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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy he Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Today we

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Speaker 1: are going to talk about something that's deeply rooted in

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Speaker 1: American history, having a huge impact on local and regional culture,

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Speaker 1: crime and law enforcement, and a wealth of music and

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Speaker 1: television and movies. And that subject is moonshine. Seemed kind

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Speaker 1: of appropriate for an AU autumnal episode. There are definitely

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Speaker 1: distilling traditions from all over the world, and they go

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Speaker 1: back through thousands of years of human history. So when

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Speaker 1: we say moonshine, we're talking specifically about illegal liquor made

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Speaker 1: either in violation of distilling laws or more commonly, tax laws,

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Speaker 1: most often associated with corn, although other ingredients have been

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Speaker 1: used to make moonshine as well, including sugar. The name

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Speaker 1: moonshine has also been used in English speaking Europe and

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Speaker 1: in North America, and it's really its place in North

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Speaker 1: American history that we are talking about today. People have

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Speaker 1: fermented foods to make alcohol for much of human history,

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Speaker 1: and then around two thousand years ago in China, people

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Speaker 1: figured out that you could distill fermented grains to get

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Speaker 1: even stronger alcohol. Fermenting grain gave you a mildly alcoholic

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Speaker 1: result like beer, but if you heated that alcohol and

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Speaker 1: collected the vapor that rose from it, that was a

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Speaker 1: lot more potent. By the year eleven hundred, people in

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Speaker 1: Italy had started distilling alcohol to use this medicine. It

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Speaker 1: was most obviously consumed as a pain killer. Since then

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Speaker 1: people have also used it as a cough suppressant and

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Speaker 1: can and kept some on hand for snake bite, although

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Speaker 1: to be clear, it's not actually a good idea to

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Speaker 1: drink alcohol if you have been bitten by a snake. Uh,

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Speaker 1: snake bite might make for a very handy excuse to

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Speaker 1: have it around now. People have also used distilled alcohol

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Speaker 1: to make topical medicines like wound antiseptics, or mixing the

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Speaker 1: alcohol with herbs and other ingredients to make pain relieving

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Speaker 1: or antiseptic rubs. Soon this practice of distilling spread across Europe,

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Speaker 1: with people distilling wines and beers to get stronger alcohols,

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Speaker 1: and of course, as people found recipes for distilled alcohol

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Speaker 1: that were more pleasant to drink, people started doing that

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Speaker 1: as well. In terms of the beverages that have had

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Speaker 1: the most influence on American moonshine. People in Scotland were

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Speaker 1: making whiskey out of grain by the end of the

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Speaker 1: fifteenth century, and by the early seventeenth century in Ireland

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Speaker 1: people will do we're doing what American moonshiners would come

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Speaker 1: to do themselves, distilling their whiskey in secret illegally to

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Speaker 1: avoid paying attacks. That was instituted in sixteen twenty two.

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Speaker 1: By this point the most common way of making whiskey

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Speaker 1: was with a copper. Still, colonists from Scotland and Ireland

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Speaker 1: brought this tradition of distillery with them when immigret to

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Speaker 1: the America's starting in the seventeen hundreds, many of them

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Speaker 1: bringing their skills with them when they did. Corn had

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Speaker 1: already been introduced in Europe by this point, with with

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Speaker 1: ships from the America's bringing it back with them, but

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Speaker 1: it was really in the seventeenth century in North America

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Speaker 1: that people started distilling liquor specifically from corn, rather than

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Speaker 1: using other grains. The first person known to do this

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Speaker 1: was George Thorpe, and he was a colonist in Jamestown, Virginia.

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Speaker 1: He wrote to his cousins about doing so in a letter.

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Speaker 1: It took a while before making corn liquor really took off, though.

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Speaker 1: One reason was that corn was needed as food. This

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Speaker 1: was also true of the ingredients for other potable alcohols.

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Speaker 1: Beers and whiskey are made from grain, wine is made

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Speaker 1: from grapes, and brandy is made from fruit, and these

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Speaker 1: were all things that people needed to eat. With fermented

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Speaker 1: foods mostly being used only as animal feed, people food

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Speaker 1: was often a higher priority, sometimes so much so that

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Speaker 1: it was actually illegal to use these food stuff to

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Speaker 1: make alcohol. Another reason why corn whiskey wasn't immediately popular

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Speaker 1: was because in the North American colonies people were really

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Speaker 1: into rum. Rum was introduced to the North American continent

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Speaker 1: from the Caribbean islands. Rum was also abundant thanks to

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Speaker 1: its role and the role of the sugar and molasses

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Speaker 1: that were needed to make it in the Transatlantic slave trade.

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Speaker 1: At various points prior to the colony's independence, the British

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Speaker 1: government and other European governments that had controlled colonies in

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Speaker 1: North America trying to regulate or tax imported spirits. This was,

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Speaker 1: needless to say, extremely unpopular, and it led to a

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Speaker 1: rise in people making their own liquor, which wasn't illegal yet.

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Speaker 1: The Revolutionary War also disrupted the colonies access to the

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Speaker 1: molasses and sugar that had been used to make rum,

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Speaker 1: and that's when people really started distealing alcohol from other

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Speaker 1: foods instead, so making it out of corn became more popular. Then,

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Speaker 1: after the end of the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United

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Speaker 1: States government decided to tax domestically distilled spirits, both to

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Speaker 1: try to curb excess drinking, which was rampant at this point,

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Speaker 1: and to help pay off the debts that had been

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Speaker 1: incurred during the war. So to that end, the excise

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Speaker 1: tax went into effect on March third, sevent This was

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Speaker 1: an act quote repealing after the last day of June

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Speaker 1: next the duties heretofore laid upon distilled spirits imported from

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Speaker 1: abroad and laying others in their stead, and also upon

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Speaker 1: spirits distilled within the United States and for appropriating the same.

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Speaker 1: The new law outlined different taxation rates for imported spirits

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Speaker 1: based on their strength, with stronger spirits progressively taxed more heavily.

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Speaker 1: It applied those same taxes to domestically distilled spirits, regardless

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Speaker 1: of whether people plan to sell what they were making

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Speaker 1: It also taxed small distilleries at an annual flat rate

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Speaker 1: based on how much their skills were capable of producing,

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Speaker 1: rather than by how much they actually made. That meant

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Speaker 1: that the smallest distillers were often paying tax on a

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Speaker 1: product that they never actually produced, just because their stills

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Speaker 1: were capable of making it. This was the first time

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Speaker 1: that domestically distilled alcohol had ever been taxed in North America,

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Speaker 1: and people were not happy about it. You know anything

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Speaker 1: about American history. Taxes in general have never been popular,

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Speaker 1: but the idea that people were going to be taxed

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Speaker 1: for something that they made for their personal use, not

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Speaker 1: to sell, or that they never actually made at all,

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Speaker 1: was galling just on principle. Another problem was that for

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Speaker 1: people who lived in mountainous or remote areas, it was

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Speaker 1: easier and safer to turn their crops into alcohol and

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Speaker 1: sell that than it was to try to transport fresh

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Speaker 1: food over long and treacherous distances to market. It was

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Speaker 1: also a way women could make enough money to support themselves,

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Speaker 1: especially as the daughters and widows of Moonshiner took up

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Speaker 1: their late relatives work. In these remote areas, people who

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Speaker 1: made their money selling liquor often had enough to help

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Speaker 1: fund things like schools and churches in their areas and communities. Basically,

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Speaker 1: for a lot of people, liquor was the best way

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Speaker 1: they could make ends meet with the resources that they had,

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Speaker 1: and this tax was going to cut deeply into their

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Speaker 1: ability to support themselves. The South, in particular, strenuously objected

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Speaker 1: to the excise tax. In addition to all of those

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Speaker 1: reasons above, many in the South were descended from Scott's

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Speaker 1: Irish immigrants, so distilling was part of a long family

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Speaker 1: and regional tradition. Almost no Southern representatives voted in favor

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Speaker 1: of the tax, and the people those representatives represented were

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Speaker 1: dead set against it. The most obvious result of this

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Speaker 1: tax was the Whiskey Rebellion. This was an armed rebellion

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Speaker 1: that will be its own episode later this year, but

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Speaker 1: extremely briefly. Farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled against the excise tax,

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Speaker 1: destroying at tax inspector's home and growing in strength and

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Speaker 1: resentment until the government sent in the militia in seventeen.

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Speaker 1: In the face of the militia, those protesting mostly dispersed,

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Speaker 1: and about one hundred and fifty people were arrested for

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Speaker 1: treason In eighteen o two, after the election of Thomas Jefferson,

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Speaker 1: all of the United States internal taxes were repealed, including

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Speaker 1: the excise tax, with the exception of a brief tax

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Speaker 1: that was levied to finance the War of eighteen twelve.

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Speaker 1: The federal government stayed away from taxing distilled spirits for

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Speaker 1: a few decades, but that changed with the Civil War,

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Speaker 1: and we're going to talk about how that changed after

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Speaker 1: we have a brief word from one of the great

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Speaker 1: sponsors that keeps this show going. So to return to

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Speaker 1: the story of Moonshine, the United States passed its first

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Speaker 1: income tax and appointed its first Commissioner of Internal Revenue

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Speaker 1: in an effort to fund the Civil War. The first

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Speaker 1: version of the tax code taxed other goods and professions

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Speaker 1: in addition to attacks on people's incomes. These other taxes

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Speaker 1: included attacks of fifty dollars on distillers, which was coupled

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Speaker 1: with attacks of twenty cents per gallon on the alcohol

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Speaker 1: that those distillers actually made. This law went into effect

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Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty two. Naturally, the federal government could only

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Speaker 1: collect this tax in the states that were not in rebellion,

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Speaker 1: but in the Confederacy distilling dropped for a different reason

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Speaker 1: during the Civil War, once again the need to use

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Speaker 1: raw ingredients as food and not for making alcohol. In

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, the first Revenue Commissioner, Joseph J. Lewis,

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Speaker 1: recommended raising the per gallon tax on spirits from twenty

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Speaker 1: cents a gallon to a dollar. He was using a

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Speaker 1: British tax as a model when he suggested this, and

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Speaker 1: even as he advocated doing so, he also advised that

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Speaker 1: this was going to be hard to enforce thanks to

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Speaker 1: the size of the nation and the remoteless the remoteness

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Speaker 1: of the places distillers operated, and the fact that that

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Speaker 1: was five times more money than they were taxed before.

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Speaker 1: In spite of this contradictory recommendation, the federal government started

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Speaker 1: raising the tax on spirits in eighteen sixty four. It

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Speaker 1: rose in increments during and after the Civil War, eventually

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Speaker 1: reaching two dollars per gallon, making the illegal distilling of

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Speaker 1: tax free spirits extremely attractive. And just as it was

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Speaker 1: way more appealing to distill in secret than to pay

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Speaker 1: the tax, the government had a lot more territory to

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Speaker 1: monitor thanks to the readmission of the rebelling states back

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Speaker 1: into the Union, and this also meant that a lot

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Speaker 1: of the territory that the government was now trying to

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Speaker 1: monitor for illegal distilling was deeply, deeply distrustful and resentful

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Speaker 1: of the federal government in the wake of the war.

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Speaker 1: This was doubly true since the government had implemented the

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Speaker 1: tax as a way to pay for the war with

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Speaker 1: the South in the first place. However, although moonshine is

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Speaker 1: heavily associated with the South and a lot of the

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Speaker 1: pop culture references to it are rooted in stereotypes of

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Speaker 1: the South and Appalachia, people were making liquor illegally basically everywhere.

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Speaker 1: The tax was so high that people were hiding small skills,

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Speaker 1: not just in barns and hollers, but in kitchens and

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Speaker 1: basements in America's major cities as well. The government hired

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Speaker 1: revenue agents also known as revenuers to try to enforce

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Speaker 1: the law and make sure taxes were paid. These agents

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Speaker 1: tried to fare it out and then bust up or

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Speaker 1: confiscate people stills, and they would either confiscate the product

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Speaker 1: or pour it out on the ground. This led to

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Speaker 1: violence and riots, especially in cities and towns where word

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Speaker 1: could spread and people could gather quickly to fight back.

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Speaker 1: The government lowered the tax back down to fifty cents

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Speaker 1: a gallon in eighteen sixty eight, but that did little

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Speaker 1: to stem the tide of illegal distilling, the attempts at

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Speaker 1: government enforcement, or the violence that followed in its wake.

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Speaker 1: Attempts to enforce the law and remote, often mountainous areas

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Speaker 1: did not go well. Federal agents were frequently in unfamiliar

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Speaker 1: and stretch or its territory where they were actively detested

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Speaker 1: that couldn't necessarily count on local law enforcement to help

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Speaker 1: them out, because local law enforcement often took a really

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Speaker 1: live and let live approach to their neighbors distilling operations.

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Speaker 1: All through the late eighteen hundreds, revenuers tried to shut

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Speaker 1: down stills and moonshiners tried to keep on distilling. Revenue.

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Speaker 1: Agents were killed and injured in the line of duty,

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Speaker 1: and the media portrayed moonshiners as desperate, uneducated outlaws likely

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Speaker 1: to kill any hapless people that stumbled over their stills.

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Speaker 1: This continued to be a joke in my family when

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Speaker 1: I was growing up, Like my brother and cousin and

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Speaker 1: I would go play in the woods, and when we

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Speaker 1: came back, my Grandpa be like, y'all find anybody still,

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Speaker 1: or don't go too far in the woods, you might

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Speaker 1: find us still. Anyway. As all of this was going on,

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Speaker 1: the temperance movement was gaining traction around the United States. Cities, counties,

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Speaker 1: and entire states were outlawing the sale, manufacturer, and consumption

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Speaker 1: of alcah hall, which, contrary to anybody's purpose in doing that,

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Speaker 1: just drove up the demand for moonshiners illegal wears. Then,

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Speaker 1: with the Eighteenth Amendment, which was ratified on January sixteenth,

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Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen, it became illegal to make, sell, or transport

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Speaker 1: intoxicating beverages anywhere in the United States. This amendment went

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Speaker 1: into effect on January sixteenth, nineteen twenty. And with that,

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Speaker 1: because no one could make liquor legally, uh, the people

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Speaker 1: already making moonshine tried all kinds of things to make

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Speaker 1: their product faster and cheaper, or to dilute the final

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Speaker 1: products so they could sell more without needing more quality ingredients.

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Speaker 1: Advances in distilling technology made it possible for moonshiners to

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Speaker 1: make much bigger runs of liquor, moving from ten to

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Speaker 1: fifty gallon copper pots to five hundred gallons stills, But

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Speaker 1: even so that was not enough to meet the additional

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Speaker 1: demand for illicit liquor during prohibition, and people who were

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Speaker 1: either ignorant or actly malicious turn to techniques that were

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Speaker 1: actually quite dangerous to make liquor. They used coils that

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Speaker 1: were made of lead in their steels instead of copper,

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Speaker 1: and then the people drinking the resulting liquor got lead poisoning.

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Speaker 1: People started saving and selling runs of liquor that had

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Speaker 1: previously been discarded because they contained dangerous ingredients that were

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Speaker 1: byproducts of the distilling process. The natured alcohol, which was

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Speaker 1: still legal because of its legitimate uses and things that

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Speaker 1: had nothing to do with drinking, was added to liquor

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Speaker 1: as an ingredient, and that could have deadly consequences. The

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Speaker 1: idea that bad liquor could make you go blind came

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Speaker 1: from the use of wood alcohol as an additive to

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Speaker 1: try to get around the law. Almost a decade into prohibition,

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Speaker 1: law enforcement was confiscating more than ten times as many

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Speaker 1: stills per year as it had before, and it wasn't

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Speaker 1: just because more people were making moonshine liquor. Kingpins organized

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Speaker 1: networks of distillers into their own criminal organizations to increase

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Speaker 1: productivity and streamline operations. Sometimes law enforcement wasn't just tacitly

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Speaker 1: ignoring these operations. Officers were actively involved, and these criminal

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Speaker 1: networks did not just operate in America's most remote corners.

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Speaker 1: For example, al Capone's Chicago area criminal organization was connected

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Speaker 1: to a moonshine ring that was tied up in more

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Speaker 1: than fifty different rates, and this went on until prohibition

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Speaker 1: was repealed by the twenty first Amendment, which was ratified

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Speaker 1: on December five of ninety three. So even though people

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Speaker 1: could get legal liquor again, the end of prohibition did

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Speaker 1: not put a stop to moonshine. The most famous federal

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Speaker 1: case related to it took place in nineteen thirty five,

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Speaker 1: and it was tied to a massive criminal network in

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Speaker 1: Franklin County, Virginia. Local law enforcement was complicit and actively

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Speaker 1: part of this criminal ring thanks to its protection racket,

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Speaker 1: basically charging a fee to moonshiners in exchange for their protection.

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Speaker 1: One deputy sheriff was murdered just days before a federal

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Speaker 1: grand jury was to convene on the matter. In the end,

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Speaker 1: the criminal investigation in grand jury hearing in Franklin County

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Speaker 1: led to the federal court case United States of America

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Speaker 1: versus Edgar A. Beckett at All, also known as the

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Speaker 1: Great Moonshine Conspiracy Trial of nineteen thirty five. This was

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Speaker 1: a massive, multiple month case against more than thirty defendants

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Speaker 1: involving more than five point five million dollars in tax

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Speaker 1: revenue that was owed to the government. It was not

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Speaker 1: long after this point that moonshine made another big impact

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Speaker 1: on American culture, which we're going to talk about after

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Speaker 1: another brief break for a word from a sponsor. So

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Speaker 1: we would be remiss if our history of moonshine did

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Speaker 1: not include its influence on auto racing. Thanks to Henry

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Speaker 1: Ford's assembly lines, cars became affordable to many Americans in

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Speaker 1: the nineteen teens. Almost immediately, people who could afford to

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Speaker 1: buy a car began racing them against one another as

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Speaker 1: a past time. Of course, people were also using cars

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Speaker 1: to haul illegal liquor. Moonshine runners would modify the interiors

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Speaker 1: of their cars so that they would hold as much

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Speaker 1: product as possible, doing things like removing seats and other

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Speaker 1: accouterments is necessary, and then they'd refined their driving skills

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Speaker 1: to both make as many deliveries of illicit liquor as possible,

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Speaker 1: and to outrun the law on often treacherous, winding, mountainous

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Speaker 1: roads that led from the skills to the customers. The

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Speaker 1: next logical step was using those same skills and sometimes

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Speaker 1: the same cars, to race around a race track. One

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Speaker 1: of the first people to make a name for himself

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Speaker 1: doing this was Lloyd C. Known as Lightning, a moonshine

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Speaker 1: runner who tore up and down Georgia Highway nine, also

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Speaker 1: known as the Whiskey Trail, hauling illegal liquor. He won

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Speaker 1: races all over the South before being shot to death

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Speaker 1: in an argument over about nine dollars worth of sugar

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Speaker 1: used in the still. He ran with his brother and

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Speaker 1: his cousin, and that took place in n His cousin

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Speaker 1: was actually the one who pulled the trigger and was

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Speaker 1: convicted of his murder. At about this time, the sport

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Speaker 1: of stock car racing was rather informally organized, and once

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Speaker 1: the United States entered World War Two, its popularity dwindled significantly.

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Speaker 1: Rubber and fuel were both needed for the war effort.

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Speaker 1: The men making the moonshine, on the other hand, often

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Speaker 1: had way too long of a criminal record to be

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Speaker 1: allowed into the armed forces instead. The big hurdle and

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Speaker 1: they're continuing to make moonshine during the war was the

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Speaker 1: fact that they needed the raw ingredients were once again

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Speaker 1: needed somewhere else. But once the war was over, people

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Speaker 1: started racing again, and soon driver Bill France gathered a

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Speaker 1: group of other racers, promoters, mechanics, and others to form

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Speaker 1: the National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing. You would

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Speaker 1: know that more likely by its name of NASCAR. Many

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Speaker 1: of the first NASCAR drivers had, like Lloyd cy honed

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Speaker 1: their skills hauling illicit liquor. The same was true of

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Speaker 1: some of the mechanics, who had lots of experience working

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Speaker 1: on bootleggers smuggling cars both before and after the war.

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Speaker 1: Some of them had actually gone to serve in the

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Speaker 1: war and had gotten additional experience working on military vehicles.

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Speaker 1: On February fifteenth of nineteen forty eight, NASCAR held its

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Speaker 1: first race. The winner was Robert read Byron, who drove

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Speaker 1: a car owned by former moonshiner Raymond Parks and maintained

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Speaker 1: by former Moonshine mechanic read Vote, who was one of

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Speaker 1: the who was also the person who coined the NASCAR name.

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Speaker 1: One of NASCAR's first really famous drivers was Junior Johnson,

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Speaker 1: who Scott's Irish family had been involved in moonshining all

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Speaker 1: the way back to the seventeen hundreds. Revenue agents actually

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Speaker 1: raided the Johnson home when he was just a little boy,

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Speaker 1: and his father wound up going to federal prison. Johnson

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Speaker 1: himself dropped out of school at the age of fourteen

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Speaker 1: and started running moonshine for his dad. Just as Lloyd C. Had.

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Speaker 1: Johnson had honed his driving skills running liquor, this time

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Speaker 1: in the roads around Wilkes County, North Carolina, before he

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Speaker 1: made his now car debut in nineteen fifty three. Johnson's

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Speaker 1: racing career, though, was interrupted by just shy of a

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Speaker 1: year in federal prison for making untaxed whiskey that same year. Today,

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Speaker 1: there is actually a Junior Johnson's Midnight Moon Moonshine, which

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Speaker 1: is a totally above board and legitimately taxed corn liquor enterprise.

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Speaker 1: But NASCAR's ties to moonshine aren't just about the drivers

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Speaker 1: having learned to handle a car by out running the law.

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Speaker 1: Many of NASCAR's earliest owners of the cars, the teams

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Speaker 1: and the tracks also funded their ventures through moonshine money. However,

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Speaker 1: as NASCAR really got established, moonshine was starting to wane.

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Speaker 1: In the late nineteen fifties, the Department of Revenue changed

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Speaker 1: up its plan for fighting untaxed liquor, focusing on both

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Speaker 1: the moonshiners and their raw materials. The FEDS started watching

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Speaker 1: raw materials like sugar jugs and corn, and they also

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Speaker 1: started trying to educate the merchant community about why it

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Speaker 1: should not sell those things to moonshiners. There were also

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Speaker 1: education campaigns for people who might be buying moonshine, and

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Speaker 1: these campaigns were about the dangers of potentially contaminated product,

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Speaker 1: either through the deliberate addition of contaminants or by using

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Speaker 1: dangerous materials like car radiators to build stills. Posters, brochures,

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Speaker 1: and church fans circulated with warnings like warning moonshine is poison,

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Speaker 1: and these campaigns worked to an extent, and through the

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Speaker 1: fifties and sixties, states, counties and cities that had prohibited

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Speaker 1: alcohol gradually repealed these laws, which reduced the demand for

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Speaker 1: bootleg liquor. Airplanes and aerial surveillance also made it easier

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Speaker 1: to spot concealed stills in remote areas, and that made

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Speaker 1: enforcement of the laws easier. Plus, people living in remote

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Speaker 1: areas found they could make more money off of another

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Speaker 1: concealed crop, which was marijuana. Federal law enforcement still does

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Speaker 1: keep tabs on moonshine, but today when somebody is both

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Speaker 1: selling and distributing untaxed liquor, not just making it for

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Speaker 1: their own personal use, there's often another crime and play

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Speaker 1: at the same time, like a meth lab or illegal

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Speaker 1: firearms or a pot farm, so it's not usually just

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Speaker 1: about the hoops anymore when the federal law enforcement does

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Speaker 1: a rate. More recently, there's actually been a resurgence in

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Speaker 1: Moonshine is a beverage often made in a way that's

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Speaker 1: completely legal, licensed by the appropriate licensing bodies and tax

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Speaker 1: like other liquors, and many of these retain the name

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Speaker 1: moonshine as a nod to the recipes and distilling techniques

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Speaker 1: that were originally used to make it. Pet Ants will

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Speaker 1: point out that moonshine is by nature illegal, so some

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Speaker 1: brands use other terms like shine or corn whiskey or

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Speaker 1: white whiskey. Regardless, the result is still an unaged, clear liquor.

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Speaker 1: Usually made from corn. I actually have recently seen in

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Speaker 1: the last couple of years during like some of the

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Speaker 1: food and wine festival type events in Epcot, they sell

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Speaker 1: moonshine in some of them in some of the storage there,

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Speaker 1: and it's like, it kind of cracks me up that

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Speaker 1: now we have artisanal moonshine. There's definitely artisanal moonshine now,

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Speaker 1: so you can go out for brunch in places I'm

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Speaker 1: imagining elsewhere also, but especially around the South is where

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Speaker 1: I've experienced it, and they'll have like moonshine Bloody Mary's

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Speaker 1: on the brunch menu, uh, which is kind of funny

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Speaker 1: to me. The first time I ever saw it, I

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Speaker 1: was like, but isn't moonshine illegal? Anyway? Do you have

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Speaker 1: some listener mail to top this one off? Do? This

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Speaker 1: is from Megan and it is from It is related

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Speaker 1: to our recent podcast that the two part series about Redlining,

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Speaker 1: and Megan says, Dear Tracy and Holly, I'm an avid

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Speaker 1: listener to the podcast, especially during marathon training and recently

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Speaker 1: listen to the red Lining two part podcast and how

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Speaker 1: to Stop and rewind When I heard you mentioned Richmond,

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Speaker 1: Virginia and mentioning the digital Scholarship Lab at the University

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Speaker 1: of Richmond. She goes on to talk about how that

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Speaker 1: was her Albu mater. I'm talking about us and work

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Speaker 1: that she did with them while working there for a

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Speaker 1: while in school there. So to return to the letter.

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Speaker 1: While I did not work on the Redlining Richmond project,

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Speaker 1: I did work on several projects, to include electoral mapping

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Speaker 1: from the nineteenth century and a project called Visualizing Emancipation,

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Speaker 1: an archival mapping project of notices of runaway slaves and

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Speaker 1: Union Army army movements in the Richmond Times Dispatch during

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Speaker 1: the end of the Civil War. The maps that the

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Speaker 1: DSL digitized of nineteen thirties Richmond were very interesting and

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Speaker 1: disheartening to look at. While I love my city, the

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Speaker 1: legacy of the Civil War and the Jim Crow South

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Speaker 1: are still very visible in Richmond. The h O l

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Speaker 1: C Map, with few exceptions, basically looks the same, highlighting

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Speaker 1: the working class neighborhoods, the historically African American districts, and

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Speaker 1: the low income neighborhoods. Several of the interstates and freeways

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Speaker 1: were routed through historically African American neighborhoods, creating a literal

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Speaker 1: barrier between neighborhoods of different races. It was great to

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Speaker 1: listen to a podcast that hits so close to home

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Speaker 1: literally for me on the out out you made for

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Speaker 1: the University of Richmond and the Digital Scholarship Lab. Thanks

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Speaker 1: for the informative podcasts and keeping me saying during these

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Speaker 1: long runs, Megan, Thank you so much. Megan. The reason

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Speaker 1: that I wanted to read this email is that visualizing

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Speaker 1: emancipation is amazing. It is basically a map of the

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Speaker 1: United States. You can filter by all sorts of different

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Speaker 1: criteria of like types of emancipation activity that was going on,

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Speaker 1: like uh, freed people who were helping the Union army,

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00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,720
Speaker 1: or violence against enslaved Africans, like some of it is

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Speaker 1: definitely happier than other of it. But you can look

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Speaker 1: at it on a map and see where all these

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Speaker 1: things were going on. And then you can also look

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Speaker 1: on it as a look at it as a list

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Speaker 1: and read the text of the original source documents that

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Speaker 1: all of this information came from. So it's just phenomenal.

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Speaker 1: We're going to put a link to it in our

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Speaker 1: show notes. So thank you again, Megan for writing to us.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us. We're a

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Speaker 1: history podcast that has to Works dot com. We're also

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Speaker 1: on face Book at Facebook dot com slash miss in

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Speaker 1: History and on Twitter at miss in History, are tumbler

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Speaker 1: is missed in History dot temple dot com, and are

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Speaker 1: also on Pinterest at pentrist dot com slash missed in History.

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Speaker 1: We have an Instagram we are missed in History on

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Speaker 1: Instagram as well. If you would like to learn more

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Speaker 1: about what we have talked about today, come to our

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Speaker 1: parent company's website, which is how stuff Works dot com

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Speaker 1: and put the word Moonshine in the search bar and

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Speaker 1: you will find how Moonshine works. You can also come

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00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:29,399
Speaker 1: to our website which is missing history dot com and

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00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:31,600
Speaker 1: you will find show notes the link that I just

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Speaker 1: talked about to the Visualizing Emancipation project at the Digital

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00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:38,359
Speaker 1: Scholarship Lab, an archive of every single episode we have

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00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,560
Speaker 1: ever done, lots of other cool stuff, so you can

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Speaker 1: do all that and a whole lot more how stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com or a miss than history dot com

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Speaker 1: for more on this and thousands of other topics. Is

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Speaker 1: it how stuff Works dot com