaker 1: Extra special, extra big big emplosions. And this is still 845 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:32,080 Speaker 1: something that's not very well understood. You know, why do 846 00:40:32,160 --> 00:40:35,200 Speaker 1: some supernovas produce gamma ray bursts and some don't. But 847 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:37,399 Speaker 1: they did this modeling and they said, Okay, if there 848 00:40:37,480 --> 00:40:40,800 Speaker 1: is a big supernova, then we expect that after the 849 00:40:40,840 --> 00:40:42,600 Speaker 1: gamma ray bursts, we should see a bunch of X 850 00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:46,040 Speaker 1: rays because the gas nearby the supernova is going to 851 00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:48,799 Speaker 1: collide and then emit, And so they did some complicated 852 00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:52,040 Speaker 1: modeling and made predictions, and in fact they see this afterglow, 853 00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:55,560 Speaker 1: after the after these long gamma ray bursts, they see 854 00:40:55,760 --> 00:40:59,120 Speaker 1: X rays. So those are slightly lower energy photons in 855 00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:01,759 Speaker 1: the spectrum that they epect if it was a supernova. 856 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,160 Speaker 1: So it partially answers the question because it tells us 857 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,040 Speaker 1: these long gamma ray bursts probably come from these crazy hypernovas. 858 00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:11,359 Speaker 1: But we have hypernovas in the Milky Way, and there's 859 00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,040 Speaker 1: lots of hypernovas and not that many gamma ray bursts. 860 00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:17,040 Speaker 1: So is it like a special kind of hypernova or 861 00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:19,440 Speaker 1: only in some cases? Or that's the kind of thing 862 00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:20,520 Speaker 1: they're still trying to figure out. 863 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:24,959 Speaker 3: Wait, you saying we need another term special super duper supernovas. 864 00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:28,880 Speaker 1: All hyper novas are special. I don't know why you 865 00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:30,200 Speaker 1: have to be so judgmental today. 866 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,080 Speaker 3: What's nice? So you can have to call go for 867 00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:35,680 Speaker 3: like hyper special, extra. 868 00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:41,720 Speaker 1: Cool, super califragilistic, carry on top super duper nova. Yeah, 869 00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:44,000 Speaker 1: so it's still a puzzle. We don't understand it, right, 870 00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,239 Speaker 1: we don't understand why they made Sometimes some people think 871 00:41:48,239 --> 00:41:51,080 Speaker 1: that that if a supernova collapses, like in a certain way, 872 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,680 Speaker 1: then it creates this cloud of stuff around it which 873 00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:56,279 Speaker 1: absorbs the gamma rays and other times the gamma rays 874 00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:58,960 Speaker 1: poke through and then shoot out everywhere else. But it 875 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:01,520 Speaker 1: would make sense that a supernova or kilo nova or 876 00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:04,759 Speaker 1: hypernova or whatever could generate this much energy because that's 877 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,319 Speaker 1: a huge event, right, these massive stars imploding, So that 878 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:09,480 Speaker 1: definitely could explain it. 879 00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,080 Speaker 3: I feel like next time you should start a little 880 00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:13,440 Speaker 3: bit more modestly so that you have room to grow, 881 00:42:13,960 --> 00:42:16,719 Speaker 3: you know, mini, nobody you discover something big, just call 882 00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:20,680 Speaker 3: it like a modest nova or like a just a nova. 883 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:21,160 Speaker 1: A regular note. 884 00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:22,479 Speaker 3: You have room to grow. 885 00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:25,480 Speaker 1: No, I like going the way McDonald's went for their 886 00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:27,640 Speaker 1: drink sizes. You know, you start with medium, which is 887 00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:32,960 Speaker 1: already huge, and then you escalate. Yeah, exactly, And so 888 00:42:34,040 --> 00:42:37,319 Speaker 1: that's that's probably what's causing it. But we don't really 889 00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:40,640 Speaker 1: understand it in detail, and it's important that we understand 890 00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:42,719 Speaker 1: it because we want to understand, like, is one of 891 00:42:42,760 --> 00:42:44,839 Speaker 1: these things going to happen in the milky way? How 892 00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:46,600 Speaker 1: often are these things going to be hitting us? Do 893 00:42:46,680 --> 00:42:49,680 Speaker 1: we have to worry? So it's important to understand this stuff. 894 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's weird that there would be things that we 895 00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:53,839 Speaker 3: were not we can't quite explain out there. 896 00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:57,839 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, especially things that could kill us. Right, So 897 00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:01,879 Speaker 1: it's like, I think it's worth funding politicians out there 898 00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,760 Speaker 1: with the purse strings, you know, maybe by one less 899 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,279 Speaker 1: fighter jet and pay for another telescope to look at 900 00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:07,920 Speaker 1: gamma rays. 901 00:43:08,120 --> 00:43:11,160 Speaker 3: Wait, so could these things kill us? I think you're 902 00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:14,040 Speaker 3: telling me earlier that you know, if the right concentration 903 00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,239 Speaker 3: hits us at the right moment, it could really fry 904 00:43:17,320 --> 00:43:18,840 Speaker 3: us and it turns into toast. 905 00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:23,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The key is how far away it happens, right, So, 906 00:43:24,239 --> 00:43:27,080 Speaker 1: gamma ray bursts from other galaxies, we're far enough away 907 00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:29,279 Speaker 1: that by the time it gets here, you know, those 908 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:33,480 Speaker 1: gamma rays are filling out a sphere that's the size 909 00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:36,799 Speaker 1: of the distance between galaxies. So it's a huge number 910 00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:38,760 Speaker 1: of gamma rays, a lot of energy, but it's spread 911 00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:41,640 Speaker 1: out over a huge sphere. If a gamma ray burst 912 00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:45,440 Speaker 1: happens nearby, yikes, You know, a gamma ray burst could 913 00:43:45,480 --> 00:43:48,800 Speaker 1: basically sterilize an entire solar system. If it happened nearby, 914 00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,040 Speaker 1: that would be pretty Yeah, we would literally be toasted. 915 00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:55,040 Speaker 3: We would what would the Earth look like. Well, it'd 916 00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:57,080 Speaker 3: be like a flash sunburn, wouldn't it. Like half the 917 00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:59,120 Speaker 3: Earth would be okay, but the other half would be toast. 918 00:43:59,520 --> 00:44:03,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly half the Earth would be totally fried and 919 00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:07,240 Speaker 1: the other half would be okay. Yeah, that's exactly what happened. 920 00:44:07,239 --> 00:44:09,160 Speaker 1: And it depends again on the intensity. If it's really 921 00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:11,799 Speaker 1: really intense, you know, then it's gonna get down through 922 00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:14,480 Speaker 1: the atmosphere and we're all gonna either get fried or 923 00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:19,520 Speaker 1: get cancer or die pretty quick. If it's slightly less intense, right, 924 00:44:19,719 --> 00:44:22,320 Speaker 1: our atmosphere does protect us. The ozone in the atmosphere 925 00:44:22,360 --> 00:44:24,319 Speaker 1: and stuff like that protects us from gamma rays, Like 926 00:44:24,560 --> 00:44:26,560 Speaker 1: Folcus of you out there wondering if we're getting hit 927 00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:28,840 Speaker 1: once per day from these gamma rays from other galaxies, 928 00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:31,680 Speaker 1: why don't we all have cancer already? Well, some of 929 00:44:31,760 --> 00:44:33,680 Speaker 1: us do have cancer, and some of that is because 930 00:44:33,680 --> 00:44:37,319 Speaker 1: of gamma rays, but mostly the atmosphere protects us. And 931 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:40,279 Speaker 1: so if it's not too close, then our atmosphere will 932 00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:42,920 Speaker 1: protect us. But the atmosphere has a limit, Like the 933 00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:46,080 Speaker 1: gamma rays they use up the ozone. So if you 934 00:44:46,120 --> 00:44:49,320 Speaker 1: have a really big burst of gamma rays from pretty nearby, 935 00:44:49,480 --> 00:44:51,720 Speaker 1: not close enough that it's going to fry you instantly, 936 00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:53,920 Speaker 1: but it might use up a lot of the ozone 937 00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:55,879 Speaker 1: in the atmosphere and then we'll be sort of left 938 00:44:55,960 --> 00:44:58,640 Speaker 1: unprotected for a while until the ozone builds back up. 939 00:44:59,120 --> 00:45:01,000 Speaker 1: So that be a bad situation. 940 00:45:01,280 --> 00:45:03,920 Speaker 3: Well, I think it's interesting to think that maybe you 941 00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:06,680 Speaker 3: were saying that maybe these these could be the limiting 942 00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:11,040 Speaker 3: factors in how life could how widespread life could be 943 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:13,960 Speaker 3: in the universe, right, Like these are basically kind of 944 00:45:13,960 --> 00:45:16,520 Speaker 3: a like a check on life in the universe. Like, 945 00:45:16,520 --> 00:45:19,839 Speaker 3: if we didn't have gamma ray bursts, maybe there would 946 00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:21,200 Speaker 3: be more life out there in the universe. 947 00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:24,279 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's actually interesting because it goes both ways, right, 948 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:26,600 Speaker 1: Like some galaxies, if they have a lot of these 949 00:45:26,640 --> 00:45:29,600 Speaker 1: stars that are going supernova and making these gamma ray bursts, 950 00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:32,759 Speaker 1: then it's pretty hard to get life started because it's 951 00:45:32,760 --> 00:45:35,799 Speaker 1: just so much crazy radiation. On the other hand, you 952 00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:39,400 Speaker 1: also need a bit of radiation, right. Remember, like having 953 00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,920 Speaker 1: a particle fly through and change your DNA is a 954 00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:45,200 Speaker 1: key element to evolution. It allows us to explore the 955 00:45:45,239 --> 00:45:48,640 Speaker 1: evolutionary landscape by adding random mutations. So if you had 956 00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:54,239 Speaker 1: zero radiation. Then you wouldn't then evolution wouldn't be as effective. Really, yeah, 957 00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:55,480 Speaker 1: you need some amount. 958 00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:57,880 Speaker 3: Of evolution depends on gamma ray bursts. 959 00:45:57,960 --> 00:45:59,640 Speaker 1: Well you know how does evolution work? 960 00:45:59,719 --> 00:45:59,799 Speaker 3: Right? 961 00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,560 Speaker 1: Need your children to be slightly different from you? Right, 962 00:46:02,840 --> 00:46:04,279 Speaker 1: they're not just a combination of union. 963 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,920 Speaker 3: Then that happened randomly through biological processes like it. Really 964 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:10,320 Speaker 3: you're saying really needs radiation from out of space. 965 00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:13,200 Speaker 1: Well, you know there's two main sources there. There's transcription 966 00:46:13,360 --> 00:46:16,160 Speaker 1: errors like when the DNA gets copied, there are mistakes 967 00:46:16,160 --> 00:46:18,680 Speaker 1: that are made. But also yeah, radiation plays a role 968 00:46:18,719 --> 00:46:23,319 Speaker 1: as well, and so you would have a slower rate 969 00:46:23,320 --> 00:46:26,120 Speaker 1: of mutation if you didn't have gamma rays, if you 970 00:46:26,120 --> 00:46:29,920 Speaker 1: didn't have radiation, and so you could explore different evolutionary 971 00:46:29,960 --> 00:46:32,880 Speaker 1: paths not as quickly if you didn't have radiation. So 972 00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:35,200 Speaker 1: you want just the right amount of radiation. 973 00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,160 Speaker 3: Right, So, I think what you're saying is a physicists 974 00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:40,120 Speaker 3: here is making a statement that basic we're all hulk? 975 00:46:40,360 --> 00:46:43,239 Speaker 1: Is that kind of what you're exactly. 976 00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:45,960 Speaker 3: Every human being is kind of like a hulk. 977 00:46:46,160 --> 00:46:48,440 Speaker 1: It's not about being the hulk, It's about the radiation 978 00:46:48,520 --> 00:46:54,279 Speaker 1: you absorbed along the way. Yeah, but so far, the 979 00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:57,319 Speaker 1: closest gamma ray burst we've ever seen is like one 980 00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,799 Speaker 1: hundred and thirty million light years away, which is still 981 00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:01,600 Speaker 1: really really. 982 00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:03,680 Speaker 3: Far away, which is in another galaxy. 983 00:47:03,719 --> 00:47:05,720 Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that's in another galaxy, and if one happened 984 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:08,919 Speaker 1: in our galaxy, that would be tough. But we think, 985 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,280 Speaker 1: I mean, the current estimates these are all really really rough. 986 00:47:11,360 --> 00:47:14,439 Speaker 1: But is that there's like one gamma ray burst per 987 00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:17,680 Speaker 1: galaxy per thousand years. I remember, there's a lot of 988 00:47:17,719 --> 00:47:20,719 Speaker 1: stars in a galaxy, right, hundreds of billions of stars, 989 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:23,160 Speaker 1: so for one of them to give a gamma ray 990 00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:25,840 Speaker 1: burst every thousand years means it's a pretty rare event. 991 00:47:26,200 --> 00:47:28,719 Speaker 1: And that makes sense. So the reason we haven't seen 992 00:47:28,760 --> 00:47:30,760 Speaker 1: any from our Milky Way is probably just that hasn't 993 00:47:30,760 --> 00:47:31,480 Speaker 1: happened yet. 994 00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,400 Speaker 3: So wait, if we get an extra special super duper 995 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:39,200 Speaker 3: supernova in the Milky Way, that's it, right, We're toast. Well, 996 00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:40,600 Speaker 3: it depends. 997 00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:42,160 Speaker 1: The Milky Way is a big place, so if it 998 00:47:42,160 --> 00:47:43,920 Speaker 1: happens in the other side of the Milky Way, it's 999 00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:47,520 Speaker 1: a big difference then if it happens like next door. Also, 1000 00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:50,680 Speaker 1: we think that these gamma ray bursts are directional, that 1001 00:47:50,680 --> 00:47:53,640 Speaker 1: they happen that they fly out in jets from the supernova, 1002 00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:57,560 Speaker 1: just like from the pulsars and quasar as we talked about. 1003 00:47:57,600 --> 00:47:59,560 Speaker 1: So it might not even be aimed at us. It 1004 00:47:59,560 --> 00:48:02,279 Speaker 1: could happen next door and we could be fine, or 1005 00:48:02,320 --> 00:48:03,560 Speaker 1: it could fry us. 1006 00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:06,520 Speaker 3: Like it it's used these gamma rays in one direction 1007 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:08,040 Speaker 3: and we might get lucky. 1008 00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:12,240 Speaker 1: Exactly. We're basically playing cosmic Russian Roulette all the time. 1009 00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:14,799 Speaker 1: So we brought it back to us. 1010 00:48:15,239 --> 00:48:17,080 Speaker 3: They're crazy. We brought crazy. 1011 00:48:18,640 --> 00:48:22,520 Speaker 1: Exactly. So so we don't really know the details of 1012 00:48:22,520 --> 00:48:24,400 Speaker 1: how gamma ray bursts are formed, though we have a 1013 00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:26,439 Speaker 1: lot better understanding than we did a few decades ago. 1014 00:48:27,239 --> 00:48:29,160 Speaker 1: We don't know how often they happen. We just sort 1015 00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:32,319 Speaker 1: of hoping that one doesn't happen. But to me, the 1016 00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:36,120 Speaker 1: crazy thing is that gamma ray bursts travel at the 1017 00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:39,439 Speaker 1: speed of light, and that is an important consequence. 1018 00:48:39,320 --> 00:48:42,000 Speaker 3: Yeah, because you wouldn't see it coming right exactly. 1019 00:48:42,040 --> 00:48:45,120 Speaker 1: You can't possibly have any warning, right unless you can 1020 00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:47,200 Speaker 1: predict that a star is going to go supernova and 1021 00:48:47,239 --> 00:48:48,800 Speaker 1: give off a gamma ray burst. You're not going to 1022 00:48:48,880 --> 00:48:51,319 Speaker 1: watch every single star and try to predict which one. 1023 00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:55,520 Speaker 1: There's no advanced notice, right, the first thing you hear 1024 00:48:55,560 --> 00:48:57,719 Speaker 1: about a gamma ray burst is when it's washing over 1025 00:48:57,760 --> 00:49:00,560 Speaker 1: you and frying your DNA. Right, so there could be 1026 00:49:00,560 --> 00:49:02,920 Speaker 1: one on its way right now. How does that make 1027 00:49:02,920 --> 00:49:03,320 Speaker 1: you feel? 1028 00:49:03,680 --> 00:49:08,399 Speaker 3: Makes me feel a little crazy toasty? Well, I think 1029 00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:11,839 Speaker 3: you know, it seems like there are many surprises out 1030 00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:14,680 Speaker 3: there in the universe, and we should be ready for them, 1031 00:49:15,040 --> 00:49:18,160 Speaker 3: and we should be excited for them, and we should 1032 00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:21,240 Speaker 3: appreciate the being here and the life we have because 1033 00:49:21,320 --> 00:49:23,960 Speaker 3: you know, it could really literally be snuffed out in 1034 00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:25,160 Speaker 3: a second at any time. 1035 00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:28,800 Speaker 1: That's true. And you know, most of these cosmic mysteries 1036 00:49:28,920 --> 00:49:31,520 Speaker 1: just help us understand what a beautiful and crazy place 1037 00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:34,080 Speaker 1: this universe is. Very few of them are actually going 1038 00:49:34,120 --> 00:49:37,680 Speaker 1: to kill us, and so don't worry about it too much, folks. 1039 00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,000 Speaker 1: And there's nothing you can do anyway, So don't worry about. 1040 00:49:40,760 --> 00:49:45,800 Speaker 3: It, that's right. Just relax, lower your heart rate that 1041 00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:48,640 Speaker 3: the sun is coming down, just be at peace, like 1042 00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:49,480 Speaker 3: Bruce Banner. 1043 00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:52,960 Speaker 1: There you go, exactly. We're all Bruce Banner, see you 1044 00:49:53,000 --> 00:50:03,800 Speaker 1: next time. If you still have a question after listening 1045 00:50:03,840 --> 00:50:06,920 Speaker 1: to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd 1046 00:50:06,960 --> 00:50:09,840 Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 1047 00:50:09,880 --> 00:50:13,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or 1048 00:50:13,680 --> 00:50:18,000 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at danielanforge dot com. Thanks for 1049 00:50:18,040 --> 00:50:20,960 Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe 1050 00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:25,399 Speaker 1: is a production at iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 1051 00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:29,720 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 1052 00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:41,640 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of 1053 00:50:41,719 --> 00:50:44,040 Speaker 1: cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the 1054 00:50:44,160 --> 00:50:47,520 Speaker 1: environmental impact. 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