1 00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 1: So you always hear people say things like I got 2 00:00:07,680 --> 00:00:10,360 Speaker 1: in a car accident and the whole thing seemed to 3 00:00:10,360 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: happen in slow motion. I saw the hood crumple and 4 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: the rear view mirror fall off, and I was watching 5 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:20,759 Speaker 1: the other driver's expression. And it's the same thing with 6 00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:26,119 Speaker 1: gunfights or skiing accidents or motorcycle crashes. But from a 7 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:31,120 Speaker 1: neuroscience perspective, is it true that time slows down? And 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:34,200 Speaker 1: how could you test that? And why does your drive 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:36,239 Speaker 1: to work on the first day seem to take a 10 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:39,240 Speaker 1: long time, but after a while it takes no time 11 00:00:39,280 --> 00:00:41,640 Speaker 1: at all. And why do the years seem to go 12 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:47,680 Speaker 1: by faster as we get older? Welcome to inner Cosmos 13 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:52,320 Speaker 1: with me, David Eagleman. I'm a neuroscientist and an author 14 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: at Stanford University, and I've spent my whole career studying 15 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: the intersection between how the works and how we experienced life. 16 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:11,840 Speaker 1: The first time I experienced time slowing down, I was 17 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,440 Speaker 1: eight years old. It was a Saturday, and my brother 18 00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:18,280 Speaker 1: and I left the house to find something to do, 19 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,720 Speaker 1: and on the way out the door, our father warned 20 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:25,039 Speaker 1: us not to go near the house under construction, and 21 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:27,880 Speaker 1: so we told him we wouldn't, and being children, we 22 00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: of course went straight to the house under construction. So 23 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:34,440 Speaker 1: we poked around like kids do, and eventually we found 24 00:01:34,440 --> 00:01:37,400 Speaker 1: a ladder and we went up onto the roof, and 25 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: from there one could enjoy a wonderful view of the 26 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 1: mountains of Albuquerque, New Mexico. And my brother wandered off 27 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: to explore some other part of the roof, and I 28 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:51,919 Speaker 1: stepped forward to stand at the edge. Now I didn't 29 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 1: know what tar paper was. I didn't know that it 30 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:59,000 Speaker 1: was stiff and that it extended past the edge of 31 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:02,440 Speaker 1: the roof on a center construction. So when I thought 32 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:04,920 Speaker 1: I was stepping to the roof's edge, I was actually 33 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:08,760 Speaker 1: stepping on the tar paper, and I began to fall. 34 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: As I fell, I thought about grabbing for the roof's edge, 35 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: but some part of my brain recognized I was too 36 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,720 Speaker 1: late for that. So I found myself in a spread 37 00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: eagle position, looking way down to the red brick floor below, 38 00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: And as I fell towards what was likely to be 39 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:39,360 Speaker 1: my death, I was thinking calmly about how similar my 40 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: fall was to that scene in Alice in Wonderland when 41 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: she falls down the rabbit hole. It was totally calm 42 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,360 Speaker 1: and peaceful. I didn't have any fear or panic. I 43 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: was just thinking about a moment from a children's story. 44 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: So it won't surprise you that I lived. But it 45 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 1: did surprise my parents and the emergency room physicians because 46 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:08,840 Speaker 1: I'd fallen twelve feet and landed on my face, on 47 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: my nose, and I'd lost consciousness and a lot of blood, 48 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 1: and I'd shattered all the cartilage in my nose. But 49 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:19,440 Speaker 1: what stayed with me wasn't anything about that or the pain. 50 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 1: It was a fascination with what had happened. So fast 51 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:27,680 Speaker 1: forward seven years later, I'm in high school physics, and 52 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: I learned the formula de equals one half at squared, 53 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,640 Speaker 1: and that allows me to calculate how long the fall took. 54 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:39,200 Speaker 1: And I realize the fall had only taken point six 55 00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 1: of a second. What that couldn't be right. It seemed 56 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:46,480 Speaker 1: to have taken so much longer. So fast forward some 57 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 1: more years and I'd become a neuroscientist, and my graduate 58 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:53,160 Speaker 1: thesis was a large computational model of a chunk of 59 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,200 Speaker 1: brain tissue and the signaling that happens in there. But 60 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 1: the experience of my falls mysteriously long, long duration never 61 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: left me. So once I became faculty, I started looking 62 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:09,840 Speaker 1: into this and I started collecting stories from people. So 63 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 1: I'm going to start with one from a police officer. 64 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:17,800 Speaker 1: So one morning, he got radioed that two suspects were 65 00:04:17,839 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: heading his way in a police car chase and that 66 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: he should position his car in the middle of the 67 00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:28,240 Speaker 1: road to stop them. So he does that, and he 68 00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:30,919 Speaker 1: sees the car coming in from the distance, and he 69 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:33,640 Speaker 1: stands in the middle of the street and raises his 70 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:36,640 Speaker 1: hand for them to stop, but they just keep coming, 71 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:40,400 Speaker 1: and they're coming right at him. So he draws his 72 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:43,600 Speaker 1: revolver and he points it at the driver with the 73 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:46,799 Speaker 1: intention of shooting him through the windshield. And the car 74 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,360 Speaker 1: is so close, and for him, it seemed like time 75 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: went into slow motion. And here's how he reports his thoughts. Now, 76 00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: wait a second, these are three point fifty seven HaLow points, 77 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: and they should go right through the glass. But since 78 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:06,359 Speaker 1: the glass is angled, what if it ricochets off the 79 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:09,600 Speaker 1: glass and kills someone on the second story of that 80 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: house over there. Anyway, he suddenly realizes that the car 81 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: is almost on top of him, so he jumps out 82 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,480 Speaker 1: of the way, and at the same motion he squeezes 83 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 1: off around at the driver's door, bang, and as the 84 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: car goes by, he then pulls off a second round bang, 85 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:29,400 Speaker 1: And then as the car is almost all the way 86 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: past him, he feels his finger pull off the third 87 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:36,719 Speaker 1: shot bang, and he assumes that he'd fired at the 88 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:40,760 Speaker 1: rear window, but he noticed that the glass hadn't broken, 89 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:44,440 Speaker 1: and so he starts to worry that maybe he'd missed, 90 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: and maybe he'd shot a bystander down the road, and 91 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:52,159 Speaker 1: so he immediately is thinking about how his career might 92 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 1: be over. And so his partner comes running up to him, 93 00:05:56,360 --> 00:06:00,120 Speaker 1: and in the conversation afterwards, he realizes that his partner 94 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:05,440 Speaker 1: had witnessed a very different event. His partner said that 95 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 1: the entire incident from the car approaching to when it 96 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: went by, took maybe all of three seconds. And his 97 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:17,280 Speaker 1: partner said that the three shots sound like bang by bang, 98 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: but it didn't feel that way to the officer firing 99 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 1: the shots. It seemed like he had taken a lot 100 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:28,480 Speaker 1: of time to think about ricocheting, about people sitting in 101 00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: their living rooms, about whether the shot had hit the 102 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: back window, about whether the shot would possibly hit a 103 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:38,160 Speaker 1: guy in a bar or some distance away. And in 104 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: his mind, the shots went bang bang bang, as though 105 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:48,880 Speaker 1: everything were happening at a much slower pace. So how 106 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:52,160 Speaker 1: is it that a bang bang bang from one guy 107 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:55,040 Speaker 1: is perceived by someone else's bang bang bang? How does 108 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:58,520 Speaker 1: that happen? Now, here's another story from a doctor who 109 00:06:58,560 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 1: got in a motorcycle accident. So he's going forty five 110 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:04,880 Speaker 1: miles an hour down the road. A car pulls out 111 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: of the driveway and he comes off his bike and 112 00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:13,240 Speaker 1: he hits the road and he rolls four or five times, 113 00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:17,160 Speaker 1: and time appears to slow down, and he feels like 114 00:07:18,040 --> 00:07:22,840 Speaker 1: he's rolling forever. So after he rolls twice, he thinks, God, 115 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:25,600 Speaker 1: when am I ever going to stop rolling? So it 116 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: seemed like time had slowed down for him. And when 117 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,440 Speaker 1: he was thinking about this later, he estimated it would 118 00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: take him about two and a half or three seconds 119 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: to think that particular thought, And so that provided him 120 00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:41,720 Speaker 1: with a timescale of the amount of time that a 121 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: single roll seemed to take. So when he calculated this 122 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:50,480 Speaker 1: later in retrospect, he determined that the whole event seemed 123 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,480 Speaker 1: to have taken about fifteen seconds, but it couldn't have 124 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: taken any longer than five or another report I collected 125 00:07:57,920 --> 00:08:00,720 Speaker 1: was from a mother who saw her three year old 126 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:04,800 Speaker 1: child fall into the shallow part of a lake at 127 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 1: a little distance away at a park. So, like any 128 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 1: parent would, she started immediately sprinting towards the lake, but 129 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: it seemed to take forever to reach there. Now, her 130 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 1: child was fine, and in fact it didn't take her 131 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: that long, but she was haunted by remembering her thoughts 132 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,400 Speaker 1: during what seemed like a painfully slow process of reaching 133 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: her child. And this impression that time runs slowly is 134 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:35,600 Speaker 1: not an uncommon occurrence. Other people I interviewed describe things 135 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: like car accidents where they watched the whole event unfold 136 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:45,440 Speaker 1: slowly with a kind of inevitability, the car sliding towards 137 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: them impacts and the door crushes and so on, Or 138 00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:52,839 Speaker 1: the victim of a mugging describing the way that the 139 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:57,079 Speaker 1: mugger reaches into his jacket to draw a weapon, or 140 00:08:57,559 --> 00:09:00,679 Speaker 1: a person who's been in an accident with his skateboard 141 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:04,680 Speaker 1: going towards the parked car. All of these things involve 142 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:08,880 Speaker 1: very short time windows that for some reason seem very lengthy, 143 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: and these people, like me, reported that the sensation of 144 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 1: time had seemed to proceed more slowly than normal, And 145 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:20,760 Speaker 1: so these reports made it seem possible to me that 146 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:24,720 Speaker 1: the brain has a capacity to operate at a higher 147 00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:28,320 Speaker 1: frame rate, which is how filming slow motion in the 148 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 1: movies works. You capture information at a higher frame rate 149 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:36,480 Speaker 1: and then you play it back at normal speed. But 150 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 1: what if there was another possibility here? What if, for example, 151 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:43,679 Speaker 1: it's a trick of memory, such that you're laying down 152 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 1: denser memories and when you read it back out, your 153 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:51,440 Speaker 1: brain's only conclusion is, well, if I have that much memory, 154 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,720 Speaker 1: that must correspond to five seconds, when in fact it 155 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:59,040 Speaker 1: only lasted one second. So I wanted to understand what 156 00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:03,600 Speaker 1: was happening here the brain, So I scoured the neuroscience literature, 157 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 1: but it turned out no one had ever put the 158 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:11,520 Speaker 1: question of slow motion perception to the test. Why not, Well, 159 00:10:11,559 --> 00:10:16,319 Speaker 1: it's because it would require placing volunteer subjects in life 160 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:20,439 Speaker 1: threatening situations, which is not a clear path to tenure 161 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 1: for an academic. But without a rigorous scientific experiment, I 162 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 1: realized it was difficult to know how to interpret these experiences, 163 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:34,080 Speaker 1: including my own, from a neuroscience point of view, and 164 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: I was obsessed with figuring out how to test this first, 165 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:48,480 Speaker 1: I needed something scary, so I packed up stopwatches and 166 00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:51,160 Speaker 1: pads of paper, and I took all the members of 167 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:55,319 Speaker 1: my laboratory to Astraworld, which was the local amusement park, 168 00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: and we set out to find the most terrifying roller coaster. 169 00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:07,360 Speaker 1: We had a fantastic time as a group, and we 170 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:09,800 Speaker 1: did a lot of laughing, but at the end of 171 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: the day we couldn't find anything frightening enough to give 172 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:17,280 Speaker 1: us the impression that time had moved in slow motion. 173 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:23,240 Speaker 1: We needed something more terrifying, so we kept looking, and 174 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: three weeks later, and three hundred miles away, we found it. 175 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: SCAD diving Now SCAD stands for suspended catch air device. 176 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 1: Imagine a huge metal tower. It's one hundred and fifty 177 00:11:42,679 --> 00:11:46,600 Speaker 1: feet tall. It's kind of like a poor man's Eiffel Tower, 178 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:50,520 Speaker 1: and you step on a small platform that pulls you 179 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: up like a small elevator, and you find yourself standing 180 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,600 Speaker 1: at the very top of the tower, looking down on 181 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 1: the city. Now, you put what a big leather harness 182 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:04,960 Speaker 1: on your back, and then you click the front of 183 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:09,120 Speaker 1: your harness into a bolet hook. You position yourself so 184 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:12,480 Speaker 1: that you're hanging from the hook. Cradled in that piece 185 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: of leather, dangling in the air with a net one 186 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:22,439 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty feet below you, and then the hook 187 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:29,560 Speaker 1: releases and you are in free fall backwards, looking at 188 00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:33,839 Speaker 1: the sky, falling backwards, not even able to see where 189 00:12:33,880 --> 00:12:37,680 Speaker 1: the net is or how much time you have left. 190 00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: When you finally hit the net below, you're going seventy 191 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:46,960 Speaker 1: miles an hour, and the net catches you softly and 192 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:53,240 Speaker 1: you finally breathe again. This was sufficiently scary. Now I'm 193 00:12:53,240 --> 00:12:55,559 Speaker 1: going to get back to the experiment in just a moment, 194 00:12:55,679 --> 00:12:59,160 Speaker 1: but first I want to specify that this isn't your 195 00:12:59,240 --> 00:13:02,000 Speaker 1: typical in lab science experiment. So I had to do 196 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: a lot of convincing to get the university to sign off. 197 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:09,240 Speaker 1: It took me seven months, but we were finally ready. 198 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: So before we tested anyone, I took the plunge myself 199 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: three times in a row, and I can tell you 200 00:13:17,360 --> 00:13:22,080 Speaker 1: that each time was equally terrifying as the previous. There's 201 00:13:22,520 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: no getting used to falling backwards from a height like that. 202 00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: It goes against every Darwinian instinct that you have in 203 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:33,800 Speaker 1: terms of staying alive. But back to the question, we've 204 00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:37,679 Speaker 1: now found something sufficiently scary, how do we do the 205 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:42,080 Speaker 1: experiment to see if people are overclocking or having a 206 00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: faster frame rate in the moment. So in my lab 207 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 1: we engineered a wristband that we called the eagle eye, 208 00:13:52,360 --> 00:13:56,400 Speaker 1: or more technically the perceptual chronometer, which is just a 209 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,800 Speaker 1: fancy way of saying something that can measure the speed 210 00:13:59,840 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: of your perception, in other words, how fast you're taking 211 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: in information from the world. So picture this. It's like 212 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,560 Speaker 1: a watch with a big face, and it has a 213 00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: rectangular screen of small LED lights. So we can display 214 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:19,000 Speaker 1: a number on it, let's say the number twenty seven, 215 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:23,320 Speaker 1: by turning on the LEDs that make that number. But 216 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,880 Speaker 1: here's the trick. We now switch the lights so that 217 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: in the next moment, all the LEDs that are on 218 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: turn off, and all the ones off turn on, So 219 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,000 Speaker 1: that still shows you a twenty seven, But now it's 220 00:14:37,040 --> 00:14:39,880 Speaker 1: like a negative photograph where the background is lit but 221 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 1: the number is so you can still easily read that 222 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:46,000 Speaker 1: as twenty seven. Now what we do is we alternate 223 00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:49,440 Speaker 1: the positive and negative images rapidly, so all the lights 224 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: are blinking on and off and at a fast pace. 225 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:55,720 Speaker 1: You can still easily see that the number being displayed 226 00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 1: is twenty seven, But if we make it just a 227 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:01,560 Speaker 1: little bit faster than that, you can't see any number 228 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,160 Speaker 1: at all, because the speed is such that the positive 229 00:15:05,160 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 1: and negative images fuse together, and it looks like just 230 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:11,240 Speaker 1: a bunch of LEDs that are on, and you can't 231 00:15:11,240 --> 00:15:14,920 Speaker 1: distinguish that number twenty seven from any other number that 232 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,280 Speaker 1: might be displayed. So this speed is known as the 233 00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: flicker fusion frequency. Things are flickering so fast that they 234 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: all fuse together. Perceptually, now we know that even though 235 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,200 Speaker 1: you can't see the number anymore, there are cells in 236 00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:35,200 Speaker 1: your visual cortex that can follow flicker at much higher 237 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:38,920 Speaker 1: rates than your consciousness can. So the question was this, 238 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:43,400 Speaker 1: if you're in a terrifying event, can you actually see 239 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,840 Speaker 1: in slow motion like Neo in the matrix who season 240 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:51,680 Speaker 1: bullet time? And can you therefore distinguish the flashing numbers 241 00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: at a faster rate than you would be able to normally. 242 00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:58,520 Speaker 1: In other words, we set the pace of alternating lights 243 00:15:59,240 --> 00:16:02,360 Speaker 1: just faster than then you can normally see, just beyond 244 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: the flicker fusion frequency. So if your vision speeds up 245 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:10,400 Speaker 1: like a slow motion camera taking in more frames per second, 246 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:14,040 Speaker 1: then you should be able to report the number that 247 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:17,760 Speaker 1: was being flashed. If, on the other hand, you're not 248 00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,040 Speaker 1: actually seeing in slow motion but instead just laying down 249 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:25,160 Speaker 1: more memory, you'd be no faster at reading the display 250 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:28,120 Speaker 1: and it wouldn't look like anything to you. So we 251 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,440 Speaker 1: got twenty three volunteer participants to do the fall, and 252 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:36,160 Speaker 1: here's how it works. Imagine you're the volunteer. First, we 253 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:41,920 Speaker 1: measure your flicker fusion threshold under normal relaxed circumstances, in 254 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: other words, how fast I can alternate these numbers before 255 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:49,840 Speaker 1: you can't see them anymore. Then we put you on 256 00:16:49,920 --> 00:16:54,760 Speaker 1: the platform that's winched fifteen stories up above the ground. 257 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,320 Speaker 1: You strap the perceptual chronometer to your wrist, and then 258 00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:02,840 Speaker 1: you're attacked to this bolet hook that's dangling way above 259 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,399 Speaker 1: the net, and we set the speed of alternation of 260 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:09,320 Speaker 1: the lights to just slightly faster than you can see 261 00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 1: any number on there, and you're instructed to keep your 262 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:15,920 Speaker 1: eyes on your wrist in front of you. And then 263 00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:22,639 Speaker 1: at a moment you're not expecting the hook releases during 264 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,199 Speaker 1: the fall, your only job is to identify the random 265 00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:29,800 Speaker 1: number flashing on the watch. That's it. If you're having 266 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:34,240 Speaker 1: higher temporal resolution. During the free fall, the rate of 267 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:38,120 Speaker 1: alternation should appear slowed, which would allow you to read 268 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: the numbers that would otherwise be unreadable. But that was 269 00:17:42,560 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 1: only one part of the experiment. After the fall, we 270 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:51,960 Speaker 1: had participants retrospectively reproduce how long their fall took using 271 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 1: a stopwatch. So you think back on your fall and 272 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:59,400 Speaker 1: you start the stopwatch when you picture the hook being released, 273 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:02,400 Speaker 1: and you stop when you think you hit the net, 274 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: so you're reproducing it in your mind. And then what 275 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:09,040 Speaker 1: you also do is you watch other people take the 276 00:18:09,119 --> 00:18:13,440 Speaker 1: fall and you reproduce that memory on your stopwatch as well, 277 00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 1: so the moment they were released to the moment they 278 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: hit the net in your memory. And what we found here, 279 00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:24,359 Speaker 1: consistent with the verbal reports, is that everyone estimates to 280 00:18:24,359 --> 00:18:28,400 Speaker 1: the duration of their own fall to be longer than 281 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:32,480 Speaker 1: when they're remembering someone else's fall the same fall. On average, 282 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:35,240 Speaker 1: people felt that their own falls took at least thirty 283 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:39,760 Speaker 1: percent longer. But the surprise came with the results from 284 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,879 Speaker 1: the perceptual chronometer. No one was able to read the 285 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:47,200 Speaker 1: numbers in free fall at a faster rate than they 286 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,479 Speaker 1: could when they were standing calmly on the ground and 287 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:53,000 Speaker 1: It's not because they closed their eyes or didn't pay attention. 288 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:57,800 Speaker 1: We monitored for that carefully, but because they couldn't, after all, 289 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:04,159 Speaker 1: see time and slow So despite my subjective experience of 290 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: falling from the roof, I hadn't, after all seen my 291 00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:12,359 Speaker 1: surroundings in bullet time like NEO. Now, this wasn't necessarily 292 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:15,760 Speaker 1: the result I was expecting, So we analyzed this data 293 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,080 Speaker 1: every which way to make sure there wasn't a mistake, 294 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:22,359 Speaker 1: and there wasn't. People weren't actually seeing in slow motion, 295 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,879 Speaker 1: and this was the first step to realizing the link 296 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:32,479 Speaker 1: between time and memory. The reason participants reported a longer 297 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:36,360 Speaker 1: duration for their own fall, even though they were seeing 298 00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:41,280 Speaker 1: no faster than normal, comes down to a walnut size 299 00:19:41,320 --> 00:20:06,479 Speaker 1: area of the brain called the amygdala. When there's an 300 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:11,800 Speaker 1: emergency situation, the amygdala kicks into high gear and it 301 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: commandeers the resources of the rest of the brain and 302 00:20:15,119 --> 00:20:19,880 Speaker 1: it forces everything to attend to the situation at hand. Now, 303 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:22,879 Speaker 1: what's emerged in neuroscience in the last few decades is 304 00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:27,000 Speaker 1: that when the amygdala gets involved, memories are laid down 305 00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: on a secondary memory system. This is not your normal 306 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,880 Speaker 1: memory system for every day stuff, which is taken care 307 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:40,120 Speaker 1: of by the hippocampus, but a secondary track, because that's 308 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:45,080 Speaker 1: what memories are for. In an emergency situation, when everything 309 00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:47,160 Speaker 1: is hitting the fan, that's when you want to make 310 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,720 Speaker 1: sure that you write down all the details for future reference. 311 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:56,080 Speaker 1: Now here's the key. When you play these memories back out, 312 00:20:56,840 --> 00:21:01,000 Speaker 1: your brain interprets the higher density of data as a 313 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: longer duration. So under normal everyday circumstances, most of what 314 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: happens to you passes right through your system and very 315 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:15,840 Speaker 1: little gets retained. You don't remember much of anything about 316 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: the details of who you passed on the street today, 317 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: or all the billboards you saw on your drive, or 318 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:23,920 Speaker 1: the color of the car in front of you, or 319 00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: who was in front of you in line at the 320 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:30,240 Speaker 1: coffee shop, or much else. When you're judging how long 321 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: something lasted, the only way you can do it is 322 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 1: by looking back and essentially counting up memories. Your brain 323 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:40,919 Speaker 1: doesn't get time information for free. It's not like it 324 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:44,080 Speaker 1: has a built in clock. It's made up of billions 325 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,320 Speaker 1: of cells and that's all it has to work with. 326 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: So through experience it figures out how to make correlations. 327 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: If I have this much memory I can draw on, 328 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:02,200 Speaker 1: then that event must have lasted ten seconds, or ten months, 329 00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:05,840 Speaker 1: or ten years. And in this way, duration is always 330 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:10,440 Speaker 1: a retrospective estimate and is totally dependent on how much 331 00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: memory you have, what landmarks you can identify in your 332 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: memory landscape. And this is why time and memory are linked. 333 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,520 Speaker 1: But here's what's really important to know about this consciousness. 334 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 1: Your experience of the world right now, it's always a 335 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:34,920 Speaker 1: story that's told retrospectively. You're not conscious of anything in 336 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: the moment in real time. But consciousness is always about 337 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:42,320 Speaker 1: your brain asking itself what just happened? What just happened, 338 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,399 Speaker 1: and it pulls the appropriate signals from whatever is available 339 00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: to answer that question. So the reason that police officer 340 00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:55,080 Speaker 1: remembered his gunshots as being far apart in time is 341 00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:58,880 Speaker 1: because he was laying down so many details of the footage, 342 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:03,480 Speaker 1: so many memories. The car is approaching him, he jumps 343 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: out of the way, he hits the ground, he's shooting 344 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: at the side, he shoots at the back window, the 345 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: closeness of the squealing tires, one hundred other details. All 346 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: that gets stored by this emergency memory storage system. And 347 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: so when his brain says, what just happened, what just happened, 348 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,240 Speaker 1: he has such a density of memory that his brain 349 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:30,240 Speaker 1: concludes naturally that the event must have been spread out 350 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: over a long time. And the same goes for that 351 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:38,440 Speaker 1: doctor in the motorcycle accident. In a normal five seconds 352 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,399 Speaker 1: of riding along on the road, not much as getting 353 00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,600 Speaker 1: written down in your memory, But when you're on the road, 354 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:48,880 Speaker 1: rolling on the asphalt, and possibly about to die, your 355 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,680 Speaker 1: brain is keeping track of everything it can. So when 356 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,000 Speaker 1: your brain says what just happened, it has such a 357 00:23:56,200 --> 00:24:00,200 Speaker 1: density of memories that it assumes the event lasted longer. 358 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:04,879 Speaker 1: Now getting back to the test that I conducted. After 359 00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: I published these results, several people independently said to me, Hey, 360 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:12,560 Speaker 1: I read your paper, but I think you're wrong because 361 00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:16,880 Speaker 1: I know that I experienced the car accident in slow motion. 362 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:20,600 Speaker 1: So I just asked them, look, the person who was 363 00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:23,639 Speaker 1: sitting next to you on the passenger seat, did it 364 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:30,040 Speaker 1: really sound like they were saying, Because if not, then 365 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:34,399 Speaker 1: you weren't actually experiencing the world in slow motion. And 366 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,560 Speaker 1: they have to allow that if time were really stretched out, 367 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:41,119 Speaker 1: everything would have to be in slow motion like a movie. 368 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:44,879 Speaker 1: So I want to add there are some interesting exceptions 369 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:49,000 Speaker 1: to this slow motion effect. It only happens in certain circumstances, 370 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,960 Speaker 1: and the reason is because it depends on whether or 371 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:58,160 Speaker 1: not you're expecting or foreseeing the disaster that's heading your way. 372 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,840 Speaker 1: This is what I call the sliding on ice towards 373 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:06,040 Speaker 1: a brick wall phenomenon. If you're in that situation and 374 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:09,399 Speaker 1: you see what's coming, then all of your attention is 375 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 1: riveted on the details, and so as we just saw, 376 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:17,800 Speaker 1: you're capturing them for later analysis in your memory. So 377 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: you have the retrospective impression that it all must have 378 00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:27,120 Speaker 1: taken a long time. But interestingly, when something unexpected happens, 379 00:25:27,119 --> 00:25:30,160 Speaker 1: when you don't see it coming at all, you don't 380 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,560 Speaker 1: have time to put your attentional systems on it and 381 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:37,000 Speaker 1: write down the memories, and in retrospect, it seems like 382 00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:40,280 Speaker 1: it happened with no time at all. Once, when I 383 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,000 Speaker 1: was biking, my front tire went into a pothole and 384 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,959 Speaker 1: I went flying over the handlebars. But I don't remember 385 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 1: anything from the event because the whole thing came as 386 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:51,960 Speaker 1: a surprise. I didn't see it coming. And this is 387 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,600 Speaker 1: what happens when people are t boned in their car 388 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,400 Speaker 1: by a vehicle that they didn't see. The event doesn't 389 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,880 Speaker 1: seem to run slow motion, but instead it's as though 390 00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: time is gone. They were driving along through the intersection, 391 00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 1: and in the next moment their car was pinned up 392 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:13,520 Speaker 1: against the lamp post without any notion of what the 393 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: heck just happened. So I noticed when I interviewed people 394 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,159 Speaker 1: that they described all the predictable things as though they 395 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:24,639 Speaker 1: happened in slow motion because they had so many detailed 396 00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:29,159 Speaker 1: memories about them. But they don't describe the airbag is 397 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:33,840 Speaker 1: coming out in slow motion because that happens totally unexpectedly. Now, 398 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: let me get back to the big question. What is 399 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:39,959 Speaker 1: this link between time and memory have to do with 400 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: our normal lives. Well, this is why time seems to 401 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:49,520 Speaker 1: speed up for all of us as we get older. 402 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,840 Speaker 1: We all have the impression that a childhood summer seemed 403 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:57,879 Speaker 1: to last forever, But when you're older, the summers are 404 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,560 Speaker 1: here and then they're gone, and years zip by and 405 00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:06,119 Speaker 1: decades zip by. Well, now you know why. It's because 406 00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 1: the job of the brain is to build an internal 407 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,199 Speaker 1: model of the world out there. Your brain is locked 408 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: in silence and darkness inside your skull, and all it's 409 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:20,280 Speaker 1: trying to do is understand the structures of the world 410 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:23,919 Speaker 1: so it can operate in it better, and whenever it 411 00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:28,280 Speaker 1: encounters a surprise, it writes that down and it makes 412 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 1: changes to your circuitry. But as you go through life 413 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:36,720 Speaker 1: and your brain develops better models of the world, less 414 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:41,160 Speaker 1: and less carries much surprise. And this is why you 415 00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:44,640 Speaker 1: lay down fewer memories as you age. It's because you've 416 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:48,359 Speaker 1: seen that situation before, and you've met that personality before, 417 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,280 Speaker 1: and you've done that job before, and so the memories 418 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:56,640 Speaker 1: that you lay down are much thinner, they're more impoverished. 419 00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:01,000 Speaker 1: But in contrast, when you're in your childhood, everything is new, 420 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:05,359 Speaker 1: and so the richness of that of your memories gives 421 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:09,600 Speaker 1: you the impression of increased duration. When you are looking 422 00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:12,359 Speaker 1: back at the end of a childhood summer, it seems 423 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,480 Speaker 1: to have lasted for such a long time because everything 424 00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:18,199 Speaker 1: was new. But when you're looking back at the end 425 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:22,320 Speaker 1: of an adult summer, it seems to have disappeared rapidly 426 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:26,959 Speaker 1: because you haven't written much down in your memory. So 427 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:31,680 Speaker 1: I don't recommend emergency situations, but it sure does make 428 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:35,679 Speaker 1: you operate like you're a child again. So here is 429 00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:41,960 Speaker 1: the take home lesson. We have to seek novelty, because 430 00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 1: this is what lays down new memories in the brain. 431 00:28:45,880 --> 00:28:48,400 Speaker 1: So one thing I do every day that I can, 432 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:51,440 Speaker 1: I drive home a different route from work. It's not 433 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:54,720 Speaker 1: that hard and it doesn't take much longer, but it 434 00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:58,120 Speaker 1: allows me to see things in a fresh way. Most 435 00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:00,360 Speaker 1: of us have had the experience that when you drive 436 00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,840 Speaker 1: to work for the first time, it seems to take 437 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,239 Speaker 1: a really long time, but after that it shrinks. And 438 00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: it's because you're becoming an automatized zombie and you're just 439 00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,200 Speaker 1: running this program unconsciously of driving to work. You're not 440 00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: noticing new things anymore. And another thing I try to 441 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:22,480 Speaker 1: do is rearrange my office every month or so. It's 442 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:24,880 Speaker 1: really easy. You just push your desk over to the 443 00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:27,959 Speaker 1: other side. You maybe swap the artwork on the walls, 444 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: things like that. These are easy things to do. One 445 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:35,239 Speaker 1: thing that I recommend is tonight brush your teeth with 446 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: your other hand. It's not that hard to do, but 447 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:42,880 Speaker 1: it will make you seem as though you are extending 448 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,280 Speaker 1: your time a bit because you're forcing your brain off 449 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:50,360 Speaker 1: its hamster wheel of doing things a particular way every day. 450 00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: And by the way, if you wear a watch or 451 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:55,040 Speaker 1: a fitbit switch it to the other hand, so that 452 00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: when you are looking at it, it's not just an 453 00:29:57,840 --> 00:29:59,680 Speaker 1: automatic thing, but it's something you have to put a 454 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:03,160 Speaker 1: little bit bit of attention towards. So all these kind 455 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: of things, any version of this, it's the best thing 456 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:15,520 Speaker 1: that you can do to perceptually extend your life. That's 457 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:17,960 Speaker 1: all for this week. To find out more and to 458 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,959 Speaker 1: share your thoughts, head over to eagleman dot com, slash Podcasts, 459 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,720 Speaker 1: and you can also watch full episodes of Inner Cosmos 460 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,960 Speaker 1: on YouTube. Subscribe to my channel so you can follow 461 00:30:28,960 --> 00:30:32,920 Speaker 1: along each week for new updates until next time. I'm 462 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,680 Speaker 1: David Eagleman, and this is the Inner Cosmos.