1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all. Were we running two episodes today, which means 2 00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:05,560 Speaker 1: that you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson. 3 00:00:06,040 --> 00:00:09,920 Speaker 1: Enjoy the show. Welcome to this Day in History Class 4 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,400 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk 5 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:14,600 Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show 6 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:16,919 Speaker 1: where we explore the past, one day at a time 7 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:23,960 Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 8 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:27,000 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and 9 00:00:27,040 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: it's September five. The word hippies, as we usually use 10 00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:35,000 Speaker 1: it today, was used in writing for the first time 11 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:38,839 Speaker 1: on this day in NINETI so hippies. I'm using that 12 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 1: to mean part of the subculture that started in the 13 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:45,840 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties peaked in the nineteen seventies, associated with things 14 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:51,560 Speaker 1: like long hair, beads, psychedelic colors, black lights, expanding one's 15 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,680 Speaker 1: consciousness through drug use, and events like the Summer of 16 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: Love and Woodstock. The word hippies to mean people who 17 00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:01,840 Speaker 1: were part of this movement first appeared in a series 18 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:05,480 Speaker 1: by Michael Fallon that ran in the San Francisco Examiner. 19 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:09,399 Speaker 1: This first installment was about the Blue Unicorn Coffee House 20 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: in San Francisco. It ran under the headline a New 21 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:17,039 Speaker 1: Paradise for beat Nix, and the first sentence began five 22 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:20,520 Speaker 1: untroubled young hippies sprawled on floor, mattresses and slouched in 23 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:24,560 Speaker 1: an armchair, retrieved from a debris box. The word hippies 24 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:28,000 Speaker 1: in that sentence was in quotes. Of course, people were 25 00:01:28,080 --> 00:01:32,240 Speaker 1: saying hippies to mean this before it was ever written 26 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:35,320 Speaker 1: down in this way. The word comes from the words 27 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: hip or hip, which people started using around nineteen o 28 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: three and nineteen o four. Hip h i P and 29 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,040 Speaker 1: hep h g P have morphed meanings over the years, 30 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: meaning fashionable and in the no and then morphing into 31 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: the word a hepcat, which combined those earlier meanings to 32 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: mean somebody who was knowledgeable and fashionable and into jazz music. 33 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,320 Speaker 1: And then hips her took on a similar meaning to 34 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: hip and hep and hepct and of course now means 35 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:11,119 Speaker 1: something totally different today. At first, the word hippie sort 36 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 1: of meant fake hipster, and then when that Michael Fallon 37 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: article came along, he was using hippie as a synonym 38 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,080 Speaker 1: for beat nick. Beat Nick was the name used for 39 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,239 Speaker 1: people who were part of the Beat Generation and followers 40 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: of the Beat Generation. It also got its first use 41 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: in writing in a newspaper that was a column in 42 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:33,680 Speaker 1: the San Francisco Chronicle on April Second Night. The Beat 43 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: Generation was a Bohemian social and literary movement. It combined 44 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:40,960 Speaker 1: poetry and other writing with zen, Buddhism, and jazz and 45 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:45,160 Speaker 1: the idea of breaking out of traditional literary structures and 46 00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:49,959 Speaker 1: social expectations. The Beat Generation is considered to be sort 47 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 1: of one step before the Hippies. Basically the hippies precursor 48 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:58,320 Speaker 1: and Norman Mailer had used the word hipster to describe 49 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:03,160 Speaker 1: the Beat Generation as well, So hip, hippie and hipster 50 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:06,880 Speaker 1: are just such great examples of how one words meaning 51 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: can really morph so much over just a few decades. Today, 52 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:16,120 Speaker 1: the word hippie is often associated with anti war activism 53 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: and looking back on the movement against the Vietnam War, 54 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: but at the time people who were described as hippies 55 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:28,200 Speaker 1: often weren't thought of as being politically active. Some aspects 56 00:03:28,240 --> 00:03:31,040 Speaker 1: of that counterculture movement that spawned the world hippie in 57 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,440 Speaker 1: the nineteen sixties, though, are still associated with the term today. 58 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:37,520 Speaker 1: So even if you don't think of hippies as being 59 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 1: connected to woodstock and psychedelic colors and drug use. You 60 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: might think of people you would describe as hippies as 61 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: pacifists or into vegetarianism, or into organic food and holistic medicine. 62 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:54,880 Speaker 1: Those were also part of the same counterculture movement. So 63 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: sometimes if you're describing your friend who likes to go 64 00:03:57,800 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: to the health food store and pick out a bunch 65 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:03,400 Speaker 1: of organ vegetables to make a vegan entree for everyone 66 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 1: as a hippie, it's connected to that earlier movement, but 67 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:10,040 Speaker 1: a slightly different flavor from how the word was used 68 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:14,280 Speaker 1: back in the nineteen sixties and seventies. Thanks so much 69 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: to Christopher Hasciotis for his research work on today's episode, 70 00:04:17,680 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: and thanks to Tari Harrison for her audio work on 71 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 1: this show. You can subscribe to This Day in History 72 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 1: Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and where else to 73 00:04:26,520 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: get your podcasts, and you can tune in tomorrow for 74 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: a massacre. Hi, I'm Eves and welcome to This Day 75 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: in History Class, a show that uncovers history one day 76 00:04:46,560 --> 00:05:01,839 Speaker 1: at a time. The day was September. Soviet cipher clerk 77 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: Igor Guzenka left the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Ontario, carrying 78 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: more than a hundred secret documents. During World War Two, 79 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: Canada and the Soviet Union became allies. Ottawa was an 80 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,279 Speaker 1: important site for the g r U, which was the 81 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:23,080 Speaker 1: main intelligence directorate of the U S s RS General Staff. 82 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:27,360 Speaker 1: Kuzenka was an intelligence officer working at the g r 83 00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:31,360 Speaker 1: U headquarters in Moscow. In nineteen forty three, he was 84 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:36,080 Speaker 1: sent to Ottawa. His official title was civilian employee of 85 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: the Soviet Embassy at Ottawa, but he was actually a 86 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:42,280 Speaker 1: cipher clerk on the staff of the military attach a, 87 00:05:42,839 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: Colonel Nikolai Zeboten. It was Guzenka's job to deal with 88 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:53,359 Speaker 1: transmissions to and from Moscow. His wife, spent Lana, moved 89 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 1: to Canada with him a few months after he arrived 90 00:05:56,160 --> 00:06:00,880 Speaker 1: in Ottawa. Guzenka was impressed with life in Ottawa, where 91 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:03,600 Speaker 1: he found that his quality of life was better than 92 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:07,640 Speaker 1: it was in the Soviet Union. In Canada, there were 93 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:12,600 Speaker 1: democratic elections, freedom of speech, and better living conditions in 94 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: comparison life under Soviet rule and conditions at the Soviet 95 00:06:16,640 --> 00:06:21,200 Speaker 1: embassy were oppressive. Guzenka also found out that the g 96 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,280 Speaker 1: r U and the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which 97 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: also led intelligence activities, were using the embassy as a 98 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:34,840 Speaker 1: headquarters from which they conducted espionage activities against Canada. The 99 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:37,960 Speaker 1: Boten had been ordered to keep his firings secret from 100 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:42,839 Speaker 1: the Soviet ambassador, Georgi the Ubin. The Soviet Union was 101 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: not simply an ally of Canada. In nineteen forty four, 102 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: the boat In unexpectedly told Gluzenka that he and his 103 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:53,920 Speaker 1: wife and his son were being sent back to Moscow. 104 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: He had his departure delayed, but he knew that the 105 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:00,960 Speaker 1: reasons for his dismissal could not be good, and he 106 00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:06,200 Speaker 1: feared the situation he may returned to in Moscow. Disenchanted 107 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: with the Soviet Union and attracted to life in Canada, 108 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: Gauzenka began planning his defection. He copied or took documents 109 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:18,560 Speaker 1: that he believed Canadian officials would be interested in. On 110 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: September he left the embassy carrying telegrams sent to and 111 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:29,600 Speaker 1: received from Moscow and many other documents. That day and 112 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: the next he took his documents and story of Soviet 113 00:07:32,920 --> 00:07:36,960 Speaker 1: espionage to the Minister of Justice, the Ottawa Journal, and 114 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:42,440 Speaker 1: the Ottawa Magistrate's Court. But they turned him away. On 115 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: the night of September six, he and his family hid 116 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:49,200 Speaker 1: in the neighbor's apartment while Soviet agents raided his home. 117 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: Another neighbor called the Ottawa Police, who confronted the Soviet 118 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: agents and got them to leave with the help of 119 00:07:57,760 --> 00:08:01,360 Speaker 1: Norman Robertson, who was the Secretary of State for the 120 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: Department of External Affairs. Guzenka was taken to the Royal 121 00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: Canadian Mounted Police headquarters the next morning for questioning. Guzenka 122 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: gave the RCMP documents detailing the Soviets espionage efforts in 123 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 1: Canadian government departments and in Western atomic research projects. Prime 124 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:28,040 Speaker 1: Minister Mackenzie King was initially hesitant and unsure of Guzenka's motives, 125 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,520 Speaker 1: but just two days after he defected, Guzenka and his 126 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: family were given political asylum and put in protective custody, 127 00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:41,280 Speaker 1: where they continued to be questioned. Guzenka's documents revealed that 128 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:45,080 Speaker 1: there was a large scale system of Soviet espionage through 129 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: which the Soviets provided Moscow with classified information. News of 130 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:53,960 Speaker 1: the Guzenka affair, as it became known, went public in 131 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: early February nineteen. A Royal commission was called to investigate 132 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: the accusations, which led to the arrest of thirty nine suspects. 133 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:08,560 Speaker 1: Eighteen of those people were convicted, so Bowen was sent 134 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: to a labor camp in Siberia. The Soviet government admitted 135 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 1: that it obtained certain secret information from Canadians, but said 136 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:22,520 Speaker 1: that the information was useless. The Gouzenka affair encouraged distrust 137 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: of the Soviet Union and inspired anti communist sentiment in 138 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:30,559 Speaker 1: the West. The affair has been credited as an inciting 139 00:09:30,600 --> 00:09:35,199 Speaker 1: incident of the Cold Ore. Gouzenka lived under police protection 140 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:38,680 Speaker 1: with his family and Canada for the rest of his life. 141 00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:42,080 Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeff Code, and hopefully you know a little 142 00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:45,760 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If there 143 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:48,720 Speaker 1: are any upcoming days in history that you'd really like 144 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:51,040 Speaker 1: me to cover on the show, give us a shout 145 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:57,480 Speaker 1: on social media at t D I HC podcast. Thanks 146 00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:01,000 Speaker 1: for joining me on this trip through history. See you here, 147 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: same place tomorrow. MM. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 148 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:14,960 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 149 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.