Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. In our episode on Henry Martin Robert, we
Speaker 1: talked about his building a redoubt that's a sort of
Speaker 1: temporary usually fortification for the US Army during the Pig War.
Speaker 1: So today's classic is our episode on the Pig War,
Speaker 1: which came out all the way back almost ten years
Speaker 1: ago on April ninth, twenty fourteen. We have a couple
Speaker 1: of corrections for this one. San Juan Island is not
Speaker 1: the largest island in the San Juan Islands, it is
Speaker 1: the second largest. Also, nobody went through the Panama Canal
Speaker 1: in this episode, since that was not Billy yet they
Speaker 1: crossed Panama over land. Those are the only mistakes I
Speaker 1: remember from ten years ago. One can hope there were
Speaker 1: not others. Enjoy Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class,
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye, and so
Speaker 1: you it's funny to be. I wrote this little outline
Speaker 1: with an introduction that begins. If you grew up in
Speaker 1: the Pacific Northwest, or maybe in Vancouver, or especially in
Speaker 1: the islands between them, you may have already heard about
Speaker 1: the story we're going to talk about today, which is
Speaker 1: the pig warm If you have tuned in thinking this
Speaker 1: is about the Bay of Pigs invasion, I'm sorry, We're
Speaker 1: talking about something else. However, you did grow up in
Speaker 1: that area and it was a new story to you. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean I didn't do all of my growing up there.
Speaker 1: I moved from there when I was a little over nine,
Speaker 1: but I still have siblings there and have gone back
Speaker 1: there several times. And I had never heard of it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and right in that area like Tacoma and pwoll Up,
Speaker 1: which is right outside Seattle, so I should have heard
Speaker 1: of it, but I never had. Well, I may have
Speaker 1: been too young when I left. I missed that chunk. Well.
Speaker 1: This was recommended as a subject listener, Katie, and it
Speaker 1: is basically a story of how in eighteen fifty nine
Speaker 1: the United States and Britain very nearly went to war
Speaker 1: over an issue that seems more likely to start a
Speaker 1: feud between Hatfield's and McCoy's, which is that an American
Speaker 1: settler shot a Canadian pig that was rooting around in
Speaker 1: his garden. Doesn't that sound silly? Yes? And I can
Speaker 1: also see how that would escalate in a hatfield in McCoy. Yeah. Yes,
Speaker 1: so that is what we are going to talk about today.
Speaker 1: Of course, people had been living on what is now
Speaker 1: known as San Juan Island between the mainland of Washington
Speaker 1: and the island of Vancouver for thousands of years before
Speaker 1: European explorers started pushing into the Pacific Northwest. So during
Speaker 1: this sort of European exploration phase, Spain was the first
Speaker 1: country to claim and rename this island, when Francisco Eliza
Speaker 1: dubbed it Ela the Archipelago de San Juan. Its location
Speaker 1: in fertile soil made it a really attractive spot for
Speaker 1: the Spanish as well as the British and the Americans,
Speaker 1: although Spain eventually withdrew from the area. In eighteen eighteen,
Speaker 1: the United States and Britain signed the Anglo American Convention,
Speaker 1: which reinforced England's control over the eastern half of Canada
Speaker 1: while allowing both nations to operate what was then called
Speaker 1: Oregon Country jointly. Citizens of both nations would be allowed
Speaker 1: to live in this area, and the agreement would be
Speaker 1: renewed every decade unless one nation or the other could
Speaker 1: conclude that it had settled the region. Yeah, so it
Speaker 1: was basically if some person or country eventually had the
Speaker 1: most guys in there. It reminds me of like a
Speaker 1: board gate where I I have thirty miniatures in here,
Speaker 1: so it's mine now. So for the first several decades,
Speaker 1: both sides were kind of thinking that it was unlikely
Speaker 1: that this thing was going to be renewed. American settlers
Speaker 1: and prospectors thought they clearly had the advantage, and at
Speaker 1: the same time, so did English merchants and trappers. Just
Speaker 1: probably an indication that it was pretty evenly divided for
Speaker 1: a while, yes, But eventually the tide did start to
Speaker 1: shift and the American population in Oregon Country skyrocketed between
Speaker 1: eighteen forty and eighteen forty five. And around this same time,
Speaker 1: fur trading started to dwindle as the region suffered from overtrapping,
Speaker 1: and this made it less attractive to England, and England
Speaker 1: was less motivated to maintain its boundaries, whereas the US
Speaker 1: was still quite eager for the land. So in eighteen
Speaker 1: forty six, the US and Great Britain signed the Treaty
Speaker 1: of Oregon. This is the treaty that set the border
Speaker 1: between the United States and Canada at the forty ninth parallel,
Speaker 1: So that really long straight portion it looked straight on
Speaker 1: a map, you're actually trying to walk down it. It
Speaker 1: is not remotely straight because it was delineated by people
Speaker 1: on the ground with kind of primitive instruments. But this
Speaker 1: long stretch of border that is north of what's now
Speaker 1: North Dakota, Montana and Washington, and south of Alberta, Saskatchewan
Speaker 1: and Manitoba, and it seems pretty self explanatory until you
Speaker 1: get to the western end of the border. The treaty
Speaker 1: went on to say, it quote shall be continued westward
Speaker 1: along the forty ninth parallel of north Latitude to the
Speaker 1: middle of the Channel, which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island,
Speaker 1: and then southerly through the middle of the said channel
Speaker 1: and of Fucus Straits to the Pacific Ocean. The problem
Speaker 1: was that this channel was really two large straits and
Speaker 1: a lot of other smaller waterways. The Harrow Strait lay
Speaker 1: next to Vancouver Island and the Rosario Strait lay next
Speaker 1: to the mainland in what is now Washington, and in
Speaker 1: between were the San Juan Islands, which became disputed territory
Speaker 1: with both the United States and Canada. Basically saying that
Speaker 1: is mine. The largest island, the one known as San
Speaker 1: Juan Island, was the one that was in most demand.
Speaker 1: Made an official claim to the islands in eighteen fifty
Speaker 1: three by including it with the creation of Washington Territory.
Speaker 1: The Hudson's Bay Company, which had been operating on the
Speaker 1: island since at least eighteen forty five, responded by building
Speaker 1: a sheep farm on the southern shore that September, which
Speaker 1: quickly started to flourish. A man named Charles Griffin was
Speaker 1: sent to run it, and he named it Bellevue. For
Speaker 1: a while, it was just Griffin and his staff and
Speaker 1: their sheep that were all living on this fifty five
Speaker 1: square mile island. This doesn't sound like a huge population,
Speaker 1: but it was a pretty large sheep farm. There were
Speaker 1: like almost five thousand sheep. But the sheep did not
Speaker 1: count as humans. Now they did not, there's no equivalency.
Speaker 1: So the land on San Juan Island was very rich
Speaker 1: and productive, and it became a prime location for American settlers,
Speaker 1: especially after gold rushes in the area kind of drew
Speaker 1: people out there, and then you know, they would fail
Speaker 1: and people would live for something else to do, like
Speaker 1: starting a farm. So soon Americans coming into the region
Speaker 1: were staking claims in what had been the Hudson's Bay
Speaker 1: Company's grazing land. So the British government viewed all these
Speaker 1: American incomers as squatters, and tensions between the British and
Speaker 1: the Americans actually living there ran pretty high, so case
Speaker 1: in point, in eighteen fifty four, a US customs collector
Speaker 1: showed up on the island and tried to collect duties
Speaker 1: from Griffin's farm manager, and the farm manager swore out
Speaker 1: a warrant for the custom collector's arrest for trespassing on
Speaker 1: British soil. Then, in March of eighteen fifty five, a
Speaker 1: sheriff from the Washington Mainland brought his posse over the
Speaker 1: channel in the middle of the night and confiscated thirty
Speaker 1: five of Griffin's sheep, claiming that they were going to
Speaker 1: be sold to pay back taxes. Hudson's Bay Company later
Speaker 1: demanded fifteen thousand dollars in damages. This also led Vancouver's governor,
Speaker 1: James Douglas to write to Isaac L. Stevens, who was
Speaker 1: his counterpartner of Washington, to complain about it. The name
Speaker 1: Isaac L. Stevens may ring a bell. If you remember
Speaker 1: our Chief Seattle episode, he plays a role in that also.
Speaker 1: And this whole thing was raising enough eyebrows in Washington,
Speaker 1: d C. That Secretary of State William L. Macy also
Speaker 1: wrote to Governor Stevens basically saying, hey, please play nice, guys.
Speaker 1: He also asked for the British government to do the
Speaker 1: same with Governor Douglas, and they did. Sadly, this did
Speaker 1: not really help diffuse anything. And before we go into
Speaker 1: detail on why, let's take a moment and talk about
Speaker 1: a word from our sponsor. So let's get back to
Speaker 1: where things got simultaneously escalated and a little silly American
Speaker 1: Lyman Cutler was part of the American influx of settlers
Speaker 1: onto San Juan Island. He was a failed gold prospector
Speaker 1: who built a little cabin and planted a potato patch
Speaker 1: right by the Hudson's Bay Company's sheep run. He later
Speaker 1: claimed that Governor Stevens himself had told him that the
Speaker 1: land belonged to America, and so Cutler was claiming one
Speaker 1: hundred and sixty acres under the Donation Land Claim Act
Speaker 1: of eighteen fifty. So like the Homestead Act later did
Speaker 1: in the Midwest. The Donation Land Claim Act allowed citizens
Speaker 1: over the age of twenty one to claim a bunch
Speaker 1: of land for free if they met certain residency and
Speaker 1: improvement conditions. Number one, disputed land was not up for
Speaker 1: grabs under this act, and number two the Land Claim
Speaker 1: Act expired in eighteen fifty five before Cutler even got there.
Speaker 1: And then number three possibly a lesser but definitely a
Speaker 1: critical point. His improvements were really not so great. His
Speaker 1: potato patch was only fenced on three sides, and that
Speaker 1: allowed animals to trot right in and plunder his crop.
Speaker 1: One of these invading animals was a bore belonging to
Speaker 1: Charles Griffin of Bellevue Sheep Farm fame. Cutler claimed that
Speaker 1: he woke up one morning to the sound of laughter
Speaker 1: outside of his window. This was on June fifteenth, eighteen
Speaker 1: fifty nine. He looked outside to see one of Griffin's
Speaker 1: men laughing at a pig rooting through his potato patch,
Speaker 1: so Cutler went outside and shot it. This would not
Speaker 1: have been newsworthy if Cutler had not been American, and
Speaker 1: if the pig had not effectively been the property of
Speaker 1: the Hudson's Bay Company. Which was a trading company that
Speaker 1: ran much of the show in Canada. At first, the
Speaker 1: two men did try to work it out between themselves.
Speaker 1: Cutler offered to replace the pig, or to get estimates
Speaker 1: from three men about how much the pig was worth,
Speaker 1: and then used that information to figure out how much
Speaker 1: money to repay Griffin for it. Griffin, on the other hand,
Speaker 1: demanded one hundred dollars, saying that the pig was a
Speaker 1: prized breeder, and Cutler said, quote, better chance for lightning
Speaker 1: to strike you then for you to get one hundred
Speaker 1: dollars for that hog, And then he stormed away in
Speaker 1: a huff. Yeah, all was fun. When things escalate, oh
Speaker 1: and become insulting, it's gonna be so much more escalation.
Speaker 1: Griffin took this matter to his bosses at the Hudson's
Speaker 1: Bay Company, who went to Cutler's cabin to try to
Speaker 1: get restitution, and of course Cutler refused to pay. It
Speaker 1: is possible that the Hudson's Bay Company men also tried
Speaker 1: to have Cutler arrested, but if they did, it never
Speaker 1: came to fruition because he refused to go with the
Speaker 1: people who came to arrest it. Yeah, the records are
Speaker 1: a little unclear on that. Some sources say one thing,
Speaker 1: and some sources it may have been attempted, maybe said
Speaker 1: it never actually happened. So that July, Brigadier General William S.
Speaker 1: Harney toured the area and he noticed an American flag
Speaker 1: that Cutler and his friends had started flying for the
Speaker 1: Fourth of July holiday. He asked them about it, and
Speaker 1: they launched into this list of complaints about how vulnerable
Speaker 1: they were both to attack by Native Americans and to
Speaker 1: mistreatment by the British, and they cited the pig incident
Speaker 1: in this process. Harney was staunchly anti British. He had
Speaker 1: a little bit of a temper, He was very quick
Speaker 1: to anger, and he had a very foul mouth. By
Speaker 1: the end of his military career, he had been court
Speaker 1: martialed four times. And even though he had just been
Speaker 1: to Vancouver to thank Governor Douglas for what a good
Speaker 1: job he'd been doing protecting the Americans from Native American attacks,
Speaker 1: he decided now would be a good time to show
Speaker 1: some force. He characterized the Hudson's Bay Company's behavior as
Speaker 1: quote oppressive interference, and without consulting his command or the
Speaker 1: War Department, he sent in Company d ninth US Infantry
Speaker 1: under Captain George E. Pickett. The sixty six men arrived
Speaker 1: on the USS Massachusetts and they camped right by the
Speaker 1: Hudson's Bay Company's wharf and the sheep farm, which you know,
Speaker 1: doesn't seem like they're provoking things at all. Harning did
Speaker 1: eventually tell the War Department what he was doing, but
Speaker 1: he didn't send this letter until the July until July
Speaker 1: the nineteenth, and it didn't actually get there until September.
Speaker 1: So for a long time he was just doing what
Speaker 1: he wanted, with no en being posturing, yeah taunting people.
Speaker 1: Although Pickett's orders were to protect against Native Americans and
Speaker 1: the British, he posted a notice claiming that the camp
Speaker 1: was American property and subject only to US laws and courts,
Speaker 1: and that he, in fact was in command of it.
Speaker 1: Governor Douglas, having none of that and believing that Britain
Speaker 1: had lost Oregon by just being too welcoming, responded by
Speaker 1: sending in the twenty one gun HMS Satellite, which was
Speaker 1: joined by the thirty one gun Frigate HMS Tribune under
Speaker 1: the command of Captain Jeffrey Phipps Hornby of the Royal Navy,
Speaker 1: and another warship also came to anchor, so there were
Speaker 1: three warships now off the coast of this island. He
Speaker 1: also appointed a Justice of the Peace to enforce British law,
Speaker 1: which he claimed was the only law and effect on
Speaker 1: the island. So, in spite of now facing down three warships,
Speaker 1: one of which carried forty six Royal Marines, Pickett refused
Speaker 1: to withdraw or stand down. He was publicly boastful, allegedly
Speaker 1: saying things like he would make a bunker hill of
Speaker 1: it if pressed. Although at the time he sent worried
Speaker 1: sounding dispatches asking for more reinforcements and he appointed his
Speaker 1: own Justice of the Peace, Harney kept funneling more troops
Speaker 1: into the area. Pickett was eventually reinforced by one hundred
Speaker 1: and seventy one men under Lieutenant Colonel Silas Casey, and
Speaker 1: together they all went to Victoria to try to negotiate
Speaker 1: with Rear Admiral R. Lambert Baines, who was commanding the
Speaker 1: British forces in the East Pacific. Baines, on the other hand,
Speaker 1: was aboard the eighty four gun HMS Ganges, which he
Speaker 1: refused to leave for negotiations. Believing this entire thing to
Speaker 1: be ridiculous and beneath the involvement of quote two great names,
Speaker 1: Casey realized it was going to be pretty fruitless to
Speaker 1: go up against that kind of firepower, so he and
Speaker 1: everyone else went back to San Juan Island to ask
Speaker 1: for more reinforcements. By the end of August, so keep
Speaker 1: in mind, there's a letter out there somewhere floating around
Speaker 1: that hasn't reached the appropriate people yet. Yep, the American
Speaker 1: forces on San Juan Island had swelled to about four
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty men who had armed themselves with fourteen
Speaker 1: field cannons in an additional eight thirty two pound guns
Speaker 1: collected from the USS Massachusetts. The US troops reinforced their
Speaker 1: fortifications while the British Navy carried out drills along the
Speaker 1: coast with about two thousand fighting men ready for action.
Speaker 1: And at this point it was basically an arms race
Speaker 1: over a dead pig. And from my own perspective, if
Speaker 1: you knew how tiny this piece of land was, it
Speaker 1: makes it extra hilarious and slash. Where did they put
Speaker 1: all those boats? Well, and some of the boats they
Speaker 1: would go out on maneuvers and were they would just
Speaker 1: fire their cans at the bluffs or at like big
Speaker 1: rocks that were on the land, which was vastly entertaining
Speaker 1: to some of the people who were around. It turned
Speaker 1: into this source of excitement of Okay, now, now we're
Speaker 1: gonna do drills by firing our cannons at the at
Speaker 1: the bluffs here. Yeah. So in September, almost three months
Speaker 1: after Cutler shot, the pig word finally reached Washington, d C.
Speaker 1: Which was then approximately a six week trip away, about
Speaker 1: what was going on. It was not through this letter
Speaker 1: sent to the War Department, though, it was when President
Speaker 1: James Buchanan read about it in the newspaper on September third.
Speaker 1: Both the US government and the British officials who were
Speaker 1: in Washington, d C. Were astonished that an international incident
Speaker 1: was brewing between Vancouver and Washington over a pig. Yeah. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I can only imagine how startling that must be to
Speaker 1: be like, oh, did you know, by the way, there's
Speaker 1: about to be a war? Wait, what we're involved in? What? Yeah?
Speaker 1: So you and I both did a lot of growing
Speaker 1: up during the eighties, and a lot of like the
Speaker 1: nuclear war fear is somebody going to push the red button. Yeah,
Speaker 1: the constant Cold War discussion. Yeah. And for a long
Speaker 1: time I felt like a lot of this was just
Speaker 1: ridiculous paranoia and made up things. And then when I
Speaker 1: get to this part about how really there was almost
Speaker 1: a shooting war between the United States and Britain over
Speaker 1: a pig, I kind of go, oh, maybe that was
Speaker 1: not so completely far fetched, right, that somebody might just
Speaker 1: accidentally one day be like, you know what I'm gonna do,
Speaker 1: I'm gonna push the button. Yeah. Unfortunately, all of our
Speaker 1: civilization is still filled with humans who are fallible and
Speaker 1: will have lapses in judgments. And fortunately we now have
Speaker 1: video conferencing, which would have resolved a lot of the
Speaker 1: problems we're talking about in this episode. President Buchanan, who
Speaker 1: had helped me to go the Treaty of Oregon in
Speaker 1: the first place when he was Secretary of State, sent
Speaker 1: General Winfield Scott to try to restore calm. And General
Speaker 1: Scott was a battlefield general and a diplomat who had
Speaker 1: experience in border disputes, so he was really the perfect
Speaker 1: man for the job. But on top of this experience,
Speaker 1: General Scott also had firsthand knowledge of Harney's hot headedness.
Speaker 1: He had been involved in half of Harney's courts martial,
Speaker 1: so Scott's trip out to this part of the world,
Speaker 1: which was a sea voyage through the Panama Canal, took
Speaker 1: another six additional weeks, but once he got there in October,
Speaker 1: he immediately set to work and stayed for about a month.
Speaker 1: Governor Douglas of Vancouver finally became an active participant in negotiations,
Speaker 1: now that he had someone actually interested in negotiating to
Speaker 1: talk to. During that time that he was set up,
Speaker 1: Scott ordered all but one company of US soldiers off
Speaker 1: the island and convinced Governor Douglas to withdraw the British
Speaker 1: ships as well, leaving just one another anchor in Griffin Bay.
Speaker 1: All of these removals were to stay in place until
Speaker 1: a complete survey of the island was complete. He also
Speaker 1: recommended that Harney be relieved of his command. Harney at
Speaker 1: this point was just being willfully insubordinate and had even
Speaker 1: tried to dismiss the troops that Scott had ordered to
Speaker 1: be left behind with troops of his own, and ultimately
Speaker 1: he was indeed relieved of that command to the betterment
Speaker 1: of everyone, which was like the wisest course of action.
Speaker 1: Before we get into how this all resolved, let's take
Speaker 1: another moment. So, the United States and Britain finally negotiated
Speaker 1: a joint military occupation of the island, and that stayed
Speaker 1: in place for twelve years. Essentially a few months after
Speaker 1: Scott's departure, Britain and the United States each sent about
Speaker 1: one hundred troops to establish a presence on opposite ends
Speaker 1: of the Eye Island. So it was like, you can
Speaker 1: have the same amount of guys there. It's like when
Speaker 1: parents of multiple children are trying to divide the exact
Speaker 1: right number of French fries, or like tay Betty has
Speaker 1: equals taping a line down the center of the bedroom.
Speaker 1: This is your side, this is your brother's side. Yeah.
Speaker 1: The American effort was soon derailed by the impending Civil War,
Speaker 1: though the soldiers were at that point all going without
Speaker 1: pay and the camp was really falling into disrepair. When
Speaker 1: Virginia succeeded on April seventeenth of eighteen sixty one, Pickett
Speaker 1: gave up his command and he went home to join
Speaker 1: the Confederacy. He would later make a much bigger name
Speaker 1: for himself at the Battle of Gettysburg. In eighteen seventy one,
Speaker 1: Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington,
Speaker 1: and the question of who San Juan Island belonged to
Speaker 1: was turned over to Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and he
Speaker 1: sent it on to a three man arb tration panel.
Speaker 1: This arbitration commission went on in Geneva for almost a
Speaker 1: year before finally ruling that the island belonged to the
Speaker 1: United States, and this officially put the boundary between the
Speaker 1: United States and Canada through the Harrow Strait. British troops
Speaker 1: withdrew from the island on November twenty fifth of eighteen
Speaker 1: seventy two, and the last of the US troops had
Speaker 1: also left by July of eighteen seventy four. In nineteen
Speaker 1: sixty six, the US government created San Juan Island National
Speaker 1: Historical Park to commemorate the event and its nonviolent resolution.
Speaker 1: I have read several pieces that discussed this whole event
Speaker 1: as like a great example of how two nations can
Speaker 1: resolve something peacefully, which, okay, that part happened, yes, but
Speaker 1: they should never have had the end to that point.
Speaker 1: I mean, it seems from the outside, yeah, it it definitely.
Speaker 1: There was definitely a lot of people, especially you know,
Speaker 1: especially one particular person that harn problem. And I don't
Speaker 1: know why I had such trouble with his name. I
Speaker 1: kept We've got all this out, I think, but I
Speaker 1: managed to type his name three different ways in my
Speaker 1: notes for some reason. But yeah, he just kept wanting
Speaker 1: to take matters into his own hands and operate without
Speaker 1: going through the chain of command and basically be kind
Speaker 1: of a jerk. Yeah, and put more and more guys
Speaker 1: on this tiny island full of cheap and put more
Speaker 1: and more people at risk to kind of prove his
Speaker 1: points slash support his ego. Yeah. Yeah. When I was
Speaker 1: wrapping up the research on this podcast, I kind of
Speaker 1: did a second review to try to make sure that
Speaker 1: I had not just gotten the American point of view,
Speaker 1: because a lot of like a lot of the major
Speaker 1: actors and this story, as we have told it, are
Speaker 1: the American people, right. So I went in and looked
Speaker 1: up some Canadian sources to just make sure because most
Speaker 1: of the most of my original results happened to have
Speaker 1: been from American sources and they were basically the same.
Speaker 1: Because it's a lot of the instigation really was coming
Speaker 1: from the American side, which totally makes sense that then
Speaker 1: a lot of the resolution also needed to be started
Speaker 1: by the American side. It was only fair. I'm sure
Speaker 1: that when General Scott went out there was probably a
Speaker 1: certain degree of embarrassment about the whole thing having gotten
Speaker 1: to this point in the first place. Yeah, he was
Speaker 1: not really happy about having to go all the way
Speaker 1: out there. He was not in great health. Then it
Speaker 1: was all kind to go clean up a mess. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I'm gonna have to travel for six weeks to go
Speaker 1: clean up the stupid mess. I would be quite put out.
Speaker 1: I would too. Thanks so much for joining us on
Speaker 1: this Saturday. Since this episode is out of the archive,
Speaker 1: if you heard an email address or a Facebook RL
Speaker 1: or something similar over the court the show that could
Speaker 1: be obsolete now. Our current email address is History Podcast
Speaker 1: at iHeartRadio dot com. You can find us all over
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