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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy, and today we

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Speaker 1: are bringing you the ultimate underdog story. That's the story

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Speaker 1: of a group of one thousand men led by a

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Speaker 1: charismatic professional rebel named Giuseppe Garibaldi who bore gaucho pants.

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Speaker 1: We just want to get that right out there, if

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Speaker 1: I were a professional rubble and this group makes its

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Speaker 1: way to Sicily, where they topple the large and strong

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Speaker 1: Bourbon monarch. Their expedition is a success and delivers an

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Speaker 1: enormous piece of the fragmented Italian peninsula into the hands

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Speaker 1: of Pete mont Sardinia. So in this David and Goliath story,

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Speaker 1: again it's David who wins, and this is a really

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Speaker 1: big step in the creation of the Kingdom of Italy

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Speaker 1: and the unification of the country. So it's kind of

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Speaker 1: the most dramatic event, in my opinion, in that story

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Speaker 1: that spans almost a century. So we're gonna give you

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Speaker 1: some background on the Resourgimento or the resurgence, which is

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Speaker 1: pretty complicated. So we're going to try to cut it

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Speaker 1: down to the basics for you. Italy is made up

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Speaker 1: of states, and after Napoleonic rule ends, the peninsula shows

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Speaker 1: some movements toward nationalization, but there are centuries old divisions

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Speaker 1: between the states. You can even think of Italy today

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Speaker 1: and how different Florence is, say from Venice. It was

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Speaker 1: even more marked than the differences between them. There are

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Speaker 1: also differences in language and in food. So this isn't

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Speaker 1: a simple revolution. It's not going to be easy. You

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Speaker 1: have to answer the questions of who's going to rule,

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Speaker 1: and what would unified Italy look like, and who's going

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Speaker 1: to be leading it? Yeah, which state will take the

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Speaker 1: lead in unifying the country, and will it be under

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Speaker 1: a monarchy, will it be a republic? What's it going

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Speaker 1: to look like? And it's interesting too, this isn't just

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Speaker 1: a political movement, this um resurgence. It's also an ideology

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Speaker 1: and sometimes it's um just about the romance of reclaiming

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Speaker 1: a shared history. So uh, taking someone like Dante, who

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Speaker 1: is so tied to his own city and turning him

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Speaker 1: into a national figure. He's not just a Florentine, He's

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Speaker 1: an Italian, Italy's writer and um taking ancient Rome and

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Speaker 1: the antiquities and making that a national thing and not

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Speaker 1: just something in the distance outside of our communal history. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: much of the rebellion is directed against the Austrian occupiers

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Speaker 1: of northern Italy, but the idea of nationalism begins to

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Speaker 1: sweep through all the states. And we have two distinctive

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Speaker 1: varieties of this nationalism that are important for our story.

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Speaker 1: The first is the radical nationalism of Giuseppe Mazzini, who

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Speaker 1: wants to unite the peninsula into a republic. And on

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Speaker 1: the other side we have the liberal monarchy of Pete

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Speaker 1: Sardinia in northern Italy, which is ruled by Victor Emmanuel

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Speaker 1: the Second and run by his prime minister Cavor. They

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Speaker 1: also want to unite the peninsula, but under Piedmont rule

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Speaker 1: and under a monarchy, and they're careful and diplomatic people.

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Speaker 1: They support rebel movements secretly. They'll support Garibaldi at times, um,

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Speaker 1: but it's it's always They're always playing their cards close,

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Speaker 1: and they're conscious of their reputation and world affairs, so

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Speaker 1: they're not solely concerned with this unification of Italy. There

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Speaker 1: um aware of their position in Europe as a whole,

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Speaker 1: as far as where Garibaldi fits into this. He would

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Speaker 1: seem to be a natural fit with Mazzini's movement, but

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Speaker 1: he's a free agent. He's willing to work with a

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Speaker 1: monarchy if it means unification will happen. He's much more

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Speaker 1: tied to this idea of unification than he is to

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Speaker 1: the idea of a republic, a democracy, or a monarchy

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Speaker 1: or even his own ambitions. He just wants it to happen. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and he does work with Matzini's movement when he's a youth,

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Speaker 1: but he later works with the pied Mont Sardinian so

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Speaker 1: he's really able to cross both fives here to get

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Speaker 1: what he wants to have happened actually happened. And let's

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Speaker 1: give you a little background on Garibaldi. He was born

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Speaker 1: in Niece in eighteen o seven, which at the time

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Speaker 1: is part of France. It's later given back to Sardinia

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Speaker 1: and the Savoy rulers. When Garibaldi was a boy after

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Speaker 1: Napoleon was defeated, and he comes from a family of

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Speaker 1: fishermen and coastal traders. He himself as a sailor for

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Speaker 1: more than ten years and becomes a merchant captain. So

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Speaker 1: by the eighteen thirties, while he's serving in the navy

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Speaker 1: of pied Montzardinia. He comes under the influence of Giuseppe Mazzini, who,

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Speaker 1: as we said, is the hero of Italian nationalism, and

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Speaker 1: he comes under the influence of the French socialist Conte

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Speaker 1: de Saint Simon, and by eighteen thirty four he's become

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Speaker 1: a revolutionary. He takes part in an attempt to provoke

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Speaker 1: a republican revolution in Piedmont. It doesn't work out. He's

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Speaker 1: convicted to death an absentia by a Genoese court and

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Speaker 1: he goes to South America. In retreat, goes into hiding.

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Speaker 1: He's kind of a rebel pirate in Brazil and he

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Speaker 1: elopes with a woman named Anna Maria Ribero da Silva,

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Speaker 1: a married woman. Their companions and arms until her death,

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Speaker 1: and he ends up in charge of the Uruguayan navy.

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Speaker 1: And all the while he's learning guerrilla warfare in South America.

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Speaker 1: We've decided that guerrilla warfares are new theme to replace exhimation.

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Speaker 1: He's a professional rebel and he wears a gaucho costume.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen forty three, still in the service of Uruguay,

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Speaker 1: he takes command of the Italian legion at Montevideo, which

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Speaker 1: is the first of the Red Shirts, and remember red Shirts,

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Speaker 1: because they're going to come into play later on. They

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Speaker 1: win a small battle and word gets back to Europe

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Speaker 1: about these guys. Alexander dumint pair helps foster the reputation

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Speaker 1: of Garibaldi, so he's becoming a somewhat of a celebrity

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Speaker 1: by this point, and this now famous garrible Aldi returned

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Speaker 1: to Italy in eighteen forty eight to fight the Austrians.

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Speaker 1: He is unsuccessful, but he's still incredibly courageous and becomes

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Speaker 1: known as the hero of two worlds, but still too

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Speaker 1: scary to the Piedmont monarchy. Um, you would think this guy,

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Speaker 1: who is now a hero in the Peninsula might be

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Speaker 1: welcomed back into the fold and his former treasonous activities

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Speaker 1: would be overlooked. But um, they're not going to go

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Speaker 1: for that. He goes into exile again, including a stop

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Speaker 1: in Staten Island, interestingly enough, and he's finally allowed to

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Speaker 1: return to Italy in eighteen fifty four. That free agent

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Speaker 1: business that we're talking about earlier frightens Cavour, who wants

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Speaker 1: to bring him back into Piedmont's fold. It's too dangerous

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Speaker 1: to have him out there. Um, you know, he could

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Speaker 1: potentially be lured back to Matsini, the Republican Metzini, which

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Speaker 1: is not something that Piedmont wants. Um. Garibaldi is, after all,

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Speaker 1: a really charismatic, really popular republic figure. So Cofre says,

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Speaker 1: let's fight Austria together. We'll give you the rank of

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Speaker 1: major general in the Piedmontese army. So he does that.

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Speaker 1: And also, the Piedmont has become more liberal in the

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Speaker 1: intervening years since Garibaldi has been gone. They've gotten a constitution.

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Speaker 1: Things have lightened up a bit, it's not so repressive.

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Speaker 1: So our action really heats up in September eighteen fifty nine,

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Speaker 1: and finally northern Italy is peaceful for once, and Garibaldi's

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Speaker 1: in the country and with nothing to do in the north.

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Speaker 1: I guess he's kind of bored. He needs something to do,

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Speaker 1: and he's hoping that there will be some action in

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Speaker 1: central Italy, and there sure is something for him to do.

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Speaker 1: Victor Emmanuel the Second makes a secret agreement with him,

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Speaker 1: basically saying, Garibaldi, you invade the Papal States, and if

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Speaker 1: it works, I'm completely behind you. But if it does end,

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Speaker 1: then tough luck for you. The king, however, realizes that

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Speaker 1: the last moment that this plan is too dangerous, so

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Speaker 1: he decides to abort the mission. Gara Baldi is really

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Speaker 1: disappointed with this, and Victor Manuel the Second makes things

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Speaker 1: even worse in Garibaldi's opinion, when he returns niece Garibaldi's

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Speaker 1: hometown to France. So that's that's gotta be too bad

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Speaker 1: for Garibaldi. Pete Mantzardina is just so diplomatic to Garibaldi,

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Speaker 1: and I think it really frustrates him right to him,

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Speaker 1: it's just so slow, slow paced. He doesn't like having

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Speaker 1: to deal with it. And also he's having some personal issues,

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Speaker 1: to say the least. Um, he's just gotten remarried. His

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Speaker 1: first wife died, Um, and he abandons this new wife

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Speaker 1: only a few hours after marrying her when he learns

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Speaker 1: that she's five months pregnant by another man, which he

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Speaker 1: and I had a good ten minute conversation about this earlier.

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Speaker 1: We're completely bewildered by just how this, how that happened,

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Speaker 1: But that's not our story today. So there's a revolt

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Speaker 1: in Sicily on April four, eighteen sixty and Garibaldi has

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Speaker 1: had it with the Piedmonts diplomatic tactics waiting around for them. Right,

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Speaker 1: He's going to attack the South and the Bourbon Kingdom,

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Speaker 1: and there's nothing you can do about it. Because he's

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Speaker 1: so popular, they can't stop him. But if he succeeds,

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Speaker 1: he does know that they will be there to help.

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Speaker 1: So we'll give you some stats on the Speedizion Admile,

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Speaker 1: or the expedition of a thousand. It wasn't actually a thousand.

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Speaker 1: There were a thousand twenty seven people, a thousand forty

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Speaker 1: four thousand eighty nine, no one's quite sure. The records disagree,

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Speaker 1: but this thousand was ranged in age from eleven to

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Speaker 1: sixty nine. And there was one woman, Rosalia Montmisson, who

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Speaker 1: was the wife of Francesco Crispy, a key planner in

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Speaker 1: the expedition. And four fifth of the group is from

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Speaker 1: the north, a third from Bergamo in Genoa alone, So

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Speaker 1: it's uh, it's an interesting group to be taking such

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Speaker 1: a strong interest in Sicily. And most of them are idealistic,

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Speaker 1: middle class people, kind of kind of the els who

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Speaker 1: would go along with that whole idea that Dante's Italy's writer,

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Speaker 1: Their teachers, writers, traders. There are a hundred and fifty

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Speaker 1: lawyers and law students, a hundred physicians, fifty engineers, twenty chemists,

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Speaker 1: ten painters and sculptors, three priests, and thirty naval officers,

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Speaker 1: which is good because they are taking boats and um

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Speaker 1: they're a really educated and very idealistic bunch of people,

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Speaker 1: and they're all wearing Garibaldi's classic red shirt. Supposedly this

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Speaker 1: idea of his came from the abattoirs of Uruguay, which

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Speaker 1: is pretty gross. And they're not very well trained, which

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Speaker 1: perhaps you already figured out from the list of fifty lawyers.

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Speaker 1: Come on, not so much. They have rusty rifles, but

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Speaker 1: they're they're ragtag group. They leave from Quarto May five

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Speaker 1: through six, and they almost run into the Bourbon Navy

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Speaker 1: on their way down, which would have been terrible. They

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Speaker 1: obviously were not prepared for a conflict at sea, but

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Speaker 1: they managed to land and in the western Sicilian port

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Speaker 1: of Marsala and Mayo Leven where they are welcomed by

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Speaker 1: the British consul. And we should give you a little

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Speaker 1: background two on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It's

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Speaker 1: ruled by a Bourbon monarch, and yes, that is the

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Speaker 1: same French family you're thinking of their descendants of the

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Speaker 1: Louis and the Sicilian monarch. Francis the Second is young.

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Speaker 1: He's just inherited the kingdom from his tyrannical father, Ferdinand

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Speaker 1: the Second, known as Bomba and um. Well, Ferdinand the

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Speaker 1: Second was very tyrannical. He was also somewhat respected, I

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Speaker 1: guess just because he was so scary. Francis the Second

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Speaker 1: doesn't have that much going for him. He's just as tyrannical,

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Speaker 1: but he doesn't have the respect. This is not a

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Speaker 1: good combination. So he sends out twenty five thousand soldiers

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Speaker 1: to defend his new kingdom. But this Bourbon advance guard

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Speaker 1: can't get past Garibaldi's forces. So the Sicilian people mentioned

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Speaker 1: to Francis the Second, chagrin led by the mafia, side

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Speaker 1: with Garibaldi and welcome him. They're hoping he's going to

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Speaker 1: break up these landed estates and get them out of

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Speaker 1: the system of feudalism. The royal army surrenders. So many

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Speaker 1: Sicilian peasants were ambivalent about Garibaldi. But here you have

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Speaker 1: this opportunity for potential reform. You might as well, go

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Speaker 1: for it. So Garibaldi proclaims himself the dictator of Sicily,

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Speaker 1: but in the name of Victor Emmanuel, and he heads

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Speaker 1: towards Palermo, where they defeat in Neapolitan force at Coladophone

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Speaker 1: on My fifteen, and again the Sicilians join in, Hey,

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Speaker 1: you know, we hate the Bourbons too. Let we'll fight together.

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Speaker 1: And the Bourbon command just isn't that great? I mean

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Speaker 1: that explains in part why this small ragtag group of

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Speaker 1: non professional soldiers is managing to topple the monarch's army.

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Speaker 1: Um But Garibaldi captures Palermo on June six, which is

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Speaker 1: um the big city in the area, and by July,

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Speaker 1: with the Battle of Milazzo, he's won all of this

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Speaker 1: lee except from Sina, so now he wants Naples and

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Speaker 1: maybe even Rome. It's a dangerous thought, Garibaldi. So Francis, meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: is struggling to regroup. He grants a constitution and anesty

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Speaker 1: to the Sicilian rebels. He's trying to patch things over,

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Speaker 1: but it's too late for that, and by late August

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Speaker 1: Garibaldi crosses the Strait of Messina to land in Calabria

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Speaker 1: and advances towards Naples, and it's just a triumph. By

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Speaker 1: this time, the Bourbon rule is collapsed and Garibaldi is one. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's an easy ride into Naples. I think Garibaldi

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Speaker 1: might actually be on a train. So Francis flees to Gaieta,

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Speaker 1: and the last serious resistance of the Bourbons collapses at

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Speaker 1: the Battle of the Volturno, which is on October one.

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Speaker 1: So Victoria Manuel the Second rushes south to collect the spoils.

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Speaker 1: He and Garibaldi met to Teano, and Garibaldi hands everything

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Speaker 1: over to him. Yeah, obviously Victor Emmanuel is concerned. Um

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Speaker 1: as you would you would you would expect that this

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Speaker 1: charismatic leader who has conquered the entire south of Italy

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Speaker 1: to take over, might start getting some ideas and start thinking, well,

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Speaker 1: I wouldn't mind ruling this part of the world myself.

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Speaker 1: So that's why he's in such a hurry to get

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Speaker 1: down there and stake his own claim. But yeah, Garibaldi's

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Speaker 1: is quite impressive. He just hands it over to him,

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Speaker 1: and the Piedmont won't even let him govern during this

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Speaker 1: transitional period for the king either. He's again too scary,

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Speaker 1: he's too popular. And then there's the idea that what

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Speaker 1: if Mazzini got ahold of him and turned him anti monarchy,

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Speaker 1: and then there's the chance of a republican cou data.

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Speaker 1: So the Kingdom of Italy is officially proclaimed in March seventeenth,

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one. We haven't almost unified Italy. Uh. After

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Speaker 1: handing over the South to Piedmont, Garibaldi's thousand disbands. He

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Speaker 1: returns to his island home since he's not going to

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Speaker 1: get this job as the king's viceroy and um he

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Speaker 1: he retreats with his spoils of war, which sounds kind

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Speaker 1: of delicious coffee, sugar stockfish in macaroni, which you can't

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Speaker 1: mix together, but I think separately. Our lovely make a

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Speaker 1: good meal as a whole. But his meale feel shafted

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Speaker 1: by the Piedmontese, basically was the way Sarah put it.

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Speaker 1: And like they haven't been recognized appropriately. They don't feel

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Speaker 1: the territories are being run well, the North is exploiting

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Speaker 1: the South. They don't institute the expected land reform, and

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Speaker 1: hey guess what. Consequently, the mafia keeps their foothold there well,

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Speaker 1: and Garibaldi feels a little bit beholden to these people.

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Speaker 1: Who I mean, he would have believed he was liberating

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Speaker 1: them to see changes not happen as rapidly as he hoped.

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Speaker 1: And on a side note, Garibaldi is so popular. Abraham

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Speaker 1: Lincoln offers him a Union command in the Civil War,

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Speaker 1: and Garibaldi turns him down. Um, in part because he

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have had the supreme command over the Union's forces.

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Speaker 1: Sorry grant and um Lincoln wasn't anti slavery enough for him.

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Speaker 1: But digression aside, there are two big pieces of the

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Speaker 1: puzzle that are still missing in this unification process, Venice

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Speaker 1: and Rome. And Cavore believes that a new Italy must

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Speaker 1: have Rome as its real capital, not just not just

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Speaker 1: calling Rome it's capital and not controlling anything, but really

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Speaker 1: having Rome. And he even thinks that there should be

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Speaker 1: a separation between the religious and secular authority of Rome.

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Speaker 1: He's he's not anti Catholic Church here. He he thinks

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Speaker 1: that this will actually benefit the church, um, having it

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Speaker 1: an entirely spiritual entity. Um. But obviously this is an

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Speaker 1: incredibly tricky diplomatic situation since loads of countries have interests

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Speaker 1: in Rome and the Pope. And unfortunately, right when this

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Speaker 1: is going on, our great diplomat before dies and we're

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Speaker 1: left with what is called the Roman question. So maybe

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Speaker 1: we'll talk about the Roman question a little more later

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Speaker 1: and catch up with Garibaldi and his gauchos, but we're

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Speaker 1: gonna move on from there. And Sarah was saying earlier

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Speaker 1: to me that if you're looking for a good account

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Speaker 1: of Italian unification in fiction, you might want to try

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Speaker 1: lamp Produce as the Leopard, which is told from the

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Speaker 1: side of the Sicilian aristocracy. There's also a Burt Lancaster

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Speaker 1: movie which has an hour long dancing no joke it is.

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Speaker 1: But that brings us to listener mail. So today we

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Speaker 1: got an email from Mike about our podcast on Satchel Page,

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Speaker 1: and if you remember, at the end of the podcast,

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Speaker 1: we asked you to send us your opinion on who

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Speaker 1: is the best picture in history. So Mike said that

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Speaker 1: a few years ago I purchased a Major League Baseball

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Speaker 1: video game and it had two teams of historical legends

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Speaker 1: included in the game. The people who made this game

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Speaker 1: definitely felt that Satchel Page was the best picture ever

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Speaker 1: because his ability was ridiculously superior to any picture I've

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Speaker 1: ever artificially controlled. In a game. Eventually, in the interest

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Speaker 1: of fair play, my friend and I made a no

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Speaker 1: Satural rule, so we thought this was really funny, and um,

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Speaker 1: we're glad that some video game programmers out there are

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Speaker 1: definitely Satchel fans, because so were we, and we do

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Speaker 1: think he was, in fact, the greatest picture in history.

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Speaker 1: If you'd like to argue with us, feel free to

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Speaker 1: email at History Podcast at how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: And if you'd like to learn more about Italian history,

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Speaker 1: check out our website at www dot how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. We're also on Twitter at misston History. If

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Speaker 1: you'd like to come and follow us for more on

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Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com and be sure to check out this

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Speaker 1: stuff you missed in History Glass Blog on the how

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