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Speaker 5: So what do we do with it?

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Speaker 1: Right?

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Speaker 4: How do we utilize the opportunities that we have that

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Speaker 1: A good neighbor. State Farm?

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Speaker 6: Proud sponsor of Makutura podcast Network.

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Speaker 1: Hey Jorge, if you could have just one of the

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Speaker 1: Infinity stones from the Avengers, which one would you pick?

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Speaker 5: Oh? Man, there's five good choices, but I think the

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Speaker 5: obvious one is the Timestone.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, why is that? So you'd have more time

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Speaker 1: to nap or avoid missing deadlines.

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Speaker 5: That and you could also go back in time and

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Speaker 5: get the other stones.

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Speaker 1: Ooh, very clever. It's like wishing for more wishes. Well,

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Speaker 1: I would probably take the reality stone.

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Speaker 5: You're not happy with our current reality?

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Speaker 1: No, I'm feeling kind of tied down by all these

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Speaker 1: physical laws. I want to break one or two of them.

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Speaker 5: That doesn't make me feel comfortable about giving billions of

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Speaker 5: dollars to physicists.

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Speaker 1: You don't want to watch the TV show called Physicists

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Speaker 1: Gone Wild As.

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Speaker 5: Long as nobody takes their shirts off, I am more

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Speaker 5: handmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I go

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Speaker 1: wild for crazy particle physics discoveries.

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Speaker 5: Oh nice, What does that mean? You let your hair

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Speaker 5: grow out, you sleep out in nature or at the collider.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, I've only been in this field for

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Speaker 1: twenty something years, and in those two plus decades, we've

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Speaker 1: basically only had one discovery, which was the Higgs boson.

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Speaker 1: So that's really the only place I can refer to.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, we had a lot of parties. We drank

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Speaker 1: a lot of nice champagne. We ate a lot of

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Speaker 1: French cheese. It was Trebion whoa Nobody ticked our shirts off,

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Speaker 1: not that I can remember.

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Speaker 5: Well, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe,

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Speaker 5: a production of iHeartRadio in which.

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Speaker 1: We celebrate all the crazy, wacky, wild stuff about the universe.

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Speaker 1: The things that we don't understand going on in the

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Speaker 1: hearts of black holes, to the things we think we

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Speaker 1: might be grappling with on the quantum mechanical scale, everything

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Speaker 1: that you want to know about the universe, everything you

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Speaker 1: didn't know that you want us to know about the universe.

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Speaker 1: We talk about all of it, and we explained all

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Speaker 1: of it to.

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Speaker 5: You, because it is a pretty fascinating universe. There's a

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Speaker 5: lot going on out there and a lot for us

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Speaker 5: to discover and also a lot for us to imagine happening.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely, and it's fun to think about how the universe

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Speaker 1: might work in different ways. Does it work the way

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Speaker 1: we expect or is life here on Earth kind of

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Speaker 1: unusual and weird? And if we could go to other

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Speaker 1: places in the universe, we might see things working very

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Speaker 1: differently and learn some deeper truth about the nature of

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Speaker 1: the universe and reality.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, and fortunately we have here in our human species,

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Speaker 5: in our human society, we have awesome writers and artists

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Speaker 5: who can imagine some of these things for us, and

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Speaker 5: sometimes that spills over into reality.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Sometimes art and literature and science actually connect

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Speaker 1: and we can explore these fun concepts about the basic

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Speaker 1: nature of space and time and how our universe works

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Speaker 1: in lots of different fun ways, including superhero movies.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, you know, I feel like sometimes there are topics

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Speaker 5: in these science fiction or fantasy or superhero movies that

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Speaker 5: sort of feel like they could be real, but you're

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Speaker 5: not sure. At least it looks pretty in the movie.

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Speaker 1: It does. And I know that Martin Scorsese is not

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Speaker 1: a fan of superhero movies, but I like that they

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Speaker 1: bring up a lot of these scientific elements. You know,

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Speaker 1: I never saw Martin Scorsese movie bring up fundamental questions

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Speaker 1: of the nature of space and time.

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Speaker 5: There are some of these concepts in fantasy and science

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Speaker 5: fiction movies and superhero movies that you know, sound very

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Speaker 5: techy and sciencey, and you sort of wonder if they

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Speaker 5: are actually real things exactly.

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Speaker 1: And our goal on this podcast is not just to

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Speaker 1: explain what scientists are thinking, but to dig deep into

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Speaker 1: what you are thinking, to answer your questions about the

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Speaker 1: nature of the universe, and explain to you things you

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Speaker 1: might have heard about and wanted broken down.

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Speaker 5: So today on the podcast, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 5: what is a testa act now, Daniel, is it testa

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Speaker 5: ract or rat or?

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Speaker 1: I think it's testa ract Oh, I see you.

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Speaker 5: You gotta say with some drama, Yeah, exact tesseractenthusiasm.

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Speaker 1: It's the test direct.

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Speaker 5: Yeah. This is a concept that comes up in a

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Speaker 5: couple of interesting places, like the Avengers movies. It was

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Speaker 5: one of the things that they were fighting about and

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Speaker 5: trying to control, and also in The Wrinkle in Time Blocks,

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Speaker 5: and wasn't it also in that movie Interstellar.

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Speaker 1: Everything was in Interstellar. Man, that was just like a

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Speaker 1: garbage can of all the ideas that everybody had.

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Speaker 5: Man, I'll s pretty negative assessment there.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know time is love and you can move

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Speaker 1: through the fifth dimension if you believe in love. Like

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Speaker 1: I didn't even know what that was.

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Speaker 5: Obviously you're not paying attention, Daniel. Love is the fifth dimension?

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Speaker 1: I love the fifth dimension? Is that what that means?

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Speaker 5: I think you need to watch it again?

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Speaker 1: Then No, I think I'm not smart enough to understand

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Speaker 1: that movie. That's really the problem.

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Speaker 5: That's a Christopher Nolan movie for you. You need like

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Speaker 5: a PhD or something.

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Speaker 1: I need like seven PhDs, like Prince Bayner.

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Speaker 5: Hm, there you go back to the Avengers, all right. Yeah,

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Speaker 5: the test r act shows up in the Avengers movies,

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Speaker 5: and so this actually came from one of our listeners.

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Speaker 5: They posted a question to us.

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Speaker 1: That's right. This is a concept that one of our

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Speaker 1: listeners had heard all about and want it broken down.

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Speaker 1: So if you have a question you hear about in

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Speaker 1: science that you'd like explained, please send it to us.

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Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you and love to help

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Speaker 1: you understand these concepts.

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Speaker 5: So here's the question from Zoe from Vietnam.

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Speaker 7: Hi, Daniel and ha Hey, I'm a big fan of

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Speaker 7: your podcast. I used to dislike physics in high school,

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Speaker 7: but your podcast has now made me realize how fun

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Speaker 7: and interesting physics can be. I've recently been introduced to

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Speaker 7: the concept of a test erect and I was just

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Speaker 7: wondering if you could make a podcast episode about how

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Speaker 7: a test rerect describes a four dimensional space, is the

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Speaker 7: fourth dimension time? And does the test direct relate to

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Speaker 7: the concept of space time?

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Speaker 8: Thank you?

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Speaker 5: All right? Thank you Zoe. When have you seen the

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Speaker 5: Avengers movies?

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Speaker 1: They made it out there to Vietnam, didn't They're everywhere?

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Speaker 5: Yeah, It's an interesting question, and it's one that we

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Speaker 5: were wondering. How many people out there had an idea

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Speaker 5: about what this could be exactly.

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Speaker 1: So we asked our other listeners questions from Zoe the listener,

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Speaker 1: and so basically we're not even needed anymore. The listeners

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Speaker 1: are asking questions and answering questions.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, we're just here to provide the bad jokes and

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Speaker 5: the Wikipedia reading.

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Speaker 1: No, and to make everybody realize that physics is awesome.

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Speaker 1: That was my favorite moment in her question, that we

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Speaker 1: have made physics fun for her.

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Speaker 5: Awesome. So Daniel went out there and asked people and

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Speaker 5: here's what they had to say.

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Speaker 3: I think the test raight is the four dimensional cube, right?

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Speaker 1: Have you seen that?

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Speaker 2: Like my mind has the animation like the cube turning

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Speaker 2: itself inside out.

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Speaker 3: It is supposed to be like a visual aid to

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Speaker 3: help you think about the fourth dimension.

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Speaker 1: I never saw that tessellation tesalate could be could be

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Speaker 1: same root word.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I've heard of that before as being a fourth

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Speaker 3: dimensional model of a cube which x in the three dimensions,

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Speaker 3: also saying an animation which shows how it behaves. But

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Speaker 3: it's a little bit over my head how that works.

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Speaker 8: A fold in space, and apparently to make one you

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Speaker 8: just have to think really hard about it.

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Speaker 1: Tessa, rut is something super cube, like four dimensional cube,

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Speaker 1: but I know it's something more than that. I don't know.

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Speaker 9: More so, I don't know what test riks are in physics,

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Speaker 9: but I remember in the Avengers movie there were like

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Speaker 9: blue cubes that had like a lot of energy, So

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Speaker 9: it might be something relating to energy.

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Speaker 8: I remember hearing about it in the movies A lot

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Speaker 8: I don't remember, but I think it had something to

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Speaker 8: do with like either time travel or bending space.

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Speaker 5: All right, See, a lot of people had heard about

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Speaker 5: it from the movies.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, the Avengers. That's definitely made this idea or

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Speaker 1: at least this word popular mm hmm.

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Speaker 5: And according to them, it's a blue cube with a

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Speaker 5: lot of energy, Yeah, a lot of power in it,

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Speaker 5: somehow mysterious power.

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Speaker 1: Why is mysterious stuff in the movie is always glowing blue?

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Speaker 1: You know, it's like bluesome special thing, and for our

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Speaker 1: brains it means like weird and unnatural.

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Speaker 10: Hmm.

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Speaker 5: Sometimes it's purple. Yeah, the Infinity Stones all had different colors.

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Speaker 5: They were all mysterious and powerful.

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Speaker 1: That's true. And you know it turns out the Infinity

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Speaker 1: Stones all used to have different colors like in the

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Speaker 1: original comic books, and there's like a reboot, but they

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Speaker 1: swapped all the colors, no kidding, Yeah, exactly. Maybe they

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Speaker 1: used the Reality Stone to flit the colors. I come

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Speaker 1: from an alternate universe where the Reality Stone was always purple.

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Speaker 5: What It's all going towards the multiverse apparently, so maybe

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Speaker 5: that's true. That's all right, So break it down for us.

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Speaker 5: What is a test react?

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Speaker 1: Testa act? A super fun concept. It starts in geometry

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Speaker 1: when it's basically the fourth dimensional extrapolation of what a

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Speaker 1: cube would be in D. But it really does have

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Speaker 1: deep connections to like the nature of space and space

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Speaker 1: time and then of course it does appear in science fiction.

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Speaker 1: But at the root of it, it really is a

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Speaker 1: geometrical object. Take a cube, which is a three D object,

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Speaker 1: and try to imagine with a four D version of

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Speaker 1: that would be that's a test ract.

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Speaker 5: Hmmm. You mean, like you know, length, width, and depth

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Speaker 5: would be three dimensions, and like what if you added

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Speaker 5: a fourth one?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You start with a point to which is

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Speaker 1: zero D. You make a line which is one D,

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Speaker 1: then you add the second dimension, you get a plane.

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Speaker 1: You had a third dimension, you get a cube. A

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Speaker 1: tesseract is what happens if you add a fourth dimension.

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Speaker 5: I see. And it has to be like a dimension

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Speaker 5: in space, like could it be like a density? Could

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Speaker 5: that be something? Or I don't know, color.

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Speaker 1: That's cool idea, you know. Mathematically it doesn't have to

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Speaker 1: be connected to anything physical in geometry, these are just

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Speaker 1: you know, points in some arbitrary space. But by space

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Speaker 1: they don't necessarily mean like physical space. It could be space,

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Speaker 1: it could be time, it could be anything else, really,

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Speaker 1: and so mathematically it's just sort of like an abstract concept.

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Speaker 1: It's like a relationship between points. It's the definition of

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Speaker 1: like the number of ways you can move around in

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Speaker 1: that space.

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Speaker 5: I see. So, but mostly people think of it as

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Speaker 5: sort of like something you can move around in, right,

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Speaker 5: but you can't. It's hard to move around color or density.

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Speaker 1: You can map a dimension anything. Yeah, you could map

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Speaker 1: it to color, you could map it to density. Really,

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Speaker 1: you take this abstract concept of a dimension and map

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Speaker 1: it to something physical, basically anything you like. The question

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Speaker 1: is does that really mean anything? Like? Is there anything

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Speaker 1: in our universe which really respects that as a dimension

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Speaker 1: or reflects that as a dimension. That's why, for example,

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Speaker 1: and we'll dig into this later, why we think space

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Speaker 1: and time might fit together into four dimensions because there

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Speaker 1: are real physical things about our universe that reflect and

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Speaker 1: respect that dimensionality. But you can make up your own dimensions.

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Speaker 1: Doesn't necessarily mean anything.

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Speaker 5: So it has more to do with like a coordinate system, right,

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Speaker 5: Like if you have a coordinate system like X, y

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Speaker 5: and z, what happens if you add another one like

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Speaker 5: double a or something?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or you go backwards you had W right, So

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Speaker 1: like W X, Y and z. And this is tricky

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Speaker 1: to think about because we're used to thinking in three D,

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Speaker 1: because we're used to living in three D. So you

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Speaker 1: might be trying to imagine in your head, like, well,

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Speaker 1: what does a four dimensional version of a cube look like?

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Speaker 1: It's not hard to imagine a point or a line,

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Speaker 1: or a plane or even a cube. How do you

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Speaker 1: like play the mental game of imagining a four D cube?

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Speaker 1: What does a tesseract look like other than like a

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Speaker 1: blue glowing cube on the screen at the movie theater

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Speaker 1: I see.

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Speaker 5: So it's a geometric shape basically, but it's a geometric

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Speaker 5: shape in four dimensions.

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Speaker 1: Exactly in four dimensions, and we can play games trying

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Speaker 1: to imagine what it might look like. Obviously, we can't

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Speaker 1: like build something in four dimensional space because we think

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Speaker 1: we live in three dimensional space. But that doesn't mean

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Speaker 1: you can't like play some games to help yourself understand it. Like,

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Speaker 1: you know, you can look at the drawing of a cube.

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Speaker 1: A drawing is usually in two D. You write on

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Speaker 1: pencil on paper that's on a plane, but you can

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Speaker 1: draw the lines in a way that your brain looks

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Speaker 1: at them and imagines a three D object in your

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Speaker 1: three D mental space. You can do sort of similar

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Speaker 1: stuff drawing things in three D or even in two

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Speaker 1: D to give yourself the impression of what a four

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Speaker 1: D object might look like in your mind.

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Speaker 5: M I see, Like you draw a cube, and then

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Speaker 5: you draw another cube and you connect them together somehow.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, you can extrapolate, like, how do you draw

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Speaker 1: a three D cube on a two D piece of paper? Well,

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Speaker 1: you take two squares and you connect all their edges.

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Speaker 1: Then it looks like a cube. Right, So if you

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Speaker 1: want to play the same game, now draw two cubes

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Speaker 1: on your piece of paper and connect all of their

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Speaker 1: eight edges, And that's sort of maybe what a teseract

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Speaker 1: might look like if you were four D bing with

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Speaker 1: four D I s and a four D brain.

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Speaker 5: M right, but I guess that's just sort of like

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Speaker 5: a drawing or a or like a spatial way to depicnic.

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Speaker 5: But really, I mean, if there was a fourth dimension,

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Speaker 5: you wouldn't see it in our three dimensions.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that's a great question. I mean you would

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Speaker 1: see it, but you would only see a slice of it, right.

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Speaker 1: The fourth dimension, if it was a real part of

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Speaker 1: space and time, wouldn't be something hidden to us. It

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Speaker 1: would just be that we couldn't see all of it.

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Speaker 1: You know. Imagine being a two D being in a

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Speaker 1: three D space. You're still seeing that three D space.

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Speaker 1: You're only seeing a two D slice of it though,

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Speaker 1: So things would look pretty weird if we were in

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Speaker 1: a four dimensional space and we were three D beings.

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Speaker 5: All right, well, maybe let's jump into this idea of

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Speaker 5: a fourth dimension. What does that even mean?

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Speaker 1: Daniel? It's hard to wrap your mind around because our

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Speaker 1: brains are three D objects, and we've been thinking about

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Speaker 1: three dimensions for so long, and you know, if you

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Speaker 1: think about X, Y and Z, those are like three

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Speaker 1: glowing lines in your brain that are all ninety degrees

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Speaker 1: from each other. It seems like they sort of fill

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Speaker 1: the universe. The whole idea behind X, Y and see

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Speaker 1: is that that's all you need to know to know

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Speaker 1: where anything is. Like with if you specify the X,

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Speaker 1: the Y, and the z value, then you know where

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Speaker 1: something is. There's isn't the need for another direction. But

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Speaker 1: now try to add a fourth dimension, like where does

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Speaker 1: it fit? You can't stick another line coming out of

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Speaker 1: that axis because it would be moving through three D space.

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Speaker 1: So you have to like take this sort of mental

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Speaker 1: leap and imagine a whole other direction. So imagine like

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Speaker 1: a family of these X, Y, Z axes and the

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Speaker 1: relationship between those is the fourth dimension. So you can

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Speaker 1: move from like one axis to another access to another axis.

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Speaker 1: That's motion in this now other.

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Speaker 5: Direction, right, And I think that maybe the interesting thing

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Speaker 5: or the tricky thing to imagine is that moving in

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Speaker 5: this other fourth dimension shouldn't affect how you look like

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Speaker 5: in the original three dimensions, right, Like I can move backwards, forwards,

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Speaker 5: up and down into the sides in our regular three dimensions,

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Speaker 5: But then if I moved in the fourth dimension, someone

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Speaker 5: looking at me right here in the room see me

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Speaker 5: move right.

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Speaker 1: Technically, that's right, They wouldn't see you move in three D.

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Speaker 1: But it depends on your shape in the fourth dimension, right,

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Speaker 1: And again it's hard to think about. So it's a

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Speaker 1: little easier to step down in dimensions and think about

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Speaker 1: like two versus three dimensions. Imagine we were living on

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Speaker 1: a two D surface and somebody passed a stick through

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Speaker 1: that two D surface. What would we see. We would

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Speaker 1: just see like a slice of the stick. It would

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Speaker 1: look like, you know, a flat circle, and even if

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Speaker 1: it was moving in that extra dimension, we couldn't tell.

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Speaker 1: I think that's the example you were giving. But what

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Speaker 1: if it wasn't a stick. What if it was like

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Speaker 1: a pyramid or a sphere, right, and we moved that

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Speaker 1: sphere through our two D slice, Then we would see

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Speaker 1: a flat circle that was growing, and it would grow

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Speaker 1: and would get larger as the center of the sphere

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Speaker 1: passed through our plane, and then it would shrink again

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Speaker 1: as the back half of the sphere passed through our plane,

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Speaker 1: and then it would disappear. So motion in the fourth

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Speaker 1: dimension can be visible in your three dimensions, depending on

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Speaker 1: your shape in that fourth dimension.

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Speaker 9: Mmmmmm.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Like, imagine, for example, that you were a three

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Speaker 1: D person and I was a two D person, and

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Speaker 1: I like try to put you in prison. I like

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Speaker 1: build walls around you. In my two D world. You

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Speaker 1: would just laugh at me. You would just like step

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Speaker 1: over them, right, because I'm just like drawing a box

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Speaker 1: on the ground around you. It's no big deal for

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Speaker 1: you to like escape my two D prison because you're

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Speaker 1: a three D person. You can just like go up

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Speaker 1: and over it. And from my point of view, it

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Speaker 1: would be like you just disappear from my prison cell

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Speaker 1: and appear on the other side of it. I wouldn't

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Speaker 1: be able to understand how you had gone from inside

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Speaker 1: to outside. In the same way, if a four D

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Speaker 1: person is in a three D prison, in principle, they

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Speaker 1: could move through that fourth dimension right and appear outside

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Speaker 1: the prison cell.

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Speaker 5: U hmmm. This is really hard because I feel like

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Speaker 5: we're trying to describe four dimensions with one dimension, which

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Speaker 5: is sound, which is a pretty impossible. But you're saying

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Speaker 5: it sort of depends on your shape, I guess, But

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Speaker 5: doesn't that sort of depend on the idea that you

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Speaker 5: are projecting onto a plane or a three dimensions like

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Speaker 5: isn't it possible that I still am projecting onto a plane,

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Speaker 5: but I'm also moving in a fourth dimension without that

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Speaker 5: changing that does it really depend on my shape?

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Speaker 1: That's totally possible, it's just not necessary. There's lots of

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Speaker 1: different configurations. It's possible for you to be moving in

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Speaker 1: the fourth dimension and not have any apparent motion in

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Speaker 1: the third dimension, just like you know, you could be

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Speaker 1: moving in Z without changing anything in X and Y,

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Speaker 1: and that totally works. But it's also it is possible

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Speaker 1: to move in the fourth dimension and to have that

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Speaker 1: motion affect how you look in three dimensions.

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Speaker 5: Hmmm, all right, so it's tricky and we're not quite

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Speaker 5: sure how it would work, right, because we sort of

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Speaker 5: don't know what our shape would be in a fourth dimension, yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 5: Like I could be a really long cylinder, or I

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Speaker 5: could be a sphere, right, yeah exactly. Or I could

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Speaker 5: be you know, a really attractive, you know, perimeter set.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or you could be shaped like a peanut. Like

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Speaker 1: we just don't know. We have no idea, you know,

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Speaker 1: if a fourth dimension exists and what our extent in

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Speaker 1: that fourth dimension would be. We also don't know the

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Speaker 1: nature of that dimension, like we're imagining that fourth dimension

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Speaker 1: as if it's a flat dimension that goes on forever,

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Speaker 1: just like X, Y, and Z, but we don't actually

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Speaker 1: even know if that's true.

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Speaker 5: Right, Yeah, And this actually answers another question we got

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Speaker 5: from a listener almost on the same topic.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. People are thinking about four dimensions, and so

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Speaker 1: we had Tom right in and ask his question. Here

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Speaker 1: it is Hi, Daniel and Jay.

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Speaker 8: I'm Tom, and I have a question about the fourth dimension.

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Speaker 5: Can life forms exist in the fourth dimension and if so,

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Speaker 5: how would we interact with them? Good question, Tom, Yeah,

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Speaker 5: I think we sort of answered it already, right, which

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Speaker 5: is that would we be able to see them? Maybe?

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Speaker 5: Maybe not? It sort of depends on your shape in

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Speaker 5: this fourth dimension, Yeah, Like you could maybe have a

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Speaker 5: really long shape in the fourth dimension or you could not.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly. So it depends on the nature of

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Speaker 1: that fourth dimension and our shape in that fourth dimension,

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Speaker 1: like what our extent is in that dimension, And we

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Speaker 1: just don't know because we can't sense or detect the

442
00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:09,960
Speaker 1: fourth dimension if it exists, So we just don't really

443
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:12,480
Speaker 1: know the answer to that question. But if the universe

444
00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:14,560
Speaker 1: is four D and there's a life form out there,

445
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,800
Speaker 1: that lives in that fourth dimension as well, you know,

446
00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,600
Speaker 1: and looks at us the way we would look at

447
00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:21,880
Speaker 1: people living on the surface of a piece of paper.

448
00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:24,240
Speaker 1: Then you know, it would have a much more complex

449
00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:27,000
Speaker 1: and nuanced relationship with that dimension, and it could probably

450
00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:28,760
Speaker 1: literally run circles around us.

451
00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:31,560
Speaker 5: Yeah, and what they look like thanas is the question.

452
00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:35,479
Speaker 5: I think and have purple skin, they would be glowing

453
00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:38,920
Speaker 5: blue of course. All right, Well, let's get into why

454
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,560
Speaker 5: we think there might be more than three dimensions and

455
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:45,200
Speaker 5: also what those dimensions could be. But first, let's take

456
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:45,919
Speaker 5: a quick break.

457
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,199
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508
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514
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525
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Speaker 5: All right, we're talking about four dimensions and the tesser Act,

526
00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:33,240
Speaker 5: which is not a blue cube in a superhero movie,

527
00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,800
Speaker 5: but geometric shape in four dimensions. Yeah, and I guess

528
00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:38,760
Speaker 5: when we say it's a cube in four dimensions, because

529
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:40,920
Speaker 5: a cube is kind of like your most basic shape.

530
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,199
Speaker 1: Yeah, you could also imagine a four D sphere. I suppose, right,

531
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,119
Speaker 1: you can play the same game. You could say you

532
00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:48,880
Speaker 1: have a dot in zero dimensions, you have a circle

533
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:52,199
Speaker 1: in two dimensions, you have a sphere in three dimensions.

534
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:55,040
Speaker 1: Not sure what a circle would be like in one dimension,

535
00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,440
Speaker 1: but you can go zero, two, three, And then I

536
00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,600
Speaker 1: suppose you could imagine a four dimensional spee where the

537
00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:04,240
Speaker 1: surface has the same distance from the central point, including

538
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,080
Speaker 1: the fourth dimensional distance. So I think you can play

539
00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:10,080
Speaker 1: similar games in four D for other objects. But yeah,

540
00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:12,840
Speaker 1: cube is sort of like the basic thing because you're

541
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:16,520
Speaker 1: moving perpendicular in all four directions, so it's like the

542
00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:17,240
Speaker 1: building block.

543
00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:19,560
Speaker 5: Yeah, well step us through. Why do we think there

544
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:22,760
Speaker 5: might be more dimensions? Is it based on theory or

545
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,560
Speaker 5: a hunt or just like wild possibility?

546
00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:29,920
Speaker 1: It's based on wild theories from physicis Gone wild?

547
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:31,359
Speaker 5: Of course, Yeah, exactly.

548
00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,040
Speaker 1: You know, sometimes it's just the math works better if

549
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:39,240
Speaker 1: you assume more dimensions, Like we try to write down

550
00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,320
Speaker 1: theories of physics that make sense, and sometimes they just

551
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,199
Speaker 1: don't really work. And it turns out, if you like

552
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,600
Speaker 1: assume that space has more dimensions, then all of a sudden,

553
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,639
Speaker 1: the math gets not simpler, it gets more complicated, but

554
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,240
Speaker 1: it fits together in a more natural way.

555
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:56,840
Speaker 5: Really, it makes the math easier, or it makes it

556
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,760
Speaker 5: make more sense. Like you're doing the math and something's

557
00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:01,440
Speaker 5: not in quite right, but if you added a whole

558
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,040
Speaker 5: new dimension, you know, things would be smoother.

559
00:27:04,119 --> 00:27:07,120
Speaker 1: Hm, exactly. And one of the places this comes up

560
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,560
Speaker 1: is in trying to understand the universe at a really

561
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,840
Speaker 1: really small scale, you know, down deep below atoms, below nuclei,

562
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,480
Speaker 1: below protons, below quarks, much much deeper down the very

563
00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:19,680
Speaker 1: smallest scale. We don't know what the nature of the

564
00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:23,720
Speaker 1: universe is, but people have speculations ideas physic has gone wild.

565
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:26,480
Speaker 1: Think about how maybe it's made out of tiny little

566
00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:30,919
Speaker 1: vibrating strings, and these strings vibrate in some funny dimensions,

567
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,439
Speaker 1: and so in order to make those calculations work, like

568
00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:38,360
Speaker 1: to have those strings vibrate and have those vibrating strings

569
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:42,320
Speaker 1: turn into particles. At our scale, you need more ways

570
00:27:42,359 --> 00:27:44,280
Speaker 1: for those strings to vibrate, you need for them to

571
00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: be able to wiggle in certain ways and to make

572
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,639
Speaker 1: sheets when they wiggle, and to make complicated structures, and

573
00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,240
Speaker 1: those structures make a lot more sense. It turns out

574
00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:56,439
Speaker 1: if the universe has something like eleven dimensions rather than.

575
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,960
Speaker 5: Just three, because with only three dimensions, like, what's the problem?

576
00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:02,320
Speaker 5: You can't get sort of the richness that you see

577
00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:03,080
Speaker 5: in our universe.

578
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:04,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, you don't get the richness, you don't get the

579
00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:08,320
Speaker 1: results you want. And also sometimes things just collapse, Like

580
00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:11,040
Speaker 1: if you try to do calculations in string theory and

581
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,080
Speaker 1: go for more than eleven dimensions, like up to twenty

582
00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 1: four or thirty nine dimensions, then it always just sort

583
00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:20,840
Speaker 1: of ends up collapsing back down to eleven dimensions. It's

584
00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:23,280
Speaker 1: just like the most natural way to express some of

585
00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,959
Speaker 1: these theories is in eleven dimensions. And that makes us wonder, like, well,

586
00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:30,119
Speaker 1: is that just mathematics or is that actually reflecting something

587
00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: fundamental about the universe. You know, often in physics we're

588
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:35,800
Speaker 1: doing this, we're like noticing a pattern about the way

589
00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:39,120
Speaker 1: things seem to work mathematically and wondering, hm, does that

590
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:42,400
Speaker 1: reflect something real in the universe? Is that like, how

591
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,360
Speaker 1: we're discovering something about the structure of the universe or

592
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:47,400
Speaker 1: is this just the way we write things down because

593
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:49,640
Speaker 1: we're humans and that the way our brains work. And

594
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,720
Speaker 1: you know, that's a deep question we just don't know

595
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:52,520
Speaker 1: the answer.

596
00:28:52,240 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 5: To, Right. Is it maybe just physicists not wanting to

597
00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 5: do any more math. Let's just add more dimensions? Why not.

598
00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:03,400
Speaker 1: This more math? Man? It makes it more complicated. Even

599
00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:07,400
Speaker 1: eleven dimensional integral it's like, you know, eleven times harder

600
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:10,360
Speaker 1: than a three dimensional integral. Right, But yeah, sometimes the

601
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:11,160
Speaker 1: math just works.

602
00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:13,720
Speaker 5: Yeah, and it also makes for a cooler grant title

603
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:16,320
Speaker 5: grant application form.

604
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:18,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, but the money you get for that grant then

605
00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:20,280
Speaker 1: gets thinner and thinner because it spreads out through all

606
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,240
Speaker 1: eleven dimensions, it gets diluted.

607
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,560
Speaker 5: Yeah, but you can build a grant in more dimensions

608
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:26,680
Speaker 5: than three.

609
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:29,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe we can find funding agencies that work in

610
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:30,440
Speaker 1: these other dimensions as well.

611
00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:33,040
Speaker 5: All right, Well, there's also this other idea that maybe

612
00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:36,720
Speaker 5: more dimensions explains gravity in some way, right, like why

613
00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:39,600
Speaker 5: gravity seems so weak, or how can we kind of

614
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:45,840
Speaker 5: resolve this conflict between special relativity and quantum physics. There's

615
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:47,840
Speaker 5: other excuses for adding more dimension.

616
00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:50,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a really tempting idea for lots of reasons,

617
00:29:50,360 --> 00:29:52,800
Speaker 1: And one, as you say, is to explain this mystery

618
00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:56,040
Speaker 1: of gravity. You know, of all the fundamental forces, the

619
00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,880
Speaker 1: strong force, the weak force, electromagnetism, gravity is the weakest,

620
00:30:00,280 --> 00:30:03,440
Speaker 1: not by a little bit, but like ten to the thirty.

621
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,880
Speaker 1: So it's just like so much weaker than the other forces.

622
00:30:07,240 --> 00:30:09,480
Speaker 1: And we physicists, we like harmony. We like things that

623
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:12,400
Speaker 1: sort of fit together and be explainable as part of

624
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:14,760
Speaker 1: a package. And when one thing really sticks out, we

625
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: don't like that. We look for an explanation for why

626
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 1: that might be. And as you say, the idea is

627
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:22,600
Speaker 1: that gravity might not actually be super weak. It might

628
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,720
Speaker 1: just seem like it's super weak because it's spreading out

629
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:29,200
Speaker 1: in these other dimensions. Remember that the power of gravity

630
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:32,600
Speaker 1: gets weaker as you get further away from something. Currently,

631
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,520
Speaker 1: we measure that to be like one over the distance squared.

632
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 1: But if you actually had more dimensions than just three,

633
00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:41,040
Speaker 1: then the distance would grow more rapidly because you'd be

634
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:44,680
Speaker 1: moving away in more dimensions. So if gravity actually moves

635
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:47,560
Speaker 1: through all these other dimensions as well, then the reason

636
00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:50,200
Speaker 1: it feels weak is that it's spreading out through those dimensions,

637
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,800
Speaker 1: that your distance from the other object is actually greater

638
00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,640
Speaker 1: than it seems like it is in just three dimensions.

639
00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:58,920
Speaker 1: So maybe gravity is just as powerful as these other forces,

640
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,840
Speaker 1: it just mostly gets wasted in the other eight or

641
00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:05,200
Speaker 1: whatever dimensions. And so that would be super awesome because

642
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,680
Speaker 1: it would let us like discover other dimensions of the

643
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,320
Speaker 1: universe and also solve this really deep mystery about why

644
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:14,480
Speaker 1: gravity seems so different from the other forces.

645
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,200
Speaker 5: Right, And the idea is that the other forces, like

646
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,800
Speaker 5: magnetism and the strong and the weak forces, they only

647
00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:22,120
Speaker 5: act in the three dimensions that we know, right, or

648
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:25,600
Speaker 5: they're like more focused in our regular dimensions and they're

649
00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:28,640
Speaker 5: not acting in the other dimensions like gravity is.

650
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:30,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and that's a question we don't know the

651
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,360
Speaker 1: answer to, like why would that be? And as often

652
00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:36,280
Speaker 1: happens in physics, if you have found those dimensions and

653
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,080
Speaker 1: discover that gravity is the only one that moved through them,

654
00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:41,840
Speaker 1: then you'd be left with another, maybe deeper question, which

655
00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:44,480
Speaker 1: is like, well, what's different about gravity that it moves

656
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,600
Speaker 1: through these other dimensions? But electromagnetism doesn't and the strong

657
00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:50,160
Speaker 1: force doesn't, So you know, we're never going to run

658
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,880
Speaker 1: out of those questions, even if we make crazy discoveries

659
00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:54,080
Speaker 1: about the nature of space.

660
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:57,960
Speaker 5: Right, So, basically you would weigh the same in other dimensions,

661
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:02,320
Speaker 5: but your cell phone and your magnets work. That would

662
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:03,040
Speaker 5: be inconvenient.

663
00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:08,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. But it also means that gravity might be

664
00:32:08,080 --> 00:32:10,440
Speaker 1: much more powerful than we thought, and that if you

665
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,120
Speaker 1: managed to get really really close to some thing, if

666
00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:16,840
Speaker 1: you get, for example, two particles super duper close together

667
00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:19,680
Speaker 1: so their distance actually gets very very small, then you

668
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,720
Speaker 1: might see that very strong gravity. And that's why people

669
00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,520
Speaker 1: think we might make many black holes at the Large

670
00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:29,240
Speaker 1: Hadron Collider, because two protons getting pushed really really close

671
00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 1: together might trigger super strong gravity and create a black hole.

672
00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:36,560
Speaker 1: That's the whole idea behind making many black holes. It

673
00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,800
Speaker 1: might actually reveal the existence of other dimensions of space

674
00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:40,280
Speaker 1: and time.

675
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:42,080
Speaker 5: Hey, let's give it a try. That sounds like a

676
00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:44,720
Speaker 5: good idea. Let's make black holes here.

677
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:49,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, and let's do it twenty five million times a second.

678
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:50,680
Speaker 5: Yeah, what's the worst I can.

679
00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:53,320
Speaker 1: Let's just go wild, all right.

680
00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:56,280
Speaker 5: Well, there's also the idea that maybe the fourth dimension

681
00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:00,640
Speaker 5: or the extra dimensions are not necessarily related top like

682
00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:03,640
Speaker 5: a direction that we can move in or kind of

683
00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:06,520
Speaker 5: like wiggle around in. There's also the idea that maybe

684
00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:08,400
Speaker 5: this four dimension is time.

685
00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:10,800
Speaker 1: Exactly the way we were talking about gravity a moment

686
00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 1: ago was as a force that gets weaker as it

687
00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,360
Speaker 1: propagates through space, and that's sort of like the quantum

688
00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:19,200
Speaker 1: mechanical views, like trying to understand gravity is one of

689
00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:22,040
Speaker 1: the other forces and maybe finding a quantum theory of it.

690
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:24,480
Speaker 1: But you're right, there's another way to look at gravity,

691
00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 1: and that's part of relativity, and relativity tells us that

692
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,920
Speaker 1: there's a deep connection between the three dimensions of space

693
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:33,560
Speaker 1: that we're familiar with and time. So it's like you

694
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:36,000
Speaker 1: were saying earlier, like, dude, the dimensions all have to

695
00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:39,719
Speaker 1: be space? Could they be like flavor or color or

696
00:33:39,760 --> 00:33:42,960
Speaker 1: you know, sourness or whatever. But you're right, it's cool

697
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,120
Speaker 1: to think about other dimensions and have them be not

698
00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:48,600
Speaker 1: necessarily just motion in space, but time. And the more

699
00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:51,880
Speaker 1: we learn about space and special relativity, the more it

700
00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:55,040
Speaker 1: feels like time should get promoted to like one of

701
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:55,840
Speaker 1: the dimensions.

702
00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:59,960
Speaker 5: M promoter, Are you saying time is lesser than space, Daniel,

703
00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:02,200
Speaker 5: You're saying it needs a promotion.

704
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:04,960
Speaker 1: I'm saying it's segregated. It's like put by itself. You know,

705
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:07,800
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics likes to say that time is really separate

706
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:10,759
Speaker 1: from space, that the two things are different, and you know,

707
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,160
Speaker 1: space can do all sorts of things that time can't do.

708
00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:15,239
Speaker 1: Like you know, you can go backwards and forwards in

709
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:16,840
Speaker 1: space and you can't do that in time. So it

710
00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:20,280
Speaker 1: would be super awesome if we understood time is actually

711
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:24,280
Speaker 1: part of some four D object, which was three spacial

712
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,040
Speaker 1: dimensions and this one weird time dimension. I think that

713
00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:29,480
Speaker 1: would be a promotion for time to get graduated up

714
00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:30,480
Speaker 1: to a full dimension.

715
00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:33,520
Speaker 5: Right, But you know what is space without time? Daniel?

716
00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:35,480
Speaker 5: Do you think about it?

717
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:36,000
Speaker 1: It's brief.

718
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 5: I can exist without space or you know, time doesn't

719
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,680
Speaker 5: need three dimensions of space. You know, I would could

720
00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:44,080
Speaker 5: hang out with two dimensions of space.

721
00:34:44,160 --> 00:34:44,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true.

722
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,240
Speaker 5: So really, I mean, I think time is just cooler,

723
00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:53,000
Speaker 5: it's more timeless. It's a classic.

724
00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:55,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, there's something good about everybody, but it's

725
00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:58,239
Speaker 1: also just cool to understand them as part of the

726
00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:01,320
Speaker 1: bigger picture. And I think there's something really beautiful there,

727
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:04,919
Speaker 1: something really deep and insightful and understanding time is part

728
00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:06,000
Speaker 1: of this four D object.

729
00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:06,239
Speaker 8: You know.

730
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:09,359
Speaker 1: It's not just like, hey, there's some similarities, let's write

731
00:35:09,360 --> 00:35:12,359
Speaker 1: them down together. It's that the concept makes much more

732
00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:14,960
Speaker 1: sense when you put them together than when you leave

733
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,240
Speaker 1: them apart. Special relativity really shows us that it shows

734
00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:21,840
Speaker 1: us that space and time are really closely connected, in

735
00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:24,560
Speaker 1: the same way that the three spatial dimensions are really

736
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:27,359
Speaker 1: closely connected. You know, the universe makes much more sense

737
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:29,840
Speaker 1: if you look at it in three dimensions, and it

738
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,560
Speaker 1: turns out it makes even more sense if you packge

739
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,200
Speaker 1: it all together into a four dimensional concept.

740
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:38,080
Speaker 5: Right. This is the concept of space time, right, Like

741
00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:41,600
Speaker 5: you treat it all as one concept or one thing,

742
00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:44,480
Speaker 5: or one like coordinate sism that we live in.

743
00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:47,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You think about it as like one coordinate system,

744
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:50,640
Speaker 1: and some things just make more sense in that coordinate system.

745
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:53,600
Speaker 1: You know. Take, for example, the length of an object

746
00:35:53,719 --> 00:35:57,400
Speaker 1: in three dimensional space, right, doesn't really matter how you

747
00:35:57,480 --> 00:35:59,880
Speaker 1: measure it, you know, or where your axes are, how

748
00:35:59,880 --> 00:36:02,279
Speaker 1: you define your X, Y, and z. The length of

749
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,120
Speaker 1: a stick is the length of a stick, and you

750
00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:06,120
Speaker 1: can turn that stick around and it still has the

751
00:36:06,120 --> 00:36:08,640
Speaker 1: same length, right, And that wouldn't be true if you're

752
00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:10,440
Speaker 1: only looking at like a two D slice of it.

753
00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:12,239
Speaker 1: If you're only looking at a two D slice of

754
00:36:12,239 --> 00:36:14,280
Speaker 1: that stick, it would seem like it was changing length

755
00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:16,920
Speaker 1: as you like rotated it around or whatever. But we

756
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,399
Speaker 1: know the stick has a certain length, and so we

757
00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 1: want our measurement system to reflect that. Well, the same

758
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:26,160
Speaker 1: thing is actually true in space time. If you add

759
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:29,440
Speaker 1: time to your universe as the fourth dimension, then you

760
00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:32,080
Speaker 1: can have a new definition of distance, which is called

761
00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:35,240
Speaker 1: a space time interval, which is a distance in space

762
00:36:35,440 --> 00:36:38,680
Speaker 1: and in time. You like add another bit to the calculation,

763
00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:41,520
Speaker 1: and we know in our universe that like distance between

764
00:36:41,560 --> 00:36:44,279
Speaker 1: objects is actually weird. It depends on how where you

765
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,200
Speaker 1: are and how fast you're going, and that the distance

766
00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:50,680
Speaker 1: in time between objects depends also on like how fast

767
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,280
Speaker 1: you're going. This is like length contraction and time dilation.

768
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:56,319
Speaker 1: The universe seems really weird, like it doesn't follow a

769
00:36:56,360 --> 00:36:58,239
Speaker 1: lot of rules. It turns out in four D it

770
00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:02,800
Speaker 1: does follow those rules, like the four D space time interval.

771
00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,600
Speaker 1: It doesn't change no matter what reference frame you're in

772
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:09,080
Speaker 1: how you rotate your measuring stick. So there are these properties,

773
00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,520
Speaker 1: these principles that are respected only in four dimensional space

774
00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:14,960
Speaker 1: and not in three dimensional space, and that's what makes

775
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,440
Speaker 1: us think that the four D space is like more natural,

776
00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:19,400
Speaker 1: that it's the better way to think about the universe.

777
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,760
Speaker 5: It's like, you don't need a special kind of mass

778
00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:25,279
Speaker 5: or whole different set of equations to deal with time.

779
00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:27,719
Speaker 5: You can use the same equations if you treat it

780
00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:28,760
Speaker 5: as another dimension.

781
00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:31,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can use the same equations, and a bunch

782
00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,799
Speaker 1: of stuff now suddenly makes sense and is simple if

783
00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:36,680
Speaker 1: you do the math altogether. You know, for example, our

784
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:40,359
Speaker 1: laws of physics don't change if you rotate them in

785
00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:43,640
Speaker 1: four dimensional space. What that means is that they're the

786
00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:46,520
Speaker 1: same for everybody in an inertial reference frame. It doesn't

787
00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:49,200
Speaker 1: matter where you are and how fast you're going. You

788
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,840
Speaker 1: can always apply the same laws of physics, electromagnetism and

789
00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:55,120
Speaker 1: the strong force. All that can be applied no matter

790
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:57,919
Speaker 1: who you are and how fast you're going. That's not true.

791
00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,799
Speaker 1: If you ignore that fourth dimension, you're like missing part

792
00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:01,480
Speaker 1: of the story.

793
00:38:01,719 --> 00:38:02,040
Speaker 8: Hmmm.

794
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:04,399
Speaker 5: I guess it's kind of like if I'm sitting here

795
00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:07,800
Speaker 5: doing nothing, you know, taking a nap, maybe it doesn't

796
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:10,400
Speaker 5: look like I'm moving in the three special dimensions, but

797
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,200
Speaker 5: I'm actually sort of moving in the time dimension right.

798
00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:17,160
Speaker 1: Yes, yes, exactly, and the distance between your like space

799
00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:22,200
Speaker 1: time locations right can be measured in that four dimensional space.

800
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,080
Speaker 1: You have zero distance in x, y, and z, but

801
00:38:25,120 --> 00:38:27,600
Speaker 1: you have a non zero distance in time.

802
00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:30,440
Speaker 5: Right, So it only looks like I'm being lazy and inactive.

803
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:33,680
Speaker 5: But really I'm like working out in the time dimension right,

804
00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:35,239
Speaker 5: I'm like going for a job.

805
00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:39,520
Speaker 1: You're getting strong in time exactly, and somebody else flying

806
00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: by near the speed of light might have a different

807
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,480
Speaker 1: opinion about exactly when one event happened, but it would

808
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:48,439
Speaker 1: make the same measurement of your space time interval, your

809
00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:51,560
Speaker 1: distance in four dimensions between the beginning of your workout

810
00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:52,920
Speaker 1: and the end of your workout.

811
00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:56,080
Speaker 5: I see, I would look good no matter how fast

812
00:38:56,120 --> 00:38:56,480
Speaker 5: you're going.

813
00:38:57,600 --> 00:38:59,440
Speaker 1: Yes, your beauty is invariant.

814
00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:03,080
Speaker 5: All right, Well, let's talk about how this relates to

815
00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:06,560
Speaker 5: quantum physics and special relativity, and also let's talk about

816
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:09,040
Speaker 5: how it shows up in the Avengers. But first, let's

817
00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:10,080
Speaker 5: take another quick break.

818
00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:16,280
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

819
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:19,520
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

820
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,600
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

821
00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:26,240
Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

822
00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:30,600
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

823
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,200
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

824
00:39:33,239 --> 00:39:35,600
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

825
00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:39,839
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

826
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:42,959
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

827
00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:46,520
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

828
00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:49,360
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

829
00:39:49,360 --> 00:39:53,120
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

830
00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:57,080
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

831
00:39:57,080 --> 00:39:59,160
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

832
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,239
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

833
00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:03,960
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

834
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:07,520
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient deents

835
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:10,359
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

836
00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,239
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

837
00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:17,680
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

838
00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:20,239
Speaker 2: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

839
00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:22,440
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

840
00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:26,000
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California.

841
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:28,840
Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

842
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:32,160
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861
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Speaker 5: All right, we're talking about the Testa Act, Daniel, And

862
00:41:38,080 --> 00:41:40,759
Speaker 5: now in the Avengers, the Testa Act shows up I

863
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,880
Speaker 5: think in the thor movies First or or No Captain

864
00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:45,640
Speaker 5: America maybe.

865
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:48,120
Speaker 1: Yeah. So it's this cube, right, and I think it's

866
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:51,480
Speaker 1: actually in these movies it's a vessel. It's just like

867
00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:55,440
Speaker 1: holds the space Stone, one of these six Infinity Stones.

868
00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:58,839
Speaker 1: And so like somebody at some point earlier on in

869
00:41:58,840 --> 00:42:01,719
Speaker 1: the Marvel universe took the Infinity Stone and put it

870
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:05,239
Speaker 1: inside this cube, which they call a Testa Act to

871
00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:07,600
Speaker 1: make it like sound awesome in science y.

872
00:42:07,760 --> 00:42:09,520
Speaker 5: Right, I think that's called making it up as you

873
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:15,480
Speaker 5: go along in terms of the writing craft there. But yeah,

874
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,040
Speaker 5: it turns out that it's all connected and in particularly

875
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,719
Speaker 5: the Testa Act, and this one is the space Stone, right,

876
00:42:20,760 --> 00:42:23,360
Speaker 5: Like it's somehow control space. It lets you like create

877
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:24,919
Speaker 5: wormholes and things like that.

878
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:27,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, the space Stone has a lot of power unless

879
00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:29,200
Speaker 1: you do all sorts of crazy stuff. And so the

880
00:42:29,239 --> 00:42:32,000
Speaker 1: space Stone itself is not the test Diract, but the

881
00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:34,560
Speaker 1: test Ract is this thing which holds it and you know,

882
00:42:34,560 --> 00:42:37,719
Speaker 1: a test diact we know now is a four dimensional cube,

883
00:42:37,840 --> 00:42:39,880
Speaker 1: but in the Adventures movie they use a three D

884
00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:42,320
Speaker 1: cube because I guess, you know, it's harder to write

885
00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:44,520
Speaker 1: a four D cube or even the special effects that

886
00:42:44,560 --> 00:42:48,040
Speaker 1: Marvel Studios can't do four D movies, and so it's

887
00:42:48,080 --> 00:42:50,759
Speaker 1: really just a three D cube. But it's glowing blue. Right,

888
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:54,000
Speaker 1: So maybe in the Marvel movies color is the fourth dimension.

889
00:42:55,160 --> 00:42:57,440
Speaker 5: Well, technically, if you're watch it in three D, you

890
00:42:57,480 --> 00:42:59,720
Speaker 5: are watching a four D movie because it is plane

891
00:42:59,719 --> 00:43:00,440
Speaker 5: out in time.

892
00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:04,120
Speaker 1: That's true, right, yes, yeah, exactly right. So if you

893
00:43:04,239 --> 00:43:07,000
Speaker 1: saw The Avengers in three D, you probably did see

894
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:09,800
Speaker 1: a four D Tesla ract containing the space Stone, So

895
00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:10,640
Speaker 1: congrats to you.

896
00:43:11,239 --> 00:43:13,520
Speaker 5: Right, and then I see your notes here that it's

897
00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:16,120
Speaker 5: powered by dark energy, where they just like throwing all

898
00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:18,720
Speaker 5: kinds of physics storms in there to try and impress people.

899
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:21,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. I don't know who the science consultant was

900
00:43:21,840 --> 00:43:24,120
Speaker 1: for that movie, but you know they gave them a

901
00:43:24,160 --> 00:43:26,880
Speaker 1: broad introduction to everything about the universe, and they just

902
00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:29,560
Speaker 1: like cherry pick the words that sounded cool, and hey,

903
00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:32,600
Speaker 1: dark energy does sound cool. So it's nice to know

904
00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:34,759
Speaker 1: that if the Space Stone were real it would be

905
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:39,360
Speaker 1: somehow powered by this mysterious force that's accelerating the expansion

906
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:40,080
Speaker 1: of the universe.

907
00:43:40,360 --> 00:43:44,200
Speaker 5: I might have to marvel fact check that. I think

908
00:43:44,239 --> 00:43:46,840
Speaker 5: maybe it was another stone that was powered by dark energy,

909
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:50,000
Speaker 5: maybe the Red One. Oh, Reality one. Maybe I'm not

910
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:50,600
Speaker 5: quite sure.

911
00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:53,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, you certainly might be right. I just remember watching

912
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:56,759
Speaker 1: this movie and going ooh, dark energy. That sounds fun.

913
00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:59,439
Speaker 5: M Maybe you were watching it in black and white

914
00:43:59,520 --> 00:43:59,839
Speaker 5: or something.

915
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:02,880
Speaker 1: Maybe I was watching it backwards in time accidentally.

916
00:44:05,239 --> 00:44:07,480
Speaker 5: And it also shows up in other works, right, and

917
00:44:07,680 --> 00:44:09,040
Speaker 5: Wrinkle and Time books.

918
00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:10,839
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, The Wrinkle in Time is a really fun

919
00:44:10,840 --> 00:44:13,759
Speaker 1: book which recently made into a pretty good movie. And

920
00:44:14,080 --> 00:44:17,360
Speaker 1: in that book they can travel all around the universe

921
00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:20,880
Speaker 1: and they call the fifth dimension a test eract. So

922
00:44:21,080 --> 00:44:23,520
Speaker 1: like a testa act is a four D cube in

923
00:44:23,560 --> 00:44:26,560
Speaker 1: our universe, but in a Wrinkle in Time universe, the

924
00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:29,920
Speaker 1: whole fifth dimension is a testa ract and you can

925
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:33,359
Speaker 1: add that to other four dimensions as you travel through

926
00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:36,000
Speaker 1: space without like having to go the long way around.

927
00:44:36,040 --> 00:44:39,600
Speaker 1: So it's sort of like a portable wormhole you can

928
00:44:39,719 --> 00:44:41,399
Speaker 1: use to get from one spot to the other.

929
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:45,800
Speaker 5: Wait, what, the fifth dimension is actually a four dimensional cube?

930
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:47,480
Speaker 1: In that movie, they sort of brush over the test

931
00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:49,600
Speaker 1: ract as a four D cube and they just call

932
00:44:49,680 --> 00:44:52,680
Speaker 1: the test ract the fifth dimension. And so imagine if

933
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:55,920
Speaker 1: like space and time are four dimensions, and you wanted

934
00:44:55,960 --> 00:44:58,799
Speaker 1: to get to somewhere else in the universe, and you

935
00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:01,440
Speaker 1: wanted to do it without going through four D space,

936
00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:03,960
Speaker 1: if you could somehow move in the fifth dimension, if

937
00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:07,520
Speaker 1: the universe is like bent in the fifth dimension, so

938
00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:09,440
Speaker 1: that you could like hop from one part of our

939
00:45:09,520 --> 00:45:11,640
Speaker 1: four D sheet to another part of the four D

940
00:45:11,719 --> 00:45:15,080
Speaker 1: sheet by moving in that fifth dimension. That's sort of

941
00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:18,200
Speaker 1: like what wormholes do in our universe. So it's sort

942
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:19,719
Speaker 1: of like you know, a little shortcut.

943
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:22,200
Speaker 5: I see. It's kind of the idea that maybe like

944
00:45:22,320 --> 00:45:25,840
Speaker 5: here where we are now is and Jupiter, which is

945
00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:27,799
Speaker 5: really far away or we think it's really far away,

946
00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:31,160
Speaker 5: could be really close to each other in another dimension, right,

947
00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:34,600
Speaker 5: Like if I could somehow reach out in another dimension,

948
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:36,520
Speaker 5: maybe I could just reach out and touch Jupiter.

949
00:45:36,640 --> 00:45:39,960
Speaker 1: Mm hm, exactly. Imagine our universe again just as a

950
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:42,600
Speaker 1: sheet and then like roll it up, then all of

951
00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: a sudden you're close to another layer of that sheet.

952
00:45:46,920 --> 00:45:49,279
Speaker 1: If you like went through our universe space, it would

953
00:45:49,320 --> 00:45:51,759
Speaker 1: take you forever to get there. But you know, in

954
00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:55,160
Speaker 1: this like other direction, the direction in which our universe

955
00:45:55,239 --> 00:45:57,480
Speaker 1: is like a rolled up sheet or folded or whatever,

956
00:45:57,640 --> 00:45:59,560
Speaker 1: then you could just hop from one part of the

957
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:02,040
Speaker 1: sheet to the other, moving in that other dimension. But

958
00:46:02,239 --> 00:46:04,680
Speaker 1: you know, we don't know that that dimension exists, but

959
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:07,520
Speaker 1: in a wrinkle in time it does exist. So it's

960
00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:10,040
Speaker 1: sort of this like cool wormhole strategy. But for a

961
00:46:10,080 --> 00:46:12,000
Speaker 1: reason that just really doesn't make any sense to me

962
00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:14,719
Speaker 1: other than that it sounds cool in science. Ye, they

963
00:46:14,880 --> 00:46:16,960
Speaker 1: call that fifth dimension the Tesseract.

964
00:46:17,239 --> 00:46:21,200
Speaker 5: Hmmm, right, And it also shows up in the Interstellar movies, right,

965
00:46:21,280 --> 00:46:23,960
Speaker 5: like Matthew McConaughey goes into a black hole and he's

966
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,640
Speaker 5: somehow like navigating a testa act where time is another

967
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:31,279
Speaker 5: dimension and he's able to like send messages to his

968
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:32,480
Speaker 5: daughter in the future.

969
00:46:32,719 --> 00:46:36,600
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, there is some weird stuff where in Interstellar

970
00:46:36,680 --> 00:46:39,759
Speaker 1: you go into the black hole and space and time

971
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,799
Speaker 1: are all twisted up. And it's certainly true that in

972
00:46:42,840 --> 00:46:46,600
Speaker 1: a black hole, space and time are very confusing, right,

973
00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:49,319
Speaker 1: and like time and space sort of like switch relationships,

974
00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:52,920
Speaker 1: and space is only forwards, you know, outside of the

975
00:46:52,920 --> 00:46:56,279
Speaker 1: black hole, time can only move forwards. Inside the black hole,

976
00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:59,200
Speaker 1: you can only move sort of one direction in space,

977
00:46:59,320 --> 00:47:02,680
Speaker 1: sort of four words, towards the singularity. And so some

978
00:47:02,680 --> 00:47:06,480
Speaker 1: people say that inside the black hole, space has become time.

979
00:47:06,719 --> 00:47:08,920
Speaker 1: Like so I think that's the origin of that. But

980
00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:11,440
Speaker 1: in the movie, you know, he can then like move

981
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:14,520
Speaker 1: through time, but he moves through time as part of

982
00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:17,239
Speaker 1: the story, so there still is time. There's like a

983
00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:19,239
Speaker 1: time when he was earlier in time and a time

984
00:47:19,239 --> 00:47:21,560
Speaker 1: when he was later in time. You know, honestly, it

985
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,640
Speaker 1: doesn't make any actual sense, but it's a you know,

986
00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:26,600
Speaker 1: it makes for a poignant scene.

987
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:30,280
Speaker 5: You mean, Christopher Nolan movie doesn't make sense in regards

988
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:32,120
Speaker 5: to time. That's so weird.

989
00:47:32,920 --> 00:47:33,080
Speaker 10: You know.

990
00:47:33,120 --> 00:47:36,279
Speaker 1: I recently watched Tenant, which is really fun, but I

991
00:47:36,280 --> 00:47:38,799
Speaker 1: had the impression the whole time that like, wow, I

992
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,520
Speaker 1: either am not following because I'm not smart enough, or

993
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,319
Speaker 1: this makes no sense and I can't tell which it is.

994
00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:47,799
Speaker 1: M you couldn't tell. Really, I couldn't tell. And I

995
00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:49,239
Speaker 1: try to map it out. I try to watch it

996
00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:51,640
Speaker 1: scene by scene and be like, Okay, what's going on here?

997
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:53,880
Speaker 1: How does that make sense? I try to build a

998
00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:56,200
Speaker 1: map of like what's going on in that universe. But wow,

999
00:47:56,239 --> 00:47:58,520
Speaker 1: it's very confusing, and eventually I just went on to Reddit,

1000
00:47:58,560 --> 00:48:00,440
Speaker 1: and of course somebody else has watched the movie like

1001
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:02,320
Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty eight times and built a map.

1002
00:48:02,440 --> 00:48:04,960
Speaker 1: But even still, it's very confusing because it's hard to

1003
00:48:05,040 --> 00:48:07,800
Speaker 1: think about things moving backwards in time as the story

1004
00:48:07,840 --> 00:48:08,719
Speaker 1: moves forwards.

1005
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:12,440
Speaker 5: Right, Yeah, I think the movie lost me at backwards oxygen.

1006
00:48:12,880 --> 00:48:18,120
Speaker 5: I was like, you need backwards oxygen to survive living backwards.

1007
00:48:18,520 --> 00:48:20,000
Speaker 5: I don't know where are they going to get so

1008
00:48:20,120 --> 00:48:24,160
Speaker 5: much oxygen backwards? Anyways? Yeah, So it shows up a

1009
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:27,440
Speaker 5: lot in popular culture and movies and books, but extra

1010
00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:29,839
Speaker 5: dimensions and the test tark are sort of real things

1011
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:30,919
Speaker 5: that physicists are thinking about.

1012
00:48:30,960 --> 00:48:31,120
Speaker 4: Right.

1013
00:48:31,120 --> 00:48:34,680
Speaker 5: It might explain gravity, might explain how quantum mechanics and

1014
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:38,040
Speaker 5: general relativity are connected. Right, It's like a real thing.

1015
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:39,000
Speaker 1: It's a real thing.

1016
00:48:39,120 --> 00:48:39,919
Speaker 5: It might be a real thing.

1017
00:48:40,040 --> 00:48:43,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a real thing in science, and that it's

1018
00:48:43,160 --> 00:48:46,240
Speaker 1: a very valuable and useful way to think about the universe.

1019
00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:49,160
Speaker 1: And there's a larger lesson there, right, that we don't

1020
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:51,680
Speaker 1: know the deep nature of the universe, and we keep

1021
00:48:51,719 --> 00:48:54,920
Speaker 1: making the same mistake as humans by imagining that the

1022
00:48:55,040 --> 00:48:58,040
Speaker 1: universe is the way we always thought it was, and

1023
00:48:58,120 --> 00:49:00,440
Speaker 1: so it's very healthy to try to like break out

1024
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:03,760
Speaker 1: of the confines of our intuition and imagine different ways

1025
00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:07,160
Speaker 1: the universe might be. And this is a pretty deep one.

1026
00:49:07,360 --> 00:49:09,279
Speaker 1: So we'd like to be open minded about the nature

1027
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:11,799
Speaker 1: of the universe and not just be stuck in three dimensions.

1028
00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:13,799
Speaker 1: And I think that's how we made this leap to

1029
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:17,080
Speaker 1: thinking about the universe in four dimensions. This connection and

1030
00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:20,520
Speaker 1: special relativity between space and time really does show us

1031
00:49:20,680 --> 00:49:23,200
Speaker 1: that time is deeply connected to space in a way

1032
00:49:23,239 --> 00:49:27,320
Speaker 1: that's not just mathematical, real and physical, and that hopefully

1033
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:29,960
Speaker 1: might help us bridge, as you say, between relativity and

1034
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,200
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is a very very different view

1035
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:35,879
Speaker 1: of time. So whatever theory we come up with, whether

1036
00:49:35,920 --> 00:49:38,480
Speaker 1: it's string theory or something else, to bring these together

1037
00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:41,120
Speaker 1: and reveal the actual nature of the universe, it's got

1038
00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:43,799
Speaker 1: to definitely be something that figures out time and its

1039
00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:47,080
Speaker 1: relationship to space and all the other possible dimensions that

1040
00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:49,279
Speaker 1: might be out there, like they might be real.

1041
00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:49,920
Speaker 6: Yeah.

1042
00:49:50,120 --> 00:49:53,200
Speaker 5: I guess the history of science and physics and our

1043
00:49:53,280 --> 00:49:57,160
Speaker 5: expliration of it is that the universe is much more

1044
00:49:57,840 --> 00:50:00,160
Speaker 5: complex than we think it is. Right, there's more it

1045
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,040
Speaker 5: and what it seems like apparently.

1046
00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:04,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, there might really be backwards oxygen and you

1047
00:50:04,680 --> 00:50:06,800
Speaker 1: might have to breathe it one day. Keep your mind open.

1048
00:50:07,120 --> 00:50:09,600
Speaker 5: Yeah, the universe might might be wilder than you.

1049
00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:13,719
Speaker 1: Think, exactly, And the universe is always filled with surprises.

1050
00:50:14,080 --> 00:50:16,480
Speaker 1: And so I look forward to learning about the deep

1051
00:50:16,560 --> 00:50:19,440
Speaker 1: nature of the universe and discovering other dimensions of space

1052
00:50:19,480 --> 00:50:22,000
Speaker 1: and or time. You know, we talked about other dimensions

1053
00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:24,719
Speaker 1: of space, but it's also possible there are other dimensions

1054
00:50:24,719 --> 00:50:25,280
Speaker 1: of time.

1055
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:29,439
Speaker 5: What all right, let's get into that another time.

1056
00:50:31,239 --> 00:50:31,759
Speaker 1: Sounds good.

1057
00:50:31,880 --> 00:50:34,240
Speaker 5: But in the meantime, we hope that answered the questions

1058
00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:36,640
Speaker 5: that our listeners had about the Testa Act and about

1059
00:50:36,680 --> 00:50:40,279
Speaker 5: living in four dimensions. You'll be enjoyed that. Thanks for

1060
00:50:40,360 --> 00:50:42,160
Speaker 5: joining us, See you next time.

1061
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:52,800
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1062
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:56,120
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeart Radio. For more

1063
00:50:56,200 --> 00:51:01,000
Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app podcasts, or

1064
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