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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorgey, did you know that there are physics truthers?

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Speaker 2: What?

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Speaker 3: I know there are particle theorists, but I didn't know

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Speaker 3: there are conspiracy theorists.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, conspiracy theorists. Some of them don't believe that antimatter

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Speaker 1: is a real thing.

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Speaker 3: So they're anti antimatter all matter matters. Well, do they

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Speaker 3: just think that you made up this concept of antimatter?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it turns out a lot of people don't think

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Speaker 1: antimatter is real. They don't believe in it.

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Speaker 3: Well, maybe they just need proof, you know, maybe they're

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Speaker 3: not crazy and they're not bananas.

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Speaker 1: Well it turns out the proof is bananas.

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Speaker 3: Who are bananas antimatter?

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Speaker 1: No, but it turns out bananas produce antimatter.

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Speaker 3: I am Jorge, I'm a particle physicist.

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Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel. I'm a cartoonist. Hey, but I'm not

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Speaker 1: the author of PhD comics.

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Speaker 3: And those are the anti versions of the real US.

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Speaker 3: The hosts of this podcast, Daniel and Jorge, explain the

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Speaker 3: universe deproduction of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: Although, since you've been listening to me talk and talk

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Speaker 1: and talk for all these years, by now you're basically

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Speaker 1: a particle physicist.

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Speaker 3: That's right. I feel like I talk to you more

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Speaker 3: than you probably talk to your grad students, so you

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Speaker 3: probably should give me a PHDH.

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Speaker 1: Don't tell my grad students that.

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Speaker 3: Do you allow them to hear this podcast? Do you

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Speaker 3: let them out of their basement every once in a while.

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Speaker 1: I'm curious if they listen. I think I've mentioned it

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Speaker 1: to them. Actually, some of them appear in our interviews

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Speaker 1: from time to time.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see people who can't say no, that's right.

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Speaker 3: I wonder if it's extra stressful for them if they

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Speaker 3: say no, Are you going to judge them heason what

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Speaker 3: they know or don't know?

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Speaker 1: No, I think it's extra stressful if they say yes,

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Speaker 1: and then I ask them a particle physics question they

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Speaker 1: really should know the answer to then they're on the.

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Speaker 3: Spot, and you have them on tape.

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Speaker 1: I have them on tape exactly.

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Speaker 3: But the podcast Universe to listen.

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Speaker 1: That's right. But the goal of this podcast is not

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Speaker 1: just to embarrass my graduate students and put them on

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Speaker 1: the spot, but to teach all you people out there

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Speaker 1: about the amazing universe of particles and stars and bananas

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Speaker 1: that we all get to live in.

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Speaker 3: That's right. All the things that exist out there in

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Speaker 3: the universe, and all the things that maybe don't exist

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Speaker 3: or that exist in a constant state of denial for antinnus.

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Speaker 1: That's right, or things that currently only exist in the

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Speaker 1: minds of particle theorists, ideas about what the universe might

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Speaker 1: be like that we don't know if they are real.

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Speaker 3: Right, because even the things that might not be real

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Speaker 3: tell us a little bit about how things really are

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Speaker 3: and why they are there where they are right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And in physics we have this sort of

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Speaker 1: cycle of people making predictions and saying, what if the

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Speaker 1: universe works this way, and then people going out to

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Speaker 1: check and say, hey, turns out you were wrong. Go

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Speaker 1: back to the drawing board. And there are many, many

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Speaker 1: beautiful theories out there that people came up with that

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Speaker 1: they were convinced were real, but then we're confronted by

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Speaker 1: the evidence that they're not.

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Speaker 3: That's right, there are conspiracy theorists. Even in physics. There

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Speaker 3: are people who are skeptical about the things that physicists

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Speaker 3: have found. Right, even physicists themselves who are skeptical.

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Speaker 1: Well, it's our job to be skeptical, but we like

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Speaker 1: to think that's sort of a reason skepticism. You know,

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Speaker 1: when presented with the evidence, we don't come up with

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Speaker 1: an even more elaborate conspiracy theory to deny it. We

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Speaker 1: accept it, we move on. But it's true that some

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Speaker 1: of these ideas that are in the minds of physicists

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Speaker 1: they can be kind of hard to accept, and some

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Speaker 1: people still out there think that they're just ideas, that

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Speaker 1: they're not actually real.

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Speaker 3: Right, Because it's kind of an interesting cycle in physics

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Speaker 3: where you might see something in nature and then you

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Speaker 3: come up with the theory, and then you do an

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Speaker 3: experiment that validates or disproves as theory, and then you

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Speaker 3: come up with more theories, and so it's like this

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Speaker 3: weird and interesting loop, and so it's hard to tell

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Speaker 3: sometimes where ideas come from.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, especially in particle physics, we seem to oscillate between

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Speaker 1: two modes. One is where theorists are leading the field,

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Speaker 1: where they have ideas for what they think is happening

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Speaker 1: in the universe, and then experimentalists have to go out

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Speaker 1: and basically check those ideas. And the other mode is

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Speaker 1: where experimentalists are taking the lead, where we're out there

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Speaker 1: finding crazy stuff nobody understands. Theorists are scrambling to keep

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Speaker 1: up to explain all the bizarre stuff that we've uncovered.

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Speaker 3: So what do you think that determines who's taking the lead.

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Speaker 3: Is it like just who has more free time in

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Speaker 3: their hands to play around and discover things, or who's

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Speaker 3: more suspicious of the other.

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Speaker 1: It's just up to nature. It's just up to how

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Speaker 1: much stuff there is to discover. You know, in the

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Speaker 1: fifties and sixties, they were discovering a new particle every

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Speaker 1: time they turned on the accelerator. They called it the

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Speaker 1: era of the particle Zoo. Whereas these days it's like

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Speaker 1: decades between particles, and that gives the theorists a lot

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Speaker 1: of time to be creative, to come up with new ideas,

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Speaker 1: to say, maybe it's this, Maybe it's that because we

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Speaker 1: don't have anything to sort of constrain them. Right now,

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Speaker 1: we're in a really fury driven mode of the field.

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Speaker 3: Is there a song for the particles? I feel like

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Speaker 3: there should be a song.

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Speaker 1: Particles zoo, particle zoo doing the things particles do.

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Speaker 3: Wow on the spot, jingle making.

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Speaker 1: That's right by. They might be particle physicists.

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Speaker 3: Of PhD in jingle engineering, granted.

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Speaker 1: But it's interesting history. Right in the fifties we were

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Speaker 1: discovering new particles nobody understood. And in the very early

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Speaker 1: days of particle physics, like the first particle was discovered, right,

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Speaker 1: that wasn't predicted, it was discovered, and then the photon

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Speaker 1: was like thought up to explain an experiment that people

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Speaker 1: had seen. So the very beginning it was driven by experiments.

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Speaker 1: But these days, of course, it's driven more by theory.

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Speaker 3: And so today we'll be talking about one such thing

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Speaker 3: that has been seen or had that some people have

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Speaker 3: seen in nature in physics, but that maybe some physicists

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Speaker 3: don't really believe that it exists.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I think most physicists believe it, but I just

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Speaker 1: wonder about the general public.

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Speaker 3: Oh, so it's just when you say truth or is

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Speaker 3: you mean physicists or people?

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Speaker 1: I mean people. I mean, because physicists are not people.

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Speaker 1: Is that what you're saying. You just trapped me. You

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Speaker 1: totally led me into a tract.

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Speaker 3: There, Daniel, Are you a person or a physicist? Tick one?

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Speaker 1: No, I think that you know. This is really fascinating

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Speaker 1: because it's one of the first things that was ever

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Speaker 1: predicted before it was seen. This is the first time

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Speaker 1: somebody said, maybe this crazy new thing does exist out

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Speaker 1: there in the universe. Somebody go look and sort of

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Speaker 1: sort of the dawn of the New Era. And it's

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Speaker 1: taken a long time for people to believe that it's real,

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Speaker 1: and some people out there still don't.

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Speaker 3: So I guess at some point this was a topic

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Speaker 3: where some people thought it was true, but a lot

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Speaker 3: of physicists maybe didn't think that we would see it

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Speaker 3: or that it would be proven to exist.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Between the prediction and its discovery. It was contentious, and.

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Speaker 3: It's a pretty interesting topic because it talks about a

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Speaker 3: huge part of the universe that is both intriguing and

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Speaker 3: super dangerous.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and fascinating, and you hear all about it in

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Speaker 1: popular culture, like it's everywhere. It's even in Dan Brown novels,

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Speaker 1: So you know it's got to be cool.

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Speaker 3: Oh oh man, it must be true. Then if it's not,

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Speaker 3: I'm Brown level.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think those are all heavily researched.

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Speaker 3: The Da Vinci particle all right, Well, so today on

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Speaker 3: the podcast we'll be asking the question, how do we

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Speaker 3: know antimatter is a thing or an anti thing? What's

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Speaker 3: the correct way to how do we know antimatter is

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Speaker 3: not a thing?

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Speaker 1: Or how do we not know that antimatter is not

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Speaker 1: a thing?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, let's put more more negative. No, I think anti

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Speaker 3: that kind of use of language, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I think that often the history of particle physics and

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Speaker 1: the topic of particle physics is framed from a theoretical

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Speaker 1: point of view, like what is our understanding of the particles?

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Speaker 1: That it's out there and that's cool. But for me,

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Speaker 1: I'm an experimentalist. I want to know, like, how do

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Speaker 1: we know these things? Like you say, these particles exist,

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Speaker 1: How do we know that it's real? What experiment? What

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Speaker 1: what thing happened that proved to us that it had

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Speaker 1: to be there, that it's part of the universe. So

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Speaker 1: we did a podcast episode about how do we know

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Speaker 1: even particles exist about the electron and how do we

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Speaker 1: know photons exist in this kind of stuff? And why

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Speaker 1: are there muons? And so this is sort of in

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Speaker 1: that series of like telling people about the moment when

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Speaker 1: we confronted something that proved to us that this new

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Speaker 1: thing had to be a part of our universe.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so antimatter is a word or two words

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Speaker 3: put together, and we kind of know it's a thing,

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Speaker 3: but we were wondering how much people out there know

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Speaker 3: about it, or that they know that it is a

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Speaker 3: thing and not just one of those crazy physics ideas

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Speaker 3: that are floating around.

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Speaker 4: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So I went around and my goal was to ask

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Speaker 1: people if they knew how antimatter was discovered. But I

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Speaker 1: had to back up because it turns out a lot

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Speaker 1: of people didn't even know that antimatter actually had been discovered.

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Speaker 3: So they didn't know that it was a thing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that was sort of surprising me. But listen to

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Speaker 1: these interviews and thinks to yourself, do you know how

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Speaker 1: we discovered antimatter?

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Speaker 3: Here's what people had to say. I know a doubt

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Speaker 3: about it.

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Speaker 1: I don't know how they discovered it.

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Speaker 3: Now, No, I don't I have heard of it. And

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Speaker 3: like science fiction and stuff.

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Speaker 5: But I don't know how the logistics of it would

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Speaker 5: even be possible.

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Speaker 1: So I'm not too sure.

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Speaker 3: But I know, like the phrase I heard it, like.

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Speaker 1: Is it a real thing or just science fiction? I like,

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Speaker 1: it's kind of like theory, So it's not too sure.

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Speaker 5: I think they are because I probably read it something

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Speaker 5: about it keeping the universe from expanding too fast?

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Speaker 1: So how do we know antimatter is a real thing?

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Speaker 1: Like how was it discovered?

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Speaker 5: I don't know exactly, but my best guess is that

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Speaker 5: that it could be shown through like how the universe expands.

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Speaker 5: But it seems like it's being limited by a certain Damn,

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Speaker 5: it's predicted to be antimatter.

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Speaker 2: Right now, it's all theoretical, isn't it.

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Speaker 6: I don't like, have we actually done anything with like

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Speaker 6: large hand on prolider as far as animatter, Yeah, I'm.

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Speaker 5: Not sure that. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what that means for knowledge.

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Speaker 7: It is just an idea.

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Speaker 1: It's a real thing, Okay, how do we know it exists?

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Speaker 7: By calculation? To make your to accommodate the amount of

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Speaker 7: our understanding of matter in the universe. I thought there

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Speaker 7: was some anti matter dark matter connection.

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Speaker 1: Okay, not that I'm.

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Speaker 7: Aware, not know, don't antimatter? Well matter some kind of

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Speaker 7: doesn't exist then, I mean if it were. No, wait,

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Speaker 7: it goes to show that I know nothing about particle physics.

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Speaker 7: But there's something.

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Speaker 1: I mean, you listen to my podcast more often.

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Speaker 7: I would love to listen to your podcast, and I'm

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Speaker 7: sure that that there is something I would learn from it.

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Speaker 6: Antimatter is a real thing as a it's ay a

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Speaker 6: counterpart to.

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Speaker 1: A regular matter.

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Speaker 8: Right.

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Speaker 1: How do we know it exists?

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Speaker 6: Because to create matter, you have to also create antimatter,

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Speaker 6: and it's been a proven reaction, I think, and we

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Speaker 6: know that it exists despite not being able to necessarily detect.

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Speaker 1: I have not heard of that term actually.

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Speaker 3: All right, so it sort of seems like people are

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Speaker 3: skeptical about it, or they were not a lot of

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Speaker 3: people seem sure that it is a thing, Like they

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Speaker 3: talk about it like it's a theoretical thing, or it's

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Speaker 3: not proven, or it's an idea.

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Speaker 1: Maybe. Actually I just realized maybe it's because it's in

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Speaker 1: a Dan Brown novel and they thought, oh, well then

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Speaker 1: it must.

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Speaker 3: Be b Yes, thank you Dan Brown and DaVinci.

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Speaker 1: That should be called like anti science, communication.

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Speaker 3: Anti science. I don't think he claims to be a

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Speaker 3: scientist or claims to be a work of nonfiction.

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Speaker 1: No, but you know when they made that movie. Of course,

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Speaker 1: we're referring to Angels and Demons, Dan Brown's novel about

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Speaker 1: an anti matter bomb, in which the science is mostly right,

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Speaker 1: actually about anytime matter. But when they made it, yeah

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Speaker 1: they did. Yeah, yeah, the science in theres is mostly correct.

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Speaker 1: But they made that movie. They filmed it actually where

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Speaker 1: I was working at the time, because I was at

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Speaker 1: CERN and they were filming the movie at CERN.

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Speaker 3: And and then I watched you get a camera?

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Speaker 1: What's that you get?

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Speaker 3: Did you get a cameo next? With Tom Hanks?

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Speaker 1: Only the most VIP of VIP's got to give Tom

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Speaker 1: Hanks a tour. So I was like, not even in

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Speaker 1: the top five hundred list of people who would get

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Speaker 1: to have lunch with Tom Hanks, unfortunately.

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Speaker 3: But now now you would be.

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Speaker 1: You know, I'm making the top four hundred and fifty. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm really moving up. But the cool thing was when

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Speaker 1: I watched the movie, they had taken our like normal

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Speaker 1: boring workspaces, which which is basically just a bunch of

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Speaker 1: computers and screens and they had science fictioned it up,

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Speaker 1: so people had like cool heads of displays and like

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Speaker 1: fancy interfaces with their computers.

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Speaker 3: Lasers yeah, lasers.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and retinal scanning devices. And I thought that looks

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Speaker 1: pretty cool. We should upgrade the way our office works.

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Speaker 1: They look like the movie.

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Speaker 3: You're like taking your pocket and looking at a metal key.

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Speaker 3: You're like reality versus weally world.

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Speaker 1: But it was cool to see what like Hollywood's best

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Speaker 1: designers would do with my office.

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Speaker 3: Pretty cool, all right, So it seems like people are

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Speaker 3: not quite sure that it's real. They think it's maybe theoretical.

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Speaker 3: Do you think maybe they were confusing antimatter with other

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Speaker 3: things like dark matter or.

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Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, I hear that a lot. Actually, I think

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Speaker 1: that people know that there's something out there's a mysterious

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Speaker 1: counterpart to matter, And it turns out there's sort of

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Speaker 1: a few mysterious counterparts to matter. Right, there's this whole

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Speaker 1: antimatter thing. There's dark matter that there's super particles, and so.

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Speaker 3: There's antimatters, there's quasi matter, there's exorder matter.

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Speaker 1: There's exotic matter. You know. Oh yeah, no, that's a

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Speaker 1: real potentially could be a thing.

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Speaker 3: Thing flatter matter, there's mads matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and now you're making me matter matter. And so

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Speaker 1: there's sort of a lot of different ideas to keep

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Speaker 1: track of. And so if you're not like a particle

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Speaker 1: physicist like you are, then maybe it's hard to keep

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Speaker 1: your finger on which ones are real and which ones

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Speaker 1: are theoretical.

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Speaker 3: Right, And I have to say, antimatter does sound a

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Speaker 3: little ridiculous. It sounds very like nineteen fifty science fiction.

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Speaker 3: It's antimatter. It's like matter, but it's anti.

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Speaker 1: The whole concept is absurd, right, But as we said

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Speaker 1: on this podcast, absurdity is no obstacle to reality. Right.

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Speaker 1: Turns out the universe is kind of bonkers.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I feel that way every time I read the

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Speaker 3: news every morning.

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Speaker 1: In these days, it used to be just physics, and

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Speaker 1: now it's also politics as bombers.

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Speaker 3: But anyways, so yeah, let's talk about anti matter. And

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Speaker 3: we have a whole episode about antimatter. If you scrolled

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Speaker 3: through our archive, you can find that episode and learn

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Speaker 3: a little bit more about it. But here we'll just

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Speaker 3: kind of go over quickly about what it is and

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Speaker 3: how it's not actually dark matter.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Antimatter is not dark matter. It's a whole

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Speaker 1: other enormous, fascinating puzzle about the universe. In the matter

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Speaker 1: is a statement about particles and patterns. It's noticing that

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Speaker 1: particles come in pairs. And so some of the particles

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Speaker 1: that we've discovered, the electron, the muon the quarks, there's

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Speaker 1: another particle that looks just like them, except it's the

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Speaker 1: opposite in a couple of ways. And so, for example,

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Speaker 1: the electron is a particle. We know it, we love it,

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Speaker 1: we're made of it, it's in ice cream. And there's

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Speaker 1: this other particle called the positron, which is just like

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Speaker 1: the electron accepted, has a positive charge instead of a

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Speaker 1: negative charge.

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Speaker 3: It has other negative things about it, right, like the

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Speaker 3: opposite spin or the opposite quantum color, and other kinds

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Speaker 3: of charges right that are different.

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Speaker 1: Some of the other charges for the forces are opposite.

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Speaker 1: The electron actually doesn't have a color because it doesn't

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Speaker 1: feel the strong force, but it has the same mass

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Speaker 1: and spin. So the positron are the same in mass

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Speaker 1: and quantum spin. They're both spin one half, and they

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Speaker 1: have exactly the same mass as far as we know,

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Speaker 1: but they have the opposite electric charge. So you might

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Speaker 1: just say, like, oh, well, it's just a different particle,

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Speaker 1: and it is. It's a different particle, but there's definitely

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Speaker 1: a relationship there. So we group them together. And this

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Speaker 1: is what we do all the time in physics, and

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Speaker 1: especially in particle physics, is we're looking for patterns. We're

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Speaker 1: looking for, you know, relationships that help us simplify. We're

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Speaker 1: looking for symmetries that give us insight. And so it's

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Speaker 1: interesting not just because the electron has this weird partner particle,

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Speaker 1: but so does the muon, and so do all the quarks.

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Speaker 3: Right, and we call it matter and antimatter because the

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Speaker 3: ones we call matter are the ones that make of

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Speaker 3: most of the things we see around us, right, like

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Speaker 3: positrons and anti muons and anti quarks. I'm not made

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Speaker 3: of any of these things. I'm made out of the

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Speaker 3: regular versions, the pro versions.

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Speaker 1: That's right, you're made of the regular versions. But you're

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Speaker 1: right also that we call them regular versions because they're familiar.

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Speaker 1: They're like the first ones we encountered, because they make

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Speaker 1: up the world we know, and so there's nothing anti

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Speaker 1: about the other ones. They're just sort of not the

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Speaker 1: first ones we found.

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Speaker 3: Maybe a different word might be like mirror matter, or

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Speaker 3: symmetric matter.

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Speaker 1: That's actually already taken. There's a whole other theory about

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Speaker 1: mirror matter. We can talk about it another time, but

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Speaker 1: it's a crowded field of terrible names for particles in you're.

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Speaker 3: Running out of English words to appent to your existing

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Speaker 3: physics concepts. Is banana matter taken?

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Speaker 1: Banana matter is not even an idea yet, not until

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Speaker 1: this podcast comes out. Is banana matter ever a phrase

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Speaker 1: anybody's ever heard in their mind. But it's fascinating because

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Speaker 1: it seems to be like a thing. It's like a

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Speaker 1: symmetry in the world, you know, like a lot of

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Speaker 1: these particles which exist, there is also this other one

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Speaker 1: of them in the same way that we notice that

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Speaker 1: electrons and muons and taos have a relationship, right, They

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Speaker 1: all have the same electric charge and the same weak interaction,

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Speaker 1: and they're organized in a similar way, but they have

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Speaker 1: different masses. So there's like these different directions along which

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Speaker 1: patterns sort of form.

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Speaker 3: All these particles are kind of different versions of each other,

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Speaker 3: Like one of them has a little bit of this more,

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Speaker 3: or this one has the opposite of that more. But

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Speaker 3: they're all sort of particles that we know and love

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Speaker 3: because some of them make us who we are.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and we're tempted to define one of them

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Speaker 1: is like the normal one. But again that's just the

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Speaker 1: first one we discovered. It's like, you know, what's real chocolate,

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Speaker 1: dark chocolate or white chocolate. You know, maybe if you

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Speaker 1: grew up in a family or white chocolate was the

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Speaker 1: first thing you ate, then dark chocolate would seem to

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Speaker 1: be like the anti chocolate to you.

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Speaker 3: Right, yeah, I think we should. We should do that,

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Speaker 3: just call it anti chocolate.

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Speaker 1: And remember also, the antimatter is has positive mass, right

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Speaker 1: as far as we know, it's made of the same

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Speaker 1: kind of stuff, and so it is anti matter because

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Speaker 1: it has the opposite charge. And if you collide matter

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Speaker 1: and antimatter, they interact and turn into light and turn

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Speaker 1: into energy. But in that sense, they're just more matter.

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Speaker 1: It's just you know, they have this relationship. Could have

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Speaker 1: called it something other than anti matter. We could have

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Speaker 1: called it oppositely charged matter or something.

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Speaker 3: That's a little bit longer to fit.

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Speaker 1: Into a it didn't focus group as well.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, so that's what antimatter is. And there's

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Speaker 3: this whole mystery about how most of the universe seems

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Speaker 3: to be matter and not antimatter, which we got into

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Speaker 3: in our last podcast about antimatter, but in this case,

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Speaker 3: this one is more about how we discovered it and

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Speaker 3: how we know that it actually is a thing.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. The history of antimatter is like almost

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Speaker 1: one hundred years old. Now, it's sort of surprising, but positrons,

441
00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,199
Speaker 1: the first antimatter particle ever discovered, were found, you know,

442
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:35,159
Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty two, so we've known about them for

443
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:38,639
Speaker 1: a long long time, which kind of surprised me that

444
00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:41,520
Speaker 1: people still don't necessarily believe that they're a thing or

445
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,920
Speaker 1: are aware that it's a thing, because it's been a

446
00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:45,359
Speaker 1: thing for decades.

447
00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,840
Speaker 3: People, Right, Well, I think antimatter is anti celebrating birthdays,

448
00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:53,080
Speaker 3: so that's probably why maybe nobody has noticed. But let's

449
00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,879
Speaker 3: get Let's get into whether or not antimatter really is

450
00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:58,720
Speaker 3: real or theoretical, and how we know that it's real

451
00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:02,320
Speaker 3: or anti real, whatever the case may be. But first

452
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:03,800
Speaker 3: let's take a quick break.

453
00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,879
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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, So antimatter is real? Where is an

502
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,600
Speaker 3: anti reel or anti fake? Which makes it real? I'm

503
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 3: so confused.

504
00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:59,920
Speaker 1: It's really really anti anti reel. So yes, it's real.

505
00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:05,199
Speaker 3: That did not help. Okay. So it's real in the

506
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:09,959
Speaker 3: sense that not only can it exist in theory, but

507
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,280
Speaker 3: you can actually like see and touch antimatter.

508
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: You can see in touch antimatter. I don't recommend actually

509
00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:20,439
Speaker 1: touching any antimatter because it's quite reactive. But it is

510
00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:22,679
Speaker 1: a thing. And you know, there's sort of two ways

511
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,040
Speaker 1: something can be a thing. One is it's in the

512
00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:28,800
Speaker 1: list of particles that can exist in the universe, like

513
00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:32,680
Speaker 1: the potential particles, and the other is that it's actually made,

514
00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:35,720
Speaker 1: that it really exists. You can imagine a universe where

515
00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:38,159
Speaker 1: that's cold and dead and the only thing in it

516
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,000
Speaker 1: are photons, for example, and you could in theory and

517
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,959
Speaker 1: that universe have electrons, it just don't exist, right, So

518
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,480
Speaker 1: one thing is like being on the list of potential particles,

519
00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:49,960
Speaker 1: the other is actually existing, and antimatter is both. But

520
00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:52,680
Speaker 1: started off on the theoretical list and then people actually

521
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:53,200
Speaker 1: found it.

522
00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:56,080
Speaker 3: You mean, people looked at the equations of the universe

523
00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:57,879
Speaker 3: at the time and they said, you know, we have

524
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:01,560
Speaker 3: a little pocket here where there could be like an

525
00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:05,200
Speaker 3: electron with a positive charge. Like, there's nothing that would

526
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,640
Speaker 3: prevent the equations from making this real. So you're saying

527
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:10,719
Speaker 3: that's one way that something can be real if it's there,

528
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,320
Speaker 3: if the equations point to it as being possible.

529
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and more than just the equations saying it's possible,

530
00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:20,199
Speaker 1: you could prove that it exists. But it doesn't have

531
00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:24,280
Speaker 1: to always actually exist, you know, like the Higgs boson, right,

532
00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:26,879
Speaker 1: the Higgs boson, we know it's a thing, but it

533
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:30,120
Speaker 1: doesn't actually like get created very often. You know, you

534
00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:34,280
Speaker 1: have you need very special circumstances to actually make one.

535
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:37,680
Speaker 1: So it's sort of like knowing that the recipe works

536
00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:38,920
Speaker 1: and actually making the cake.

537
00:26:39,359 --> 00:26:39,520
Speaker 2: Right.

538
00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:42,480
Speaker 3: It's like unicorns can exist, but maybe they're just technically

539
00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:43,120
Speaker 3: aren't any.

540
00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:45,120
Speaker 1: Right now, unicorns.

541
00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:50,400
Speaker 3: What's the difference here, Daniel, But.

542
00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:54,280
Speaker 1: No, and the matter is real. It's it occurs naturally

543
00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:56,920
Speaker 1: in cosmic rays. You don't actually need like a particle

544
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,640
Speaker 1: collider or a special physics lab to make it. It's

545
00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: create in collisions in the atmosphere. Every time you have

546
00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:07,680
Speaker 1: radioactive decay, you can create antimatter. Sometimes these decays will

547
00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: create anti neutrinos or anti electrons or stuff like this.

548
00:27:11,520 --> 00:27:17,120
Speaker 3: Really in our atmosphere, we're getting rained down. Wait, it's

549
00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:20,560
Speaker 3: like regular matter is coming from the Sun as cosmic

550
00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,960
Speaker 3: rads hitting the atmosphere, and then in those collisions, you're

551
00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:26,000
Speaker 3: saying antimatter is produced.

552
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:30,520
Speaker 1: That's right. Antimatter and matter can turn into each other. Right. Photons,

553
00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:35,160
Speaker 1: for example, can turn into a pair an electron and depositron.

554
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:37,760
Speaker 1: One is matter, one is antimatter. All you have to

555
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:39,720
Speaker 1: do is follow the rules of physics, which say, like

556
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:42,879
Speaker 1: conserve electric charge. But if you have photons, they can

557
00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:45,000
Speaker 1: turn into matter on antimatter. So you have in the

558
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,400
Speaker 1: atmosphere because of cosmic rays, you have all these crazy complicated,

559
00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,000
Speaker 1: high energy collisions and some of those just turned into

560
00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:52,119
Speaker 1: antimatter particles.

561
00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:56,920
Speaker 3: Does that mean we're constantly and currently being rained down

562
00:27:57,160 --> 00:27:58,840
Speaker 3: upon by antimatter.

563
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:03,520
Speaker 1: Absolutely, it is antimatter rain. I think that was a

564
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:04,680
Speaker 1: song by Prince, wasn't it?

565
00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:12,520
Speaker 3: Yeah, anti Prince? But wait, I thought it was dangerous.

566
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,600
Speaker 3: How can I be getting rained on by antimatter and

567
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 3: not exploding like you said I would?

568
00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:20,879
Speaker 1: It is dangerous in high quantities, but there's not that

569
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:24,120
Speaker 1: much antimatter, just like you know, there's radiation coming from

570
00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:27,600
Speaker 1: the upper atmosphere all the time, and radiation is also dangerous.

571
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:30,000
Speaker 1: You know, protons and muons that go through your body

572
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: have the opportunity to damage your DNA, but there's not

573
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:35,119
Speaker 1: that much of them, And so the higher you go

574
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:38,520
Speaker 1: up in the atmosphere, the more there is just particle radiation,

575
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,360
Speaker 1: and some of that is antimatter. So what happens if

576
00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:46,280
Speaker 1: a positron hits your arm, Well, it encounters an electron

577
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,880
Speaker 1: and it turns into a photon. That photon has the

578
00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:53,800
Speaker 1: energy that's the equivalent twice the mass of the electron

579
00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:56,520
Speaker 1: because all that mask got turned into a photon. But

580
00:28:56,720 --> 00:28:59,840
Speaker 1: that's not that much, so you know, you one break

581
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:01,000
Speaker 1: photon gets created.

582
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,760
Speaker 3: Should I be wearing anti sunscreen?

583
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:03,000
Speaker 9: Then?

584
00:29:03,560 --> 00:29:06,480
Speaker 1: Is that there's no sunscreen? You can wear it to

585
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:06,840
Speaker 1: protect you.

586
00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:09,520
Speaker 3: From anti matter or just antimatter. Just make me glow

587
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:12,560
Speaker 3: in a way that's desirable antimatter.

588
00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:14,520
Speaker 1: It gives you an anti tan. So actually what you

589
00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:15,480
Speaker 1: want to do?

590
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:18,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, you do look brighter, I guess in a way,

591
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:20,760
Speaker 3: so it's almost like you're.

592
00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,160
Speaker 1: The amazing thing about antimatter, though, is that it is

593
00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:25,960
Speaker 1: really energy dense because it converts all of the masses

594
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,280
Speaker 1: inside of it into energy. So if you had, for example,

595
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:31,160
Speaker 1: like a raisin's worth of antimatter, which is a lot

596
00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:34,400
Speaker 1: more than one positron, right it's ten to the twenty

597
00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: three particles or something, then that would be as much

598
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:40,960
Speaker 1: energy as a nuclear bomb exploding. But again it's a

599
00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:44,320
Speaker 1: much bigger dose. And in the atmosphere you get a

600
00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,640
Speaker 1: few positrons at a time, and it's not just the atmosphere.

601
00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:54,040
Speaker 1: Your favorite snack actually is an antimatter factory. What. Yeah,

602
00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:57,600
Speaker 1: a random banana has potassium in it. As we've mentioned before,

603
00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: potassium is unstable, and it decays radioactively and produces one

604
00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 1: positron every seventy five minutes.

605
00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:10,920
Speaker 3: One positron, like a sitting banana will shoot out a positron,

606
00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:13,719
Speaker 3: or does it get caught by the other you know,

607
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:17,520
Speaker 3: banana electron bananons.

608
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:21,320
Speaker 1: It depends I guess where it gets produced. If it's

609
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:23,760
Speaker 1: produced in the skin of the banana, it'll shoot out

610
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,680
Speaker 1: into the air. But of course positrons don't last very

611
00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:30,360
Speaker 1: long because they interact with electrons. But yeah, your favorite food,

612
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,200
Speaker 1: whether it's sitting on the table or you know, in

613
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:35,480
Speaker 1: a high speed banana accelerator or whatever you do with

614
00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,880
Speaker 1: your bananas, produces about one positron every seventy five minutes.

615
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,960
Speaker 3: It doesn't get stopped by the peel electrons. Electrons.

616
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, if it's produced in the center of the banana,

617
00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,200
Speaker 1: then it could. But if it's produced near the edge,

618
00:30:46,240 --> 00:30:47,840
Speaker 1: then it could make it out of the banana into

619
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:48,200
Speaker 1: the air.

620
00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:50,360
Speaker 3: Well, maybe that's where I get my superpowers, Dane.

621
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:55,120
Speaker 1: You get antimatter, You get that banana's proportional strength.

622
00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:59,480
Speaker 3: There you go. I can make anyone slip and fall

623
00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:03,120
Speaker 3: of the power ni cake, make anyone uncomfortable with my

624
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:04,000
Speaker 3: banana chewing.

625
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,560
Speaker 1: All right, Well, let's just slide on past that discussion.

626
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, So antimatter is real. It is a thing.

627
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,040
Speaker 3: It's all around this. In fact, you're probably bavid in

628
00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:18,760
Speaker 3: antimatter even though you maybe didn't know it, And you

629
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:21,920
Speaker 3: can also like make it in a lab, right like

630
00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:25,560
Speaker 3: at Cerain, you guys have been making anti protons and

631
00:31:25,680 --> 00:31:29,600
Speaker 3: anti hydrogen for a while, Like you have an antimatter

632
00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:30,400
Speaker 3: factory there.

633
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, And the reason is that we're curious

634
00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:36,200
Speaker 1: about it. We're curious about like hou symmetric are matter

635
00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,080
Speaker 1: and antimatter? You know? For example, can you make an

636
00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:42,440
Speaker 1: anti proton and pair it with an anti electron to

637
00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:45,880
Speaker 1: get anti hydrogen? Does chemistry work for antimatter?

638
00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:46,480
Speaker 5: You know?

639
00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:51,040
Speaker 1: Can you get enough of it to test it's gravitational properties.

640
00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: We don't even know if antimatter feels gravity the way

641
00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: matter does or if it feels like anti gravity, because

642
00:31:58,120 --> 00:31:59,560
Speaker 1: we've just never made enough of it.

643
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:02,240
Speaker 3: Really, the equations don't tell you whether it should have

644
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:03,479
Speaker 3: mass or anti mass.

645
00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:06,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, because it's really hard to measure the gravitational force

646
00:32:06,760 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 1: on a particle because it hardly has any mass. And

647
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,880
Speaker 1: in the history of particle physics, we've made something like

648
00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:17,960
Speaker 1: twenty nanograms of antimatter ever total, and so it's pretty

649
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,280
Speaker 1: hard to measure the gravitational effect of such a tiny scrap.

650
00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 3: But you have made antiprotons an anti hydrogen, which is

651
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,880
Speaker 3: pretty cool, right, It's like a hydrogen, but the complete opposite.

652
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:31,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, and as far as we can tell, it works

653
00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:34,800
Speaker 1: exactly the same way as a hydrogen atom. So they

654
00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 1: get into a bound state, they can get excited, they

655
00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:41,320
Speaker 1: emit photons. It's exactly the same. So it's super fascinating

656
00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:44,120
Speaker 1: either to learn that they're different or to learn that

657
00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:45,720
Speaker 1: they're the same, you know, and it brings up all

658
00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:49,880
Speaker 1: sorts of interesting questions like why why is there antimatter?

659
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:52,760
Speaker 1: It seems like such an interesting clue, Like why does

660
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,520
Speaker 1: the universe have this weird reflection? You know, it has

661
00:32:55,560 --> 00:32:58,560
Speaker 1: all these reflections. I love all these symmetries in particle physics,

662
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:01,120
Speaker 1: but each one should tell us something about the universe.

663
00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:04,160
Speaker 1: They're a big, deep clue that says, here's something fascinating

664
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 1: that's going on. We just don't know what it means.

665
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:08,680
Speaker 3: Well, you know, some people are just really contrarian, you know,

666
00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:10,520
Speaker 3: and so maybe the universe is just no, they're not

667
00:33:10,840 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 3: just being anti anti for no reason other than to

668
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:14,720
Speaker 3: just be anti.

669
00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:19,760
Speaker 1: But if anti matter exists, then why aren't there other

670
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:22,760
Speaker 1: sort of reflections? You know? Why can't you have all

671
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,120
Speaker 1: the same particles but with different spin. Oh well that's

672
00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:29,720
Speaker 1: super symmetry. You know why this reflection not other reflections anyway,

673
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:31,480
Speaker 1: It's kind of stuff that makes me wonder.

674
00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,840
Speaker 3: Right, do you think if these other mirror images exist?

675
00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,080
Speaker 3: You think they would have better names in physics, like

676
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,000
Speaker 3: actually good ones, because they're to be the opposite.

677
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:43,560
Speaker 1: Well, they can't have much worse names.

678
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:49,160
Speaker 3: So well there you go. All right, Well it does exist,

679
00:33:49,280 --> 00:33:51,200
Speaker 3: it's real. You can we can make it in the lab,

680
00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,560
Speaker 3: it's in my banana makes it on a daily basis.

681
00:33:55,120 --> 00:33:58,560
Speaker 3: And there are still a lot of open questions about antimatter.

682
00:33:58,920 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 3: So now let's talk about how it was discovered, because

683
00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:05,920
Speaker 3: that's a pretty interesting story as well, and what it

684
00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:08,279
Speaker 3: can mean for the future of the universe. But first,

685
00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:09,600
Speaker 3: let's take another quick break.

686
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:15,799
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

687
00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:19,040
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

688
00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:23,120
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

689
00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:25,800
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

690
00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:30,120
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

691
00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:32,719
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

692
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

693
00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:39,399
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

694
00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:42,520
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

695
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:46,040
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

696
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:48,880
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

697
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:52,680
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

698
00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:56,600
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

699
00:34:56,640 --> 00:34:58,719
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

700
00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:00,920
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or liq andiced scream cone, know that

701
00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:03,640
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

702
00:35:03,719 --> 00:35:07,440
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

703
00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:10,160
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

704
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Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

705
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706
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707
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:21,840
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708
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Speaker 1: Go safely.

710
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Speaker 9: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans

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722
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Speaker 3: Okay, Daniel, So, how is antimatter discovered? Were they not

723
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:12,040
Speaker 3: looking for it and found it?

724
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:17,040
Speaker 1: That would be a great story. No, anti matter is

725
00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:21,359
Speaker 1: sort of a theoretical triumph because it happened actually very

726
00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 1: similarly to the joke you made earlier, or the comments

727
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,120
Speaker 1: you made earlier about people sort of noticing a gap

728
00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:30,800
Speaker 1: in the equations. What happened was the Paul Durack, whose

729
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:34,880
Speaker 1: famous theorist of around the beginning of when quantum mechanics

730
00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:38,360
Speaker 1: was being formed, he was taking the Shortener equation, the

731
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,120
Speaker 1: equation that describes the motion of particles, and he was

732
00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:44,160
Speaker 1: trying to make it work for really fast moving particles.

733
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,160
Speaker 1: He was trying to fold in relativity and quantum mechanics,

734
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,080
Speaker 1: which famously is very hard to do. But he was

735
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:54,960
Speaker 1: able to actually unify quantum mechanics and special relativity. The

736
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:56,879
Speaker 1: laws I tell you what happens when things moved really,

737
00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:57,919
Speaker 1: really fast.

738
00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:00,200
Speaker 3: So he came up with me one set of equation.

739
00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:02,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, he came up with a new equation. It's called

740
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:05,440
Speaker 1: the Dirac equation, and it's like the relativistic version of

741
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:08,920
Speaker 1: the Shorting equation. Shortinger equation tells you what happens for

742
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:12,000
Speaker 1: quantum particles that are not moving that fast. The Diract

743
00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:15,680
Speaker 1: equation tells you what happens when quantum particles are moving

744
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:18,440
Speaker 1: fast enough that relativity kicks in. So he had this

745
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:20,200
Speaker 1: awesome equation already a.

746
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:23,440
Speaker 3: Triumph, right, and it turned out to be true. Right,

747
00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:26,680
Speaker 3: This theory is, as far as you know now true.

748
00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:30,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's amazing, right, direct unified special relativity and

749
00:37:30,719 --> 00:37:35,360
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics. And remember we've never successfully unified quantum mechanics

750
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:38,480
Speaker 1: in general relativity. The theory about like bending space. That's

751
00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:41,319
Speaker 1: still like to be done. So folks out there looking

752
00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:43,759
Speaker 1: to make a big impact on physics. That's been an

753
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:45,000
Speaker 1: open problem for one hundred years.

754
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:47,520
Speaker 3: It's TVD to be discovered, that's right.

755
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:50,600
Speaker 1: But then Durak looked at this equation. He's like, this

756
00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:53,360
Speaker 1: is something weird about this equation. He noticed that the

757
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,880
Speaker 1: equation worked for a negatively charged particles like electrons, but

758
00:37:57,040 --> 00:38:00,640
Speaker 1: it would also work for positively charged particles. They thought, hmm,

759
00:38:00,719 --> 00:38:01,400
Speaker 1: that's interesting.

760
00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:03,759
Speaker 3: Did did the equations have a pocket or like an

761
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,240
Speaker 3: empty space for an anti electron or He just figured

762
00:38:06,239 --> 00:38:10,040
Speaker 3: out that this equation that we think describes the universe

763
00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:14,520
Speaker 3: could also work for something that looks like an anti electron.

764
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:17,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's an equation with two solutions, just like you

765
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,600
Speaker 1: find all the time in equations that have like squares

766
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,560
Speaker 1: in them, like X squared equals nine. Well, there's a

767
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,680
Speaker 1: solution there, right, X equals three. But there's another solution

768
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:28,840
Speaker 1: X equals minus three.

769
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:32,680
Speaker 3: Right, because minus three times minus three is also plus nine.

770
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:37,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so he noticed that his equation described

771
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,279
Speaker 1: electrons as we know them, but it also described something else,

772
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,200
Speaker 1: something we hadn't seen before, another particle with positive charge.

773
00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:46,600
Speaker 1: And it's for exactly that reason that there's a squared

774
00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:50,759
Speaker 1: in his equation and it allows for you know, particles

775
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,160
Speaker 1: of either charge to satisfy his equations.

776
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:56,480
Speaker 3: And so he predicted that this would work for an

777
00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:59,040
Speaker 3: anti electron, But did he predict it for other anti

778
00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:02,040
Speaker 3: minor particles or just for the anti electron.

779
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,960
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, the story gets exciting, But first he started small.

780
00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:08,240
Speaker 1: He's like, you know what, I think this is real?

781
00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:10,839
Speaker 1: And I wonder like what went through his head there?

782
00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:14,080
Speaker 1: What makes him think, Oh, that's not just a mathematical oddity.

783
00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:17,480
Speaker 1: I've discovered something about the universe. Because a lot of

784
00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:20,080
Speaker 1: times we have equations that describe things and we just

785
00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:22,880
Speaker 1: sort of toss out solutions and say they're not physical.

786
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,719
Speaker 1: Like if you're talking about, you know, how a ball

787
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:28,440
Speaker 1: moves through the air, you have a parabola, and sometimes

788
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:31,520
Speaker 1: there are non physical solutions to those equations. You say, oh,

789
00:39:31,680 --> 00:39:33,640
Speaker 1: those don't make sense because they required the ball to

790
00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:36,560
Speaker 1: move through the ground or something. But he thought, no,

791
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:37,400
Speaker 1: this is real.

792
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,680
Speaker 3: It's kind of like if you said that the number

793
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:41,840
Speaker 3: of cookies that I have times the number of cookies

794
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,600
Speaker 3: you have equals nine. You wouldn't say we will both

795
00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:48,920
Speaker 3: have minus three cookies. That wouldn't that wouldn't be a

796
00:39:49,360 --> 00:39:52,960
Speaker 3: serious solution, because, let's face it, we always have cookies.

797
00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:56,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, you impose a physical requirement there at least zero cookies. Right,

798
00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,080
Speaker 1: there's no such thing as a negative cookie. But I

799
00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 1: was like, you know what, what if.

800
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:04,520
Speaker 3: Negative you can count it as a negative cookie.

801
00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:07,440
Speaker 1: If I eat your cookies, then maybe you have negative cookies.

802
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:08,520
Speaker 1: I don't know.

803
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:11,080
Speaker 3: I would have a very negative reaction. Sure.

804
00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:13,440
Speaker 1: I think there's probably a whole course in philosophy on

805
00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:15,360
Speaker 1: theory of negative cookies.

806
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:19,800
Speaker 3: The ethical ramifications of lesson zero cookies.

807
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:24,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, anti ethics or anti pastry. But he predicted it.

808
00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:27,279
Speaker 1: He was ballsy. He said, I believe in myself, I

809
00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:29,640
Speaker 1: believe in my equation. I think this thing is real.

810
00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:31,960
Speaker 1: So he predicted it. This is nineteen twenty eight.

811
00:40:31,880 --> 00:40:34,160
Speaker 3: Way before iPhones or the internet.

812
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, he couldn't have just googled for it or asked

813
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:40,200
Speaker 1: theory if this is real. He made a prediction. And

814
00:40:40,239 --> 00:40:42,640
Speaker 1: he's sort of famous for being, you know, a bit

815
00:40:42,640 --> 00:40:44,840
Speaker 1: of an odd guy. You know, he'd probably fit in

816
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,200
Speaker 1: well on the Big Bang theory hit a lot of

817
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,600
Speaker 1: self confidence, but maybe not a lot of social skills.

818
00:40:49,840 --> 00:40:52,400
Speaker 3: He made the claim that these equations work for an

819
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:56,920
Speaker 3: anti electron, so therefore there must be an anti electron.

820
00:40:57,360 --> 00:40:59,560
Speaker 3: Is that is that? Was that his big leap? There

821
00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:00,560
Speaker 3: was big leap.

822
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,840
Speaker 1: He says, I've discovered this equation, and the equation is

823
00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:06,480
Speaker 1: fundamental to the universe, and it describes something happening that

824
00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:09,640
Speaker 1: we haven't seen. So I think it's happens, right, even

825
00:41:09,680 --> 00:41:11,399
Speaker 1: though we haven't We haven't seen it because we haven't

826
00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:14,440
Speaker 1: looked for it. This equation allows for it to happen.

827
00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:15,960
Speaker 1: So let's go see if it does happen.

828
00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:18,200
Speaker 3: Was that a shift in physics as well? You know,

829
00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:22,719
Speaker 3: people thinking that, well, if the if the math predicts it,

830
00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:25,160
Speaker 3: then it must be real. You know, like that's a

831
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:26,480
Speaker 3: big leap to think about that.

832
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:28,760
Speaker 1: It's a big leap. It takes a lot of ego.

833
00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:32,480
Speaker 1: But it was the first time a particle had been predicted. Yeah.

834
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,239
Speaker 1: Before that, every particle discovered had been discovered first and

835
00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:38,680
Speaker 1: then explained. It's like, huh, look what we found. How

836
00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:41,400
Speaker 1: does that make sense? Let's try to stitch together a

837
00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:44,440
Speaker 1: theory that accommodates it. It's like in baseball, it's like

838
00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:46,200
Speaker 1: calling your shot rather than just hitting a home run.

839
00:41:46,239 --> 00:41:47,640
Speaker 1: You're like, I'm going to hit a home run and

840
00:41:47,680 --> 00:41:49,319
Speaker 1: it's going to land right over there.

841
00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:52,799
Speaker 3: Well, I guess he had a history. Maybe he had

842
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:55,239
Speaker 3: up to that point, there was a history where they

843
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:57,760
Speaker 3: had discovered particles and then they found out that math

844
00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:00,640
Speaker 3: fits it. So then this, in this case, the mass

845
00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:03,240
Speaker 3: fitted so he probably thought, well, then it muzz exists.

846
00:42:03,360 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it didn't take long for him to be

847
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:06,400
Speaker 1: proved right.

848
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:08,839
Speaker 3: It was a bay ruth of physics.

849
00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:11,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it gets better. So it was just a

850
00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,719
Speaker 1: few years later a guy at Caltech named Carl Anderson.

851
00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:17,880
Speaker 1: He actually found the first positron, and like we were

852
00:42:17,920 --> 00:42:20,160
Speaker 1: talking about, he found it in cosmic rays. He just

853
00:42:20,360 --> 00:42:22,120
Speaker 1: saw one flying through the air.

854
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:24,600
Speaker 3: And what made him think it was a positron or

855
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:27,200
Speaker 3: an anti electron? Was he looking for it or I

856
00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:30,600
Speaker 3: guess maybe his setup could only work for an anti electron.

857
00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:33,560
Speaker 1: No, he was looking just to study cosmic rays, which

858
00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:35,640
Speaker 1: were a fairly new discovery at the time. The whole

859
00:42:35,640 --> 00:42:38,080
Speaker 1: idea that there were these particles being rained on us

860
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:40,680
Speaker 1: from the upper atmosphere was sort of new, and he

861
00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 1: was using a pretty cool device at the time. The

862
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:46,840
Speaker 1: first cosmic rays were discovered basically by huge cubic blocks

863
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:48,960
Speaker 1: of film that they then had to slice up and

864
00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:51,919
Speaker 1: analyze later. But he wanted some real time. He wanted

865
00:42:51,920 --> 00:42:53,920
Speaker 1: to see these things in real time. So he used

866
00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:57,120
Speaker 1: this thing called a cloud chamber, which is basically a

867
00:42:57,160 --> 00:42:59,360
Speaker 1: box of glass that you can see into. Then you

868
00:42:59,360 --> 00:43:01,560
Speaker 1: fill it with air which is super saturated with water,

869
00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:04,480
Speaker 1: and when a particle goes through it that has a charge,

870
00:43:04,640 --> 00:43:08,160
Speaker 1: it will cause droplets along its path. And so you

871
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:11,200
Speaker 1: see are these like little drops of water appear as

872
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:13,239
Speaker 1: a particle flies through it. You can actually build the

873
00:43:13,239 --> 00:43:14,520
Speaker 1: cloud chamber in your garage.

874
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:17,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, it creates like a trail of bubbles as it

875
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:18,399
Speaker 3: goes through.

876
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,400
Speaker 1: Not bubbles. There's something else called the bubble chamber. This

877
00:43:21,520 --> 00:43:25,839
Speaker 1: creates a trail of water droplets and you can see them,

878
00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:27,680
Speaker 1: and they have them in a lot of science museums.

879
00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:30,239
Speaker 1: You can see like muons flying through them. And so

880
00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:33,160
Speaker 1: he had seen muons and people had seen electrons and

881
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:35,600
Speaker 1: stuff like this. But then he put it in a

882
00:43:35,640 --> 00:43:38,640
Speaker 1: magnetic field, and the magnetic field bends the path of

883
00:43:38,640 --> 00:43:42,240
Speaker 1: this particle, and a magnetic field will bend a positive

884
00:43:42,239 --> 00:43:45,120
Speaker 1: particle differently than it bends a negative particle.

885
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:48,479
Speaker 3: Cool And so this was just a few years after

886
00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:52,000
Speaker 3: direct So he did he know about direct prediction or

887
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:54,359
Speaker 3: did he discover it kind of independently.

888
00:43:54,719 --> 00:43:57,279
Speaker 1: No, he definitely knew about direct prediction. It was an

889
00:43:57,320 --> 00:43:59,080
Speaker 1: idea that was out there, so it helped him sort

890
00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:02,000
Speaker 1: of interpret his data. And what he saw was, of course,

891
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:04,520
Speaker 1: a bunch of electrons. Electrons are much more common in

892
00:44:04,560 --> 00:44:07,920
Speaker 1: the atmosphere than positrons. But then he saw this one track,

893
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:11,319
Speaker 1: this track that curved the wrong way, and he said, ooh,

894
00:44:11,360 --> 00:44:14,480
Speaker 1: what's that? You know? And he could tell the mass

895
00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:17,000
Speaker 1: of the particle by how much it curved, and you

896
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:19,160
Speaker 1: could tell the charge of it by the direction of

897
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:21,480
Speaker 1: its curve. So he knew, for example, it wasn't a

898
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:24,400
Speaker 1: proton because the proton is much heavier and would have

899
00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:28,120
Speaker 1: curved less. So curved just like an electron, except the

900
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:32,279
Speaker 1: other way, except the other Yes, yeah, And this is

901
00:44:32,320 --> 00:44:35,440
Speaker 1: amazing to me because these days, to discover something, you

902
00:44:35,480 --> 00:44:37,520
Speaker 1: don't just need one example. You can't be like, hey,

903
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:40,640
Speaker 1: look here's the Higgs boson. We found it, and here's

904
00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:43,919
Speaker 1: the picture of it. You know, we need like five

905
00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:46,920
Speaker 1: hundred thousand examples or something to show statistically that it

906
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:47,880
Speaker 1: really exists.

907
00:44:48,480 --> 00:44:53,080
Speaker 3: Really, he claimed this discovery with and equals one data points.

908
00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:55,919
Speaker 1: And equals one. It was so conclusive. Nothing we knew

909
00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:57,160
Speaker 1: of could make that data.

910
00:44:57,280 --> 00:44:58,919
Speaker 3: He didn't even wait to get another one.

911
00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:01,319
Speaker 1: No, he didn't even wait to get another one. And

912
00:45:01,560 --> 00:45:03,759
Speaker 1: you can see like that is famous data. You can

913
00:45:03,800 --> 00:45:06,680
Speaker 1: google for it and see like his original data that

914
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,279
Speaker 1: proved the discovery of the positive.

915
00:45:08,960 --> 00:45:11,000
Speaker 3: He's sure he didn't he didn't get at least too.

916
00:45:11,040 --> 00:45:12,759
Speaker 3: He didn't wait a little bit and got another one.

917
00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:16,200
Speaker 1: Maybe he got some backup data, but you know that's

918
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:19,480
Speaker 1: all he needed. That that convinced everybody. I'm still convinced,

919
00:45:19,680 --> 00:45:24,880
Speaker 1: wow by one image. M Yeah. And so he discovered

920
00:45:24,880 --> 00:45:28,120
Speaker 1: that was nineteen thirty two, and then the next year

921
00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:32,400
Speaker 1: Duraq wins the Nobel Prize for predicting antimatter?

922
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:36,320
Speaker 3: Did Karl and Anderson also get it or just direct.

923
00:45:36,080 --> 00:45:38,279
Speaker 1: Just Iraq in nineteen thirty three, But then Anderson won

924
00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:41,880
Speaker 1: three years later sort of in a combined Nobel Prize

925
00:45:41,880 --> 00:45:44,640
Speaker 1: for cosmic ray discoveries. But my favorite bit of this

926
00:45:44,719 --> 00:45:46,760
Speaker 1: story is that Durraq, you know, he was a heady

927
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:49,520
Speaker 1: guy and he made this bold prediction and then it

928
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:52,319
Speaker 1: actually had come true. So then you know he like

929
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,040
Speaker 1: called his shot at like babe ruth. So then in

930
00:45:55,120 --> 00:45:57,520
Speaker 1: his acceptance speech where he's like, you know, at the

931
00:45:57,560 --> 00:46:00,319
Speaker 1: Nobel Prize ceremony, getting the Nobel Prize from the King

932
00:46:00,320 --> 00:46:03,319
Speaker 1: of Sweden. In that speech he predicts another particle. He like,

933
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:04,120
Speaker 1: doubles down.

934
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:09,399
Speaker 3: He's like, I predict a million dollars in my bank

935
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:10,280
Speaker 3: account tomorrow.

936
00:46:12,760 --> 00:46:16,440
Speaker 1: True. He predicted the anti proton. He was like, well,

937
00:46:16,840 --> 00:46:20,240
Speaker 1: if the electron has an anti particle, why not the proton.

938
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:21,279
Speaker 1: So he predicted it.

939
00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:23,839
Speaker 3: Oh wow. And then when he got the Nobel price

940
00:46:23,920 --> 00:46:26,880
Speaker 3: for that one, did he also make another prediction in

941
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:28,920
Speaker 3: the next speech, like, when did you stop?

942
00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:30,640
Speaker 1: It's still going on.

943
00:46:30,719 --> 00:46:35,960
Speaker 3: Actually, I see he's still making predictions. He's like, and

944
00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:37,840
Speaker 3: the next election will be won by.

945
00:46:38,520 --> 00:46:40,600
Speaker 1: Hey, doubling down works for you, right, You just keep

946
00:46:40,640 --> 00:46:43,000
Speaker 1: doubling down and then exponentially you get more and more

947
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:43,800
Speaker 1: Noble prizes.

948
00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:49,600
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, all right. Cool. So that's how the antimatter,

949
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,919
Speaker 3: the first antimatter particle, was discovered, and since then we've

950
00:46:53,480 --> 00:46:56,920
Speaker 3: seen antimatter particles all over the place and for all

951
00:46:57,239 --> 00:46:58,359
Speaker 3: kinds of particles too.

952
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:01,759
Speaker 1: Write that's right. These days, in particle collisions, we can

953
00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:06,400
Speaker 1: very easily make anti electrons, which are positrons and anti muons,

954
00:47:06,760 --> 00:47:10,440
Speaker 1: and we've seen anti quarks and all sorts of crazy stuff.

955
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:13,160
Speaker 1: There are some antiparticles we haven't seen yet.

956
00:47:13,320 --> 00:47:16,840
Speaker 3: Oh really, they're still hiding, or there's still we just

957
00:47:16,880 --> 00:47:17,520
Speaker 3: haven't bothered.

958
00:47:17,920 --> 00:47:20,719
Speaker 1: Well, no, there's some that are still hiding. For example,

959
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:24,680
Speaker 1: anti neutrinos. Like we know neutrinos are a thing. What

960
00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:27,920
Speaker 1: we don't know is if there are anti neutrinos. I mean,

961
00:47:27,920 --> 00:47:30,279
Speaker 1: we talk about it, but we don't really know if

962
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:33,359
Speaker 1: anti neutrinos are just the same thing as neutrinos because

963
00:47:33,360 --> 00:47:34,920
Speaker 1: they have no electric charge.

964
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:37,840
Speaker 3: Yeah, how can you be anti nothing?

965
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:41,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, for example, the photon is its own anti particle,

966
00:47:42,080 --> 00:47:44,000
Speaker 1: or you could say it doesn't have an anti particle.

967
00:47:44,160 --> 00:47:46,560
Speaker 1: So we don't know if neutrinos are in that category

968
00:47:46,960 --> 00:47:49,840
Speaker 1: of particles that don't have antiparticles, or if they're in

969
00:47:49,880 --> 00:47:53,280
Speaker 1: the category of particles like electrons that do have anti particles.

970
00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:56,759
Speaker 3: It's a deep like asking who is the anti version

971
00:47:56,800 --> 00:48:02,279
Speaker 3: of Switzerland and Susinland is neutral, so nobody and everybody precisely.

972
00:48:02,480 --> 00:48:05,000
Speaker 1: So people are trying to figure out do neutrinos have

973
00:48:05,040 --> 00:48:09,480
Speaker 1: anti particles or are they just themselves all sorts of stuff,

974
00:48:09,480 --> 00:48:11,960
Speaker 1: and then people are doing more and more experiments to

975
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,880
Speaker 1: make anti matter and try to study its chemical properties.

976
00:48:14,880 --> 00:48:17,600
Speaker 1: We'd love to see like more than just anti hydrogen.

977
00:48:17,640 --> 00:48:20,359
Speaker 1: We'd love to see you know, anti water and all

978
00:48:20,360 --> 00:48:21,400
Speaker 1: sorts of crazy stuff.

979
00:48:21,440 --> 00:48:23,720
Speaker 3: But I guess the point is that it does exist,

980
00:48:24,080 --> 00:48:28,439
Speaker 3: and that it is something that was predicted by the physics,

981
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:32,440
Speaker 3: by the equations first, and then we went out and

982
00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:36,480
Speaker 3: found it, and now there's incontrovertible proof that it does exist,

983
00:48:36,640 --> 00:48:40,080
Speaker 3: that antimatter can exist, does exist, even if we don't

984
00:48:40,120 --> 00:48:42,440
Speaker 3: know exactly where it is in the universe.

985
00:48:42,560 --> 00:48:44,839
Speaker 1: That's right. Even though it's been featured in a Dan

986
00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:48,000
Speaker 1: Brown novel, it is really out there, and it's a

987
00:48:48,120 --> 00:48:51,160
Speaker 1: triumph in the theoretical physics to sort of notice these

988
00:48:51,239 --> 00:48:54,080
Speaker 1: patterns in the universe and assume that the universe might

989
00:48:54,160 --> 00:48:57,360
Speaker 1: follow those patterns, right, to say, we think the universe

990
00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:59,280
Speaker 1: makes sense, and if you can figure out the rules

991
00:48:59,280 --> 00:49:01,680
Speaker 1: that describe it, then maybe we can use that to

992
00:49:01,719 --> 00:49:04,799
Speaker 1: predict things in the universe we've never even seen. Right,

993
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:06,360
Speaker 1: What a crazy step forward.

994
00:49:06,680 --> 00:49:10,680
Speaker 3: Yep, it's not a conspiracy theory, it's a conspiracy fact.

995
00:49:13,920 --> 00:49:16,080
Speaker 3: I have a picture of it from nineteen thirty three.

996
00:49:16,520 --> 00:49:19,080
Speaker 3: That says that it's true, so it must be true.

997
00:49:19,280 --> 00:49:21,680
Speaker 1: It's out there, it's in you, it's in me, it's

998
00:49:21,719 --> 00:49:24,200
Speaker 1: in jeges bananas. So get used to it, folks.

999
00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:26,879
Speaker 3: All right, well, we hope you enjoyed that and got

1000
00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:29,800
Speaker 3: to learn a little bit more about the anti universe

1001
00:49:29,840 --> 00:49:30,480
Speaker 3: out there.

1002
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,480
Speaker 1: The anti history of physics, or the physics of anti history,

1003
00:49:34,160 --> 00:49:35,960
Speaker 1: or the history of anti physics.

1004
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:39,480
Speaker 3: Well, you've definitely convinced me, Daniel, I am definitely pro antimatter.

1005
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:51,400
Speaker 1: Now, thanks everyone for tuning in. Before you still have

1006
00:49:51,440 --> 00:49:54,839
Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop

1007
00:49:54,920 --> 00:49:56,960
Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You

1008
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:00,440
Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel

1009
00:50:00,480 --> 00:50:04,000
Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback

1010
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:07,840
Speaker 1: at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that

1011
00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:11,800
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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