1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:02,200
Speaker 2: Most deals are barely worth mentioning. But then there's at

20
00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,960
Speaker 2: and t's best deal on the new Samsung Galaxy Z

21
00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,360
Speaker 2: Flip six featuring Flexcam with Galaxy AI. You can get

22
00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:10,759
Speaker 2: it on them when you trade in your eligible smartphone,

23
00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:14,280
Speaker 2: any year, any condition. It's a deal so good you'll be.

24
00:01:14,640 --> 00:01:16,560
Speaker 3: Shouting from the rooftops.

25
00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:18,640
Speaker 2: So grab a latter and learn how to get that

26
00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:22,120
Speaker 2: new phone on AT and T AT and T connecting changes.

27
00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:25,080
Speaker 2: Everything requires trade in a Galaxy s NOTEWORZ series smartphone.

28
00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:26,680
Speaker 2: Limit time off for two hundred fifty six gigabyes for

29
00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:28,760
Speaker 2: Z your dollars. Additional BEES terms and restrictions apply. Seatt

30
00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:30,240
Speaker 2: dot Com Slash Samsung Worp has an AT and D

31
00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:30,920
Speaker 2: store for details.

32
00:01:33,319 --> 00:01:35,919
Speaker 4: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

33
00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:39,840
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

34
00:01:39,920 --> 00:01:42,440
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

35
00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:45,240
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

36
00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:48,559
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

37
00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:52,000
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

38
00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:55,760
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval,

39
00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:58,000
Speaker 4: Offers subject to change. Terms apply.

40
00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:09,080
Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, do you ever worry about the ethics of

41
00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:10,480
Speaker 3: using a telescope.

42
00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:13,480
Speaker 1: What do you mean what are the ethical questions about

43
00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:14,600
Speaker 1: looking through a telescope?

44
00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:16,079
Speaker 3: I mean, like what they're looking at?

45
00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:17,480
Speaker 1: Well, I'm not pointing them at my neighbor.

46
00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:20,560
Speaker 3: If that's to me, not your next door neighbor, what

47
00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:22,079
Speaker 3: about your next galaxy neighbor?

48
00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:24,280
Speaker 1: Are you asking if we have the right to look

49
00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:26,200
Speaker 1: at distant objects in the sky?

50
00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:28,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, you know, like what if there are aliens there

51
00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:30,919
Speaker 3: on a planet or a moon and we're like spying

52
00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:31,960
Speaker 3: on them.

53
00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:34,560
Speaker 1: Well, I hope they're not offended if we catch them

54
00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:36,880
Speaker 1: sunbathing or I guess starbathing.

55
00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:40,000
Speaker 3: Aren't all stars suns? But yeah, don't you think aliens

56
00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:41,079
Speaker 3: have a right to privacy?

57
00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:43,840
Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe they're alien celebrities, so they're like

58
00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:45,280
Speaker 1: starbathing stars.

59
00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:48,959
Speaker 3: Wait, are you seeing celebrities can't have privacy either? Are

60
00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:50,239
Speaker 3: you secretly a starker?

61
00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:54,240
Speaker 1: No, I'm saying astronomers are just interstellar paparazzi.

62
00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:57,359
Speaker 3: Well, oh, sounds like they need to draw their curtains more.

63
00:02:57,760 --> 00:02:59,160
Speaker 3: Why just hope you don't get the rest of us

64
00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:16,519
Speaker 3: punched in the face. Hi am Horhem, a cartoonist and

65
00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:18,720
Speaker 3: the author of Oliver's Great Big Universe.

66
00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,799
Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

67
00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:24,280
Speaker 1: at u C Irvine, And if it gets the aliens

68
00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:26,520
Speaker 1: to come, I want them to punch us in the face.

69
00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:30,160
Speaker 3: Us in the face. How about is you in the face?

70
00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:34,880
Speaker 3: I mean, please, don't volunteer my face for your science.

71
00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,560
Speaker 1: Us volunteering humanity's collective face.

72
00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:41,440
Speaker 3: Some of us are sensitive in the face.

73
00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:43,040
Speaker 1: That might be worth a puncher too, to learn that

74
00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:44,440
Speaker 1: we're not alone in the universe.

75
00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:46,880
Speaker 3: Can we pick where they're going to punch us, you know,

76
00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:48,280
Speaker 3: like when you're playing as kids.

77
00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:50,880
Speaker 1: You mean in the Daniel part of the face, rather

78
00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:52,080
Speaker 1: than the joey part of the face.

79
00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:56,680
Speaker 3: Definitely the Daniel part. But anyways, Welcome to our podcast.

80
00:03:56,760 --> 00:04:00,119
Speaker 3: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeart.

81
00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:02,400
Speaker 1: Right, in which we try to teach you all about

82
00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:05,280
Speaker 1: the mysteries of the universe rather than punching you in

83
00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:07,680
Speaker 1: the face with them. We think that it's possible to

84
00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:11,800
Speaker 1: gently absorb all of the crazy intricacies of how the

85
00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:15,200
Speaker 1: universe works, from its tiny little particles to its mysterious

86
00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:20,160
Speaker 1: swirling black holes, without getting bruised basically anywhere on your body.

87
00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:22,359
Speaker 1: We seek to serve up the mysteries of the universe

88
00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:24,560
Speaker 1: in a gentle and comfortable manner.

89
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:26,760
Speaker 3: That's right. We bring you the one two punch of

90
00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:30,520
Speaker 3: science and bad dad jokes to talk about all the

91
00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:32,599
Speaker 3: amazing things that are happening in the universe, all the

92
00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:35,640
Speaker 3: peaceful things and also all of the combatitive things, and.

93
00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,320
Speaker 1: The mysteries that we love to dig into. Are the

94
00:04:37,320 --> 00:04:40,000
Speaker 1: ones that tell us about our context in the universe.

95
00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:43,680
Speaker 1: Is where we are in the universe weird and unusual?

96
00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:47,840
Speaker 1: Or are there many such backyards with many such podcasts

97
00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:50,000
Speaker 1: giving all the same dad jokes?

98
00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:52,320
Speaker 3: Yeah, that has been one of the biggest questions in

99
00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,440
Speaker 3: the universe is are we alone in the universe? Or

100
00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:59,080
Speaker 3: are we one of many many alien civilizations out there

101
00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:01,920
Speaker 3: in space? And are we the only ones making dad jokes?

102
00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,120
Speaker 1: And how many of them are spying on us while

103
00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:07,039
Speaker 1: we're sunbathing in our backyards.

104
00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:09,400
Speaker 3: Well, I guess you know, technically, in an infinite universe

105
00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,400
Speaker 3: that there's probably a planet out there where dad jokes

106
00:05:12,400 --> 00:05:15,760
Speaker 3: are like the epitome of intelligence and literature.

107
00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:17,680
Speaker 1: Are you saying that's not our universe? Are you saying

108
00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:18,560
Speaker 1: that's not our planet?

109
00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:22,680
Speaker 3: That is definitely not I think there's a reason they're

110
00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:25,800
Speaker 3: called dad jokes, not just jokes. But maybe there's an

111
00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:27,919
Speaker 3: alien species out there where you know it's like the

112
00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:28,960
Speaker 3: height of width, you know.

113
00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:30,640
Speaker 1: Right, Well, we should try to sell our books on

114
00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:33,679
Speaker 1: that planet then, because we have a lot of readers.

115
00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:38,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, would be intergalactic bestsellers, not just international bestsellers.

116
00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:41,440
Speaker 1: But we're not just interested in whether our books will

117
00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:44,600
Speaker 1: sell to alien species. We're interested in whether there are

118
00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:48,240
Speaker 1: aliens out there, whether life exists in other parts of

119
00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:51,239
Speaker 1: the galaxy. And part of that question is asking whether

120
00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:55,040
Speaker 1: our whole setup is unusual. Are there stars with planets

121
00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:57,839
Speaker 1: around them? Do those planets have similar conditions to the

122
00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:01,320
Speaker 1: planets here? Is there something weird and strange about the

123
00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,279
Speaker 1: Solar System? Or is it very common?

124
00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:03,760
Speaker 5: Yeah?

125
00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:06,680
Speaker 3: Is the planet Earth a rare gem that exists out

126
00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:08,960
Speaker 3: there in the cosmos or is it sort of like

127
00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,719
Speaker 3: a you know, cheap chot sky that you can find anywhere.

128
00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:13,720
Speaker 1: In just a few decades ago, we didn't know the

129
00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:18,560
Speaker 1: answers to basic questions like are there planets around other stars? Fortunately,

130
00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:21,320
Speaker 1: as we develop new and more powerful eyeballs, we've been

131
00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:24,480
Speaker 1: able to discover those planets, and now we are pushing further,

132
00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:27,680
Speaker 1: we are asking deeper and more subtle questions about the

133
00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:32,039
Speaker 1: nature of those planets, their atmospheres, their surfaces, even what's

134
00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:33,320
Speaker 1: in orbit around them.

135
00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:35,680
Speaker 3: So today on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question

136
00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:46,360
Speaker 3: could we see moons around exo planets? Now, Daniel, I

137
00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:49,720
Speaker 3: imagine these are like moons, like the orbiting celestial bodies,

138
00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:51,840
Speaker 3: and not like aliens mooning or.

139
00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:54,240
Speaker 1: Maybe alien death stars. Right, we don't care. We just

140
00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:55,200
Speaker 1: wanted to discover them.

141
00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:58,320
Speaker 3: Wait wait, wait, wait, I think we maybe we should

142
00:06:58,360 --> 00:07:01,120
Speaker 3: draw a line. If there are alien deaths stars, maybe

143
00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:02,760
Speaker 3: we don't want to meet them. Maybe these are not

144
00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:03,960
Speaker 3: the alias we're looking for.

145
00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,760
Speaker 1: I think we'd rather know they're there than live in ignorance,

146
00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:08,320
Speaker 1: wouldn't we.

147
00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,119
Speaker 3: If we know they're there, then they know we're here.

148
00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:12,360
Speaker 1: We could just use that Jedi mind trick, that's.

149
00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,440
Speaker 3: Right, make them forget and dazzle them with our dad

150
00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:17,360
Speaker 3: jokes and they'll be like what what and then they

151
00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:19,760
Speaker 3: won't want to associate with us and problem solve.

152
00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:22,200
Speaker 1: These aren't the jokes you're looking for.

153
00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:25,640
Speaker 3: That's right, or you want to annihilate us right away.

154
00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:29,320
Speaker 1: But we are curious about the environments of these planets.

155
00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,120
Speaker 1: Having moons affects life on Earth and tells us a

156
00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:34,880
Speaker 1: lot about the history of that solar system, And just

157
00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:37,440
Speaker 1: in general, we want to know, like our solar system

158
00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:41,160
Speaker 1: is pretty mooney, are other solar systems mooney as well?

159
00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,160
Speaker 3: Mooney and wonderful? Because I think, as you said earlier,

160
00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:46,280
Speaker 3: up until a little a few years ago, a few

161
00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:48,680
Speaker 3: decades ago, we didn't even have confirmation there were other

162
00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:51,960
Speaker 3: planets out there, right, We just imagined or assume there were,

163
00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:53,760
Speaker 3: but we had not actually seen any.

164
00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could have been that we were one of very,

165
00:07:57,080 --> 00:08:01,040
Speaker 1: very few, perhaps singular solar systems, had planets around it.

166
00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:03,240
Speaker 1: It could have been that the reason that there's life

167
00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:05,360
Speaker 1: here around our Sun is that it was the only

168
00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:08,640
Speaker 1: one with a rocky habitable perch. Now, of course we

169
00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:11,320
Speaker 1: know the opposite is true. We know there are planets

170
00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:14,600
Speaker 1: all over the galaxy. We've seen a few thousand of them,

171
00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,640
Speaker 1: and we estimate that there are zillions of them, that

172
00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:21,280
Speaker 1: they're almost literally everywhere in the galaxy. That's a real

173
00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:23,640
Speaker 1: change in the way we see our whole context in

174
00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:24,239
Speaker 1: the universe.

175
00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:26,920
Speaker 3: Yeah, because I imagine even like jumping from our son

176
00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:28,600
Speaker 3: to the stars and the sky was kind of a

177
00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:30,880
Speaker 3: big leap for humanity too, right, Like, we can look

178
00:08:30,880 --> 00:08:33,400
Speaker 3: at our Sun and it looks circular, at least if

179
00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:35,160
Speaker 3: you see a projector of it or through a filter,

180
00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:37,640
Speaker 3: you can see that it's a giant ball. But the

181
00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:39,760
Speaker 3: stars in the sky just look like little pinpoints, And

182
00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:41,480
Speaker 3: so it must have been a pretty big leak to think,

183
00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:43,760
Speaker 3: you know, those pinpoints are actually stars.

184
00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:45,960
Speaker 1: It is a pretty big leap, and to understand how

185
00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:48,680
Speaker 1: big a leap it is to understand how far away

186
00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,360
Speaker 1: they are is pretty tricky. I mean, even the Greeks

187
00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:54,400
Speaker 1: knew that the other stars were likely suns, but they

188
00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:57,079
Speaker 1: thought they were much much closer than they actually are.

189
00:08:57,160 --> 00:09:01,480
Speaker 1: The Greeks couldn't understand how far away these stars actually were.

190
00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:04,559
Speaker 1: So yeah, it really expands your whole mental picture of

191
00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:07,679
Speaker 1: the universe to understand that our sun is one of

192
00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:10,440
Speaker 1: many of those stars, and that therefore there are lots

193
00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:13,400
Speaker 1: and lots of places where life might exist in the universe.

194
00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:15,760
Speaker 3: Yeah, and those stars out there are really far away,

195
00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,480
Speaker 3: that's why they look like pinpoints, and so basically, until recently,

196
00:09:19,559 --> 00:09:22,600
Speaker 3: it was almost impossible to really see a planet on them.

197
00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:24,640
Speaker 1: Right. It was very tricky and for a long time,

198
00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,240
Speaker 1: people thought it might be impossible, But astronomers are very

199
00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:31,080
Speaker 1: clever and very hard working, and now we have lots

200
00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:34,640
Speaker 1: of tricks to discover planets around other stars, and so

201
00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:38,280
Speaker 1: now people are pushing into what many people believe is impossible,

202
00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:42,559
Speaker 1: understanding the atmospheres, the surfaces, and maybe even the orbiting

203
00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:44,360
Speaker 1: bodies of those planets.

204
00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:46,400
Speaker 3: I wonder what did I'm sure we'll get into it,

205
00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:48,839
Speaker 3: But what's the driving question here to know whether an

206
00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:51,679
Speaker 3: exoplanet has a moon? Like do you think maybe the

207
00:09:51,679 --> 00:09:54,520
Speaker 3: moon is the one that's habitable or you're just trying

208
00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:55,760
Speaker 3: to study other moons?

209
00:09:55,840 --> 00:09:58,840
Speaker 1: I think all of those things. Moons might be the

210
00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:02,080
Speaker 1: most commonplace for life in the universe. It might be

211
00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:05,160
Speaker 1: that moons around big planets are the best place for

212
00:10:05,320 --> 00:10:08,880
Speaker 1: life to evolve, and that humanity is very, very weird

213
00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:12,320
Speaker 1: for developing directly on the surface of a planet. On

214
00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:14,959
Speaker 1: the other hand, moons also tell you a lot about

215
00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,360
Speaker 1: the history of the Solar System, how it formed, how

216
00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:19,199
Speaker 1: it came to be, which tells you a lot about

217
00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,000
Speaker 1: where you expect to find planets that might have life

218
00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:25,360
Speaker 1: on them. So it's as much about understanding the detailed

219
00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:28,760
Speaker 1: history of other Solar systems and thinking about where we

220
00:10:28,840 --> 00:10:29,559
Speaker 1: might find life.

221
00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:31,600
Speaker 3: Well, as usually, we were wondering how many of you

222
00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:33,880
Speaker 3: out there had thought about this question and wondered if

223
00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:35,960
Speaker 3: we could see moons in other planets.

224
00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,600
Speaker 1: Thanks very much to everybody who offers their unprepared insights.

225
00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:41,920
Speaker 1: We really enjoy this segment of the podcast and we

226
00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,560
Speaker 1: want to hear from you. Please don't be shy write

227
00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:47,520
Speaker 1: to us to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

228
00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:49,440
Speaker 3: So think about it for a second. Do you think

229
00:10:49,559 --> 00:10:54,160
Speaker 3: we could ever see moons around exoplanets? Here's what people

230
00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:54,600
Speaker 3: have to say.

231
00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:57,840
Speaker 6: Just finished listening to the podcast with the exoplanet researcher

232
00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:01,960
Speaker 6: and do I think we can see them? No, but

233
00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:06,080
Speaker 6: we do have confirmed existence of moons around exoplanets. I

234
00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:08,000
Speaker 6: believe that number is currently at two.

235
00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:10,280
Speaker 7: I think we will definitely be able to see moods

236
00:11:10,280 --> 00:11:13,880
Speaker 7: throughout exoplanets. James Web will be able to analyze the

237
00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:16,000
Speaker 7: atmospheres of exoplanets and it.

238
00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:18,240
Speaker 1: Might even be strong enough to see moons.

239
00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:21,520
Speaker 7: And if not James Web, there's probably going to be

240
00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:23,400
Speaker 7: another set of eyeballs in the future that we'll be

241
00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:24,040
Speaker 7: able to do it.

242
00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:27,480
Speaker 8: I think that in order to be able to detect

243
00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:32,120
Speaker 8: moons of exoplanets, we would need very sensitive telescope and

244
00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:37,400
Speaker 8: other instruments capable of measuring the lightest, faintest of changes

245
00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:41,080
Speaker 8: in the light emitted from other stars.

246
00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,760
Speaker 9: Yes, in terms of finding excello planet moons, it'd be

247
00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:48,880
Speaker 9: to measure the gravity between that planet, that exo planet,

248
00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:50,920
Speaker 9: and the star and see if we can account for

249
00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:52,920
Speaker 9: any extra gravity that would be from the moon or

250
00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,080
Speaker 9: maybe some sort of ludger or tug on that moon.

251
00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:58,640
Speaker 10: I think this depends on your definition of what it

252
00:11:58,679 --> 00:12:01,960
Speaker 10: means to see. It seems like it would be nearly

253
00:12:01,960 --> 00:12:05,320
Speaker 10: impossible to imagine directly imaging any especially given that we

254
00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:08,120
Speaker 10: haven't directly imaged to next planet yet. But if we

255
00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:10,360
Speaker 10: had a specially large planet around a star with a

256
00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:13,200
Speaker 10: big enough percentage of its star's mass, and if it

257
00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:15,400
Speaker 10: in turn had a moon that was a significant percentage

258
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:18,240
Speaker 10: of its mass, then I would imagine that they could

259
00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:23,000
Speaker 10: probably detect the combined wobble of the interaction between those three.

260
00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:27,160
Speaker 3: All Right, a lot of optimism here. I feel everyone's like, sure, yeah, eventually,

261
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:29,559
Speaker 3: sort of in one way or another.

262
00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:32,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's this bubbling sense that eventually we could figure

263
00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:35,840
Speaker 1: out basically any problem that in our future lies more

264
00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:39,559
Speaker 1: and more powerful techniques and telescopes and smarter people that

265
00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,440
Speaker 1: could extract this kind of information from the universe. I

266
00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:45,119
Speaker 1: love that it's so inspiring to hear people's optimism.

267
00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:45,520
Speaker 10: Yeah.

268
00:12:45,559 --> 00:12:48,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, And I think by smarter people you mean the engineers, right.

269
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:52,280
Speaker 1: I mean my students and my students'.

270
00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:54,160
Speaker 3: Students and the engineers that actually do it for them.

271
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:54,360
Speaker 1: Right.

272
00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:55,760
Speaker 3: I think that's what you're saying, right.

273
00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:57,600
Speaker 1: I know, we just submit the work order and it

274
00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:00,960
Speaker 1: comes back. You know, who knows who does YadA, YadA, YadA.

275
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,280
Speaker 1: You gotta telescope, that's right.

276
00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:05,440
Speaker 3: We toy anonymously. That's what happens to all smarter people.

277
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:07,679
Speaker 1: No, of course, the field of astronomer is filled with

278
00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:10,439
Speaker 1: people who analyze the data, and people who build the devices,

279
00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:13,040
Speaker 1: and people who plan for the next generation of devices.

280
00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:16,640
Speaker 1: It's a whole ecosystem of smart people, from physicists to

281
00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:21,240
Speaker 1: planetary scientists, to engineers to computer scientists, all sorts of

282
00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:22,400
Speaker 1: people all working together.

283
00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:25,320
Speaker 3: Well, this is a pretty big question, or I guess

284
00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:27,560
Speaker 3: a small question is how do you see the moon

285
00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,480
Speaker 3: around a planet orbiting a star that is light years

286
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:33,959
Speaker 3: or at least millions of miles away. It's a pretty

287
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:34,480
Speaker 3: tough question.

288
00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:37,080
Speaker 1: It is a pretty tough question, and it's going to

289
00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:40,960
Speaker 1: require us to get even better at seeing those planets.

290
00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:43,880
Speaker 1: All the techniques we have for seeing moons are basically

291
00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:47,239
Speaker 1: like super powerful versions of the ways that we see planets.

292
00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:49,560
Speaker 3: All right, well, let's break it down for people, Daniel.

293
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,640
Speaker 3: First of all, what is an exoplanet and what do

294
00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:53,839
Speaker 3: we know about them?

295
00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:56,679
Speaker 1: So an exoplanet is very simply just a planet around

296
00:13:56,760 --> 00:14:00,400
Speaker 1: another star. So the planets are the planets around our Sun.

297
00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:03,760
Speaker 1: An exoplanet is a planet around for example, Alpha Centauri

298
00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:07,320
Speaker 1: or any other star that's not our Sun XO. Just

299
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,200
Speaker 1: meaning like outside the Solar system.

300
00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:13,080
Speaker 3: M I see like an outer planet? Where I guess not,

301
00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:15,080
Speaker 3: because an outer planet could be the planets in our

302
00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:18,000
Speaker 3: Solar system. Like anything outside of our Solar system that's

303
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:19,480
Speaker 3: a planet is an exoplanet.

304
00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:22,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, a planet around another star would be an exoplanet.

305
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,320
Speaker 1: And they have to be far away because the nearest

306
00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:28,880
Speaker 1: star is several light years away, which is really really far.

307
00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,280
Speaker 1: It's very far compared to the distance between the planets,

308
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:34,480
Speaker 1: and so an exoplanet is going to be very very

309
00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:37,240
Speaker 1: different from any planet in our Solar system just in

310
00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:38,280
Speaker 1: terms of like where it.

311
00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,240
Speaker 3: Is, and we hadn't actually seen one or confirmed there

312
00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:44,640
Speaker 3: were any planets around any other stars until basically like

313
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:45,960
Speaker 3: thirty years ago. Right.

314
00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:48,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's incredible if you make a plot of like

315
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,120
Speaker 1: the number of planets we've seen over time, dating back

316
00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:54,600
Speaker 1: like thousands of years until fairly recently, we'd only ever

317
00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:58,000
Speaker 1: seen like six, right, and then Urinus and Neptune are

318
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:00,200
Speaker 1: discovered in the last few hundred years, and then go

319
00:15:00,600 --> 00:15:03,280
Speaker 1: and then un Pluto, so we're back down to eight.

320
00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:06,600
Speaker 1: And then it wasn't until the nineteen nineties, only thirty

321
00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:09,320
Speaker 1: years ago, that we finally saw one outside of our

322
00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:12,840
Speaker 1: Solar system. Until then, we only speculated, we only imagined.

323
00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:16,120
Speaker 1: We'd had calculations, we had speculations, but we had no

324
00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,720
Speaker 1: actual data until about thirty years ago when we developed

325
00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:22,560
Speaker 1: these techniques to see the planets or to deduce their

326
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:24,640
Speaker 1: existence around other stars.

327
00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, because, as one of the listeners who replied earlier said,

328
00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:29,400
Speaker 3: the word see is a little bit tricky, right, we

329
00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:33,400
Speaker 3: didn't actually see planets in other stars. We sort of

330
00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:35,800
Speaker 3: like figure out they were there, but we didn't actually

331
00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:36,320
Speaker 3: see them.

332
00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:39,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so we have these really cool techniques

333
00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:42,000
Speaker 1: to deduce that they exist, and you know, you can

334
00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:44,840
Speaker 1: argue philosophically about what did it mean to see something?

335
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,640
Speaker 1: But we didn't see exoplanets directly until much more recently.

336
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,520
Speaker 1: The first discoveries came from just observing the impact of

337
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:56,280
Speaker 1: those planets on the stars, which of course we can see.

338
00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:58,360
Speaker 3: Which is kind of crazy to think, right, because like

339
00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:01,920
Speaker 3: what possible impact and the Earth have on the Sun?

340
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,200
Speaker 3: The Sun is like a million times heavier than the Earth,

341
00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:04,880
Speaker 3: right or more.

342
00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:07,560
Speaker 1: It's all about making these things more sensitive and getting

343
00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,720
Speaker 1: down to the details. Like mostly you're right, the Earth

344
00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:12,960
Speaker 1: has basically no impact on the Sun. But if you

345
00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:16,440
Speaker 1: analyze the Sun super duper closely, then yeah, the Earth

346
00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:18,680
Speaker 1: does have a little bit of an impact on the Sun,

347
00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,320
Speaker 1: the same way that, for example, the other planets have

348
00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:24,240
Speaker 1: an impact on the Earth. Mostly, the Earth's orbit around

349
00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:26,120
Speaker 1: the Sun is just a story of two bodies, the

350
00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:28,800
Speaker 1: Earth and the Sun, orbiting their combined center of mass.

351
00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:31,000
Speaker 1: But if you get super dup or precise about it,

352
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:32,960
Speaker 1: then you have to take into account like the effect

353
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:35,600
Speaker 1: of Jupiter and Saturn on the orbit of the Earth.

354
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,360
Speaker 1: So all of these little complications can actually reveal the

355
00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:42,280
Speaker 1: rich structure of the Solar system if you study them

356
00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:43,640
Speaker 1: with enough precision.

357
00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,120
Speaker 3: It's pretty in my body to think, I mean, the

358
00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:48,200
Speaker 3: Sun is so big and it's the Earth is just

359
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,400
Speaker 3: this tiny little marble next to it, like that, it

360
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:51,840
Speaker 3: would have an effect on the whole thing. Like I

361
00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:54,400
Speaker 3: can see maybe pulling a little bit more on the

362
00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:57,440
Speaker 3: part of the Sun that's closest to the Earth, maybe

363
00:16:57,640 --> 00:16:59,480
Speaker 3: some of that plasma, But to think that it could

364
00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:01,920
Speaker 3: move the higher Sun is pretty hard to believe.

365
00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, imagine instead you had two objects that had

366
00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:07,639
Speaker 1: the same mass, right, like two stars, the same mass,

367
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,520
Speaker 1: and they're orbiting each other. Clearly they have an effect

368
00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:12,960
Speaker 1: on each other. What they're orbiting is actually a point

369
00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:15,679
Speaker 1: right in between them. Now, as you shrink one of

370
00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:17,919
Speaker 1: those things down and grow the other one so it

371
00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:21,480
Speaker 1: becomes asymmetric, the point they're orbiting moves towards the center

372
00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:24,320
Speaker 1: of the heavier one. If one of them was infinitely

373
00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:27,360
Speaker 1: massive or the other one was massless, then they would

374
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,480
Speaker 1: both be orbiting a point at the center of the

375
00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:32,760
Speaker 1: biggest object. But if the Earth is not massless, if

376
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:34,919
Speaker 1: it actually does have some mass, then it's pulling that

377
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,200
Speaker 1: center of mass a little bit away from the center

378
00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:39,200
Speaker 1: of the Sun, and if you measure the motion of

379
00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:42,840
Speaker 1: the Sun very precisely, you can detect that. And that's

380
00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:44,640
Speaker 1: why these things are so hard. That's why it took

381
00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:46,840
Speaker 1: so long to see these things, is that it requires

382
00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:50,720
Speaker 1: really precise measurements now of the motion of stars in

383
00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:52,000
Speaker 1: other solar systems.

384
00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:54,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's pretty mind blowing. But I guess maybe one

385
00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:56,480
Speaker 3: thing that helped was that we didn't start looking for

386
00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:00,240
Speaker 3: Earth sized planets, right, we started looking for Jupiter sized planet.

387
00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:02,439
Speaker 1: Well, we started looking for anything we could see, and

388
00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:04,840
Speaker 1: we didn't know what was out there, right. We had

389
00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,640
Speaker 1: speculation about what kind of planets might exist in other

390
00:18:07,680 --> 00:18:10,560
Speaker 1: solar systems, but we didn't really know what we could find.

391
00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:13,680
Speaker 1: You're right though, that the first techniques we developed were

392
00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:17,000
Speaker 1: more powerful for Jupiter sized planets. The bigger the planet

393
00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,719
Speaker 1: and the closer it was to the star, the easier

394
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:21,400
Speaker 1: it was for us to find them.

395
00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:23,639
Speaker 3: Like, those were the first planets found right where they

396
00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,200
Speaker 3: were basically a giant gas planets.

397
00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, they call them hot Jupiters because they're the size

398
00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:31,919
Speaker 1: of Jupiter and they're very close to the star. The

399
00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:34,080
Speaker 1: closer they are the star, the faster the orbit, the

400
00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:36,359
Speaker 1: easier it is to find them because they tug on

401
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,000
Speaker 1: the star. And so one of these techniques is called

402
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,880
Speaker 1: the radial velocity method. You look at the light from

403
00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:44,480
Speaker 1: the star and you see if it's shifted in frequency.

404
00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:47,080
Speaker 1: If a star is moving away from you, it's red shifted.

405
00:18:47,119 --> 00:18:49,560
Speaker 1: If a star's moving towards you, it's blue shifted. If

406
00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:52,320
Speaker 1: a star is getting wiggled by a planet that's orbiting it,

407
00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:54,320
Speaker 1: then it's going to get red shifted and blue shifted,

408
00:18:54,359 --> 00:18:56,280
Speaker 1: red shifted and blue shifted. It's going to wiggle a

409
00:18:56,359 --> 00:18:59,399
Speaker 1: little bit in its frequencies. And that's what they looked for.

410
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:02,760
Speaker 1: But that's it's more powerful for big planets and planets

411
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:04,160
Speaker 1: that are close to their stars.

412
00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:07,160
Speaker 3: But then we develop other ways to look at planets,

413
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:08,880
Speaker 3: right really quick, What are some of these other ways

414
00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:10,280
Speaker 3: that we can see extra planets.

415
00:19:10,359 --> 00:19:12,960
Speaker 1: So another way is the transit method, which is basically

416
00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:16,000
Speaker 1: an eclipse. As the planet passes in front of the star,

417
00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:18,119
Speaker 1: it dims it a little bit, it blocks some of

418
00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:20,080
Speaker 1: the light. And so again, if you're just measuring the

419
00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:22,560
Speaker 1: light from the star roughly, you're never going to notice this.

420
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:25,600
Speaker 1: If you make very precise measurements of the light from

421
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:27,640
Speaker 1: the star. You can see these dips and you can

422
00:19:27,640 --> 00:19:30,640
Speaker 1: see the patterns. If the planet goes around many many times,

423
00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,840
Speaker 1: you'll see the same pattern over and over again. Unfortunately,

424
00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:37,280
Speaker 1: this one is also best at seeing big planets that

425
00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:40,600
Speaker 1: eclipse the light more and close by planets that block

426
00:19:40,640 --> 00:19:43,240
Speaker 1: more light from their sun and go around many times,

427
00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:44,840
Speaker 1: so we can see many transits.

428
00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,399
Speaker 3: Yeah, like if the Moon didn't reflect any light and

429
00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:50,000
Speaker 3: you can see it in the night sky, you could

430
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,960
Speaker 3: still maybe every once in a while know it's there

431
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:53,800
Speaker 3: because it would block the light from the Sun. You'd

432
00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:55,040
Speaker 3: see in eclipse exactly.

433
00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:57,520
Speaker 1: And there are techniques that will let you see planets

434
00:19:57,560 --> 00:19:59,399
Speaker 1: that are further from the Sun, and these are actually

435
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:01,720
Speaker 1: the direct iming ones. We can look at a solar

436
00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:03,640
Speaker 1: system and we can block the light from the Sun

437
00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:06,159
Speaker 1: called the corona graph, a little thing that prevents the

438
00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,600
Speaker 1: light from the star from getting into the telescope and

439
00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:11,040
Speaker 1: only look at the stuff around it. And now we

440
00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:14,360
Speaker 1: have powerful enough telescopes that you can actually see dots

441
00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:18,160
Speaker 1: around those stars. So these are direct images of light

442
00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,280
Speaker 1: from those planets, and those are most powerful at seeing

443
00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:24,119
Speaker 1: planets that are far away from the star. There's the

444
00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:25,919
Speaker 1: further they are from the star, the easier it is

445
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:28,080
Speaker 1: to tell them apart from the blinding light from the

446
00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:28,800
Speaker 1: star itself.

447
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,879
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's like you basically put your thumb, like if

448
00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:33,640
Speaker 3: you look up at the skuy, you put your thumb

449
00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:35,240
Speaker 3: over the star and then you see there are any

450
00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:36,840
Speaker 3: other twinkles around it, right.

451
00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:39,159
Speaker 1: Exactly, And so we have like a few pixels of

452
00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:41,880
Speaker 1: light from these planets. Of course, the planets themselves are

453
00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:44,800
Speaker 1: not glowing. It's all reflected light from their star. But

454
00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,480
Speaker 1: you know, it bounced off the planet first, So it's

455
00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:49,600
Speaker 1: just like looking at the planet and the same way the

456
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:51,080
Speaker 1: Earth is illuminated by our sun.

457
00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:53,359
Speaker 3: That's the closest we have of an actual picture of

458
00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:55,720
Speaker 3: another planet, right, Like I've seen the plot. They're a

459
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:58,000
Speaker 3: bit old, right, and now we've had these photos for

460
00:20:58,119 --> 00:20:59,520
Speaker 3: fifteen years or something like that.

461
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:01,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, getting better and better, but they're not great. I

462
00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:04,399
Speaker 1: mean they're pretty fuzzy. If you took pictures of your

463
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:06,359
Speaker 1: kids like this, none of your relatives would be very

464
00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:08,760
Speaker 1: impressed with your photography. It's like a few pixels here

465
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:09,200
Speaker 1: and there.

466
00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:13,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, although my kids nowadays avoid getting their picture taken,

467
00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:17,120
Speaker 3: as I think most kids do, and so they're kind

468
00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:20,119
Speaker 3: of a big blur anyways, and then what's the last

469
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:22,720
Speaker 3: kind of method we used to detect these exoplanets.

470
00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:26,760
Speaker 1: The last technique is called micro lensing, and that's essentially

471
00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,760
Speaker 1: using the planet as a lens to distort light from

472
00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:33,800
Speaker 1: some other star. If there's light from another star behind

473
00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:37,720
Speaker 1: the Solar system that's passing through that Solar system, then

474
00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,639
Speaker 1: it can get bent around the planet. Because the planet,

475
00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:43,640
Speaker 1: of course is massive and it changes the shape of space,

476
00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:46,239
Speaker 1: and so it can act like a giant lens. This

477
00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:47,920
Speaker 1: is sort of similar to the way we can see

478
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,120
Speaker 1: dark matter in the sky by seeing its gravitational lensing.

479
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,399
Speaker 1: So here's called micro lensing because there's a smaller amount

480
00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:57,280
Speaker 1: of lensing as the light passes around the planet.

481
00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:59,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, you're seeing how it bends the light coming at you.

482
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,280
Speaker 3: So those are the different ways that we can see exoplanets.

483
00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,119
Speaker 3: But now the big question is are there moons around

484
00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:08,000
Speaker 3: these exoplanets out there in the universe. What is it

485
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,080
Speaker 3: like on those moons, could we ever see them? And

486
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,679
Speaker 3: how are we going to see them? So let's dig

487
00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:16,240
Speaker 3: into that. But first let's take a quick break.

488
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,359
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what

489
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:26,120
Speaker 1: you get Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

490
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:29,199
Speaker 1: the price your thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With

491
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:32,760
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

492
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,080
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

493
00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,920
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

494
00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:40,399
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

495
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:42,920
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

496
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:46,200
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

497
00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:49,320
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

498
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:51,879
Speaker 1: with any Mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

499
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,280
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So did your overpriced wireless

500
00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:57,680
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

501
00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:00,359
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. Did this new

502
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:02,840
Speaker 1: customer offer and your new three month premium wireless plan

503
00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:04,840
Speaker 1: for just fifteen bucks a month go to mintmobile dot

504
00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,400
Speaker 1: com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut

505
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,640
Speaker 1: your wireless build to fifteen bucks a month at mintmobile

506
00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:13,719
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment required

507
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:16,320
Speaker 1: equivalent to fifteen dollars per month. New customers on first

508
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,040
Speaker 1: three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes on

509
00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:21,960
Speaker 1: unlimited plan. Additional taxi spees and restrictions apply. See mint

510
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:22,960
Speaker 1: Mobile for details.

511
00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:26,200
Speaker 11: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

512
00:23:26,440 --> 00:23:29,639
Speaker 11: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

513
00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:33,879
Speaker 11: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

514
00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:36,840
Speaker 11: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how

515
00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:40,040
Speaker 11: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

516
00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:42,359
Speaker 11: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

517
00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:47,880
Speaker 11: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

518
00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:52,760
Speaker 11: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

519
00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:56,040
Speaker 11: has fourty eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers

520
00:23:56,080 --> 00:23:59,399
Speaker 11: one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of

521
00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,400
Speaker 11: course no nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

522
00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:04,639
Speaker 11: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

523
00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,200
Speaker 11: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

524
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:09,440
Speaker 11: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

525
00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,200
Speaker 11: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

526
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:16,160
Speaker 11: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

527
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:21,720
Speaker 11: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic, Oracle dot com slash strategic.

528
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:24,840
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple card. It's the

529
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:28,840
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

530
00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:31,920
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

531
00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:34,879
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

532
00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:38,480
Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app

533
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:42,080
Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners

534
00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:45,360
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs

535
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,840
Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC terms and

536
00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:51,480
Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. When you pop a piece

537
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:54,000
Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful

538
00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:57,520
Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

539
00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:00,320
Speaker 1: impact of each and every bite, But the the people

540
00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:03,280
Speaker 1: in the dairy industry are. US Dairy has set themselves

541
00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by

542
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:10,160
Speaker 1: twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard every day

543
00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:13,080
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

544
00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:16,600
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example,

545
00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,760
Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. The

546
00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:23,080
Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

547
00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:26,880
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

548
00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:29,919
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

549
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:33,320
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

550
00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

551
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

552
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,240
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

553
00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,080
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

554
00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:47,119
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

555
00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:49,400
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

556
00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about finding exo moons. Do you

557
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:05,159
Speaker 3: call them exo moons if it's a moon around an exoplanet.

558
00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:06,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, we call them exo moons unless you have a

559
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:07,440
Speaker 1: better name for.

560
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:12,040
Speaker 3: Them, trying to be like xoxo moons because it's like

561
00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:14,560
Speaker 3: a different body out on an exoplanet.

562
00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:19,600
Speaker 1: There are exo moons around exoplanets. There are two exos there.

563
00:26:19,920 --> 00:26:22,359
Speaker 1: But I think exo just means in another solar system.

564
00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:24,919
Speaker 3: So, well, what do you call the moons around Jupiter?

565
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:27,959
Speaker 3: Moons in the moons?

566
00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, there you go, and no moons now, just moons.

567
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:35,240
Speaker 1: And you know, Jupiter is a great example because something

568
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:37,840
Speaker 1: we notice in our Solar system is there are kind

569
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,720
Speaker 1: of a lot of moons, right, We have two hundred

570
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:43,640
Speaker 1: and twenty six moons in our Solar system, and something

571
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,320
Speaker 1: we wonder is like, is that weird? Are we kind

572
00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:49,160
Speaker 1: of moony or are we moon poor compared to other

573
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,159
Speaker 1: solar systems? Like what's a typical number of moons to have?

574
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:53,359
Speaker 1: We just don't even know.

575
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,439
Speaker 3: And we have a whole episode about how like moons form, right,

576
00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 3: how you get a moon?

577
00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:00,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's really fascinating the number of ways that

578
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:02,840
Speaker 1: you can get a moon. They can form with a planet,

579
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:04,840
Speaker 1: you can capture them, it can be the result of

580
00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:07,159
Speaker 1: a collision. The point is that it tells you a

581
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,520
Speaker 1: lot about the history of the Solar System. It's like

582
00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,120
Speaker 1: a record of what happened here before you showed up.

583
00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:16,760
Speaker 3: Right, Like our Solar system we've talked about before, it

584
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:18,800
Speaker 3: was a pretty chaotic place, and so it kind of

585
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:20,800
Speaker 3: makes sense that there was just a lot of debris

586
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:23,159
Speaker 3: out there floating, flying around, and so not all of

587
00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:26,000
Speaker 3: it was going to get into planets, and so it

588
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:28,480
Speaker 3: makes sense we have the smaller bodies out there orbiting

589
00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:29,479
Speaker 3: the bigger bodies.

590
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, although we have an incredible range of sort of

591
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,880
Speaker 1: size of those bodies. Like our moon is huge, it's

592
00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:38,399
Speaker 1: like more than one percent the mass of the Earth,

593
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:41,520
Speaker 1: which is very very unusual. More typical size is like

594
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:44,520
Speaker 1: one ten thousands the mass of the planet. But then

595
00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:47,240
Speaker 1: there's also like Sharon, which is one eighth the mass

596
00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:50,040
Speaker 1: of Pluto, even though Pluto not officially a planet anymore.

597
00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,879
Speaker 1: But we have this incredible variation in the sizes of

598
00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:56,080
Speaker 1: the moons and in their origin and their composition. It's

599
00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:58,400
Speaker 1: really an incredible diversity, or.

600
00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:01,080
Speaker 3: I guess in the relev size, right, because some of

601
00:28:01,119 --> 00:28:03,560
Speaker 3: the moons around Jupiter, aren't they almost the same size

602
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:04,320
Speaker 3: as our moon?

603
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:06,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, we're talking about the relative sizes, and some

604
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: of the moons around Jupiter are huge, absolutely and potential

605
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,600
Speaker 1: places for life to exist, which is one of the

606
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,880
Speaker 1: things that makes us wonder whether Moon's around exoplanets might

607
00:28:15,920 --> 00:28:16,840
Speaker 1: also be habitable.

608
00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:19,080
Speaker 3: All right, Well, we talked about how we can see

609
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:22,040
Speaker 3: other planets in other stars in the universe, and I

610
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,359
Speaker 3: guess as as star wars were like, okay, we've seen those.

611
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:26,600
Speaker 3: Now let's increase the difficulty.

612
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:27,240
Speaker 1: Exact.

613
00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:30,359
Speaker 3: It's fine things orbiting not just around other stars, but

614
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:32,639
Speaker 3: around the things that are orbiting around other stars.

615
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:34,439
Speaker 1: And this is the game in science, right. People have

616
00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:36,800
Speaker 1: come along and done the simplest thing, all right, now

617
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:39,080
Speaker 1: let's come along and do the next harder thing. And

618
00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,440
Speaker 1: then the next generation's like, well that was easy, Now

619
00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:43,480
Speaker 1: let's do the next harder thing. And so I love

620
00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:46,040
Speaker 1: how we're always making the progress. We're always pushing the

621
00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:46,840
Speaker 1: boundaries here.

622
00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:49,080
Speaker 3: But are we done though? I feel like I'm still

623
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:51,920
Speaker 3: waiting for that, you know, actual picture of another planet

624
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:54,640
Speaker 3: in another solar system, you know, like a like a

625
00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:55,760
Speaker 3: photograph photograph.

626
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:58,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, No, We're never done, right, We're always pushing, but

627
00:28:58,320 --> 00:29:01,360
Speaker 1: we're pushing in lots of directions. Simultane people are working

628
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:04,280
Speaker 1: on that photograph. One idea that's being Worke done, which

629
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:06,479
Speaker 1: we talked about in the podcast, is like using the

630
00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:09,800
Speaker 1: Sun itself as a gravitational lens. You put a camera

631
00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:11,920
Speaker 1: out deep in the solar system. You can use the

632
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:13,920
Speaker 1: Sun to gather a huge amount of light from a

633
00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:16,560
Speaker 1: distant solar system, and the Sun will focus all that

634
00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:19,480
Speaker 1: light on the camera you have out like near Neptune.

635
00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:22,920
Speaker 1: Treating the Sun like this huge lens and making a

636
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 1: solar system sized camera that could give you a picture

637
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:28,240
Speaker 1: of the surface of exoplanets.

638
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:30,000
Speaker 3: Wait, what like our sun?

639
00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:32,800
Speaker 1: Yeah? Our sun. You have the sun acting like a

640
00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:35,880
Speaker 1: gravitational lens, gathering light and then focusing it on a

641
00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,400
Speaker 1: camera you put like way deep in the Solar system

642
00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:41,040
Speaker 1: and you can take a picture of something super far

643
00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:44,160
Speaker 1: away with a lens effectively the size of the Sun.

644
00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:48,800
Speaker 3: WHOA pretty cool, let's do it, Pier. It didn't happen.

645
00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:50,920
Speaker 1: It's pretty tricky project because you have to get a

646
00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:53,160
Speaker 1: camera like pretty far out in the Solar system and

647
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:55,560
Speaker 1: that could take decades, and then moving it takes a

648
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,240
Speaker 1: long time, but it definitely can be done, and someday

649
00:29:58,280 --> 00:29:59,960
Speaker 1: we will see the surface effecto plant.

650
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:02,400
Speaker 3: And then you got to get the aliens to stay

651
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:05,280
Speaker 3: still and smile for the camera, and it takes, you know,

652
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:07,280
Speaker 3: a thousand years just to say cheese.

653
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: Yeah. Then they have to sign that waiver, you know,

654
00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:11,560
Speaker 1: so you can publish the picture.

655
00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,840
Speaker 3: There you go. You seem really concerned about the aliens here.

656
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:18,680
Speaker 1: Hey man, I'm just looking at for them. I just

657
00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:20,080
Speaker 1: don't want them to come and punch us in the

658
00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:21,840
Speaker 1: face over something silly.

659
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:25,240
Speaker 3: Like legal forms. You don't want to punch you in

660
00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:26,680
Speaker 3: the phase when you take a picture of them in

661
00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:27,200
Speaker 3: the bathroom.

662
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:29,960
Speaker 1: I have no idea when they're in the bathroom, Like,

663
00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:31,320
Speaker 1: what are you doing over there? Is that what you

664
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,360
Speaker 1: call the bathroom? I don't know. I'm just taking pictures.

665
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,720
Speaker 3: I see you exclaim ignorance.

666
00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:38,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, look, look, I just want to say, there's a

667
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:39,840
Speaker 1: lot of moon jokes I'm not making.

668
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,520
Speaker 3: Around here, thankfully, thankfully. All right, Well, then how can

669
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:45,760
Speaker 3: we see these exo moods? We basically use the same

670
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,200
Speaker 3: methods we used to detect other planets, or are we

671
00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:49,800
Speaker 3: trying some different things both.

672
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:51,960
Speaker 1: The bread and butter is to take the same methods

673
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,960
Speaker 1: and make them super duper sensitive, Like the transit method

674
00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:57,320
Speaker 1: is one of the most sensitive methods for finding these

675
00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,920
Speaker 1: planets if everything is lined up, and you can also

676
00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: use it to discover the Moon's in a couple of ways.

677
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,680
Speaker 1: Because the Moon will affect how the planet blots out

678
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:10,960
Speaker 1: the light from the star number one, it can affect

679
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 1: when it happens like the Moon is tugging on the

680
00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:17,040
Speaker 1: planet the same way the planet is tugging on the star,

681
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:19,480
Speaker 1: which makes when the planet gets in front of the

682
00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:22,960
Speaker 1: Sun and blocks its light change a little bit. As

683
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,400
Speaker 1: the Moon is orbiting the planet. It's like yanking on

684
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,240
Speaker 1: the planet a little bit, so it changes the timing

685
00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:30,840
Speaker 1: in these transits.

686
00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:33,320
Speaker 3: Right, Like, I guess, like our moon, the moon here

687
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:36,200
Speaker 3: is making the Earth wiggle a little bit. And so

688
00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:39,120
Speaker 3: the idea is that in another planet, in another solar system,

689
00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 3: if it has a moon, a big enough moon, it's

690
00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:43,800
Speaker 3: making that planet wiggle, and so when it moves in

691
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,920
Speaker 3: front of its star, it's going to block the light

692
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,280
Speaker 3: in a wiggly fashion, exactly.

693
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:50,800
Speaker 1: And if you count enough of these transits, you can

694
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,240
Speaker 1: start to notice these patterns, and then you can fit

695
00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:55,080
Speaker 1: it to a model. You can say like, well, can

696
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:57,720
Speaker 1: I explain why this transit was a little bit later

697
00:31:57,800 --> 00:31:59,920
Speaker 1: and that transit was a little bit earlier. By assuming

698
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:01,800
Speaker 1: that there's a moon they are pulling on it, is

699
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,560
Speaker 1: it all consistent? You don't just like look for noise

700
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:06,760
Speaker 1: and say, well, I don't know it was noisy, maybe

701
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:09,480
Speaker 1: there was a moon. You have a specific description of

702
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:11,480
Speaker 1: what that moon might look like and how it would

703
00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:12,680
Speaker 1: affect the planet.

704
00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 3: Right, Like, if you notice it the wiggling is regular,

705
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:17,320
Speaker 3: then you know there's something going on, Like it can't

706
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:18,400
Speaker 3: just be like random.

707
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,040
Speaker 1: Wiggling, exactly, And there's a second way, which is that

708
00:32:21,080 --> 00:32:24,840
Speaker 1: the Moon itself can also contribute to blocking the light,

709
00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:27,840
Speaker 1: not just when the planet blocks it, but the Moon

710
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:31,000
Speaker 1: could also have its own little moony eclipse, right, because

711
00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:32,800
Speaker 1: if the Moon is lined up at the same time

712
00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:34,960
Speaker 1: as the planet, you can add a little bit of

713
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,200
Speaker 1: eclipsiness to the planet. It effectively makes the planet's shadow

714
00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,200
Speaker 1: a little bit bigger. And if you have a model

715
00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,400
Speaker 1: for how that moon is orbiting the planet and when

716
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:44,760
Speaker 1: the planet is going around the Sun, you can predict

717
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:46,800
Speaker 1: exactly when the Moon's going to be in the right

718
00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:48,880
Speaker 1: position to add to the eclipse.

719
00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:52,440
Speaker 3: But wouldn't it always block the light from the Sun, Like,

720
00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:55,160
Speaker 3: you know, it's pretty small compared to that planet, and

721
00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:58,200
Speaker 3: the planet is small compared to the Sun. Wouldn't it

722
00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:00,560
Speaker 3: always be sort of insight or in view.

723
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:02,880
Speaker 1: It might always be in view, but it doesn't always

724
00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:05,760
Speaker 1: have to contribute to the amount of eclipse. Like let's

725
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:07,920
Speaker 1: say they're all lined up. If you see like moon

726
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,280
Speaker 1: and then planet, then star. If the moon is already

727
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:13,760
Speaker 1: in the shadow of the planet, then it's not contributing

728
00:33:13,840 --> 00:33:16,320
Speaker 1: to the decrease in the light. Only when the Moon

729
00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:18,680
Speaker 1: is sort of offset a little bit from the planet,

730
00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:21,560
Speaker 1: So it like adds a little shoulder to the planet,

731
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,800
Speaker 1: Is it going to increase the amount of light that's

732
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:26,040
Speaker 1: being blocked? And that's the kind of thing they look for.

733
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:28,880
Speaker 1: They look for these transit dips with like a little

734
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:30,960
Speaker 1: wiggle on the down edge or a wiggle on the

735
00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:33,800
Speaker 1: up edge when the moon is peaking around the side

736
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:35,920
Speaker 1: of the planet. Basically have to have moon rise or

737
00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:38,840
Speaker 1: moon set along the planet for it to contribute to

738
00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:39,640
Speaker 1: the transit dip.

739
00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:42,520
Speaker 3: Wow, but now we're talking about like a super duper

740
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,000
Speaker 3: tiny dip in the light, right like our moon would

741
00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:47,240
Speaker 3: block very little of our giant sun.

742
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. We're talking about really sensitive measurements, and until

743
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:54,040
Speaker 1: recently people allow this is impossible. You know, you'd need

744
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:58,480
Speaker 1: very very accurate understanding of the light and very precise

745
00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:01,320
Speaker 1: measurements of the intensity of the light coming from these things.

746
00:34:01,560 --> 00:34:04,040
Speaker 1: So it wasn't until like two thousand and seven, more

747
00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:07,440
Speaker 1: than a decade after exoplanet discoveries, that people really started

748
00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:10,600
Speaker 1: working on this in detail, like taking the idea seriously.

749
00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,080
Speaker 1: And one of the biggest challenges is that most of

750
00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:16,919
Speaker 1: these techniques that we've used to find exoplanets are good

751
00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:19,680
Speaker 1: at finding planets close to the star, like we talked

752
00:34:19,719 --> 00:34:23,200
Speaker 1: about hot Jupiter's right, really big planets really close to

753
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: their stars, but those planets are unlikely to have moons,

754
00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:29,640
Speaker 1: and so that makes it very challenging to find any

755
00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:30,800
Speaker 1: of these moons.

756
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:32,440
Speaker 3: Or are they unlikely to have moons For.

757
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,320
Speaker 1: The same reason that Mercury and Venus don't have moons

758
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:37,799
Speaker 1: in our Solar system, right, all the other planets have them,

759
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,720
Speaker 1: and Mercury and Venus don't. It's because of the tidal

760
00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:43,160
Speaker 1: forces from the Sun. As you get close to the Sun,

761
00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:46,240
Speaker 1: the tidal forces the difference in gravity from one side

762
00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:48,479
Speaker 1: to the other side of a planet, for example, get

763
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,359
Speaker 1: very very intense, and that will just disrupt the orbit

764
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: of a moon. In order to have a moon orbiting

765
00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:56,000
Speaker 1: a planet, you basically need the Sun to leave it

766
00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,279
Speaker 1: a little bit alone. You need a planet to be

767
00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:02,560
Speaker 1: able to dominate the gravitytional experience of that moon, so

768
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: the moon can be trapped in an orbit. But if

769
00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:06,840
Speaker 1: the Sun is really really close by, then the Sun's

770
00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:10,000
Speaker 1: tidal forces make a moon's orbit impossible.

771
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:12,759
Speaker 3: Like they will tend to pull the Moon towards the

772
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,600
Speaker 3: Sun and then eventually that moon will either fly off

773
00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:17,560
Speaker 3: into space or fall into the Sun exactly.

774
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:19,879
Speaker 1: Essentially, it's like a three body system, which we've talked

775
00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:23,200
Speaker 1: about before, is fundamentally chaotic. The only arrangement for a

776
00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:25,600
Speaker 1: three body system to be stable is if two of

777
00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:28,520
Speaker 1: those bodies are pretty close together and pretty far from

778
00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:30,520
Speaker 1: the third body, which is like, if you have a

779
00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:33,040
Speaker 1: distant plant with the Moon orbiting it, that planet gets

780
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:34,799
Speaker 1: too close to the Sun, you now have a three

781
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:36,560
Speaker 1: body problem and you're going to lose your moon.

782
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:39,160
Speaker 3: So you're saying, that's kind of a problem because our

783
00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:42,399
Speaker 3: exoplanet detection methods depend on being close to the Sun,

784
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:45,000
Speaker 3: but those planets might not have any moons exactly.

785
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: So the kind of planets we're good at finding are

786
00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:50,239
Speaker 1: the kind of planets we expect to not have very

787
00:35:50,239 --> 00:35:52,320
Speaker 1: many moons. On the other hand, there's lots of planets

788
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:54,760
Speaker 1: out there, and we can sometimes see planets a little

789
00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:57,440
Speaker 1: further from their star, and maybe one of those hot

790
00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,919
Speaker 1: jupiters will have a big enough moon that's orbiting close

791
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:04,120
Speaker 1: enough to it to be stable. So there's not no hope,

792
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:05,440
Speaker 1: but it's pretty tricky.

793
00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:07,759
Speaker 3: But I thought the transit mes that the one where

794
00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:11,080
Speaker 3: we're looking for eclipses and distant stars, those don't depend

795
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:12,800
Speaker 3: on the closeness of this planet.

796
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,280
Speaker 1: They do indirectly depend on the closeness of the planet.

797
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:17,759
Speaker 1: What you want is a short period because you want

798
00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:20,759
Speaker 1: to see many transits. If your planet is really far

799
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,520
Speaker 1: from your star and orbits like once every eighty years,

800
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:26,200
Speaker 1: then you're most ever going to see one transit. And

801
00:36:26,239 --> 00:36:28,279
Speaker 1: it's pretty hard to be sure that what you're looking

802
00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:30,480
Speaker 1: at is a planet if you only see one eclipse.

803
00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:33,720
Speaker 1: If you see it regularly and it happens every four days,

804
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:35,600
Speaker 1: and you can really study it in detail, and you

805
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:38,440
Speaker 1: can convince yourself that you're seeing a planet, not, for example,

806
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,279
Speaker 1: like a star spot, something on the surface of the

807
00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,759
Speaker 1: star that's dimmer and darker and decreasing the intensity of

808
00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:45,080
Speaker 1: the light.

809
00:36:46,320 --> 00:36:48,760
Speaker 3: The period of the orbit makes a big difference.

810
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, because you want more examples.

811
00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:53,239
Speaker 3: Right right, Yeah, Like some of the planets in our

812
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:55,799
Speaker 3: Solar system take like two hundred years right to go

813
00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:56,279
Speaker 3: around the.

814
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:58,800
Speaker 1: Sun, exactly. And so if you're an alien graduate student

815
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,160
Speaker 1: and you're trying to discover in our Solar system, then

816
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,120
Speaker 1: you're going to be a student for a long long time.

817
00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:06,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's gonna take even longer to get that PhD

818
00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:09,480
Speaker 3: thousands of years.

819
00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:11,120
Speaker 1: I hope you guys live long out there.

820
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:14,080
Speaker 3: So then what about direct imaging, like taking a direct photograph?

821
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,360
Speaker 3: Is in that better for planets that are far away

822
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:17,520
Speaker 3: from the star.

823
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:20,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's possible. We're sort of just on the cutting

824
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:23,040
Speaker 1: edge of being able to do that even for planets,

825
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:26,200
Speaker 1: and so we're pushing those limits, and we're developing new

826
00:37:26,239 --> 00:37:29,600
Speaker 1: technologies and there's a whole new generation of space based

827
00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:31,759
Speaker 1: telescopes that are going to be super awesome at doing

828
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:35,480
Speaker 1: direct imaging of those planets. And so as that gets better,

829
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 1: it'll start to be possible to potentially see moons around

830
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:41,520
Speaker 1: those planets. But you know, as we said, like currently

831
00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,719
Speaker 1: planets are basically one or two pixels, so resolving a

832
00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:47,920
Speaker 1: moon around those planets would be really challenging. With a

833
00:37:47,960 --> 00:37:50,799
Speaker 1: couple of exceptions, if those moons have ways to like

834
00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:54,520
Speaker 1: really make themselves known, then we might be able to

835
00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:54,959
Speaker 1: see them.

836
00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:57,200
Speaker 3: So, like, for example, if you look at Jupiter here

837
00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:00,359
Speaker 3: in our Solar System with a regular telescope in your yuard,

838
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,200
Speaker 3: you can actually see the moons of Jupiter, right. You

839
00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:06,640
Speaker 3: see little points around the bigger circle of the planet.

840
00:38:06,719 --> 00:38:09,440
Speaker 3: It is that if you point a bit powerful enough

841
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:12,000
Speaker 3: telescope and these distant planets you could see maybe the

842
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,560
Speaker 3: dot from the planet, but also maybe little dots around

843
00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:15,680
Speaker 3: it that might be the moons.

844
00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:19,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, you might, especially if those moons are weird in

845
00:38:19,080 --> 00:38:22,319
Speaker 1: some way, like if those moons are super volcanic and

846
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,239
Speaker 1: they're shooting out really hot gases, you might be able

847
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:28,840
Speaker 1: to spot that. Or if the moons are super duper hot,

848
00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:31,880
Speaker 1: like they're squeezed by their planet with tidal forces so

849
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:35,200
Speaker 1: that internally they're very high temperature, then they might glow

850
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:37,960
Speaker 1: at a different temperature than their planet and be easier

851
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,080
Speaker 1: to see them. And so there's some weird kind of

852
00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:43,880
Speaker 1: moons that you might be able to direct image before

853
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:47,439
Speaker 1: regular normal humps of rock. But I think we're gonna

854
00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:49,640
Speaker 1: have to wait for our direct imaging technology to improve

855
00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:53,720
Speaker 1: significantly before we can expect to see pixels from exo moons.

856
00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:56,520
Speaker 3: Interestingly, I wonder if you can like do like the

857
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,520
Speaker 3: cliffs method on a planet that's far away, you know

858
00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:02,360
Speaker 3: what I mean. If you're looking at the light reflected

859
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:04,759
Speaker 3: from a planet and you see it dip itself, I

860
00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:06,600
Speaker 3: wonder if that could be a sign of that there's

861
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:07,120
Speaker 3: a moon there.

862
00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:10,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a cool idea, and you're right, the reflected

863
00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:13,680
Speaker 1: life from that planet should dip when the moon passes

864
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,120
Speaker 1: in front of it. Again, we're still at the cutting

865
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:19,120
Speaker 1: edge of even seeing pixels from those planets, and so

866
00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:22,320
Speaker 1: there you'd need like to study those pixels over time

867
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:24,759
Speaker 1: and to look for dips and to understand every other

868
00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:28,200
Speaker 1: possible source of dips because that planet's light is already

869
00:39:28,239 --> 00:39:31,240
Speaker 1: going to be variable as the planet goes around the stars,

870
00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:33,719
Speaker 1: so you're gonna have to understand that and then variations

871
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:35,680
Speaker 1: on that. But yeah, that's a cool idea.

872
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,759
Speaker 3: Thanks, I'll take the noble price. We have it on record,

873
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:41,640
Speaker 3: all right. Well, these seem like long shot sort of

874
00:39:41,640 --> 00:39:44,240
Speaker 3: sounds like from what you're saying that we're not super

875
00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:46,040
Speaker 3: close to being able to do this, but we have

876
00:39:46,160 --> 00:39:48,960
Speaker 3: we found any moons out there, and other planets have

877
00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:51,120
Speaker 3: there been any discoveries, So we are.

878
00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:52,640
Speaker 1: Right on the edge of being able to do this,

879
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:55,719
Speaker 1: which means that we have like a couple of candidates

880
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:58,399
Speaker 1: that are disputed. There are some people who think these

881
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:00,799
Speaker 1: probably are exo moons and other people who think they're

882
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:03,640
Speaker 1: probably not. You know, the evidence is like really right

883
00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:06,840
Speaker 1: on the edge, and people split over the statistical analysis

884
00:40:06,920 --> 00:40:09,200
Speaker 1: of these things. But it's fun because we have a

885
00:40:09,239 --> 00:40:11,920
Speaker 1: couple of things to dig into and to talk about.

886
00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:14,400
Speaker 3: All right, let's do it. What are these candidates for

887
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:15,799
Speaker 3: possible exomoons?

888
00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:18,560
Speaker 1: So there was one discovered in twenty eighteen. This is

889
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:23,040
Speaker 1: the first exo moon candidate, and it's around planet Kepler

890
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:27,319
Speaker 1: sixteen twenty five B. Kepler sixteen twenty five is the star.

891
00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:30,319
Speaker 1: B means the planet, and then the moon is called

892
00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:32,640
Speaker 1: Kepler sixteen twenty five B. Dash.

893
00:40:32,719 --> 00:40:37,840
Speaker 3: I Well, why I was there an abcd FGH moon

894
00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:40,560
Speaker 3: or are they're just going for like an iPhone reference here?

895
00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:43,040
Speaker 1: No, I think it's Roman numerals, Like the first one's

896
00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:44,920
Speaker 1: going to be I, the second one's going to be II,

897
00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:47,759
Speaker 1: the third one would be III. This kind of thing.

898
00:40:47,920 --> 00:40:51,920
Speaker 3: Uh, I see, all right, yeah, switching it up exactly.

899
00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:56,080
Speaker 1: And so here's this two separate, independent pieces of evidence

900
00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:58,759
Speaker 1: that suggests that there might be a moon. Here. What

901
00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:03,480
Speaker 1: we're looking at is a Jupiter size planet around the star, right,

902
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:05,799
Speaker 1: but it's like earth distance from the Sun, but it's

903
00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:06,880
Speaker 1: like a huge planet.

904
00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:07,959
Speaker 3: That's what we think is there.

905
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:09,640
Speaker 1: That's what we think is there. That's the planet that

906
00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:12,560
Speaker 1: we're pretty sure is there. That's Kepler sixteen twenty five B.

907
00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:16,279
Speaker 3: It's mass, but maybe not necessarily it has to be

908
00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:17,520
Speaker 3: a gas giant, does it.

909
00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:19,600
Speaker 1: We know somebody about its mass because we know it's orbit,

910
00:41:19,719 --> 00:41:22,160
Speaker 1: and so we know roughly it's volume, and we know

911
00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,439
Speaker 1: roughly it's mass, and so we can tell something about

912
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:26,919
Speaker 1: the density. And these planets of this size are almost

913
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:28,600
Speaker 1: always gas giants.

914
00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:30,759
Speaker 3: All right. So that's what we think is there, And so.

915
00:41:30,719 --> 00:41:33,400
Speaker 1: It's sort of an unusual planet already because it's a

916
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:36,400
Speaker 1: cool jupiter. We talked earlier about how lots of the

917
00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:40,080
Speaker 1: planets we've discovered are hot Jupiter's big planets very close

918
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:42,840
Speaker 1: to their star, like within the orbit of Mercury, you know,

919
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:46,040
Speaker 1: But this is farther out orbit makes it a cool jupiter.

920
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:49,040
Speaker 1: And the first thing they noticed is this transit timing

921
00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:51,320
Speaker 1: variation that the planet is blocking the light from the

922
00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:54,040
Speaker 1: star behind it. But it's not in a regular fashion.

923
00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:57,040
Speaker 1: They're wiggles there and exactly the way you would expect

924
00:41:57,080 --> 00:41:58,240
Speaker 1: if there was a moon.

925
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,279
Speaker 3: I see. So it's not like around its sun in

926
00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:03,439
Speaker 3: a regular way. It has a little wiggle to its

927
00:42:03,640 --> 00:42:04,719
Speaker 3: orbit exactly.

928
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,000
Speaker 1: It has a little wiggle to its orbit, which can

929
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:10,040
Speaker 1: be explained very nicely by the presence of a moon.

930
00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:12,879
Speaker 1: Like they do all the statistical calculations, they have two

931
00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:15,600
Speaker 1: models like with and without the moon, and the one

932
00:42:15,680 --> 00:42:18,759
Speaker 1: with the moon better explains the data, like much much

933
00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:21,719
Speaker 1: better explains the data than the model without the moon.

934
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:24,200
Speaker 3: Oh, there couldn't it be something else as well?

935
00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:26,520
Speaker 1: It could be something else, right, It could be that

936
00:42:26,560 --> 00:42:29,399
Speaker 1: there are other planets in this Solar system and those

937
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:32,120
Speaker 1: planets are tugging on it. And that'd be much more

938
00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:35,200
Speaker 1: complicated because you could have multiple planets, like several Jupiter

939
00:42:35,239 --> 00:42:38,120
Speaker 1: sized planets that are yanking on it. It's very difficult

940
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:40,160
Speaker 1: to model. And that's one reason why this is not

941
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:43,440
Speaker 1: a smoking gun discovery, because there are other ways that

942
00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:46,000
Speaker 1: you could get this kind of signature. What they did

943
00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:47,960
Speaker 1: follow up is they looked at some Hubble data. They

944
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:50,600
Speaker 1: looked at Hubble data pointed at this star to see

945
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:53,600
Speaker 1: if they could see an impact of the Moon on

946
00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:56,680
Speaker 1: the transit itself, not just the timing, but like, could

947
00:42:56,680 --> 00:42:59,239
Speaker 1: we see wiggles in the dip right, Are there like

948
00:42:59,360 --> 00:43:02,520
Speaker 1: shoulders in this transit that indicate that we're seeing like

949
00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:05,640
Speaker 1: a moon rise as the planet is blocking the light

950
00:43:05,680 --> 00:43:06,440
Speaker 1: from the star.

951
00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:09,720
Speaker 3: Like is the moon from this cool Jupiter also blocking

952
00:43:09,719 --> 00:43:12,080
Speaker 3: the light from the star sometimes.

953
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:16,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And we only have unfortunately, one really clear

954
00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:18,440
Speaker 1: transit because this comes from Hubble, and Hubble is not

955
00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:21,160
Speaker 1: a planet finding telescope. It's busy doing lots of things.

956
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:23,520
Speaker 1: It's not always looking at one star. So they have

957
00:43:23,560 --> 00:43:27,320
Speaker 1: only like forty hours of data from this star with Hubble.

958
00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:29,799
Speaker 1: But they did see a clear transit and there is

959
00:43:29,920 --> 00:43:33,840
Speaker 1: a dip there that looks like a Neptune size moon

960
00:43:34,120 --> 00:43:36,280
Speaker 1: around this Jupiter sized planet.

961
00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:38,360
Speaker 3: WHOA, that would be a huge moon, wouldn't it.

962
00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:41,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, literally, that would be huge.

963
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,080
Speaker 3: More like a sister planet almost.

964
00:43:43,280 --> 00:43:46,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, although technically if it's orbiting a planet, then it's

965
00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:46,640
Speaker 1: a moon.

966
00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:48,080
Speaker 3: But what if they're both planets.

967
00:43:48,239 --> 00:43:51,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, This gets into a really murky territory of where

968
00:43:51,280 --> 00:43:53,719
Speaker 1: you define things to be binary planets and where one

969
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:56,720
Speaker 1: of them is a moon. They have this definition where

970
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,800
Speaker 1: if the center of mass is inside the surface of

971
00:43:59,840 --> 00:44:01,760
Speaker 1: one of them, then one of them is a planet

972
00:44:01,760 --> 00:44:04,000
Speaker 1: and the other one is a moon. And in this case,

973
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,000
Speaker 1: the Jupiter is so much bigger than the Neptune that

974
00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:08,600
Speaker 1: the Neptune qualifies as a moon.

975
00:44:09,239 --> 00:44:11,439
Speaker 3: You only have one data point why don't we get more.

976
00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:13,319
Speaker 1: I think that people are excited about that and are

977
00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:15,160
Speaker 1: working on it. But you know, hubble time is very

978
00:44:15,239 --> 00:44:17,440
Speaker 1: very precious, and there's lots of good things to use

979
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:20,160
Speaker 1: hubble for. In the meantime, people have been like analyzing

980
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,160
Speaker 1: this and reanalyzing this, and other groups have analyzed this data,

981
00:44:23,480 --> 00:44:26,840
Speaker 1: and not everybody agrees with the interpretation that the first

982
00:44:26,880 --> 00:44:29,240
Speaker 1: paper came up with. Some people look at the transit

983
00:44:29,320 --> 00:44:31,560
Speaker 1: data and they say, no, there's no dip there from

984
00:44:31,560 --> 00:44:34,560
Speaker 1: a moon. It doesn't look like there's any shoulder there.

985
00:44:34,719 --> 00:44:37,319
Speaker 1: Another group analyzed it and said they do agree with

986
00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:40,040
Speaker 1: the shoulder, but they disagree with the uncertainties and the

987
00:44:40,080 --> 00:44:43,000
Speaker 1: other measurements. And the point is that the data is fuzzy,

988
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:45,880
Speaker 1: it's not crisp and clear, it's not obvious. It requires

989
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:49,960
Speaker 1: like heavy duty statistical techniques to extract this information, and

990
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:52,360
Speaker 1: so we just really can't be one hundred percent confident.

991
00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:55,719
Speaker 3: Wow. So they posted this paper with just one like

992
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:56,319
Speaker 3: data point.

993
00:44:56,560 --> 00:44:59,000
Speaker 1: Well, they have one example of the transit, but they

994
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,919
Speaker 1: also have the transit timing right, So those are two

995
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:05,200
Speaker 1: independent streams of information. One is the timing of the

996
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:07,880
Speaker 1: transits and the other is like the actual photometric like

997
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:09,919
Speaker 1: looking at the dip in the light, seeing the moon

998
00:45:09,960 --> 00:45:12,600
Speaker 1: itself actually eclipse. They have lots more of examples of

999
00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:16,360
Speaker 1: the Moon tugging on the Jupiter and changing its transits,

1000
00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:19,640
Speaker 1: but only one example of the Moon itself blocking the light.

1001
00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:22,319
Speaker 3: And they sort of match together. I guess right.

1002
00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:25,440
Speaker 1: They do match together according to one group and their analysis,

1003
00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:28,200
Speaker 1: and they don't match together according to another group.

1004
00:45:28,360 --> 00:45:30,279
Speaker 3: Hmm, sounds like they need more data.

1005
00:45:30,360 --> 00:45:33,080
Speaker 1: We definitely need more data. We need more telescopes and

1006
00:45:33,120 --> 00:45:35,960
Speaker 1: more eyeballs. It's so frustrating when our knowledge of the

1007
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:39,759
Speaker 1: universe is just limited by like how many eyeballs we've built,

1008
00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:42,840
Speaker 1: because there's nothing stopping us from building more. It's just money.

1009
00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:43,760
Speaker 3: It's just money.

1010
00:45:43,960 --> 00:45:44,760
Speaker 1: It's just money.

1011
00:45:45,320 --> 00:45:46,080
Speaker 3: It needs money.

1012
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:50,040
Speaker 1: We can just print more. Come on down, let's do it.

1013
00:45:50,080 --> 00:45:55,560
Speaker 1: Print some more money. Makes moscope done. Let's do it. Hey,

1014
00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:57,880
Speaker 1: a lot of engineers will be put to work building

1015
00:45:58,000 --> 00:45:59,320
Speaker 1: the Daniel Fund the telescope.

1016
00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:00,720
Speaker 3: Yeah, I'm sure, sure, I'm sure.

1017
00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:03,719
Speaker 1: Okay, I will print my own money and I'll see

1018
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:05,880
Speaker 1: if engineers out there will accept it as payment. One

1019
00:46:05,960 --> 00:46:07,400
Speaker 1: hundred thousand Daniel bucks.

1020
00:46:07,880 --> 00:46:10,000
Speaker 3: Well no, well, I mean if you commit fraud that way,

1021
00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:11,960
Speaker 3: who's going to believe your scientific findings?

1022
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:16,800
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, and that's why there's no Daniel Space telescope.

1023
00:46:18,520 --> 00:46:21,120
Speaker 3: All right, Well, what's another discovery we made in this

1024
00:46:21,320 --> 00:46:22,560
Speaker 3: attempt to find other moons?

1025
00:46:22,640 --> 00:46:27,160
Speaker 1: So there's a second potential discovery. This one's Kepler seventeen

1026
00:46:27,239 --> 00:46:30,560
Speaker 1: oh eight b dash I. And this was a really

1027
00:46:30,560 --> 00:46:34,480
Speaker 1: cool strategy to look specifically for planets that have long

1028
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,040
Speaker 1: periods that are further away from their stars because they're

1029
00:46:37,120 --> 00:46:39,600
Speaker 1: rarer at least in our catalog at least they're rare

1030
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:41,520
Speaker 1: in the kind of things we can see, but they

1031
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:43,800
Speaker 1: are more likely to have moons.

1032
00:46:43,480 --> 00:46:45,680
Speaker 3: We think, because that's kind of the trend in our

1033
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:49,279
Speaker 3: Solar system, right, Like we have one moon Mars's two

1034
00:46:49,640 --> 00:46:52,280
Speaker 3: in the inner Solar System, but in the outer Solar System,

1035
00:46:52,680 --> 00:46:54,680
Speaker 3: like Jupiter and Saturn have dozens of moons.

1036
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:58,000
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. Because further you get away from your star,

1037
00:46:58,280 --> 00:47:00,239
Speaker 1: then the more freedom you have to like domin eat

1038
00:47:00,239 --> 00:47:04,239
Speaker 1: your gravitational environment, capture moons, or retain moons or all

1039
00:47:04,280 --> 00:47:06,880
Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. So they thought, well, let's focus

1040
00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:10,719
Speaker 1: on cool giants, these planets that are further away, and

1041
00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:13,640
Speaker 1: then the whole catalog of exoplanets we've ever discovered. They're

1042
00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:17,000
Speaker 1: only like seventy that qualify is these cool giants.

1043
00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:19,480
Speaker 3: I see. If they're not cool, they're not included in

1044
00:47:19,520 --> 00:47:23,319
Speaker 3: the study. You're not invited to the party only cool giants.

1045
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,120
Speaker 1: Hot giants is a totally different party with a totally

1046
00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:28,640
Speaker 1: different vibe here.

1047
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:30,800
Speaker 3: It's more of a hipster you know scene.

1048
00:47:30,920 --> 00:47:33,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, we're listening to jazz around here, so sit down,

1049
00:47:33,840 --> 00:47:34,879
Speaker 1: have a drink, chill out.

1050
00:47:36,280 --> 00:47:38,799
Speaker 3: I'm not sure jazz is considered cool by the kids

1051
00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:39,279
Speaker 3: these days.

1052
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:40,759
Speaker 1: All right, thanks for filling me in.

1053
00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:43,880
Speaker 3: All right, well, let's dig into this cool giant moon,

1054
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:46,400
Speaker 3: what we know about it and what it tells us

1055
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,720
Speaker 3: about how solar systems form. But first, let's take another

1056
00:47:49,800 --> 00:47:50,280
Speaker 3: quick break.

1057
00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:56,240
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

1058
00:47:56,360 --> 00:47:59,480
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of greeky yogurt, you're probably

1059
00:47:59,520 --> 00:48:03,600
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

1060
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,240
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

1061
00:48:06,280 --> 00:48:10,560
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

1062
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,160
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

1063
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:15,520
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

1064
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:19,799
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

1065
00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:23,480
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

1066
00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:26,880
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

1067
00:48:26,960 --> 00:48:30,680
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

1068
00:48:30,719 --> 00:48:33,719
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

1069
00:48:33,760 --> 00:48:37,160
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

1070
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:39,440
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

1071
00:48:39,440 --> 00:48:41,320
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

1072
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:44,040
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

1073
00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:47,880
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

1074
00:48:47,920 --> 00:48:50,920
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

1075
00:48:50,960 --> 00:48:53,200
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

1076
00:48:54,239 --> 00:48:57,760
Speaker 12: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

1077
00:48:57,760 --> 00:49:00,359
Speaker 12: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with ones

1078
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:02,880
Speaker 12: who need them to get home safely. Protect our cyclists

1079
00:49:02,880 --> 00:49:04,520
Speaker 12: and pedestrians because they're people too.

1080
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:05,320
Speaker 1: Go safely.

1081
00:49:05,400 --> 00:49:08,640
Speaker 12: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and coultrans.

1082
00:49:08,280 --> 00:49:11,439
Speaker 13: Hey, it is Ryan Seacrest. There's something so thrilling about

1083
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:14,640
Speaker 13: playing Chumba Casino. Maybe it's the simple reminder that with

1084
00:49:14,640 --> 00:49:18,560
Speaker 13: a little luck, anything as possible. Chumbucasino dot com has

1085
00:49:18,719 --> 00:49:21,160
Speaker 13: hundreds of social casino style games to choose from, with

1086
00:49:21,239 --> 00:49:24,640
Speaker 13: new game releases each week. Play for free, anytime, anywhere

1087
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,759
Speaker 13: for your chance to redeem some serious prizes. Join me

1088
00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:30,400
Speaker 13: in the fund. Sign up now at chumpbucasino dot com

1089
00:49:30,440 --> 00:49:35,600
Speaker 13: sponsored by Chumpa Casino. No purchase necessary VGW group void.

1090
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,840
Speaker 13: We're prohibited by Law eighteen plus. Terms and conditions apply.

1091
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:41,839
Speaker 5: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend

1092
00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:44,240
Speaker 5: to be the people who seek out partners with skills

1093
00:49:44,320 --> 00:49:46,960
Speaker 5: or knowledge that they don't have. And that's what Lenovo's

1094
00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:50,759
Speaker 5: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses.

1095
00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:53,600
Speaker 5: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help.

1096
00:49:53,719 --> 00:49:56,080
Speaker 5: So you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then

1097
00:49:56,160 --> 00:49:58,560
Speaker 5: lean on them for all your tech questions for free.

1098
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:01,600
Speaker 5: Visit Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro to sign up

1099
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:07,560
Speaker 5: for free. That's Lenovo dot com slash, Lenovo pro, Leo, Leo.

1100
00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:17,080
Speaker 1: Or right.

1101
00:50:17,120 --> 00:50:20,839
Speaker 3: We're talking about cool giants, not the you know, plan

1102
00:50:20,920 --> 00:50:26,240
Speaker 3: old giants, not the lane giants, but the cool giants,

1103
00:50:26,920 --> 00:50:28,560
Speaker 3: and seeing if they have any moons in them.

1104
00:50:28,840 --> 00:50:30,000
Speaker 1: That's right, the moons have.

1105
00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:30,600
Speaker 3: To be cool too.

1106
00:50:31,719 --> 00:50:34,120
Speaker 1: Some of these moons could be hot, right, they could

1107
00:50:34,160 --> 00:50:36,279
Speaker 1: be volcanic, They can have all sorts of stuff going

1108
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:38,719
Speaker 1: on inside. Even if the planet itself is pretty cool.

1109
00:50:40,239 --> 00:50:42,400
Speaker 3: That would be cool, all right. So we've been talking

1110
00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:45,120
Speaker 3: about finding moons and other planets outside of our Solar

1111
00:50:45,160 --> 00:50:48,080
Speaker 3: system in distant stars, and there are many different ways

1112
00:50:48,080 --> 00:50:50,799
Speaker 3: to do it that are getting better and better every day.

1113
00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:52,799
Speaker 3: And so we have a couple of candidates of things

1114
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:55,799
Speaker 3: that might be moons exo moons out there, and one

1115
00:50:55,840 --> 00:50:58,680
Speaker 3: of them is this one called seventeen oh eight b I.

1116
00:50:59,280 --> 00:51:01,600
Speaker 1: That's right, and this one was just discovered last year,

1117
00:51:01,719 --> 00:51:05,800
Speaker 1: twenty twenty two. And they looked again at the transits.

1118
00:51:05,840 --> 00:51:08,839
Speaker 1: They're looking for, like shoulders. When this planet is going

1119
00:51:08,920 --> 00:51:11,840
Speaker 1: around the star, are there moments when it's blocking more

1120
00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:14,760
Speaker 1: light than you expect, which could be explained by having

1121
00:51:14,760 --> 00:51:17,840
Speaker 1: a moon orbiting that planet and like rising past the

1122
00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:20,480
Speaker 1: limit of the planet or coming around the back and

1123
00:51:20,680 --> 00:51:23,319
Speaker 1: blocking the light. And so they were looking for these

1124
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:27,000
Speaker 1: little shoulders and it's really pretty cool. They do see

1125
00:51:27,040 --> 00:51:30,160
Speaker 1: some They see these little shoulders inside this transit lip.

1126
00:51:30,239 --> 00:51:32,520
Speaker 3: And I think by shoulder you mean like if the

1127
00:51:32,560 --> 00:51:35,480
Speaker 3: planet didn't have a moon, when it stopped making an

1128
00:51:35,480 --> 00:51:37,920
Speaker 3: eclipse with the star behind it, the light from the

1129
00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:40,200
Speaker 3: star would just drop off, or at least drop off

1130
00:51:40,320 --> 00:51:42,800
Speaker 3: relatively quickly. But if it has a little moon maybe

1131
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:45,560
Speaker 3: trailing behind it, then the light from the star would

1132
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:47,879
Speaker 3: go down mostly but not all the way, but then

1133
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:50,000
Speaker 3: a little bit of a shadow would remain, and then

1134
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:51,560
Speaker 3: the shadow would go away. And that's the kind of

1135
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:52,520
Speaker 3: thing you're looking for.

1136
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,160
Speaker 1: Right there's a moment after which the planet is no

1137
00:51:55,239 --> 00:51:58,440
Speaker 1: longer blocking the star, but the moon might be blocking

1138
00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:01,600
Speaker 1: it a tiny little bit all by itself, which extends

1139
00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:02,680
Speaker 1: this transit dip.

1140
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:05,480
Speaker 3: Or maybe the moon isn't like in front of the planet,

1141
00:52:05,640 --> 00:52:08,160
Speaker 3: and so then first the moon gets out of view

1142
00:52:08,280 --> 00:52:11,200
Speaker 3: of the star, and then the planet drops out of

1143
00:52:11,239 --> 00:52:13,360
Speaker 3: the eclipse, and so you see this little shoulder in

1144
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:14,040
Speaker 3: the light from.

1145
00:52:13,880 --> 00:52:16,480
Speaker 1: The star exactly. And so they see this shoulder and

1146
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:19,919
Speaker 1: they can explain it using again a Neptune sized moon.

1147
00:52:20,280 --> 00:52:22,680
Speaker 1: This planet has a Mars like orbit, so it's even

1148
00:52:22,719 --> 00:52:26,200
Speaker 1: further from its star than the previous one, and the

1149
00:52:26,239 --> 00:52:30,160
Speaker 1: planet itself is huge. It's five times the massive Jupiter,

1150
00:52:30,280 --> 00:52:33,040
Speaker 1: so it's a really big planet with a Neptune sized

1151
00:52:33,160 --> 00:52:36,919
Speaker 1: moon candidate. And the only explanation we have for these

1152
00:52:36,960 --> 00:52:40,759
Speaker 1: shoulders is an exo moon. There's no other explanation other

1153
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:43,719
Speaker 1: than like just random noise, you know, maybe it's just

1154
00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:47,280
Speaker 1: fluctuations in the data. And they've done a statistical calculation

1155
00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:50,120
Speaker 1: and that seems unlikely to like one part in one

1156
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:54,200
Speaker 1: hundred or so, So it's not like smoking gun evidence again,

1157
00:52:54,280 --> 00:52:56,640
Speaker 1: but it's a pretty nice signature of what could be

1158
00:52:56,680 --> 00:52:58,359
Speaker 1: a Neptune sized exo moon.

1159
00:52:58,719 --> 00:53:00,640
Speaker 3: And we have more than one day point here in

1160
00:53:00,680 --> 00:53:01,080
Speaker 3: this case.

1161
00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:04,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, we have more than one shoulder. They've seen several

1162
00:53:04,080 --> 00:53:06,680
Speaker 1: transits of Kepler seventeen o eight.

1163
00:53:07,040 --> 00:53:09,360
Speaker 3: And it always has this little shoulder or would you

1164
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:11,799
Speaker 3: expect it to. Some plants have a shoulder, sometimes not

1165
00:53:11,840 --> 00:53:14,200
Speaker 3: have its shoulder, because the moon is kind of going

1166
00:53:14,239 --> 00:53:15,400
Speaker 3: around the planet, right.

1167
00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:18,000
Speaker 1: Exactly, so you expect the shoulder to vary, and they

1168
00:53:18,080 --> 00:53:20,480
Speaker 1: see it vary and just this way you would expect

1169
00:53:20,560 --> 00:53:22,759
Speaker 1: for a moon, right, it has the right wiggles at

1170
00:53:22,760 --> 00:53:23,759
Speaker 1: the right time.

1171
00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:27,799
Speaker 3: Like if you assume this moon, this neptum sized moon

1172
00:53:27,880 --> 00:53:31,480
Speaker 3: is going around every month, and you see it in

1173
00:53:31,520 --> 00:53:34,680
Speaker 3: a monthly way in the orbit of the planet around.

1174
00:53:34,480 --> 00:53:36,560
Speaker 1: The star exactly. And in this case they're able to

1175
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:39,440
Speaker 1: calculate the orbit of the Moon around the planet and

1176
00:53:39,440 --> 00:53:42,320
Speaker 1: has a period of several days, and so they factor

1177
00:53:42,360 --> 00:53:45,320
Speaker 1: that into their model. They have this mathematical model that says,

1178
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:47,399
Speaker 1: here's the star, here's the planet, here's the moon going

1179
00:53:47,480 --> 00:53:50,080
Speaker 1: around it. When should we expect to see dips from

1180
00:53:50,160 --> 00:53:52,480
Speaker 1: just the planet, from the planet plus the moon. From

1181
00:53:52,640 --> 00:53:55,160
Speaker 1: just the moon. They can use that to predict very

1182
00:53:55,160 --> 00:53:57,840
Speaker 1: precisely the light curve they expect to see, and it

1183
00:53:57,880 --> 00:54:00,680
Speaker 1: all lines up. I mean in reality they've done in reverse.

1184
00:54:00,760 --> 00:54:04,399
Speaker 1: They said, what mathematical model of that solar system would

1185
00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:07,279
Speaker 1: explain the dips that we see? And the cool thing

1186
00:54:07,440 --> 00:54:09,640
Speaker 1: is that they can't explain it, and they can only

1187
00:54:09,719 --> 00:54:12,439
Speaker 1: explain it with a model that includes a moon.

1188
00:54:12,640 --> 00:54:15,200
Speaker 3: Pretty cool. Can they tell, like how far away this

1189
00:54:15,320 --> 00:54:19,040
Speaker 3: moon is from its planet from the like the shoulders

1190
00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:21,200
Speaker 3: with or the size of the shoulder. That must be

1191
00:54:21,239 --> 00:54:24,000
Speaker 3: how they're estimating that, is its neptune size or is

1192
00:54:24,040 --> 00:54:25,240
Speaker 3: it from how the light dips.

1193
00:54:25,600 --> 00:54:28,840
Speaker 1: It's definitely from how the light dips. The period comes

1194
00:54:28,880 --> 00:54:32,120
Speaker 1: from when those dips happen. So yeah, you can estimate

1195
00:54:32,239 --> 00:54:36,239
Speaker 1: the volume of that moon and the period of that moon.

1196
00:54:36,719 --> 00:54:38,960
Speaker 3: Cool. Well, was that a big deal when they discovered

1197
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:40,960
Speaker 3: this or is this still something they're confirming.

1198
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:44,400
Speaker 1: This is definitely something they're confirming. Nobody's like one hundred

1199
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:46,759
Speaker 1: percent sure that this is an ex moon. It's like

1200
00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:50,880
Speaker 1: in the candidate stage, and they're planning to observe more

1201
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:54,360
Speaker 1: with Hubble and with James Webb and with other devices.

1202
00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:56,560
Speaker 1: The next transit of this planet in the star was

1203
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:58,680
Speaker 1: in March of this year, and so I hope that

1204
00:54:58,719 --> 00:55:01,000
Speaker 1: they got some data and are analyzing it now.

1205
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, as we speak, it might be confirming this right now.

1206
00:55:04,680 --> 00:55:08,040
Speaker 1: And as more data comes in from more cool giants

1207
00:55:08,239 --> 00:55:10,719
Speaker 1: or more exoplanets, we're going to see more and more

1208
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:14,520
Speaker 1: hints of exo moons, until eventually this goes from like

1209
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:18,960
Speaker 1: maybe tentative discovery to like, we are drowning in exo moons.

1210
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:21,600
Speaker 1: They're everywhere. You know, people who get their PhD and

1211
00:55:21,680 --> 00:55:24,360
Speaker 1: like a single tentative discovery are going to be amazed

1212
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:26,799
Speaker 1: when ten years later people are doing their PhDs with

1213
00:55:26,840 --> 00:55:28,080
Speaker 1: thousands of candidates.

1214
00:55:28,360 --> 00:55:31,160
Speaker 3: Oh Man I guess that's how it went with exoplanets, right,

1215
00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:32,960
Speaker 3: Like people for work for a long time just to

1216
00:55:33,040 --> 00:55:36,320
Speaker 3: find one exoplanet, and then as the technology and the

1217
00:55:36,360 --> 00:55:39,080
Speaker 3: techniques got better, and now they're finding them by the thousands.

1218
00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:42,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Now people are doing like statistical analysis, you know,

1219
00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:46,080
Speaker 1: distributions of planet sizes. They're looking at trends in these

1220
00:55:46,120 --> 00:55:48,719
Speaker 1: planets to try to understand what it means about how

1221
00:55:48,760 --> 00:55:51,640
Speaker 1: solar systems form. And so right now or at this

1222
00:55:51,840 --> 00:55:53,879
Speaker 1: very exciting moment, we're on the cusp of being able

1223
00:55:53,960 --> 00:55:56,160
Speaker 1: to see these exo moons, and we know that as

1224
00:55:56,239 --> 00:55:58,719
Speaker 1: technology improves in the future, we're going to be able

1225
00:55:58,760 --> 00:56:02,520
Speaker 1: to ask an answer really interesting questions like how common

1226
00:56:02,640 --> 00:56:04,680
Speaker 1: is it to have hundreds of moons in a solar

1227
00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:07,840
Speaker 1: system or to have moons whose relative size is so

1228
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:10,200
Speaker 1: big compared to the planet like ours is.

1229
00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:13,040
Speaker 3: I guess that's the big goal, right, is to compare

1230
00:56:13,160 --> 00:56:16,839
Speaker 3: other solar systems to ours. It's like our most solar

1231
00:56:16,920 --> 00:56:19,680
Speaker 3: system out there like ours? Or is ours weird? And

1232
00:56:19,680 --> 00:56:21,279
Speaker 3: if it's weird, why is it weird? Right?

1233
00:56:21,440 --> 00:56:25,399
Speaker 1: Yeah? And is that weirdness crucial for life? Or maybe

1234
00:56:25,480 --> 00:56:27,919
Speaker 1: it hindered life here in our Solar System and made

1235
00:56:27,920 --> 00:56:30,680
Speaker 1: it less likely. Right, maybe life is really really common

1236
00:56:30,719 --> 00:56:32,520
Speaker 1: in the universe and we were late to get started

1237
00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:34,680
Speaker 1: because we have a weird moon or not enough moons

1238
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:36,840
Speaker 1: or too many moons or something. What we know is

1239
00:56:36,840 --> 00:56:39,080
Speaker 1: that they're going to be surprises. Like when we started

1240
00:56:39,080 --> 00:56:42,200
Speaker 1: discovering exoplanets, we were surprised by what we found. Our

1241
00:56:42,280 --> 00:56:45,640
Speaker 1: models of how the Solar System formed have been completely

1242
00:56:45,719 --> 00:56:50,239
Speaker 1: upended by our discoveries about exoplanets and exo moons. I'm

1243
00:56:50,280 --> 00:56:52,680
Speaker 1: sure will also have lots of surprises.

1244
00:56:52,840 --> 00:56:55,080
Speaker 3: Yeah, Like it was a big surprise how many exoplanets

1245
00:56:55,120 --> 00:56:57,000
Speaker 3: there are out there, right, especially the ones that are

1246
00:56:57,080 --> 00:56:57,520
Speaker 3: like Earth.

1247
00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:01,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly how many hot jupiters there were. And the

1248
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:05,239
Speaker 1: diversity of moons in just our Solar system is crazy, right.

1249
00:57:05,239 --> 00:57:07,400
Speaker 1: We have moons that were formed with planets. We have

1250
00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:09,960
Speaker 1: moons that were captured, moons made had a weird stuff,

1251
00:57:10,160 --> 00:57:12,680
Speaker 1: moons that might have come from collisions. They're probably a

1252
00:57:12,760 --> 00:57:15,400
Speaker 1: whole other ways to make moons we haven't even thought

1253
00:57:15,440 --> 00:57:18,080
Speaker 1: of because they don't exist in our Solar system. The

1254
00:57:18,080 --> 00:57:20,880
Speaker 1: diversity of exo moons is going to be really really wild.

1255
00:57:20,960 --> 00:57:22,440
Speaker 1: There's going to be some weird stuff out.

1256
00:57:22,280 --> 00:57:25,240
Speaker 3: There, and moons have a big impact on life itself, right,

1257
00:57:25,280 --> 00:57:27,160
Speaker 3: Like think about how much of life on Earth is

1258
00:57:27,920 --> 00:57:29,800
Speaker 3: sort of sync to the lunar calendar.

1259
00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:32,720
Speaker 1: Yes, some people speculate that having such a big moon

1260
00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:35,640
Speaker 1: with its dramatic tides could have had a big impact

1261
00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:38,600
Speaker 1: on the formation of life here on Earth. People think that,

1262
00:57:38,680 --> 00:57:41,360
Speaker 1: like in the brackish water between the fresh water and

1263
00:57:41,360 --> 00:57:45,080
Speaker 1: the salt water, that the sloshing around and the mixing

1264
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:47,880
Speaker 1: up of all those chemicals and the primordial soup might

1265
00:57:47,920 --> 00:57:50,439
Speaker 1: have really helped life form, and so having the moon

1266
00:57:50,480 --> 00:57:52,840
Speaker 1: there with its big dramatic tides could have been a

1267
00:57:52,840 --> 00:57:55,360
Speaker 1: big boost to the formation of life. It might be

1268
00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:57,919
Speaker 1: that it's crucial to have such a big moon. That'd

1269
00:57:57,960 --> 00:58:00,000
Speaker 1: be really fascinating, right if we found life and others

1270
00:58:00,040 --> 00:58:02,560
Speaker 1: solar systems, and in every case they had a weirdly

1271
00:58:02,640 --> 00:58:03,200
Speaker 1: big moon.

1272
00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:06,440
Speaker 3: Whoa, we might have the moon to sign for being

1273
00:58:06,480 --> 00:58:08,600
Speaker 3: here exactly.

1274
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:12,240
Speaker 1: Or it might be that mostly life is on moons, right,

1275
00:58:12,280 --> 00:58:15,040
Speaker 1: that maybe moons are a better place to have life

1276
00:58:15,160 --> 00:58:17,920
Speaker 1: than actually the surface of the planet. You know, we

1277
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:21,360
Speaker 1: think that for example, under the ice in Europa, or

1278
00:58:21,520 --> 00:58:24,959
Speaker 1: inside Io or on Ganymede there might still be life

1279
00:58:24,960 --> 00:58:27,160
Speaker 1: in our solar system, so it might be even in

1280
00:58:27,200 --> 00:58:30,280
Speaker 1: our solar system, that's rare for life to start on

1281
00:58:30,320 --> 00:58:31,680
Speaker 1: a planet compared to moons.

1282
00:58:32,680 --> 00:58:35,160
Speaker 3: Yeah, it might be that life is over the moon

1283
00:58:36,280 --> 00:58:38,120
Speaker 3: about having a moon, and that joke.

1284
00:58:39,880 --> 00:58:42,440
Speaker 1: Exactly. And people have really fun theories about how life

1285
00:58:42,520 --> 00:58:45,800
Speaker 1: can evolve on these moons, using like the planetary magnetic

1286
00:58:45,840 --> 00:58:49,560
Speaker 1: field as a shield from cosmic rays and being close

1287
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:52,439
Speaker 1: to the star but avoiding being tightly locked to the star.

1288
00:58:52,760 --> 00:58:55,360
Speaker 1: There's all sorts of reasons why life could form on

1289
00:58:55,440 --> 00:58:58,120
Speaker 1: a moon. And because there are so many more moons

1290
00:58:58,160 --> 00:59:01,600
Speaker 1: than planets, we think that that means even more places

1291
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:02,240
Speaker 1: for life.

1292
00:59:02,120 --> 00:59:05,920
Speaker 3: To start, right, Right, All the moons harder to have

1293
00:59:05,960 --> 00:59:08,080
Speaker 3: an atmosphere because they're smaller.

1294
00:59:07,880 --> 00:59:10,120
Speaker 1: Are smaller, so it's harder to have an atmosphere. But

1295
00:59:10,160 --> 00:59:12,720
Speaker 1: you could have life within those moons, right. You could

1296
00:59:12,760 --> 00:59:16,320
Speaker 1: have underwater oceans. Most life in the universe might be

1297
00:59:16,680 --> 00:59:17,920
Speaker 1: under ice crusts.

1298
00:59:18,480 --> 00:59:21,800
Speaker 3: Whoa, they might be cooler than us, or more most

1299
00:59:21,840 --> 00:59:24,200
Speaker 3: certainly they are cooler than us, at least us here

1300
00:59:24,240 --> 00:59:25,120
Speaker 3: on the podcast.

1301
00:59:25,440 --> 00:59:28,640
Speaker 1: They might have no concept of the universe. Right. If

1302
00:59:28,640 --> 00:59:32,360
Speaker 1: you form in a dark ocean, you can't even access

1303
00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:35,040
Speaker 1: the sky, right, you'd have to somehow drill a hole

1304
00:59:35,240 --> 00:59:37,920
Speaker 1: in that ice and climb out before you even know

1305
00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:40,360
Speaker 1: that the rest of the universe is there. What a

1306
00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:42,120
Speaker 1: crazy mind shift that would have to be.

1307
00:59:42,400 --> 00:59:44,440
Speaker 3: Whoa there might be like how we thought about the

1308
00:59:44,480 --> 00:59:46,560
Speaker 3: Earth and the universe before, right, we thought there was

1309
00:59:46,600 --> 00:59:49,000
Speaker 3: a ceiling. Basically, they might actually have a ceiling.

1310
00:59:49,320 --> 00:59:52,120
Speaker 1: They might literally have a ceiling exactly.

1311
00:59:52,280 --> 00:59:55,400
Speaker 3: Well, hopefully they'll blow the roof off of that bit

1312
00:59:55,440 --> 00:59:56,120
Speaker 3: of signs there.

1313
00:59:56,200 --> 00:59:58,360
Speaker 1: We're always in awe of everything we discover and always

1314
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:00,800
Speaker 1: surprised by what the universe is in store for us.

1315
01:00:01,360 --> 01:00:04,160
Speaker 3: Yeah, because I guess scientists are always aiming higher. They're

1316
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:07,240
Speaker 3: always getting more and more ambitious. In other words, they're

1317
01:00:07,280 --> 01:00:10,640
Speaker 3: always shooting for the moon. All right, Well, we hope

1318
01:00:10,640 --> 01:00:13,960
Speaker 3: you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See you next time.

1319
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:24,600
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1320
01:00:24,640 --> 01:00:28,640
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1321
01:00:28,640 --> 01:00:33,320
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1322
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:47,120
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1323
01:00:47,120 --> 01:00:49,440
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1324
01:00:49,480 --> 01:00:52,400
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1325
01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:55,520
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1326
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:58,640
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1327
01:00:58,720 --> 01:01:03,560
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

1328
01:01:03,840 --> 01:01:06,960
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn the methane from

1329
01:01:07,000 --> 01:01:10,920
Speaker 1: manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

1330
01:01:11,120 --> 01:01:14,960
Speaker 1: electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

1331
01:01:15,040 --> 01:01:15,760
Speaker 1: to learn more.

1332
01:01:16,520 --> 01:01:20,800
Speaker 14: This is Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. eBay Motors is

1333
01:01:20,880 --> 01:01:24,880
Speaker 14: here for the ride. With simelbow grease, fresh installs, and

1334
01:01:24,920 --> 01:01:27,600
Speaker 14: a whole lot of love, you transformed one hundred thousand

1335
01:01:27,640 --> 01:01:30,200
Speaker 14: miles and a body full of rust into a drive

1336
01:01:30,240 --> 01:01:34,440
Speaker 14: that's all your own, break kits, led, headlights, whatever you need,

1337
01:01:34,720 --> 01:01:39,160
Speaker 14: eBay Motors has it and with eBay Guaranteed Fit, it's

1338
01:01:39,240 --> 01:01:43,280
Speaker 14: guaranteed to fit your ride the first time, every time,

1339
01:01:43,840 --> 01:01:47,760
Speaker 14: or your money back plus. At these prices, you're burning rubber,

1340
01:01:47,880 --> 01:01:52,240
Speaker 14: not cash. Keep your rider die alive at ebaymotors dot Com.

1341
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,080
Speaker 14: Eligible items only exclusions apply.

1342
01:01:55,320 --> 01:01:57,920
Speaker 4: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

1343
01:01:57,920 --> 01:02:01,840
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus. Look for forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

1344
01:02:01,920 --> 01:02:04,440
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

1345
01:02:04,520 --> 01:02:07,160
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

1346
01:02:07,240 --> 01:02:10,560
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an explorer and seek out unforgettable places

1347
01:02:10,560 --> 01:02:13,960
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

1348
01:02:14,080 --> 01:02:17,760
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA member FDIC subject to credit approval

1349
01:02:17,840 --> 01:02:19,080
Speaker 4: offer subject to change.

1350
01:02:19,240 --> 01:02:19,960
Speaker 3: Terms apply