1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:17,320 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We got 4 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 1: an email from listener Jessica a couple of weeks ago, 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,560 Speaker 1: and this email set in part quote my email tonight 6 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: is to ask something on the lighter side. I was 7 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 1: enjoying my Gin and Tonic after dinner and had the 8 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 1: thought of I wonder if Holly and Tracy ever did 9 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:35,559 Speaker 1: an episode about GIN. So I went to the website 10 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:37,839 Speaker 1: to try and search the archives low and behold. That 11 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:40,120 Speaker 1: doesn't seem to be possible in the current I Heart 12 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:43,680 Speaker 1: Radio format. So is there an episode about Gin in 13 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:47,920 Speaker 1: the archives? How would I go about bringing it up? So, 14 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: to answer half the question, the best way to find 15 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: old episodes of our podcast at this point is to 16 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: google the topic along with the words stuff you Missed 17 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:00,640 Speaker 1: in History Class as part of your search. And I 18 00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: know that sounds weird, but that's also how I was 19 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:07,240 Speaker 1: doing it with the old website. Other search engines like 20 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: Duck Duck Go and Being did not used to work 21 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,040 Speaker 1: as well for this, but they have caught up since 22 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:17,960 Speaker 1: the last time I had checked. Nowadays, they're more consistently 23 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: bringing up the episode if there is one as the 24 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:24,840 Speaker 1: top search result, although sometimes it's on another platform rather 25 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:28,560 Speaker 1: than our website, which is fine. All goes into the 26 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:33,160 Speaker 1: same bucket of listening. This would not have worked when 27 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 1: Jessica sent this email, though, because at that point there 28 00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:41,120 Speaker 1: was no episode on Jin. But there's about to be one. 29 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:47,119 Speaker 1: It's this one recording right now might not be quite 30 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:52,120 Speaker 1: as light as as Jessica was thinking when requesting the topic, 31 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:57,160 Speaker 1: though there's always surprise horror in history. So Jin as 32 00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: we know it today is a distilled alcoholic bevery edge, 33 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:04,560 Speaker 1: made from grain and flavored with botanicals, particularly juniper berries. 34 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:08,520 Speaker 1: Juniper is an evergreen shrub in the cypress family, and 35 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:12,359 Speaker 1: they're at least sixty different juniper species growing all over 36 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: the Northern hemisphere. Those berries are not what you would 37 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:18,799 Speaker 1: think of like berry you can pick from a tree 38 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 1: in nausch On. They are actually small, fleshy cones rather 39 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 1: than any kind of juicy looking delicious berry. Yeah, column berries, 40 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:32,360 Speaker 1: but they're really tiny little cones. Every part of the 41 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,960 Speaker 1: juniper plant has been used for medicinal and religious and 42 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 1: culinary purposes. For pretty much all of recorded history, anywhere 43 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:44,960 Speaker 1: it grows or anywhere it's it's been in reasonable trading distance. 44 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: Starts with ancient Egyptian texts that describe the use of 45 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 1: juniper and mummification recipes. John Burgundy's Plague Treatise, which is 46 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:58,720 Speaker 1: written in thirteen sixty five, recommends burning juniper branches to 47 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: drive bad and disease from the home. Juniper was also 48 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: one of the fragrant substances that was stuffed up into 49 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:09,720 Speaker 1: the beaks of plague doctor masks in the seventeenth century. 50 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: The first alcohols made with juniper were also meant for 51 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: medicinal or alchemical use. This is something it shares with 52 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:20,080 Speaker 1: the history of vodkast same thing. Most of the most 53 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:24,920 Speaker 1: and most uh Some of the earliest mentions of this 54 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: date back to the middle of the eleventh century in 55 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,680 Speaker 1: the writing of Benedictine monks living in Salerno, Italy, as 56 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:35,120 Speaker 1: well as the nearby medical school known as Scola Medicina Solana. 57 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:39,119 Speaker 1: Medical texts from this period described a tonic that's made 58 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:44,320 Speaker 1: from distilled wine infused with juniper berries. Eventually, people started 59 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: combining juniper with alcohol to make a beverage rather than 60 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: a medicine or an alchemical potion. In Finland, suck Ti, 61 00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:57,040 Speaker 1: which as like an ale like beer that's flavored with 62 00:03:57,120 --> 00:04:00,120 Speaker 1: juniper instead of hops, has been around since about the 63 00:04:00,160 --> 00:04:06,560 Speaker 1: twelfth century, and central Europe Borovichka, also called juniper brandy, 64 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: has been made since at least the fifteenth century. Today 65 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: it's popular in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and then 66 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:16,520 Speaker 1: there are similar beverages and other Slavic countries as well 67 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,960 Speaker 1: that I'll have this juniper flavor to them. But the 68 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,919 Speaker 1: beverage that comes up most often as a predecessor to 69 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: jin is the Dutch spirit univ That's a term that 70 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:29,760 Speaker 1: comes from the Dutch word for juniper. As is the 71 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: case with most food origin stories, the specifics on who 72 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:38,039 Speaker 1: first created univor are not totally clear. The credit often 73 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: goes to chemist and physician Francisca Silva's also known as 74 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:46,200 Speaker 1: Francois de la Boi or Sylvia's de la Boi. However, 75 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 1: though Francisca Sylvia's was born in sixteen fourteen, and some 76 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:53,680 Speaker 1: of the accounts of the creation of Your Neighbor put 77 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:58,920 Speaker 1: this development in fifteen seventy two, so well before his birth, 78 00:04:59,080 --> 00:05:04,240 Speaker 1: time traveler Yes it is possible that people have conflated 79 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: two different people who had similar names, both of whom 80 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: worked at the University of Leiden. One was an apothecary 81 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: named Silvius Debouve in the sixteenth century, and the other 82 00:05:16,680 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: was Francisca Silvius, who was a professor of medicine in 83 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,440 Speaker 1: the seventeenth century. It is just as likely, though, that 84 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:27,160 Speaker 1: no one person can get the soul credit for creating 85 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 1: this drink regardless. Dutch distiller Lucas Bulls was established in 86 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy five and describes itself as the world's oldest 87 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:41,160 Speaker 1: distilled spirits brand. By six two, Bulls was supplying spirits 88 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:43,440 Speaker 1: to the Dutch East India Company, known as the v 89 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:47,160 Speaker 1: o C as it's abbreviated from Dutch. By the middle 90 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:49,760 Speaker 1: of the seventeenth century, v O C sailors were getting 91 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 1: your neighbor in their rations, and soon the v O 92 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,240 Speaker 1: C was carrying your neighbor anywhere the Dutch were trading, 93 00:05:56,600 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: including to what is now Indonesia. When the Dutch established 94 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,160 Speaker 1: the settlement of New Amsterdam on the island of Manhattan, 95 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: they introduced your neighbor to North America as well. Today, 96 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:11,920 Speaker 1: your neighbor is sometimes known as Hollands and some people 97 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:16,839 Speaker 1: call it Dutch gin, but it's really its own distinct beverage. 98 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:19,960 Speaker 1: Gin has evolved over time, which we will get to, 99 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: but it generally starts with a neutral spirit made from 100 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:28,160 Speaker 1: a grain which is flavored with botanicals including juniper But 101 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:31,119 Speaker 1: your Neighbor typically goes through a two or even three 102 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: step process. It starts with a fermented grain mash which 103 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:38,479 Speaker 1: is distilled into a malt wine, and then that is 104 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:43,719 Speaker 1: distilled again with botanicals including juniper berries, and the result 105 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:48,360 Speaker 1: of this process is a clear, malted grain based spirit. 106 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:54,000 Speaker 1: It's typically consumed by itself from a tulip shaped glass. 107 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:59,120 Speaker 1: I In my experience, most people mix gin with other 108 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 1: stuff most of the time. That's not so much the 109 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:06,279 Speaker 1: case with the Neighbor. There's also an official appellasion door 110 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:11,360 Speaker 1: Gene coltrole or an AOC for your Neighbor. Legally true, 111 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:15,000 Speaker 1: your Neighbor can only be made in Holland, Belgium and 112 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,560 Speaker 1: very specific regions of France and Germany. While you Neighbor 113 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:23,120 Speaker 1: and Jin are distinctly different drinks, there was probably a 114 00:07:23,120 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: progression from Dutch neighbor to British jin You neighbor was 115 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:31,080 Speaker 1: introduced into Britain sometime during the seventeenth century, and there 116 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:35,680 Speaker 1: are several possibilities for exactly when. One is that during 117 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:39,040 Speaker 1: the Anglo Dutch Wars, which started in sixteen fifty two, 118 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:42,440 Speaker 1: it made its way. Another is after the restoration of 119 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:45,440 Speaker 1: Charles the Second, he spent some time in the Hague 120 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: before returning to the British throne in sixteen sixty. Probably 121 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: the most common explanation is that you Neiver's popularity in 122 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:56,840 Speaker 1: Britain really started with the Glorious Revolution and King James 123 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,320 Speaker 1: the Second was deposed and succeeded by William the Third, 124 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: also known as William of Orange stadholder of the Netherlands. 125 00:08:05,040 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 1: William ruled with his wife Mary, who was James's daughter. 126 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,720 Speaker 1: Regardless of exactly when or how it was introduced, after 127 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 1: Niavor made its way into Britain, English speakers morphed its 128 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: name into Geneva or Jennifer, and then shortened that to 129 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:24,640 Speaker 1: jin Yeah, because the neighbor has spelled g e n 130 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: e v er, so if you're reading it on a 131 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: page as an English speaker, it looks like it's Jennifer. 132 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: So since common juniper as native to the UK. There 133 00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: were already culinary and medicinal uses for it well before 134 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: univor was introduced, and in written accounts from the seventeenth century, 135 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:50,839 Speaker 1: it's not always totally clear exactly what people are describing, 136 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:55,719 Speaker 1: whether it's Dutch neighbor or a local British beverage or 137 00:08:55,760 --> 00:09:00,680 Speaker 1: a medicinal preparation made from alcohol and juniper. For example, 138 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: past podcast subjects Samuel Peeps described feeling unwell in his 139 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:10,240 Speaker 1: diary entry from October fourth, sixteen sixty three. Peeps was 140 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,720 Speaker 1: chronically ill. He had recurring bladder stones, and over the 141 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:17,680 Speaker 1: next few days his diary entries describe him as being 142 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 1: in pain and constipated and experiencing painful urination. Then, on 143 00:09:23,440 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: October tenth, he writes about making himself go into his 144 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:29,800 Speaker 1: office where he met with Sir John Men's, Comptroller of 145 00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: the Navy, and Sir William Batten, Surveyor of the Navy. 146 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,680 Speaker 1: He said of their conversation quote, Sir je Men's and 147 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: Sir W. Batten did advise me to take some juniper water, 148 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:43,079 Speaker 1: and Sir W. Batton sent to his lady for some 149 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 1: for me strong water made of juniper. Well, Peeps does 150 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,600 Speaker 1: describe starting to feel better over the next couple of days. 151 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,680 Speaker 1: He had also tried some other treatments. So it's not 152 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 1: a clear whether this strong water made of juniper, whether 153 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: it was your neighbor or gin or or something else, 154 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: was effective or not. So while there's some uncertainty and 155 00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: some overlap here, jin definitely became a lot more popular 156 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: in Britain during William and Mary's reign. And it was 157 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:16,760 Speaker 1: not just because William was Dutch and would have brought 158 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:20,080 Speaker 1: a Dutch influence to things. It's also because of things 159 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:23,240 Speaker 1: like wars and laws, and we'll get to that after 160 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:35,560 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. Soon after William and Mary came to 161 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:39,480 Speaker 1: the throne of the United Kingdom, they declared war on France. 162 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:42,640 Speaker 1: This was part of the Nine Years War which started 163 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: in six and then Parliament passed the Trade with France 164 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 1: Act of that band all trade with France and that 165 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: put an end to all of the imports of French 166 00:10:55,240 --> 00:11:00,439 Speaker 1: wine and French brandy. In sixteen ninety, Parliament pass the 167 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:05,080 Speaker 1: Act for Encouraging the Distilling of Brandy and Spirits from Corn, 168 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,640 Speaker 1: the set of duty of eight shillings per gallon on 169 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:12,719 Speaker 1: quote strong waters brandy Aqua vita and spirits from the 170 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:16,640 Speaker 1: Channel Islands, and it decreed that any liquors found to 171 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:21,600 Speaker 1: have been grown or manufactured in French territory would be destroyed. 172 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 1: At this point, the British beer industry was regulated and taxed, 173 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: but you didn't need a license to sell jim, so 174 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,920 Speaker 1: this law meant that locally made spirits distilled from green 175 00:11:33,080 --> 00:11:37,520 Speaker 1: were the cheapest alcoholic beverage available. It also helped create 176 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: more demand for British grown grain, since pretty much every 177 00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:44,720 Speaker 1: grain was lumped into the category of corn, so this 178 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: law helped boost the price of grain to the benefit 179 00:11:47,559 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: of British landowners by encouraging people to use it to 180 00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 1: make alcohol. The UK also already had its own distilling 181 00:11:55,920 --> 00:12:00,360 Speaker 1: guild that was the Worshipful Company of Distillers STA, published 182 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:04,480 Speaker 1: in sixteen thirty eight. The guild initially had a monopoly 183 00:12:04,640 --> 00:12:08,040 Speaker 1: on distilling in the area around London, and the number 184 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:11,200 Speaker 1: of distilleries in the Kingdom really grew in the last 185 00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,920 Speaker 1: half of the seventeenth century thanks to its influence. So 186 00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:19,040 Speaker 1: by the time this law was passed encouraging the distilling 187 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 1: of brandy and spirits from corn, the UK was pretty 188 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:26,640 Speaker 1: ready for it. These spirits were really all over the 189 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:29,840 Speaker 1: place in terms of their quality and ingredients and what 190 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,560 Speaker 1: type of alcohol we would actually describe them as today. 191 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: But by the early eighteenth century, one in particular was 192 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:41,079 Speaker 1: becoming prominent, and that was Jin. The first written use 193 00:12:41,120 --> 00:12:44,079 Speaker 1: of the word Jin in the G I N form 194 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:48,240 Speaker 1: in English was in seventeen thirteen from the Infernal Congress 195 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: or News from Below, being a letter from Dick Estcourt, 196 00:12:52,320 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 1: the late famous comedian, to the Spectator. It read, quote, 197 00:12:56,720 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: being fatigued with Touchen's impudence, I took a turn in 198 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,880 Speaker 1: the Prato and drunk a dram of royal gin with 199 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:06,160 Speaker 1: the Duchess of Portsmouth, who has a little brandy shop here. 200 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:12,319 Speaker 1: Jen was also really quickly becoming notorious. In seventeen fourteen, 201 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,760 Speaker 1: Bernard Mandeville published The Fable of the Bees or Private 202 00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:21,680 Speaker 1: Vices Public Benefits. In this book, he made the argument 203 00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:26,000 Speaker 1: that various vices, many of which were widely criticized and 204 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: even condemned, actually contributed to some sort of public good. 205 00:13:30,559 --> 00:13:35,439 Speaker 1: So here's how Mandeville described Jin. Quote nothing is more destructive, 206 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: either in regard to the health or the vigilance and 207 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,400 Speaker 1: industry of the poor than the infamous liquor, the name 208 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:44,920 Speaker 1: of which derived from Juniper and Dutch, is now by 209 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: frequent use, and the laconic spirit of the nation. From 210 00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:53,360 Speaker 1: a word of meddling length shrunk into a monosyllable, intoxicating 211 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:57,240 Speaker 1: gin that charms the unactive, the desperate, and the crazy 212 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:00,520 Speaker 1: of either sex, and makes the starving lot hold his 213 00:14:00,679 --> 00:14:04,560 Speaker 1: rags and nakedness with stupid indolence or banter, both in 214 00:14:04,640 --> 00:14:09,120 Speaker 1: senseless laughter and more insipid jest. It is a fiery 215 00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:12,959 Speaker 1: lake that sets the brain in flame, burns up the entrols, 216 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:17,080 Speaker 1: and scorches every part within, and at the same time 217 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,080 Speaker 1: a leaf of oblivion in which the wretch immersed drowns 218 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:25,040 Speaker 1: in most pinching cares and with his reason all anxious 219 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: reflections on brats that cry for food, hard winters, frosts, 220 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:33,440 Speaker 1: and horrid empty home. I just wanted to shout out 221 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: to Holly because this was written in the seventeen hundreds 222 00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:40,840 Speaker 1: and and it was full of long essays that looked 223 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 1: like F's and I missed one of the long essays 224 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: when I was getting it into here. Holly corrected it 225 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:53,200 Speaker 1: on the fly. I did not have to go. It 226 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:56,040 Speaker 1: does not say the fame time, it should in fact 227 00:14:56,080 --> 00:15:00,760 Speaker 1: say the same time. Uh I love things with long 228 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: esses in them, but sometimes they can be challenging. Uh so. 229 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:08,720 Speaker 1: Vandeville went on to blame Gin for making men quarrelsome 230 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: and violent and even causing murders, for breaking down people's constitutions, 231 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,120 Speaker 1: and for causing consumption and sudden death. But he says 232 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:22,239 Speaker 1: these are rare compared to quote loss of appetite, fevers, 233 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:27,360 Speaker 1: black and yellow jaundice, convulsions, stone and gravel, drops, ease, 234 00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: and luco phlegmasies. He also goes on at very great 235 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:37,000 Speaker 1: length about all the squalid conditions and areas that are 236 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:40,640 Speaker 1: home to establishments that sell spirits, and to all the 237 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: social and economic ills that those establishments cause. But Mandeville 238 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: then goes on to say, quote those who can enlarge 239 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,960 Speaker 1: their view and will give themselves the leisure of gazing 240 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,920 Speaker 1: on the prospect of concatenated events may in a hundred 241 00:15:56,960 --> 00:16:00,880 Speaker 1: places see good spring up and pollulate from evil, as 242 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:05,120 Speaker 1: naturally as chickens do from eggs. The money that arises 243 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:08,240 Speaker 1: from the duties upon malt is a considerable part of 244 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:11,800 Speaker 1: the national revenue, and should no spirits be distilled from it. 245 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:16,040 Speaker 1: The public treasure would prodigiously suffer on that head. But 246 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 1: if we would set in a true light the many 247 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: advantages and large catalog of solid blessings that accrue from 248 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:26,640 Speaker 1: and are owing to the evil I treat off, we 249 00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: are to consider the rents that are received, the ground 250 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:32,880 Speaker 1: that is tilled, the tools that are made, the cattle 251 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: that are employed, and above all the multitude of poor 252 00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:40,800 Speaker 1: that are maintained by the variety of labor required in husbandry, 253 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: in malting, in carriage, and distillation. Before we can have 254 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,320 Speaker 1: that product of malt, which we call low wines, and 255 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: is but the beginning from which the various spirits are 256 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: afterwards to be made. In other words, sure poor people 257 00:16:56,320 --> 00:17:00,120 Speaker 1: were getting drunk and sometimes dying because of gin, but 258 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:04,160 Speaker 1: look at how much it was helping the economy. Needless 259 00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: to say, this book and the argument that Mandeville was 260 00:17:07,119 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 1: making in it were highly controversial. Mandeville's description of gin 261 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:17,640 Speaker 1: as destructive was not controversial among the British elite, though 262 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: in the early eighteenth century it was increasingly taken for 263 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,520 Speaker 1: granted that jin was uniquely dangerous and was leading to 264 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:29,400 Speaker 1: all kinds of problems. By about seventeen twenty, this had 265 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,439 Speaker 1: blossomed into a full on moral panic described as the 266 00:17:32,520 --> 00:17:35,920 Speaker 1: gin craze or sometimes you'll see it as the gin epidemic, 267 00:17:36,359 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: particularly in big cities like London, Portsmouth and Bristol. For 268 00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:43,440 Speaker 1: about three decades, there was a huge focus on gin 269 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:47,040 Speaker 1: consumption and the damage it was purportedly doing and how 270 00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:50,440 Speaker 1: they might stop it. Then to be cleared, jin did 271 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:54,280 Speaker 1: become a lot more popular in these years, and there 272 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: was some real damage involved. Alcohol consumption carried the same 273 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:03,000 Speaker 1: health risks and eighteenth century that it does today. Over 274 00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:08,199 Speaker 1: consumption and abuse still impacted people's lives and livelihoods. It 275 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:12,960 Speaker 1: also wasn't uncommon for liquor to be adulterated with other substances, 276 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:17,560 Speaker 1: including things like sulfur, as acid and turpentine, and there 277 00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:21,199 Speaker 1: weren't really any age restrictions on drinking, so people of 278 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,560 Speaker 1: any age drank really at any time of the day, 279 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: including parents using gin and other liquors to try to 280 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 1: soothe their babies. Excessive drinking, and especially drinking too much 281 00:18:33,080 --> 00:18:37,440 Speaker 1: gin in particular, also became associated with violence and crime. 282 00:18:38,280 --> 00:18:41,520 Speaker 1: Records from London Central Criminal Court a K the Old 283 00:18:41,560 --> 00:18:46,960 Speaker 1: Bailey include repeated references to jin. For example, a William Burrows, 284 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,879 Speaker 1: who was indicted for assault in seventeen thirty one, was 285 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:53,800 Speaker 1: described as having fallen quote into that dreadful society of 286 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:59,879 Speaker 1: gin drinkers, whores, thieves, housebreakers, street robbers, pickpockets, and the 287 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 1: whole train of the most notable blackguards in and about London. 288 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:08,360 Speaker 1: James Baker, who was convicted of robberies in seventeen thirty three, 289 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:12,280 Speaker 1: was described as quote one of them who frequented gin shops. 290 00:19:13,080 --> 00:19:17,639 Speaker 1: Perhaps most horrifyingly, in seventeen thirty four, Judath Defour was 291 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:21,240 Speaker 1: convicted of murder after two witnesses testified that she had 292 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:24,840 Speaker 1: stripped her daughter Mary naked and left her in a field, 293 00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:28,720 Speaker 1: and sold the baby's clothes to buy jim at the 294 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:32,359 Speaker 1: same time. Though most of the focus here, most of 295 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:37,080 Speaker 1: the concern was targeted at poor and working class people 296 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:40,040 Speaker 1: and what they were doing with their time and money. 297 00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:44,040 Speaker 1: In seventeen seven, Daniel Defoe wrote about the after effects 298 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:47,400 Speaker 1: of the prohibition of trade with France and this increase 299 00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: in English distilling. He said, quote we find since these 300 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: prohibitions very great quantities of brandy run by the arts 301 00:19:56,359 --> 00:20:00,600 Speaker 1: of clandestine traders. But even that quantity is now much 302 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: abated except in the north parts and the west parts, 303 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,120 Speaker 1: since the distillers have found out a way to hit 304 00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:11,600 Speaker 1: the palette of the poor by their new fashioned compound 305 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:15,879 Speaker 1: waters called geneva, so that the common people seem not 306 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,360 Speaker 1: to value the French brandy as usual and even not 307 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: to desire it. Efforts to curtail drinking, and especially gin drinking, 308 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,560 Speaker 1: were really rooted in upper class ideas of appropriate behavior 309 00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: and social standards and on quote, cleaning up the moral 310 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,399 Speaker 1: lives of the poor, rather than addressing any of the 311 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: social or economic factors that might contribute to excessive drinking. Soon, 312 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,200 Speaker 1: gin was perceived as the cause of poverty and immorality, 313 00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:47,159 Speaker 1: and it became symbolic of pretty much every vice and 314 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:51,199 Speaker 1: social ill. To combat all of this, Parliament passed a 315 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:55,639 Speaker 1: series of Gin Acts starting in seventeen twenty nine, and 316 00:20:55,720 --> 00:21:00,600 Speaker 1: these used a range of strategies, including taxes and fines 317 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:05,520 Speaker 1: and licensing fees and other regulations to try to discourage 318 00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:10,120 Speaker 1: gin sales and consumption. For example, in seventeen thirty three, 319 00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:13,480 Speaker 1: it became illegal to sell spirits quote about the streets, 320 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:16,800 Speaker 1: in any wheelbarrow or upon the water in any ship, 321 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 1: boat or vessel. Several versions of the Gin Act encouraged 322 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: people to inform on others for illegally selling spirits. This 323 00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: was especially true after the passage of the seventeen thirty 324 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:30,960 Speaker 1: six Act, which did more to stoke illicit gin sales 325 00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:35,160 Speaker 1: than to discourage people from doing it. Informers were paid 326 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,439 Speaker 1: half of the ten pound fine that was collected for 327 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:41,080 Speaker 1: violating the Act. At some point, this was lucrative enough 328 00:21:41,119 --> 00:21:45,440 Speaker 1: that people basically became professional informers, often working in groups 329 00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: of two or three so they could back up each 330 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: other's accounts when they reported someone's illicit business. Professional informers 331 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:56,040 Speaker 1: had to be strategic, though, People who couldn't afford to 332 00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: pay the fine were sentenced to two months of hard 333 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:02,080 Speaker 1: labor instead, and that meant that the informers would get nothing. 334 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:07,720 Speaker 1: Most informers also avoided reporting people from their own neighborhoods, 335 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:11,720 Speaker 1: since they faced retaliation and sometimes even physical violence, for 336 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:16,480 Speaker 1: getting local drinking establishments shut down. Their reputations in their 337 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:20,119 Speaker 1: own communities also weren't likely to recover if they reported 338 00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:23,920 Speaker 1: somebody who knew and trusted them, but there was still 339 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:27,679 Speaker 1: a lot of retaliation. A law passed in seventeen thirty 340 00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 1: eight set a penalty of seven years transportation to the 341 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:35,480 Speaker 1: North American colonies for attacking an informer. By that point, 342 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: there had been at least twelve thousand prosecutions for selling 343 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:43,479 Speaker 1: gin without a license, and these laws disproportionately affected women. 344 00:22:44,359 --> 00:22:47,919 Speaker 1: Newly established gin houses were often more welcoming to women 345 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:51,120 Speaker 1: than pubs that sold beer were, especially when it came 346 00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 1: to single, working class women. So even though women weren't 347 00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: necessarily drinking more gin than men were, they were more 348 00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:01,280 Speaker 1: visible than they had been. This was kind of new, 349 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:05,240 Speaker 1: so soon the drink was being more associated with women. 350 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 1: Jen became known by nicknames like Ladies Delight, Mother Geneva, 351 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:14,199 Speaker 1: and Mother Jin. But at the same time, while only 352 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:18,560 Speaker 1: about a third of Britain's unlicensed gin sellers were women, 353 00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:22,600 Speaker 1: at least half the people who faced charges for violating 354 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,760 Speaker 1: the gen X were women. Women also made up as 355 00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:29,160 Speaker 1: much as three fourths of the people who were imprisoned 356 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: because they could not afford to pay the fine. The 357 00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:36,480 Speaker 1: gen Ax were deeply unpopular among poor and working class people, 358 00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:40,480 Speaker 1: leading to riots in seventeen thirty seven. Trying to enforce 359 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: the law was also expensive, and in the seventeen forties 360 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:46,000 Speaker 1: the Kingdom needed to put more money toward the War 361 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:50,159 Speaker 1: of the Austrian Succession. This was also happening in parallel 362 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 1: with the Jacobite uprisings that we have covered on the 363 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: show before, and there were fears that the Jacobites were 364 00:23:55,440 --> 00:24:00,040 Speaker 1: stirring up discontent among working class people, using all of 365 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: this furor over gin as a cover. On top of 366 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:07,360 Speaker 1: all these factors and shifts in the government's priorities, two 367 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:11,040 Speaker 1: of the biggest proponents of the Gin Acts died in 368 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:15,440 Speaker 1: the late seventeen thirties. One was Sir Joseph Checkal, Master 369 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:18,760 Speaker 1: of the Rolls, and the other was Edward Parker, who 370 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:22,359 Speaker 1: had run a professional informing ring that had accused at 371 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:27,520 Speaker 1: least fifteen hundred people of illegal activity. So, after all this, 372 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,919 Speaker 1: the wars and the Jacobites and the people dying, in 373 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:35,120 Speaker 1: seventeen forty three, Parliament repealed the act that had been 374 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:38,760 Speaker 1: passed in seventeen thirty six and replaced it with one 375 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 1: that was more focused on regulating the industry that on 376 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,560 Speaker 1: trying to curtail it. So licenses became more affordable and 377 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: the unlicensed gin trade started to wane. The war may 378 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:54,080 Speaker 1: have contributed to a decline in the illicit liquor trade 379 00:24:54,119 --> 00:24:57,159 Speaker 1: as well. Some people who had been supporting themselves that 380 00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:01,040 Speaker 1: way instead found work related to the war. A new 381 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 1: style of beer was also introduced around this time. That 382 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:07,320 Speaker 1: would be porter, which started to become more popular and 383 00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:11,320 Speaker 1: more affordable to working class people. The Gin Act of 384 00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:14,080 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty one built on the one that had been 385 00:25:14,119 --> 00:25:18,239 Speaker 1: passed in seventeen forty three. It increased the duty on 386 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:21,640 Speaker 1: gin and set a licensing fee of two pounds a year, 387 00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,199 Speaker 1: and mandated that only respectable people were eligible for a 388 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:31,159 Speaker 1: license to sell spirits. Jin's popularity continued to wane in 389 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,320 Speaker 1: the UK after this, dropping from an estimated eight point 390 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:40,440 Speaker 1: five million gallons consumed in seventeen fifty one to five 391 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,760 Speaker 1: point nine million just a year later. You think of 392 00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,240 Speaker 1: millions of gallons, it sounds like so much, but that's 393 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:50,600 Speaker 1: a huge drop off. It's it's a you know, spread 394 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:53,600 Speaker 1: out among a lot of people also drinking a lot. 395 00:25:54,680 --> 00:25:58,920 Speaker 1: Like a lot of people drinking a lot for sure. Uh. 396 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:02,520 Speaker 1: There had been a huge number of pamphlets, sermons, works 397 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:05,959 Speaker 1: of art and the like during the Gin craze, and ironically, 398 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,400 Speaker 1: the one that's probably the most well known came out 399 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 1: at the very end of this That was jin Lane 400 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:15,359 Speaker 1: by past podcast subject William Hogarth. And this was an 401 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 1: engraving showing all of the evils of Gin, among other things, 402 00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: an extremely emaciated man with a cup and bottle in 403 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,239 Speaker 1: his hands, an inebriated woman whose child is falling over 404 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,720 Speaker 1: the railing of the stairs that she's sitting on, and 405 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:31,600 Speaker 1: a crowd of people having a melee in the background. 406 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:36,399 Speaker 1: It has the caption jin cursed fiend with fury, fraud 407 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:40,240 Speaker 1: makes human race a prey. It enters by a deadly 408 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:44,520 Speaker 1: draft and steals our life away, virtue and truth. Driven 409 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 1: to despair, its rage compels to fly, but cherishes with 410 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:54,200 Speaker 1: hellish care, theft, murder, perjury, damned cup that on the vitals, 411 00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:57,960 Speaker 1: praise that liquid fire contains, which madness to the heart 412 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:02,880 Speaker 1: conveys and rolls it through the veins. O Garth put 413 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:06,640 Speaker 1: out his engraving Beer Street as a companion to this one. 414 00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:10,200 Speaker 1: This is a far more pleasant scene of people mostly 415 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:14,120 Speaker 1: just going about their lives and business. It's caption reads 416 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 1: quote beer happy produce of our aisle con sinu e strength, 417 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:23,600 Speaker 1: impart and wearied with fatigue and toil, can cheer each 418 00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:29,160 Speaker 1: manly heart labor and art upheld by the successfully advanced. 419 00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:33,760 Speaker 1: We quoth thy balmy juice with glee and water, leave 420 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:38,359 Speaker 1: to France genius of health, thy grateful taste rivals the 421 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:43,040 Speaker 1: cup of Jove when warms each English generous breast with 422 00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:49,840 Speaker 1: liberty and love, Oh William hogarth Beer good, Jin bad. 423 00:27:50,119 --> 00:27:52,840 Speaker 1: In the words of William Hogarth, I also read some 424 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:55,439 Speaker 1: speculation that the reason that he put this out like 425 00:27:55,680 --> 00:27:58,440 Speaker 1: really at the end of all this, when Jim's popularity 426 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,760 Speaker 1: was dropping really quickly, was that, thanks to the ends 427 00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:05,800 Speaker 1: of earlier wars, there were suddenly a lot of unemployed 428 00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:10,720 Speaker 1: sailors and others about, and that that made uh people 429 00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:14,280 Speaker 1: worried once again about the specter of gin, Oh William 430 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:18,280 Speaker 1: hogarth Um. Obviously this was not the end of gin. 431 00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: So we're going to talk about what happened in Jin's 432 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,359 Speaker 1: history a little bit more after we pause for a 433 00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:37,679 Speaker 1: sponsor break. In eighteenth century Britain, the drink that people 434 00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:41,920 Speaker 1: were consuming and describing as gin was really all over 435 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,200 Speaker 1: the place in terms of what grain it was made 436 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: of and how it was flavored, what it tasted like, 437 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: whether it was adulterated with anything dangerous. Most of it 438 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 1: was made in batches in pot stills, so there could 439 00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:59,240 Speaker 1: even be a huge variation in quality from batch to batch, 440 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: even when those batches were all made by the same distiller. 441 00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,520 Speaker 1: In general, though, a lot of the flavorings that were 442 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:09,120 Speaker 1: added into it who were there to try to improve 443 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:13,760 Speaker 1: the taste of some generally poor quality alcohol. One of 444 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:18,080 Speaker 1: those flavorings was sugar, so the final beverage was sweeter 445 00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:22,080 Speaker 1: than jin typically is today most of the time. And 446 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:26,160 Speaker 1: this sweeter, rougher jin became known as Old Tom, and 447 00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:29,320 Speaker 1: there are several stories about where that name came from. 448 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:31,800 Speaker 1: One is that when the Gin Acts were in effect, 449 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,080 Speaker 1: Captain Dudley Bradstreet rented a house for the purpose of 450 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: illicitly selling gin. He put a picture of an Old 451 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: Tom cat on the outside, and customers would put their 452 00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:44,240 Speaker 1: money in a drawer built into the wall and whisper 453 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:47,480 Speaker 1: a code word, and then their gin would be dispensed 454 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:50,120 Speaker 1: through a lead pipe that ran out through the wall 455 00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:52,840 Speaker 1: from the inside of the house to the outside, and 456 00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:55,719 Speaker 1: the customer would catch it in a cup. Well. I 457 00:29:55,800 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: love this story. It may be apocryphal, and Old Tom 458 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:04,600 Speaker 1: may just be a weird name that cropped up. There 459 00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:07,440 Speaker 1: are some places that still make old Tom gin as 460 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:12,840 Speaker 1: like a craft gin experience. Even though gin consumption dropped 461 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:16,200 Speaker 1: off pretty quickly after seventeen fifty one, the beverage did 462 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: not go away entirely. Later on, in the eighteen twenties, 463 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:24,200 Speaker 1: a grain surplus combined with a reduction in the duties 464 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,479 Speaker 1: that were levied on spirits, and jin started to surge 465 00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:32,400 Speaker 1: in popularity again. A new kind of drinking establishment also 466 00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:36,400 Speaker 1: evolved around this time. That was the Gin Palace, which 467 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:40,200 Speaker 1: tended to be a brightly lit and heavily decorated space 468 00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: where people came to drink. In the mid eighteen twenties, 469 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: thanks to all this jin consumption in Britain roughly doubled. 470 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:52,360 Speaker 1: This stoked a lot of the same concerns that had 471 00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:54,400 Speaker 1: been part of the gin craze that happened about a 472 00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:58,240 Speaker 1: hundred years earlier. In an eighteen thirty The Lancet published 473 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:01,880 Speaker 1: an article describing what they called gin liver. That's what 474 00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: we would know as cerrosis today. But efforts to reduce 475 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:08,320 Speaker 1: gin consumption in the early nineteenth century were focused less 476 00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:11,760 Speaker 1: on making gin more expensive and more regulated, and more 477 00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 1: on making beer cheaper. This didn't have quite the intended 478 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:19,480 Speaker 1: effect though public houses serving beer became more popular among 479 00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,400 Speaker 1: the working class, while more middle class people started to 480 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,760 Speaker 1: prefer gin served in a gin palace. Can't didn't really 481 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:28,120 Speaker 1: reduce the popularity of gin very much. It just sort 482 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: of flipped which social classes preferred which drink. The process 483 00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:38,480 Speaker 1: of making gin also changed somewhat around this time. The 484 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:44,400 Speaker 1: column still was developed. Starting around eighteen twenty two, Irish 485 00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,520 Speaker 1: distiller and NEAs Coffee refined this design and was awarded 486 00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:52,240 Speaker 1: for a patent on his improved version in eighteen thirty. 487 00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 1: Unlike pots stills, which required distillers to make their wares 488 00:31:57,120 --> 00:32:02,160 Speaker 1: in small batches, the columns still had run continually, and 489 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,320 Speaker 1: this made the final product a lot more consistent with 490 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,480 Speaker 1: generally better quality. Again, there are still plenty of distillers 491 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:12,760 Speaker 1: who work in small batches using pot stills today, but 492 00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:18,200 Speaker 1: generally using more sophisticated techniques and more consistency than in 493 00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:22,040 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century. The development of the column still also 494 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: led to a new style of gin, London Dry, named 495 00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:28,920 Speaker 1: for being made in London and for not being sweetened. 496 00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: Some of the distillers that were established around this time 497 00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:35,560 Speaker 1: still exists today. For example, Charles tanker Ay established a 498 00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:39,120 Speaker 1: distillery in the Bloomsbury neighborhood of London. In eighteen thirty 499 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:43,080 Speaker 1: Plymouth gin was evolving as well, sweeter and stronger than 500 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:47,200 Speaker 1: London dry, and available in a more potent navy strength 501 00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,840 Speaker 1: for provisioning to the Royal Navy. There were still a 502 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:55,360 Speaker 1: lot of concerns about all the social issues associated with drinking, 503 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:59,880 Speaker 1: and specifically with drinking gin, though Charles Dickens started right 504 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: about this and his sketches by Bass in eighteen thirty six. 505 00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: Unlike earlier writers from back in the seventeen hundreds, though 506 00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: Dickens didn't really frame jin as the cause of poverty. 507 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:17,560 Speaker 1: He was fond of jin himself, and instead he described 508 00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:22,160 Speaker 1: over consumption and alcohol abuse as effects of poverty and 509 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:26,360 Speaker 1: poor living conditions. Quote Jim, Drinking is a great vice 510 00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:30,000 Speaker 1: in England, but wretchedness and dirt are a greater And 511 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:33,719 Speaker 1: until you improve the homes of the poor, or persuade 512 00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:36,600 Speaker 1: a half famished wretch not to seek relief in the 513 00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:40,880 Speaker 1: temporary oblivion of his own misery, with the pittance which 514 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,560 Speaker 1: divided among his family, would furnish a morsel of bread 515 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 1: for each Gin shops will increase in number and splendor, 516 00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: just like William Hogarth had depicted jin Lane in the 517 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,760 Speaker 1: eighteenth century. Other artists depicted the dangers of alcohol in 518 00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, including George Cruikshank, who is sometimes called 519 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:05,880 Speaker 1: the modern Hogarths. Krukshanks satirical The Gin Shop shows a 520 00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:10,719 Speaker 1: whole inebriated family in the shop, including children standing in 521 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:13,560 Speaker 1: a trap with death off to one side, and a 522 00:34:13,719 --> 00:34:17,360 Speaker 1: cask of old tom shaped like a coffin. Unlike the 523 00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:21,160 Speaker 1: eighteenth century movement that had mostly focused on spirits, the 524 00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:23,840 Speaker 1: temperance movement that arose in the UK in the nineteenth 525 00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:27,920 Speaker 1: century focused on the dangers of all alcohols, including beer. 526 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:32,319 Speaker 1: More London dry distillers were established in the middle of 527 00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:36,440 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, including Gilbie's in eighteen fifty seven and 528 00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:41,360 Speaker 1: Beef Eater in eighteen sixty three. Distillers also started experimenting 529 00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: with different blends of botanicals in addition to the junipers, 530 00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:50,279 Speaker 1: to give their products different flavor profiles. All kinds of 531 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:54,840 Speaker 1: gin based cocktails and mixed drinks evolved during the nineteenth century. 532 00:34:55,040 --> 00:34:58,319 Speaker 1: Bidders were popularized in the UK around this time, particularly 533 00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:02,640 Speaker 1: pay Shows and Angus Your a Biters Plymouth gin flavored 534 00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:05,319 Speaker 1: with angister a biters became known as pink gin, which 535 00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:08,760 Speaker 1: was both a popular beverage and a treatment to soothe 536 00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: the stomach and prevent seasickness. Here in the US you 537 00:35:12,560 --> 00:35:16,080 Speaker 1: can buy various pink gins in bottles, some of which 538 00:35:16,120 --> 00:35:20,240 Speaker 1: are this and some of which are not or pink 539 00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:25,360 Speaker 1: for some other reason. Another nineteenth century innovation was the gimlet, 540 00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:29,480 Speaker 1: combining gin and lime, and this probably arose from the 541 00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,839 Speaker 1: use of lime juice to prevent scurvy amongst sailors. Sometimes 542 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: this name is attributed to Sir Thomas Gimlets, the surgeon 543 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:42,520 Speaker 1: General of the Navy, although another idea is that it 544 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:45,279 Speaker 1: was named for the tool that was used to drill 545 00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:48,640 Speaker 1: holes in the barrels that these liquids were stored in. 546 00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: That tool is also called a gimlet. The martini was 547 00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:56,840 Speaker 1: introduced by about eighteen seventy, combining gin, vermouth, and garnish. 548 00:35:56,960 --> 00:35:59,279 Speaker 1: This is also about when the gin and tonic made 549 00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:03,240 Speaker 1: its debut. Chinchona bark has its own long long history 550 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:07,040 Speaker 1: as the source of medicine to treat recurring fevers. Quinine 551 00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:10,040 Speaker 1: comes from Cinchona bark, and the British Royal Navy relied 552 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: on it to treat malaria. Quinine was unpleasant to consume, 553 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:20,520 Speaker 1: though in eighteen seventy Schwepps introduced what it called Indian 554 00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:26,120 Speaker 1: tonic water that was carbonated water infused with quinine. John 555 00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:30,200 Speaker 1: Jacob Schwepp was not the first person to carbonate water, 556 00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:34,359 Speaker 1: and Schwepps was not the first company to combine carbonated 557 00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:38,360 Speaker 1: water and quinine. But Schwepps was the first company to 558 00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:42,759 Speaker 1: produce carbonated water at an industrial scale and also to 559 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:48,600 Speaker 1: market this quinine tonic as a malaria preventative. Mixing tonic 560 00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,920 Speaker 1: water with gin and serving that over ice became a 561 00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:55,160 Speaker 1: popular way for people in tropical areas to get their 562 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:59,360 Speaker 1: doses of quinine. Tonic water, as it is produced today, 563 00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:04,600 Speaker 1: has far less quinine in it does not really prevent 564 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:08,640 Speaker 1: our treat malaria at the currents proportions. Please do not 565 00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:13,160 Speaker 1: count on on these things as medicine for yourself. Uh. 566 00:37:13,280 --> 00:37:17,640 Speaker 1: This brings us to Jin's connections to colonialism. Anywhere the 567 00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:21,400 Speaker 1: British Empire established a trade or started a colony, it 568 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,080 Speaker 1: introduced gin or made gin more widely available there than 569 00:37:25,120 --> 00:37:29,080 Speaker 1: it had been before. Britain and other European powers also 570 00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:33,080 Speaker 1: traded liquor for enslaved Africans during the Transatlantic slave trade. 571 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:37,440 Speaker 1: Overwhelmingly the people already living in these areas already had 572 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: their own fermenting methods, and unless religious prohibitions on alcohol 573 00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:44,640 Speaker 1: were in place, some of them were used to make beers, wines, 574 00:37:44,719 --> 00:37:47,799 Speaker 1: or other alcoholic beverages in addition to being used to 575 00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:53,400 Speaker 1: preserve foods. But stronger distilled spirits were often a new innovation, 576 00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:57,440 Speaker 1: and this led to some of the same societal and 577 00:37:57,560 --> 00:38:00,880 Speaker 1: health issues that Britain had already witten Nets starting in 578 00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:06,240 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century, combined with the same paternalistic attitudes about 579 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,600 Speaker 1: how working or poorer people were spending their time, but 580 00:38:09,719 --> 00:38:13,239 Speaker 1: now a lot of those attitudes were also threaded through 581 00:38:13,719 --> 00:38:19,080 Speaker 1: with racism. Colonial officials often had a lot of concerns 582 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:24,160 Speaker 1: as local people developed their own distilling practices and lumped 583 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,040 Speaker 1: everything that they were making under the umbrella of gin, 584 00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:32,040 Speaker 1: regardless of what was actually being used. So as one 585 00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:38,240 Speaker 1: example in Nigeria, British officials described locally made distilled palm 586 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:43,680 Speaker 1: wine as gin, even though did not have the ingredients 587 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:47,600 Speaker 1: that were commonly used to make gin. So we haven't 588 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:50,399 Speaker 1: really talked about the United States at all, Although jin 589 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:54,080 Speaker 1: did exist in the US, Americans tended to prefer both 590 00:38:54,120 --> 00:38:57,600 Speaker 1: beer and whiskey to gin, but when prohibition went into 591 00:38:57,640 --> 00:39:01,840 Speaker 1: effect in nineteen twenty, ilicit gin became a bit more popular. 592 00:39:02,640 --> 00:39:05,439 Speaker 1: Jin was easier to make than many other spirits since 593 00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,520 Speaker 1: it did not need to be aged, and since the 594 00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:11,680 Speaker 1: juniper could help disguise the flavor of roughly made alcohol. 595 00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:16,560 Speaker 1: The terms radiator gin and bathtub gin arose during this time, 596 00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:20,839 Speaker 1: although bathtub gin was probably meant to describe the dirtiness 597 00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:23,479 Speaker 1: of the bootleg gin rather than it actually being made 598 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:26,920 Speaker 1: in a bathtub. Yeah, the idea of it really being 599 00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:30,640 Speaker 1: made in bathtubs sort of came about in film depictions 600 00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:35,360 Speaker 1: of prohibition from later on, rather than how people using it. 601 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:39,239 Speaker 1: We're using it at the time. In the early twentieth century, 602 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:42,920 Speaker 1: jin's popularity started to wane in a lot of the world. 603 00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:46,879 Speaker 1: When it came to distilled spirits and their popularity, Jin 604 00:39:47,080 --> 00:39:51,800 Speaker 1: was really overtaken by vodka, but especially in the United States, 605 00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 1: attitudes towards drinking also started to shift. Alcoholics Anonymous was 606 00:39:57,160 --> 00:40:01,600 Speaker 1: established in Nive, and by nineteen fifty the organization had 607 00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:06,160 Speaker 1: grown large enough to hold its first international convention. The 608 00:40:06,280 --> 00:40:10,960 Speaker 1: popularity of the quote three martini lunch rose and fell 609 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,600 Speaker 1: over the course of the mid twentieth century, with Jimmy 610 00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:16,640 Speaker 1: Carter criticizing that practice when he ran for president in 611 00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:22,200 Speaker 1: ninety six. Over time, Jin and drinks made with Jin 612 00:40:22,640 --> 00:40:28,040 Speaker 1: started to be seen as pretty passe. However, again, if 613 00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:30,240 Speaker 1: you live in the modern world, you know jim didn't 614 00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:33,399 Speaker 1: go away. Uh, there's really been a resurgence in gin 615 00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:37,560 Speaker 1: and its popularity more recently. Some people mark jin's resurgence 616 00:40:37,640 --> 00:40:42,640 Speaker 1: as starting with the introduction of Bombay sapphire in others 617 00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:48,520 Speaker 1: credit Scottish distillers William Grant and Sons, which introduced Hendrix Jin, 618 00:40:49,160 --> 00:40:51,200 Speaker 1: and over the last couple of decades there's been a 619 00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:55,840 Speaker 1: big focus on small batch craft distillers experimenting with botanical 620 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,680 Speaker 1: blends to come up with their own flavorings and seasonal 621 00:40:58,760 --> 00:41:02,680 Speaker 1: gin's in the like. In the global gin market was 622 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:07,080 Speaker 1: valued at fourteen point oh three billion dollars, with European 623 00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:11,400 Speaker 1: consumers making up about half of that market share. Yes, 624 00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:15,520 Speaker 1: Jin a lot of variety in gin nowadays. If if 625 00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:18,719 Speaker 1: we did not mention your favorite gin or your favorite 626 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:24,240 Speaker 1: Jin drink, UH, don't feel personally left out. I haven't 627 00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:31,200 Speaker 1: mentioned my favorite ones either. Do you have listener mail 628 00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,960 Speaker 1: that may or may not involve Jim. I do. I 629 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:36,400 Speaker 1: do have listener mail. Even though we started off this 630 00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:38,640 Speaker 1: episode with mail, We're gonna read some more mail. This 631 00:41:38,719 --> 00:41:41,799 Speaker 1: is from Page Page Route. Dear Tracy and Holly. I've 632 00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:44,480 Speaker 1: been an avid listener of your podcast since February, and 633 00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:47,480 Speaker 1: I've sent you a few emails expressing my thanks. This 634 00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:50,279 Speaker 1: is the first time I've had something relevant to contribute. 635 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:53,719 Speaker 1: I was flipping through my National Geographic magazine the other 636 00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:56,720 Speaker 1: day and came across an article titled Eating the Problem 637 00:41:56,880 --> 00:42:01,000 Speaker 1: about chefs turning invasive species into food. To my delight, 638 00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,680 Speaker 1: kudzoo was included. I immediately went back and listened to 639 00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:07,440 Speaker 1: your episode about the vine that ate the South. In 640 00:42:07,480 --> 00:42:11,480 Speaker 1: recent years, kad zoo has been served pickled, fried, dried, fermented, 641 00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:14,560 Speaker 1: and even as a pesto. This is not the only 642 00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:18,680 Speaker 1: invasive species getting the restaurant treatment. Chefs have also turned 643 00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:22,480 Speaker 1: to cooking up lion fish, feral hogs, and Asian carp 644 00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:25,960 Speaker 1: Although eating these creatures will not completely eradicate them, it 645 00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:28,920 Speaker 1: is a way to reduce their land cover. Additionally, you 646 00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:32,600 Speaker 1: mentioned Japanese not weed in your episode as well, which 647 00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:36,040 Speaker 1: we have several patches of near our house. Every time 648 00:42:36,080 --> 00:42:38,520 Speaker 1: we pass them, my mom, who was a gardener, remarks 649 00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:40,360 Speaker 1: on how hard it is to kill and how it 650 00:42:40,480 --> 00:42:43,560 Speaker 1: is spreading like crazy. Hopefully not weed will not end 651 00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:45,960 Speaker 1: up taking over the north like Kudzo did the South, 652 00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,279 Speaker 1: but it is quite difficult to get rid of. Thank 653 00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:51,680 Speaker 1: you so much for your wonderful podcast. I look forward 654 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:53,719 Speaker 1: to my bus rides each day as they give me 655 00:42:53,760 --> 00:42:56,480 Speaker 1: a chance to listen to your latest episode. I'm including 656 00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,080 Speaker 1: a picture of my pug, Ruthy as well. She loves 657 00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:01,160 Speaker 1: the show almost as much as I do. You keep 658 00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:05,680 Speaker 1: up with the wonderful work, best Page. Ruthie is such 659 00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:14,080 Speaker 1: a cute pug. Look at this um. I just liked 660 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:17,440 Speaker 1: this email this morning, and also making kunzy pesto reminded 661 00:43:17,480 --> 00:43:20,959 Speaker 1: me of how uh we get most of our vegetables 662 00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:23,600 Speaker 1: from our farmer's market, and the farm that we get 663 00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:25,759 Speaker 1: our carrots from sells the carrots with all their tops 664 00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:28,640 Speaker 1: still attached, and we have made carrot top pesto a 665 00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:34,320 Speaker 1: bunch of times. It's been quite yummy. So thanks Page 666 00:43:34,400 --> 00:43:37,080 Speaker 1: for this note. If you'd like to send us an 667 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,680 Speaker 1: email about this or any other podcasts for a history 668 00:43:39,760 --> 00:43:42,560 Speaker 1: podcast at i heart radio dot com and we're all 669 00:43:42,719 --> 00:43:46,279 Speaker 1: over social media at missed in History. That's where you'll 670 00:43:46,320 --> 00:43:50,680 Speaker 1: find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. And you can 671 00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:53,200 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on I heart radio app and 672 00:43:53,239 --> 00:44:00,560 Speaker 1: anywhere else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you 673 00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:03,560 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 674 00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:06,200 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the i 675 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:09,480 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 676 00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:10,360 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.