WEBVTT - The Quantum Shift in Biomedical Discovery 0:00:02.000 --> 0:00:07.400 I'm Malcolm Globwell and you're listening to Smart Talks with IBM. 0:00:07.720 --> 0:00:11.079 When doctor Laura Jahi began treating epilepsy patients in the 0:00:11.119 --> 0:00:16.319 early two thousands, she noticed something unsettling. Different surgeons could 0:00:16.320 --> 0:00:21.080 look at the exact same case and recommend completely different treatments. 0:00:21.440 --> 0:00:24.239 One surgeon might remove one part of the brain, another 0:00:24.440 --> 0:00:27.800 a different part, and a third might not operate at all. 0:00:28.560 --> 0:00:31.120 Doctor j Hi believed there had to be a better way, 0:00:31.520 --> 0:00:35.600 one grounded in data. That conviction set her on a 0:00:35.640 --> 0:00:38.840 path that would lead her to become Chief Research Information 0:00:38.920 --> 0:00:42.800 Officer at Cleveland Clinic and the executive program lead for 0:00:42.880 --> 0:00:47.160 the Discovery Accelerator. The Discovery Accelerator is a ten year 0:00:47.200 --> 0:00:51.720 partnership between Cleveland Clinic and IBM where researchers are using 0:00:51.760 --> 0:00:56.400 AI and quantum computing to make incredible discoveries in healthcare 0:00:56.760 --> 0:01:00.000 and life sciences. I sat down with doctor j High 0:01:00.200 --> 0:01:04.240 to explore what's happening now, what's possible with quantum computing, 0:01:04.800 --> 0:01:08.600 and where this next era of biomedical discovery is headed. 0:01:10.280 --> 0:01:12.959 Epilepsy was your kind of specialty within neurology? 0:01:13.120 --> 0:01:13.919 Correct? Yes? 0:01:13.959 --> 0:01:14.840 What led you to that? 0:01:15.600 --> 0:01:19.480 I was always fascinated by the brain. You know, it's 0:01:19.560 --> 0:01:22.840 the part of our body that leaves still to this day, 0:01:22.880 --> 0:01:27.199 the most to be discovered. So I was always intrigued 0:01:27.280 --> 0:01:33.920 by areas that leave more for discovery, and epilepsy was 0:01:33.959 --> 0:01:38.480 my pragmatic side, wanting to choose a subspecialty where the 0:01:38.560 --> 0:01:43.480 problem can be fixed. In epilepsy, there are many medications 0:01:43.520 --> 0:01:46.440 that are very effective, and there's a brain surgery that 0:01:46.480 --> 0:01:49.400 we can do to stop seizures when medicines don't work. 0:01:50.560 --> 0:01:51.760 That attracted me. 0:01:51.920 --> 0:01:55.760 You know, compared to other areas in neurology, like stroke, 0:01:55.840 --> 0:01:59.440 for example, or dementia, where usually the damage is more. 0:02:01.600 --> 0:02:03.360 I wanted to be able to tell my. 0:02:03.400 --> 0:02:06.560 Patients that you have a big problem, but here's what 0:02:06.600 --> 0:02:10.079 I can do to fix it, and epilepsy offered me that. 0:02:10.960 --> 0:02:14.720 But what would there must have been interesting and intriguing 0:02:15.200 --> 0:02:18.919 unsolved problems in neurology. 0:02:19.680 --> 0:02:22.240 Oh my gosh, it's the whole brain, isn't it. Before 0:02:22.440 --> 0:02:26.600 starting to deal with artificial intelligence and research. Right in 0:02:26.639 --> 0:02:30.720 the neurology, I'm dealing with real intelligence, the human brain 0:02:30.880 --> 0:02:34.200 and how it works and how we think and how 0:02:34.200 --> 0:02:40.600 we make decisions, and how it can grow and evolve, 0:02:40.800 --> 0:02:46.720 and so there is many untapped questions in neurology, and 0:02:47.360 --> 0:02:48.240 that's part. 0:02:48.000 --> 0:02:50.480 Of the fascination in it. 0:02:50.720 --> 0:02:56.160 In epilepsy in particular, it's an electrical disease in the brain, 0:02:56.440 --> 0:03:01.639 it's actually one of the conditions in neurology. That's a 0:03:01.800 --> 0:03:08.680 perfect alignment of all of the scientific disciplines. It's biology 0:03:08.800 --> 0:03:14.920 and physics and chemistry all working together to make us 0:03:15.440 --> 0:03:17.040 who we truly are. 0:03:17.440 --> 0:03:19.440 Right, So every. 0:03:19.200 --> 0:03:22.799 Other discipline, if you think of computing, for example, it's 0:03:22.840 --> 0:03:28.080 purely electricity. Or if we do drug development or drug discovery, 0:03:28.120 --> 0:03:33.760 that's mostly chemistry. Experiments in the lab, that's mostly biology. 0:03:33.880 --> 0:03:38.320 But the human brain is all of those put together. 0:03:39.960 --> 0:03:43.480 The cells in our brain secret these chemical substances that 0:03:43.640 --> 0:03:47.360 diffuse everywhere and hook up where they need to to 0:03:47.520 --> 0:03:52.680 trigger certain circuits and then trigger some effects afterwards. So 0:03:53.400 --> 0:04:00.240 it was just an elegant science that has big impacts. 0:04:00.600 --> 0:04:03.440 We're shortly going to get there and talk about you've 0:04:03.480 --> 0:04:07.400 taken on this kind of very technology focused roller Cleveland Clinic. 0:04:07.640 --> 0:04:11.600 I'm curious about if we go back to when you 0:04:11.640 --> 0:04:14.600 were just starting out at Cleveland Clinic. Yeah, how much 0:04:14.640 --> 0:04:18.279 were you thinking about this sort of technology piece about 0:04:18.279 --> 0:04:21.839 what technology could do for your specialty. About was that 0:04:21.920 --> 0:04:23.919 on your mind or is this something you've come to 0:04:24.000 --> 0:04:24.640 more recently. 0:04:26.320 --> 0:04:29.440 Well, it's been a journey, right, And when I started 0:04:29.480 --> 0:04:33.600 training as a clinician, my priority was just to learn 0:04:33.600 --> 0:04:37.080 how to better care for my patients and how to 0:04:37.160 --> 0:04:42.200 be a better physician. And then I realized that clinical 0:04:42.279 --> 0:04:47.960 practice provides an immediate reward. I'm interacting with a human 0:04:48.000 --> 0:04:51.039 being and helping them in the moment, so there is 0:04:51.120 --> 0:04:54.839 that immediate reward that comes with that. But that wasn't enough. 0:04:55.520 --> 0:04:59.719 I wanted something more. So then I learned biomedical research. 0:04:59.760 --> 0:05:04.479 Pract this is and research offered me this path towards 0:05:04.480 --> 0:05:08.360 a future. You know, the reward there is more long term. 0:05:09.040 --> 0:05:13.640 I'm studying discovering things that could help many people in 0:05:13.680 --> 0:05:16.680 the future, even though I will never get to see 0:05:16.720 --> 0:05:20.080 them or meet them, or you know, have that immediate satisfaction. 0:05:20.240 --> 0:05:23.760 So that shifted me from being a pure clinician to 0:05:23.839 --> 0:05:28.719 being a clinician scientist. And as that journey progressed, it 0:05:28.839 --> 0:05:32.400 became very clear, as medicine evolved over the past twenty years, 0:05:32.400 --> 0:05:36.920 that we cannot do any good biomedical research without understanding 0:05:37.520 --> 0:05:42.040 data and technology. You know, the balance is shifting from 0:05:42.320 --> 0:05:45.719 most of the research is happening we call it, you know, 0:05:45.720 --> 0:05:50.159 on the wet bench with actual experiments, physical experiments, to 0:05:50.800 --> 0:05:55.320 a place where most of the work is happening through 0:05:55.640 --> 0:06:00.400 compute and simulations and data. So I became much more 0:06:00.400 --> 0:06:05.320 involved for my personal research in building big data models 0:06:05.400 --> 0:06:09.600 and learning about AI and you know, learning about technology 0:06:09.680 --> 0:06:15.240 in general. And then as that journey progressed, I was 0:06:15.360 --> 0:06:18.440 fortunate enough to be an enroll for Cleveland Clinic, where 0:06:18.520 --> 0:06:22.080 my job is to bring that technology and bridge it 0:06:22.200 --> 0:06:27.120 to research for all researchers across our health care system. 0:06:28.080 --> 0:06:30.679 When you were talking about how in your own research 0:06:30.720 --> 0:06:33.159 you were moving in that direction, what was your own 0:06:33.160 --> 0:06:35.000 research focused on. What were you looking at? 0:06:36.680 --> 0:06:43.440 I was looking at brain surgery for epilepsy. It's an 0:06:43.480 --> 0:06:48.000 intervention that's been around for decades actually, but when I 0:06:48.120 --> 0:06:51.960 started practice, I was shocked by, you know, the practice 0:06:51.960 --> 0:06:56.280 that we had were making decisions around surgery, like, you know, 0:06:56.360 --> 0:07:00.719 what patients should get it versus not, how likely is 0:07:00.760 --> 0:07:03.359 it to work, what part of the brain should we remove. 0:07:03.920 --> 0:07:07.640 All of those decisions were at the time and the 0:07:07.760 --> 0:07:12.560 early two thousands driven by clinical opinions, Right, you know, 0:07:12.640 --> 0:07:14.920 you have an experienced surgeon, they decide to do this. 0:07:15.080 --> 0:07:18.600 Somebody else might decide to do something completely different, and 0:07:19.440 --> 0:07:21.520 I didn't feel that that was the right. 0:07:21.400 --> 0:07:22.680 Way to practice medicine. 0:07:22.680 --> 0:07:25.280 You know, that we needed to be more evidence based 0:07:25.320 --> 0:07:28.960 and data driven. So I went in the business in 0:07:29.040 --> 0:07:35.520 research of building models, predictive models that can ingest data 0:07:35.760 --> 0:07:38.600 from all of the tests that we would do about 0:07:38.880 --> 0:07:40.520 on these patients before to. 0:07:40.480 --> 0:07:41.600 Figure out surgery. 0:07:42.080 --> 0:07:48.200 So I learned how to analyze all types of data, 0:07:48.240 --> 0:07:53.600 from genetic data and individuals to pictures to electrical recordings, 0:07:54.040 --> 0:07:58.680 and then combine those into these prediction. 0:07:58.440 --> 0:08:03.720 Models you're looking at. You're taking large numbers of surgeries 0:08:03.760 --> 0:08:06.560 for epilepsy, and you're seeing what kind of connection there 0:08:06.640 --> 0:08:10.360 is between the success of the surgical intervention and the 0:08:10.440 --> 0:08:11.960 underlying presentation of. 0:08:11.960 --> 0:08:13.440 The patient exactly. 0:08:13.560 --> 0:08:17.280 So I would be telling the patient, what is your 0:08:17.440 --> 0:08:22.200 specific chance of becoming seizure free with surgery instead of 0:08:22.240 --> 0:08:25.960 giving them statistics about you know, like you know, in general, 0:08:26.240 --> 0:08:29.000 how well is that going to be effective? So that 0:08:29.160 --> 0:08:32.160 piece of individualizing medicine. 0:08:32.280 --> 0:08:35.559 So Cleveland Clinic decides to create a post called Chief 0:08:35.600 --> 0:08:36.560 Information Officers. 0:08:36.640 --> 0:08:40.520 If research information we have research, yes, always chief information 0:08:40.640 --> 0:08:41.800 officer runs it. 0:08:42.600 --> 0:08:44.440 Oh, yes, chief research information. 0:08:44.679 --> 0:08:46.200 Yeah, so it for research. 0:08:46.440 --> 0:08:51.839 This is parenthetically a huge job. Yes, so you apply 0:08:51.960 --> 0:08:54.320 for this, do you know that you're going to be 0:08:54.400 --> 0:08:57.319 thinking and talking and dealing with quantum. 0:08:57.640 --> 0:09:03.520 I started in January twenty twenty, and like every leader 0:09:03.559 --> 0:09:06.439 who's put in a position, remember, everybody tells you should 0:09:06.480 --> 0:09:10.680 read that the first ninety days great how to plan. 0:09:11.280 --> 0:09:14.800 So I was reading that and doing my listening tours 0:09:15.120 --> 0:09:19.960 to understand, and then COVID hits and I got a 0:09:20.000 --> 0:09:25.360 call from our executive suite about all, there is this 0:09:25.400 --> 0:09:28.760 thing called COVID that's coming. We will start testing people 0:09:28.840 --> 0:09:32.920 in four days. People will want to do research with COVID. 0:09:33.360 --> 0:09:37.679 Make it happen. So it was there's no chapter in 0:09:37.720 --> 0:09:38.960 the book about that, you know. 0:09:39.040 --> 0:09:45.960 So so I then it really it was like a 0:09:46.040 --> 0:09:50.000 pressure cooker, you know, test with. Yeah, I have to 0:09:50.080 --> 0:09:56.000 create this access to data, structured you know, resources, so 0:09:56.040 --> 0:09:58.080 that we can learn from it as. 0:09:58.080 --> 0:09:59.160 Quickly as possible. 0:10:00.040 --> 0:10:03.920 And so that was a catalyst. So then comes twenty 0:10:04.000 --> 0:10:07.400 twenty one. That was the year of our centennial one 0:10:07.480 --> 0:10:10.760 hundred years for Cleveland Clinic. So everybody, not just me, 0:10:11.000 --> 0:10:14.280 we were in a mindset where we were thinking long, 0:10:14.520 --> 0:10:18.319 long term, you know, like what made us specialized? Now 0:10:18.720 --> 0:10:21.880 how do we stay relevant? Where is the world going 0:10:21.960 --> 0:10:25.360 to be ten years from now? And what should I 0:10:25.679 --> 0:10:29.680 get going right this moment to shape that and be 0:10:29.840 --> 0:10:32.760 ready for it. And that's when quantum came in my mind, 0:10:33.559 --> 0:10:38.760 where unless we invest in it now twenty twenty one, 0:10:39.400 --> 0:10:42.960 we will not be ready for this next computer revolution 0:10:43.120 --> 0:10:44.600 that's coming after AI. 0:10:45.200 --> 0:10:47.720 Everybody in the world right now is doing nothing but 0:10:47.800 --> 0:10:52.360 talking about AI, and you are already thinking one step 0:10:52.400 --> 0:10:56.840 beyond a quantum what's different about the opportunity that quantum 0:10:57.440 --> 0:11:00.880 creates for a metic research than AI? 0:11:02.480 --> 0:11:03.160 Biology? 0:11:03.679 --> 0:11:11.760 The human body, by definition, is much closer to fundamentals 0:11:11.760 --> 0:11:15.800 of quantum, you know, to quantum mechanics and quantum physics 0:11:15.840 --> 0:11:20.839 than it is to AI. AI is a classical computing 0:11:20.920 --> 0:11:26.200 approach that in essence, reduces every piece of data to 0:11:26.360 --> 0:11:31.440 a black or white binary categorization of a one or 0:11:31.480 --> 0:11:37.960 a zero. At its core nature around us, the human body, 0:11:38.040 --> 0:11:43.840 there is nothing categorical about it. It's it's that whole 0:11:44.160 --> 0:11:52.120 you know, continuum of colors of life. Quantum its principles 0:11:52.160 --> 0:11:56.480 are that, you know, so there's all the scientific principles 0:11:56.520 --> 0:12:01.800 about quantum physics and superb position and in tankerment, you know, 0:12:01.840 --> 0:12:04.200 all of these complex things that people have a hard 0:12:04.200 --> 0:12:07.360 time with, but for in essence, it. 0:12:08.000 --> 0:12:11.480 Really is much more aligned. 0:12:11.520 --> 0:12:15.000 Like if I want to draw a colored picture, I 0:12:15.080 --> 0:12:18.240 will not go and pick up charcoal. You know, it's 0:12:18.320 --> 0:12:21.000 much easier for me to draw it if I had 0:12:21.720 --> 0:12:25.800 a colored palette with me, and quantum offers that. There 0:12:25.840 --> 0:12:31.000 is plenty of situations in medicine that are just intractable, 0:12:31.480 --> 0:12:34.680 you know, meaning it's not an issue just of it 0:12:34.800 --> 0:12:38.760 being AI being slow, or it doesn't have enough data, 0:12:39.240 --> 0:12:42.160 or if only we got more GPUs, you know, we 0:12:42.240 --> 0:12:47.160 can answer those questions. There are some problems in medicine 0:12:47.520 --> 0:12:51.360 that are fundamentally such that even if you give me 0:12:51.440 --> 0:12:54.480 all the GPUs in the world, there is no way 0:12:55.160 --> 0:13:00.600 that AI can model accurately how these mollyules in the 0:13:00.679 --> 0:13:05.880 body are interacting among each other, or how compounds electrons 0:13:05.920 --> 0:13:10.640 are moving within the mitochondria. These are the engines within 0:13:10.800 --> 0:13:16.680 our cells. There's these fundamental things in biology that AI 0:13:16.880 --> 0:13:21.079 and classical computers are just not built to be able 0:13:21.160 --> 0:13:21.760 to stimulate. 0:13:22.480 --> 0:13:26.040 So you must go to dinner parties, Doctor j. High. 0:13:26.400 --> 0:13:29.760 People must ask you what is quantum computing? What do 0:13:29.800 --> 0:13:30.560 you tell them? 0:13:31.040 --> 0:13:34.280 Yes, Although I often, you know, we talk about other 0:13:34.360 --> 0:13:35.360 things at dinner. 0:13:35.080 --> 0:13:40.080 Parties, eventually it comes down to you. If I was 0:13:40.120 --> 0:13:42.800 at that dinner party with you, I would ask you 0:13:42.840 --> 0:13:43.800 what is quantum computer? 0:13:44.200 --> 0:13:46.640 I would say, depends on how much time we have 0:13:46.760 --> 0:13:50.760 at the party to explain it. The short answer would be, 0:13:51.040 --> 0:13:56.400 it's a completely different way of working with computers than 0:13:56.440 --> 0:14:00.160 what we're used to Right now, you can imagine that 0:14:00.080 --> 0:14:03.120 AI as being like a car that you take to 0:14:03.160 --> 0:14:07.000 go from one place to another. No matter how fast 0:14:07.240 --> 0:14:10.880 that Ferrari can get and how much fewer you put 0:14:10.920 --> 0:14:13.880 in it, it's never going to be a fighter jet. 0:14:14.200 --> 0:14:15.760 It's never going to be a plane. 0:14:16.640 --> 0:14:19.800 AI is the car, the plane is quant They are 0:14:20.440 --> 0:14:23.400 ways to get from point A to point B, but 0:14:23.640 --> 0:14:29.720 they work very differently, and we always use them in together. 0:14:30.160 --> 0:14:34.960 If I'm flying from Shaker Heights to Yorktown Heights, I 0:14:35.240 --> 0:14:38.000 drive to the airport, get on the plane, then take 0:14:38.040 --> 0:14:41.880 an uber to get to Yorktown Heights. In research, we 0:14:41.960 --> 0:14:44.440 will do the same. We do some piece of it 0:14:44.480 --> 0:14:46.960 in AI, some piece of it in quantum, and then 0:14:47.040 --> 0:14:47.560 go back and. 0:14:47.520 --> 0:14:51.440 Forth back in twenty twenty one, Cleveland Clinic and IBM 0:14:51.520 --> 0:14:55.000 announced that they were starting something called the Discovery Accelerator. 0:14:55.440 --> 0:14:56.080 What is that. 0:14:56.920 --> 0:15:01.400 It's an initiative, a program, a partnership really that is 0:15:02.120 --> 0:15:10.000 designed to bridge advanced computational tools and technology through the 0:15:10.120 --> 0:15:16.800 leader in that space, IBM, with biomedical science and research 0:15:17.040 --> 0:15:22.800 and life sciences problems, and that is a Cleveland Clinic. 0:15:23.280 --> 0:15:26.840 We called it a Discovery Accelerator because that was our goal. 0:15:27.240 --> 0:15:31.320 We were both on both sides challenged with the fact 0:15:31.320 --> 0:15:34.160 that discovery in medicine was just taking too long. The 0:15:34.320 --> 0:15:39.200 classical example that really brought it to life to us 0:15:39.280 --> 0:15:43.360 then was drug discovery that it took over a decade 0:15:43.560 --> 0:15:47.640 and it still does actually over a decade. From the 0:15:47.800 --> 0:15:51.480 moment that there is a compound that someone in a 0:15:51.800 --> 0:15:56.720 lab biomedical lab thinks it would be effective to treat 0:15:56.760 --> 0:16:00.520 a certain disease, it takes about ten to thirteen from 0:16:00.520 --> 0:16:03.400 that moment to when that drug is on a shelf 0:16:03.560 --> 0:16:06.160 for a patient to get to from a pharmacy. And 0:16:06.200 --> 0:16:09.840 that was just too much of a gap to allow 0:16:10.520 --> 0:16:13.920 when we have so many health conditions that we needed 0:16:13.960 --> 0:16:16.880 to address, and a big part of that gap could 0:16:16.880 --> 0:16:22.680 be computationally solved better simulation of compounds, designing drug trails 0:16:22.760 --> 0:16:23.280 that are. 0:16:23.200 --> 0:16:25.720 More efficient, you know, that would finish faster. 0:16:26.320 --> 0:16:33.520 So that was the motivation to bring computational tools and 0:16:33.600 --> 0:16:36.560 technology closer to biomedical researchers. 0:16:36.760 --> 0:16:40.400 Cleveland Click and IBM team up. And I'm assuming the 0:16:40.480 --> 0:16:44.280 IBM quantum guys and other people descend on Cleveland and 0:16:44.320 --> 0:16:47.480 you have your first meeting with them. Are they telling 0:16:47.480 --> 0:16:50.680 you things you would never thought of? Or I mean, 0:16:50.840 --> 0:16:53.160 I'm just curious about what's the difference between what you 0:16:54.920 --> 0:16:58.920 thought was the potential was and what you discovered the 0:16:58.960 --> 0:16:59.680 potential was. 0:17:01.040 --> 0:17:05.040 That is an excellent question. If I had to prioritize. 0:17:05.119 --> 0:17:09.000 One lesson that I learned over the past few years 0:17:09.000 --> 0:17:13.119 of doing this, it is that you can never know 0:17:14.359 --> 0:17:17.480 what your you know where your brain is going to 0:17:17.560 --> 0:17:23.879 go and discovery until you talk. You know, you have 0:17:23.920 --> 0:17:27.040 to open it up and really listen to try to 0:17:27.119 --> 0:17:28.679 learn what the other people are saying. 0:17:29.119 --> 0:17:31.280 It's it went both ways. 0:17:31.440 --> 0:17:32.480 Can you give me an example. 0:17:32.640 --> 0:17:35.160 So, okay, we built a quantum right, so it took 0:17:35.480 --> 0:17:38.240 it took like eight months to get this machine put together, 0:17:38.720 --> 0:17:40.440 and we put it in our cafeteria. 0:17:41.080 --> 0:17:42.280 That's the whole other. 0:17:42.280 --> 0:17:48.240 Story where you put the quantum machine computer in your cafeteria. Yes, yes, yes, 0:17:50.080 --> 0:17:51.679 can you see it when you're eating lunch? 0:17:52.119 --> 0:17:54.920 Yeah? Yeah, we have people eating lunch around it all 0:17:54.920 --> 0:17:57.879 the time. We wanted to have a machine that people 0:17:57.960 --> 0:18:02.280 can see. Otherwise it it the program wouldn't launch properly, 0:18:02.400 --> 0:18:06.200 so I needed to have it physically. So we had 0:18:06.240 --> 0:18:09.280 to look at retro fitted in existing space, and the 0:18:09.320 --> 0:18:13.320 cafeteria space worked out. It was far enough from the street, 0:18:13.400 --> 0:18:17.080 you know, there was no vibration that it was a 0:18:17.200 --> 0:18:20.400 double floor, you know, so the ceiling was high enough. 0:18:20.720 --> 0:18:24.199 It just like technically fit all of those requirements. And 0:18:24.280 --> 0:18:29.320 it was either there or we put it in our 0:18:29.440 --> 0:18:32.959 data center, which is a building and like another city 0:18:33.240 --> 0:18:36.920 close to Cleveland, and we picked the cafeteria. 0:18:37.200 --> 0:18:39.720 Yeah. Now, I know this is sort of this is 0:18:39.800 --> 0:18:41.920 kind of hilarious, but there's a serious point I I 0:18:42.000 --> 0:18:45.720 want to touch on, which is why do you need 0:18:45.760 --> 0:18:46.600 it on premises? 0:18:46.800 --> 0:18:50.440 On the premises Cleveland kinnect research. We needed to change 0:18:51.000 --> 0:18:56.600 how we think about research and shift the mindset of 0:18:57.240 --> 0:19:02.080 all of our researchers. And all of our researchers, I'm 0:19:02.119 --> 0:19:06.600 talking about three thousand individuals who are one hundred percent 0:19:06.880 --> 0:19:11.400 doing biomedical research in Cleveland Clinic, two hundred and thirty 0:19:12.160 --> 0:19:17.800 labs individual pis. So that's the scale that I'm talking 0:19:17.840 --> 0:19:21.640 about that we had to create an impact on. So 0:19:21.960 --> 0:19:28.240 having it, having it be there was as much for 0:19:28.760 --> 0:19:34.000 inspiration and to trigger our motivation to change as it 0:19:34.160 --> 0:19:36.960 was a you know, a practical solution, say, because we 0:19:37.040 --> 0:19:41.120 had the space and the connections and all of. 0:19:41.040 --> 0:19:44.920 That I saw in it IBM headquarters. They're beautiful, they're 0:19:44.920 --> 0:19:45.520 works of art. 0:19:45.720 --> 0:19:49.040 They are They're gorgeous, and the one that we have 0:19:49.840 --> 0:19:53.600 is the most gorgeous. 0:19:53.200 --> 0:19:56.120 One of all. This is not me, you know, the mom. 0:19:57.400 --> 0:19:59.440 Bias talking about it. 0:20:00.600 --> 0:20:03.520 You know, they got an award, the Red Dot Award 0:20:03.680 --> 0:20:08.560 for Design went to IBM and Cleveland Clinic for our 0:20:08.640 --> 0:20:16.960 quantum and the quantum that IBM built for RPI a 0:20:17.000 --> 0:20:21.120 couple of years after hours. They modeled it after hours, 0:20:21.160 --> 0:20:23.800 not after the you know the ones from before. 0:20:24.040 --> 0:20:27.560 Just just so people know, we're talking about basically a 0:20:27.600 --> 0:20:30.760 small garage eleven. 0:20:30.680 --> 0:20:34.399 But size eleven foot by eleven eleven feet eleven feet, 0:20:34.480 --> 0:20:38.240 you know the cube, So it's a it's a glass 0:20:38.400 --> 0:20:42.240 cube and the glass comes all the way from Italy. 0:20:42.920 --> 0:20:48.440 It's the same glass that protects the crown jewels and 0:20:48.800 --> 0:20:52.639 you know the Mona Lisa and all that. So so 0:20:52.760 --> 0:20:56.359 there's a glass all around, and then there is the 0:20:56.440 --> 0:21:01.040 tube that you see, the stainless tube that's shiny, you know, 0:21:01.080 --> 0:21:04.399 and clean. But the technologies are inside of it, you know, 0:21:04.440 --> 0:21:08.119 the chandelier and then the processor and the bottom and 0:21:08.320 --> 0:21:14.080 it's just a fascinating thing to watch and it hums. 0:21:14.160 --> 0:21:17.439 It makes the sound so even it sounds alive. 0:21:19.760 --> 0:21:22.800 You have a great deal of affection for your computer. 0:21:22.560 --> 0:21:24.359 And we love our machine. 0:21:24.960 --> 0:21:27.200 I want to go back to something you said before, 0:21:27.280 --> 0:21:30.840 which is when you had your initial conversations with IBM, 0:21:31.359 --> 0:21:35.280 both sides learned things that they hadn't previously thought of. 0:21:35.560 --> 0:21:39.560 Give me an example of something that either side hadn't 0:21:39.600 --> 0:21:41.960 realized could be done with this new technology. 0:21:42.040 --> 0:21:46.240 Sure, I mean on the equivalent clinic side, we thought 0:21:46.600 --> 0:21:50.720 that what quantum should be good for is that it 0:21:50.760 --> 0:21:53.840 would be a faster computer, right, so that we have 0:21:54.000 --> 0:21:58.920 these big data sets that are requiring much more compute 0:21:58.960 --> 0:22:01.000 power and you know, GIP used than what we have 0:22:01.080 --> 0:22:04.520 and we should just run them on the quantum. And 0:22:04.920 --> 0:22:09.240 what we came to realize is that Quantum actually does 0:22:09.280 --> 0:22:12.320 not do well with these large data sets. What it 0:22:12.359 --> 0:22:16.879 does well with our smaller, better defined data sets, but 0:22:17.040 --> 0:22:21.879 ones where simulation is more important. You know, we have 0:22:22.040 --> 0:22:27.400 to run them through multiple models, multiple simulations of how 0:22:27.440 --> 0:22:30.960 they interact. As an example, one of the very first 0:22:30.960 --> 0:22:35.800 projects we threw at Quantum was wanting to predict complications 0:22:35.800 --> 0:22:40.399 cardiac complications from general surgery using electronic. 0:22:39.840 --> 0:22:40.960 Health record data. 0:22:41.040 --> 0:22:45.720 So data from our electronic health records are by definition 0:22:45.880 --> 0:22:49.080 these really big data sets. You have in them every 0:22:49.119 --> 0:22:53.400 single thing that you know about the patient that you've collected, 0:22:54.160 --> 0:22:58.119 and we thought that Quantum would help us build models, 0:22:58.160 --> 0:23:00.600 better models with this data. 0:23:00.720 --> 0:23:04.320 And it failed miserably. It wasn't good, you know, at 0:23:04.359 --> 0:23:05.480 doing that thing. 0:23:05.560 --> 0:23:07.919 And why didn't it like that problem because it's too 0:23:08.240 --> 0:23:09.399 it's too bigger than wieldy. 0:23:10.000 --> 0:23:13.480 Well, because the hardware isn't tready right, So the hardware 0:23:13.640 --> 0:23:17.800 with Quantum, that issue was back then. You know, now 0:23:17.800 --> 0:23:22.160 we've upgraded our processor, but still Quantum now is limited 0:23:22.200 --> 0:23:28.160 by noise and by its ability to correct for errors 0:23:28.240 --> 0:23:33.960 when it's doing computation. And the more data that you 0:23:34.119 --> 0:23:36.600 throw at it that you require it, you know, to 0:23:36.800 --> 0:23:41.240 put in its system you know, to model interactions, the 0:23:41.240 --> 0:23:44.120 more errors it's likely to make, so then the harder 0:23:45.080 --> 0:23:47.800 it is for it to get to an answer. 0:23:47.440 --> 0:23:48.800 That you can trust. 0:23:49.359 --> 0:23:53.280 Now, we made a lot of progress sense, which I'm 0:23:53.320 --> 0:23:56.359 sure we'll get to I hope we'll get to with 0:23:56.960 --> 0:24:00.119 some recent breakthroughs that we made in that space with 0:24:00.520 --> 0:24:03.720 modeling large compounds and interactions. 0:24:04.200 --> 0:24:06.399 But the way that got us. 0:24:06.240 --> 0:24:09.399 To where we are now, where we could model large interactions, 0:24:09.760 --> 0:24:13.439 it took us figuring out that we shouldn't be doing 0:24:13.520 --> 0:24:15.200 everything on quantum. 0:24:15.520 --> 0:24:18.880 So give me an example of a problem that quantum 0:24:19.080 --> 0:24:23.600 is ideally suited for that the quantum really likes. 0:24:23.440 --> 0:24:27.520 In drug discovery, for examine chemistry. It likes chemistry a 0:24:27.560 --> 0:24:31.600 lot because in chemistry what it has to what we 0:24:31.720 --> 0:24:36.119 wanted to model is how a drug that we put 0:24:36.200 --> 0:24:39.360 in our body is going to interact with We say 0:24:39.359 --> 0:24:43.520 the protein you know, the target, the ligand that it 0:24:43.560 --> 0:24:46.000 needs to buy in too. Like you know, the drug 0:24:46.080 --> 0:24:47.840 is a key and it needs to fit in a 0:24:47.920 --> 0:24:50.880 lock in certain parts of the body to open it, 0:24:51.320 --> 0:24:55.840 get in, do it stay. And there are many keys, 0:24:55.960 --> 0:25:01.320 many potential compounds that we could test for many parts 0:25:01.359 --> 0:25:03.640 of our body. We don't really know how they're going 0:25:03.680 --> 0:25:05.840 to interact. Traditionally, what we do is we have to 0:25:05.960 --> 0:25:08.280 build all the keys. We have to manufacture all these 0:25:08.320 --> 0:25:12.200 compounds and then do actual trial clinical trials. Put them 0:25:12.200 --> 0:25:14.560 in people, put them in animals, and see what happens. 0:25:14.800 --> 0:25:15.840 See which one is best? 0:25:15.920 --> 0:25:19.639 See yeah, which like two fit best together. So we 0:25:19.760 --> 0:25:22.560 use AI to try to help us with that. But 0:25:22.800 --> 0:25:25.800 AI can only model what it had learned. 0:25:25.680 --> 0:25:26.520 Right, So for. 0:25:28.000 --> 0:25:33.400 Rare diseases conditions that there isn't enough information out there 0:25:33.600 --> 0:25:37.240 on what the you know, the locks look like, it's 0:25:37.320 --> 0:25:40.359 really hard to then model it with AI and get 0:25:40.400 --> 0:25:43.199 an accurate prediction of whether there's a fit or not. 0:25:44.760 --> 0:25:49.920 Quantum does not rely on the previous data for its modeling. 0:25:50.040 --> 0:25:55.600 Quantum does its modeling purely based on the physical characteristics 0:25:55.600 --> 0:25:59.760