1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of I 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,000 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, 3 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:15,800 Speaker 1: and there's Chuck and Jerry's here lurking around like a weirdo, 4 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 1: and this is stuff you should know. That's right Interstellar dish. Yeah, absolutely, 5 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:28,360 Speaker 1: And Chuck I was like, surely we've talked about this before, 6 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,840 Speaker 1: and I'm sure we have, maybe in the Galaxy episode 7 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:34,080 Speaker 1: or I think we did. It was the Black Holes. Okay, yeah, 8 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: that makes a lot of sense. Actually, um, but we've 9 00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:39,239 Speaker 1: never done when I double checked, we've never done one 10 00:00:39,280 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: on super Novay. That's a E on the end. That's 11 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:48,479 Speaker 1: plural um episode before and we're going to now. And 12 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:50,640 Speaker 1: I have to say, the reason we're going to know, 13 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:53,800 Speaker 1: I think for my money, is that we will be 14 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:59,880 Speaker 1: discussing probably the most interesting phenomenon in the universe. Are 15 00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: you think? So? That's that's my bad. You know, I'm 16 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: not gonna try to sway you, persuade you if you 17 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:08,120 Speaker 1: feel differently, But that's just how I feel. All right. Well, 18 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: I mean it's interesting timing because of the the new 19 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:16,679 Speaker 1: images coming back from the James web Space telescope kind 20 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: of like right now, I mean it looks like this thing, 21 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: I mean, it's a it's a thousand times greater than 22 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:28,960 Speaker 1: what Hubble can see. Yeah, and like Hubble is our 23 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: our gen x is superstar. Yeah, and it's nothing to 24 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,760 Speaker 1: sneeze at. I mean, if it's produced some pretty amazing pictures, 25 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:39,800 Speaker 1: you know, it's fine, but it's nothing compared to the 26 00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:43,600 Speaker 1: James Web. And what they're saying is that this thing 27 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,959 Speaker 1: is potentially um going to be able to see through 28 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:51,600 Speaker 1: space dust and you know, they're gonna be doing something 29 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:57,680 Speaker 1: that we uh can often not do, which is c supernovay. Yeah, 30 00:01:57,720 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: which is a big deal because you know, space dust 31 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,320 Speaker 1: can really the obscure supernova, which we'll talk about. But yeah, 32 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: have you seen that. I'm sure you've seen that. That 33 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:10,120 Speaker 1: first picture they released, the Star Child amazing, Yeah, it is. 34 00:02:10,320 --> 00:02:12,919 Speaker 1: But at the same time, it's almost like it looks 35 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: like it was put together by a poorly trained graphic 36 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: designer who like really overdid it, you know, tried to 37 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:21,000 Speaker 1: fit everything into one picture. But it just like really 38 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:25,639 Speaker 1: goes to show you how not so full the universe is. 39 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:29,080 Speaker 1: And yet imagine how spread out all that stuff is. 40 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: The distance between those things. Oh yeah, unbelievable. Uh, and 41 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:38,040 Speaker 1: you know the core no uh no pun intended, But 42 00:02:38,120 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: the core of this research comes from our old, our 43 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:42,880 Speaker 1: old website that we used to work for, how stuff 44 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 1: Works dot com and uh one of the the most 45 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:51,440 Speaker 1: convoluted explanations of anything I've ever seen in my life. Yeah, 46 00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:53,960 Speaker 1: we're gonna, we're gonna pare it down to size, we're 47 00:02:53,960 --> 00:02:57,160 Speaker 1: gonna tame it. Okay, it's um And hey, listen, I 48 00:02:57,160 --> 00:03:00,880 Speaker 1: don't want to pick on somebody, but it almost seemed 49 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: like the goal was to see how much they could 50 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:09,320 Speaker 1: confuse somebody about supernovaea clearly explain what it what's going 51 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,959 Speaker 1: on there. So our goal is to wind our way 52 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:17,560 Speaker 1: through this and lean into kids science websites like I 53 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:20,800 Speaker 1: always do. Okay, Yeah, and they work big time, especially 54 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,600 Speaker 1: for this kind of thing, because um, to me, one 55 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:28,359 Speaker 1: of the reasons I find talking about supernova so attractive 56 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:33,360 Speaker 1: is that it's really understandable when you kind of like 57 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:36,880 Speaker 1: dig into it. But when you realize, like, oh I 58 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: get this stuff. You you you come to realize that, 59 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: like you understand like the most superficial understanding of of 60 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: what's actually going on, and it's still like generally the 61 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:49,520 Speaker 1: nuts and bolts, the principle of it, but there's so 62 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: much more detail that people you know, um, dedicate their 63 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: entire careers to studying these things, and we're just gonna 64 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: go over it in less than an hour. How about that? 65 00:03:58,920 --> 00:04:02,080 Speaker 1: Well yeah, and if you uh, I say, far less 66 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:04,720 Speaker 1: than an hour. But if you if you look at 67 00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: what you're trying to understand, and even if you can understand, 68 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:12,120 Speaker 1: like the tiniest concepts which you're also understanding, are the 69 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:18,599 Speaker 1: tiniest building blocks of everything. Basically, because out of supernova 70 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:22,800 Speaker 1: are born, are are heavy elements, and without heavy elements, 71 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:25,680 Speaker 1: there is no life on Earth. Yeah. So like that 72 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,360 Speaker 1: saying that we're all made of star dust, it feels 73 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: like a Sagan saying, Um, that's very true, and that 74 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:35,279 Speaker 1: star dust comes in large part from supernovae. Um. Also 75 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:39,560 Speaker 1: Steven stills it, Oh, yeah, you're right, but I think 76 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: he might have been smoking dubes with Carl Sagan at 77 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 1: the time. Dubes, Well that's what they called their words, 78 00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: not mine, just to enshrine our generation next nous of 79 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: this whole thing. That's right. I didn't say split at least, right, 80 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: that would be genets. I guess dubes would be more boomer, right, 81 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:59,599 Speaker 1: exactly so. So, but that's a I mean, that's a 82 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: really accurate statement, right, everything planets are made from it, 83 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:05,919 Speaker 1: Other stars are made from it. Um, anything alive on 84 00:05:05,960 --> 00:05:09,240 Speaker 1: the planet in Earth, as far as we know, uh, 85 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,279 Speaker 1: is made of that same stuff that gets ejected from 86 00:05:12,279 --> 00:05:15,240 Speaker 1: stars during supernovae. And if you if you study this, 87 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:18,560 Speaker 1: what we're talking about really is the end stage of 88 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:22,560 Speaker 1: the life cycle of a particular star. But if you 89 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:26,880 Speaker 1: follow it back beyond that that endpoint and watch that 90 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:28,640 Speaker 1: star dust and like kind of track it and trace it, 91 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,440 Speaker 1: you'll see that it goes to onto four more stars. 92 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:33,599 Speaker 1: So really what we're looking at is a part of 93 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: a cycle that very much resembles like the carbon cycle 94 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:40,280 Speaker 1: here on Earth, a closed system that is self reinforcing 95 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:43,840 Speaker 1: and self sustaining that goes over really really long periods 96 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: of time. But really it just keeps regenerating itself. Yeah. 97 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:50,719 Speaker 1: And the other cool thing about this web telescope is 98 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:55,520 Speaker 1: they're seeing already seeing just baby star factories out there. Uh, 99 00:05:55,600 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: it's really cool stuff. I guess before we get into 100 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:02,720 Speaker 1: what is actually happening at the end life of a star, 101 00:06:02,839 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: we should talk a little bit probably about just sort 102 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:08,479 Speaker 1: of how rare This is like if if you don't 103 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:12,120 Speaker 1: know anything about supernova you may think that, um, this 104 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: kind of thing is happening all the time in the 105 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:17,920 Speaker 1: Milky Way galaxy and we may not see it because 106 00:06:17,920 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 1: of space dust and stuff. But it is in fact 107 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:23,720 Speaker 1: happening all over the place all the time, all over 108 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,919 Speaker 1: many many galaxies. But in the Milky Way galaxy it 109 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:32,160 Speaker 1: happens about every fifty years or so give or take. Uh. 110 00:06:32,200 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: They track about, you know, to every hundred years, and 111 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 1: by track, like I said, sometimes they don't see them. 112 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 1: And up until the mid two thousand's they thought that 113 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:43,960 Speaker 1: the last one in the Milky Way was in the 114 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 1: sixteen hundreds. And then they realize, hey, wait a minute, 115 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: we've been following other things like this, this debris, this 116 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:55,800 Speaker 1: interstellar debris, and that's actually the remnants of a supernova 117 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: just about a hundred and forty years old. We just 118 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 1: didn't know that's what it was exactly until later. The 119 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:04,320 Speaker 1: one that they thought was the last one from the 120 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: sixteen hundreds was described by Johann Kepler, who spotted it, 121 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: and it's now called s N sixty sixteen O four 122 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,880 Speaker 1: supernova sixteen O four because that's when it happened um 123 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:17,760 Speaker 1: and that was discovered by Kepler because it was visible 124 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:20,480 Speaker 1: to the to the naked eye. And there have only 125 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:25,240 Speaker 1: been five recorded supernova in the last millennia that were 126 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: visible to the naked eye UM one in ten oh six, 127 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:32,560 Speaker 1: one in ten fifty four, one one one in fifteen 128 00:07:32,600 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: seventy two, and then Kepler's in sixteen o four. So 129 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:39,680 Speaker 1: the very ironic thing is that since we invented telescopes, 130 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 1: there hasn't been a supernova that was visible to the 131 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: naked eye, which is kind of funny. Yeah, but you 132 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:50,320 Speaker 1: can't see them with uh telescope that you or I 133 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:54,880 Speaker 1: could own. UM. In fact, the high powered telescope sometimes 134 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,560 Speaker 1: they're so sensitive to this, you know, as you'll see 135 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: the supernova um emit a super bright light as you 136 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 1: would imagine when a star collapses and explodes upon itself. 137 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:10,040 Speaker 1: And sometimes those telescopes, in fact, they're almost always overwhelmed 138 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,920 Speaker 1: and not very useful for those purposes. So UH, they 139 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:17,840 Speaker 1: count on regular people in their telescopes sometimes to see 140 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: these in neighboring galaxies, like that ten year old girl 141 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:26,320 Speaker 1: inven that found one two and forty million light years 142 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:30,920 Speaker 1: away uh in January. It's it's it's cool that they 143 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:36,000 Speaker 1: actually uh kind of depend on amateur astronomers to find 144 00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: these things to call them in to the the AI. Yeah, 145 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: that i AU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Sounds like 146 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:49,439 Speaker 1: something Dan Ackroyd would spit out in an infomercial, right, 147 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:53,199 Speaker 1: and they only accept telegrams they that's right, get the 148 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:55,560 Speaker 1: wire to them. Are you gonna tell me to stop again? 149 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: But you know, you can submit that and they will 150 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:05,000 Speaker 1: take a look and they will use their uh spectrometers 151 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: to kind of see what radiation is being given off, 152 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,199 Speaker 1: and then they can tell a lot about what's going on. Yeah, 153 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 1: big time. Um. And the reason that they there's a 154 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,439 Speaker 1: couple of reasons they rely on those backyard astronomers. One, 155 00:09:18,080 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 1: amateur astronomers are no joke. They know what they're doing. 156 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:24,200 Speaker 1: They also have plenty of very well documented star charts, 157 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: so they're exactly the kind of people who number one 158 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: are looking up at the skies in the first place. 159 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:31,559 Speaker 1: And then number two are familiar enough with what the 160 00:09:31,600 --> 00:09:33,480 Speaker 1: sky is supposed to look like that they would actually 161 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:36,959 Speaker 1: notice a new star. So it actually is a thing 162 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:41,120 Speaker 1: that amateur astronomers are relied on by professional astronomers. And 163 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: the coolest thing about this too is, as we'll see, 164 00:09:43,679 --> 00:09:45,840 Speaker 1: like a supernova, when it shows up, it can it 165 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:48,439 Speaker 1: can be a new star that shines for a day, 166 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:50,840 Speaker 1: a couple of weeks, a few months, usually not much 167 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:53,720 Speaker 1: longer than that, and then it just goes away again. 168 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:56,680 Speaker 1: And what's really neat about this is what you're seeing 169 00:09:57,640 --> 00:10:03,560 Speaker 1: is an event that happened million years ago and finally 170 00:10:03,679 --> 00:10:07,440 Speaker 1: that light that's uh, you know, five million light years 171 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: away from us, that were it originated is finally reaching us. 172 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:15,280 Speaker 1: I just find that so colossally awesome, and I know 173 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:18,439 Speaker 1: that applies to every bit of starlight and even sunshine. 174 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:21,640 Speaker 1: It's not like it's instantaneous. It takes you know, light 175 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,000 Speaker 1: years to to reach us, where it has to travel 176 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: across the light years to reach us. But for some reason, 177 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:28,560 Speaker 1: the idea that that that that's the basis of a 178 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:32,200 Speaker 1: supernova is really neat to me. Yeah. And in fact, 179 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:36,600 Speaker 1: the very first one on record was about two thousand 180 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: years ago in China. There were astronomers there who um, 181 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:43,800 Speaker 1: all of a sudden saw a new light like you 182 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 1: would today, and they started following it and making notes 183 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,040 Speaker 1: and chronicling the you know what, this thing was doing 184 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:52,720 Speaker 1: there and then I think it took about eight months 185 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:56,959 Speaker 1: in that case, uh, which is pretty long, so maybe 186 00:10:57,840 --> 00:10:59,720 Speaker 1: I don't know, maybe they were off or something. I mean, 187 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 1: this is US two thousand years ago. No, I mean 188 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: they were the Chinese astronomers of the stage were pretty 189 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:06,440 Speaker 1: they were pretty sharp, so they would have they would 190 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:10,240 Speaker 1: have probably been pretty accurate. Well, at any rate, it disappeared, 191 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: and they quite didn't quite understand like what was going 192 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:16,240 Speaker 1: right at the time, right, but they did write it 193 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: down in a book a couple of centuries later called 194 00:11:18,559 --> 00:11:21,840 Speaker 1: them the Book of the Later han As in the 195 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:25,079 Speaker 1: Han dynasty. And I guess at some point somebody came 196 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:27,680 Speaker 1: across this and realized that what they were describing was 197 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:32,000 Speaker 1: a supernova. And what's even more mind blowing about it 198 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:36,000 Speaker 1: is we've reached the point where, using things like spectrographs 199 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: and and other um like incredibly sensitive telescopes, we can 200 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,040 Speaker 1: um look at the remnants and see what they're made of, 201 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,160 Speaker 1: how hot they are, how fast they're traveling, and basically 202 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:52,280 Speaker 1: reverse engineer their origin to determine how old something is. 203 00:11:52,559 --> 00:11:56,360 Speaker 1: And they've actually found that supernova supernova six that was 204 00:11:56,400 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: originally described in the by the Han astronomers. Yeah, and 205 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: we'll get to why it's useful to chart this stuff anyway, 206 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: because it's not I mean, you might think, you know, 207 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:09,280 Speaker 1: it's a dead or dying and dead star like who cares. 208 00:12:10,080 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: But it can be very useful as far as mapping 209 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:17,200 Speaker 1: the universe and uh, finding out what how things behave 210 00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:21,280 Speaker 1: in neighboring galaxies. And it's all super useful. And of 211 00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:24,240 Speaker 1: course we've already talked about the elemental factor, which is 212 00:12:24,320 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: why we're here. That's right, it's not us, right exactly. Um, 213 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:31,880 Speaker 1: and I think the last one that was visible not 214 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:33,959 Speaker 1: to the naked I think you had to use binoculars 215 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 1: was u S. And um, that one was outside of 216 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,240 Speaker 1: our galaxy. It was technically it came from the Large 217 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 1: Magillianic Cloud, which is a dwarf satellite galaxy to the 218 00:12:47,120 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: Milky Way. So again it wasn't it wasn't one of 219 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:52,800 Speaker 1: those fifty that happened every year in the Milky Way. 220 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: It was outside of it, but you could kind of 221 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 1: see it. And it was a big deal because by 222 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: about that time, we were starting to get just enough 223 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:02,000 Speaker 1: at it's to like really start to make hay out 224 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:04,200 Speaker 1: of the data that we were getting from it, so 225 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: it was pretty cool. But wasn't that one a two banger? 226 00:13:07,240 --> 00:13:10,400 Speaker 1: Didn't that one rear? It said again in um so 227 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: what they figured out and this will make more sense 228 00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:16,199 Speaker 1: once we explain with how like an actual supernova works. 229 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: But the the um initial, the secondary explosion, like you said, 230 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:26,800 Speaker 1: the double banger, I think that's actually the technical term. 231 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:30,160 Speaker 1: The second explosion caught up with the material from the 232 00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,080 Speaker 1: first explosion and interacted released a ton of energy and 233 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 1: it actually brightened. So yeah, just from tracking the stuff, 234 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: I think they were like, we didn't know that could 235 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:43,480 Speaker 1: do that, and just from watching s they learned something new. Yeah, 236 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,640 Speaker 1: twenty four years later, which is really interesting. Yeah, exactly 237 00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: should we take a break? Uh? Yeah, I think so. 238 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,920 Speaker 1: All right, you seem hesitant, Well, I do want to 239 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: throw him one more thing. Since we're talking about these 240 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:58,440 Speaker 1: things and seeing him with the naked eye. One of 241 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:00,319 Speaker 1: the reasons why you can see him with the naked 242 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:03,120 Speaker 1: eyes because these things are so bright. Some of them 243 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:07,360 Speaker 1: outshine entire galaxies for the time that they're shining, and 244 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:09,840 Speaker 1: they they'd be brighter than the full moon here on 245 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:12,160 Speaker 1: Earth and so bright that you could actually see them 246 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:17,040 Speaker 1: during full daylight too, So that's pretty bright. That's quite bright. Okay, 247 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: now I'm ready, Chuck, all right, we're gonna take a break. 248 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:22,600 Speaker 1: We're gonna come back. We're gonna talk about the types 249 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: of two types of supernova right after this and try 250 00:14:26,800 --> 00:15:03,000 Speaker 1: and make some sense out all of this stuff. Okay, 251 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:07,000 Speaker 1: So if you want to break down the types of supernova, 252 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,760 Speaker 1: you don't have to work very hard because there are 253 00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:12,800 Speaker 1: two types, uh, and then there are some sub types 254 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:17,360 Speaker 1: will get into. But these were first classified by an 255 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:22,760 Speaker 1: astronomy name Rudolph Minkowski. And like we said, they use 256 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: spectrographs to get a good picture of what is going 257 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:30,080 Speaker 1: on inside of a burning star because they can look 258 00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 1: at their their color lines, their absorption lines. And if 259 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 1: we start at the beginning, we have type one supernova 260 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:42,120 Speaker 1: that have absorption lines that indicate that they don't have hydrogen, 261 00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: and they are super super bright, but for a very 262 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:49,880 Speaker 1: short amount of time Type one, right, and then type 263 00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:54,680 Speaker 1: two do have hydrogen full stop. That's right. But then 264 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:58,040 Speaker 1: they started this is m Minkowski was working in the forties, 265 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:00,520 Speaker 1: like you said. So as time went by and we 266 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,640 Speaker 1: got better and better at observing the universe, by the eighties. 267 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:07,480 Speaker 1: They're like, we could subdivide these even further. So you've 268 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:10,040 Speaker 1: got the type one A, Type one B, Type one C, 269 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:13,280 Speaker 1: and then type two and Type one A is totally 270 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:15,800 Speaker 1: its own animal we'll talk about in a second. But 271 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 1: Type one B, one C and Type two they generally 272 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 1: undergo the same colossal kind of explosion. But the big 273 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: differences they have like different kinds of UM elements in 274 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,520 Speaker 1: them or they don't UM. That's really the only different 275 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:33,080 Speaker 1: difference that I can see, and it really doesn't make 276 00:16:33,240 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: much difference for what we're going to talk about, right. 277 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:38,200 Speaker 1: Uh So, the one I was mentioning when I said 278 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:40,880 Speaker 1: type one are very bright for very short amount of time, 279 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:46,640 Speaker 1: it's actually one A more specifically, and they happen basically 280 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:51,040 Speaker 1: when a white dwarf star orbits a bigger star, it's 281 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:54,200 Speaker 1: got to be orbiting another star, because what it's gonna 282 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: do is suck matter off of that big star until 283 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: it gets to basically boom size exactly. And they actually 284 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,640 Speaker 1: have figured out, well I should say Dr Chandra scar 285 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:12,199 Speaker 1: figured it out, um the the exact amount and moment 286 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:16,880 Speaker 1: where the mass and the matter that it sucked off 287 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:20,280 Speaker 1: of the other star reaches that boom level, and it's 288 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:23,400 Speaker 1: called the Chandra Scar limit, and it equals basically one 289 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,439 Speaker 1: point four solar masses. And it will probably surprise no 290 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:28,639 Speaker 1: one that a solar mass is a mass equal to 291 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:31,520 Speaker 1: our Sun, and a white dwarf might start out as 292 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 1: less than that. But once it sucks enough matter off 293 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,440 Speaker 1: of its twin star in that binary system, it will 294 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,920 Speaker 1: hit that limit, and all of a sudden, a thermonuclear 295 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,119 Speaker 1: reaction happens, a chain reaction exactly like the kind that 296 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 1: happens in a thermonuclear bomb um and that runaway chain 297 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,440 Speaker 1: reaction actually blows the star to smithereens as you assume 298 00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:56,119 Speaker 1: Indy Sam would put it. Uh, that's right, And you know, 299 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:57,920 Speaker 1: let me jump back a set because I think it's 300 00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 1: helps to understand kind of what's going on at the 301 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,560 Speaker 1: core of these stars anyway. Um, if you have a 302 00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: massive star, it is burning just huge, huge amounts of 303 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: that nuclear fuel at the core, and that produces a 304 00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: ton of energy and obviously it is going to be 305 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:17,320 Speaker 1: really really hot. U. The same kind of thing like 306 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:20,920 Speaker 1: when we talked about our nuclear fusion uh for nuclear 307 00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:22,600 Speaker 1: power and stuff like that, The same kind of thing 308 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: is going on. But that's gonna generate a ton of pressure, 309 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,119 Speaker 1: and a star is basically a balancing act. You have 310 00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 1: two forces that are kind of keeping one another in 311 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:37,200 Speaker 1: check because the star always has this gravity that's trying 312 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:41,160 Speaker 1: to squeeze it down to the smallest, you know, possible size. 313 00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,720 Speaker 1: But then you have this nuclear reaction going on, creating 314 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,240 Speaker 1: all this pressure going out and it's that outward push 315 00:18:48,680 --> 00:18:52,080 Speaker 1: kind of battling against the inward squeeze of gravity that 316 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,160 Speaker 1: keeps a star from that keeps this from happening all 317 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,080 Speaker 1: the time. Uh. And when it finally does run out 318 00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:59,880 Speaker 1: of that fuel, which we'll talk about kind of how 319 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:02,600 Speaker 1: that happens, it's gonna cool off, and that causes that 320 00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:05,720 Speaker 1: pressure to drop, gravity winds, and then you've got your 321 00:19:05,960 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: big bang, not the big bang, but a big bang, 322 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:12,560 Speaker 1: right And that's that's the type two supernova that you 323 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: talked about. But both stars type one A and type 324 00:19:16,080 --> 00:19:20,120 Speaker 1: two they will they they burn um hydrogen and turn 325 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,119 Speaker 1: it into healing. The same process goes. It's just what 326 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 1: happens after they run out of fuel is the big 327 00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:29,080 Speaker 1: difference between them, right? Well, yeah, but is the running 328 00:19:29,119 --> 00:19:32,240 Speaker 1: out of fuel basically is it working its way through 329 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:35,879 Speaker 1: the elemental chart, right, creating all these different elements until 330 00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:38,640 Speaker 1: it gets to iron and nickel. Yeah, So so let's 331 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:42,400 Speaker 1: talk about that stars burn hydrogen. They as they burn hydrogen, 332 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,600 Speaker 1: it fuses into helium. Heliums have heavier, so it actually 333 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:49,359 Speaker 1: starts to settle more towards the core because of that 334 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,200 Speaker 1: um that gravity, because gravity can exert a stronger force 335 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: and something with more mass, and helium has more mass 336 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:58,879 Speaker 1: than than hydrogen, So the hydrogen kind of stays in 337 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:01,440 Speaker 1: the outer layers of the star and the core is 338 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:04,600 Speaker 1: made up of helium. Well, as that hydrogen starts to 339 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:07,879 Speaker 1: wear out, the core starts burning off the helium, like 340 00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:11,520 Speaker 1: using that to keep itself going as fuel, and then 341 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:14,920 Speaker 1: eventually it starts fusing it into heavier and heavier elements 342 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:17,920 Speaker 1: like you were saying. And it's all fine, it's all good. 343 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:20,080 Speaker 1: I mean, it's getting a little panicky. The stars like 344 00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:24,080 Speaker 1: got that cartoon sweat jumping off its forehead. But it's 345 00:20:24,119 --> 00:20:27,800 Speaker 1: still producing more energy than it's using, so it can 346 00:20:27,920 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 1: keep that that gravity at bay, although it's getting harder 347 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: and harder. Right, And then, like you said, once it 348 00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:38,080 Speaker 1: starts producing iron, it reaches the point where there's a 349 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: net energy loss because it takes more energy to combine 350 00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:46,399 Speaker 1: uh molecules into iron than the energy that's released from 351 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: that process. And that, my friend, is where the star 352 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,359 Speaker 1: starts to go boom. Yeah. And here's the part I 353 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 1: don't quite get. Maybe you can help me, is I 354 00:20:57,040 --> 00:20:59,600 Speaker 1: know that's how a type two works. But does a 355 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,399 Speaker 1: Type one A do the same thing? But just by 356 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:09,480 Speaker 1: sucking in matter from its neighbor? No, no, no, Type 357 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:12,679 Speaker 1: one A blows up like a nuclear bomb. Okay, I 358 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:15,159 Speaker 1: got you. It just sets off that chain reaction and 359 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: it just blows itself up, all right. The other way 360 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:20,720 Speaker 1: that a Type one A can go out is if 361 00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:23,080 Speaker 1: it has so it's got to reach that Chandra Scar 362 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:25,520 Speaker 1: limit of one point four solar masses, and then that 363 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:30,959 Speaker 1: chain reaction happens. If that star never reaches that limit, um, 364 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,240 Speaker 1: but it runs out of fuel, it'll go from a 365 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:36,200 Speaker 1: white dwarf to a black dwarf. And a black dwarf 366 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:38,840 Speaker 1: is basically like a star that's a campfire that you 367 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:42,520 Speaker 1: stopped adding would too, and it eventually just gets dimmer 368 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: and dimmer, and then it finally goes out on its own. 369 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,399 Speaker 1: That's basically a black dwarf. Okay, all right, well that 370 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 1: makes that makes sense then, because it's basically uh fusing 371 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 1: all all of the carbon and everything like at that core, 372 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:00,840 Speaker 1: and it just it can't handle that kind of load. 373 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:06,320 Speaker 1: The type two you mean one, uh uh no, I 374 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:08,159 Speaker 1: think it just runs out of fuel and becomes a 375 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: black dwarf. Or if it has enough fuel Okay, yeah, 376 00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:16,000 Speaker 1: it has it has enough fuel that Yes, I don't 377 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: know if it's carbon or if it's hydrogen or whatever, 378 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: but it has enough of whatever it needs to um 379 00:22:22,640 --> 00:22:26,199 Speaker 1: set off that runaway thermonuclear chain reaction and blow itself up. 380 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,280 Speaker 1: I think it's carbon, Okay, so yeah, and that would 381 00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:31,639 Speaker 1: make sense. Um. But it so it turns into a 382 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:35,479 Speaker 1: thermonuclear carbon bomb, a star sized version. That's what happens 383 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:39,120 Speaker 1: with the type one A the Type two. Then this 384 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: is the whole reason it's different, Chuck, is the Type 385 00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: two star starts out as much larger, much more massive 386 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:51,720 Speaker 1: than this type UM one a star right X the sun, Yes, exactly, 387 00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: and so it has to be at least that that 388 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,280 Speaker 1: size or else it's not gonna work. It'll probably turn 389 00:22:57,359 --> 00:23:01,359 Speaker 1: into um the type one a kind of super ova UM. 390 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:04,560 Speaker 1: So because it's eight times the size or the mass 391 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:09,040 Speaker 1: of the Sun. It has a really strong gravitational force 392 00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:12,200 Speaker 1: working on it. And then that is what really plays 393 00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,879 Speaker 1: that major role in a type two supernova, that gravity 394 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:19,400 Speaker 1: sucking everything in towards the core, and then the denser 395 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:22,040 Speaker 1: and more massive the core is because more stuff is 396 00:23:22,040 --> 00:23:24,440 Speaker 1: getting sucked into it and more and more iron is 397 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,640 Speaker 1: being put together. That that is what makes it implode 398 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,680 Speaker 1: with such force that it actually explodes with I would 399 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:37,000 Speaker 1: guess an equal amount of force. Yeah, Like it collapses 400 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: in on itself and once it gets to the center, 401 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,560 Speaker 1: it has nowhere to go but back out right, Yeah, exactly. 402 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:45,320 Speaker 1: And there's like a lot of details to it, where 403 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:48,399 Speaker 1: like um as stuff is getting sucked into the center 404 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: that it hits that core and it's traveling. Those particles 405 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,800 Speaker 1: are traveling so fast, like you know how um like 406 00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:57,840 Speaker 1: a piece of space dust can like go right through 407 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:02,879 Speaker 1: a satellite. Okay, so that's that's this on steroids, um or, 408 00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,760 Speaker 1: this is that on steroids. It's pulling those particles towards 409 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:08,000 Speaker 1: the core and when they hit it, they bounce off, 410 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:11,240 Speaker 1: they release a shock wave and that actually explodes. It 411 00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:14,760 Speaker 1: starts exploding against itself, and then at the same time, 412 00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:18,880 Speaker 1: the pressure from gravity exerted on the core is so 413 00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: great that those iron um atoms actually get squeezed together 414 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:28,960 Speaker 1: so tightly that the protons and electrons get confused into neutrons, 415 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:33,360 Speaker 1: and the the solar mask can go from something like 416 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:38,840 Speaker 1: you know, five thousand miles in diameter down to twelve 417 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:41,880 Speaker 1: miles in diameter. And again, this is something I don't 418 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:44,320 Speaker 1: think we pointed out yet, so I probably shouldn't say again, Chuck, 419 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,240 Speaker 1: all of this is happening in less than a second. Yeah, 420 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:53,280 Speaker 1: the the end game happens very very fast after you know, 421 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 1: ten billion plus life basically uh, you know, you know, 422 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,960 Speaker 1: really turning out instead of fading away. Not corny there, 423 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,760 Speaker 1: but uh, if you look at a one A when 424 00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:09,159 Speaker 1: that thing explodes, it's gonna create a ton of iron 425 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 1: being blasted out because of that heat. It's gonna be 426 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: very symmetrical. And they actually use that because they're so 427 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,639 Speaker 1: um sort of consistent and that they the one A 428 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:24,560 Speaker 1: is all explode at the same time, uh, in their 429 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:27,840 Speaker 1: death and they peak with that same brightness. They use 430 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: that and it's it's called a standard candle, and it's 431 00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:36,200 Speaker 1: I think it's just basically sort of like a baseline measurement, right, Yeah, 432 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:39,240 Speaker 1: they can use it to as a measurement against um 433 00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: other stuff in the neighborhood to figure out how bright 434 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,440 Speaker 1: those things are, what they're made of, how old they are, 435 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:47,520 Speaker 1: that kind of thing. Um. So yeah, that's it's pretty cool. 436 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:49,600 Speaker 1: You wouldn't think about it, but it does make sense 437 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,200 Speaker 1: that since they all follow the same process at the 438 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: same time. Totally. Are we due for a breaker now? Yeah, 439 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,560 Speaker 1: I think we have chuck. All right, Uh, we're gonna 440 00:25:59,560 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 1: come back. I don't even know what we're going to 441 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:35,440 Speaker 1: talk about, so that'll be very exciting for everybody. What's left? Actually, 442 00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:39,359 Speaker 1: there's a lot left, which is pretty neat. So, um, 443 00:26:39,359 --> 00:26:42,480 Speaker 1: we we've learned a lot from supernova and just by 444 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:44,879 Speaker 1: studying them, we start finding things out that there's like 445 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,560 Speaker 1: a lot of caveats to what we just said. Not 446 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,439 Speaker 1: everything follows the exact same process, with the exception of 447 00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:54,520 Speaker 1: those Type one A that that becomes standard candles because 448 00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:58,680 Speaker 1: they follow such a a specific roadmap. But the type 449 00:26:58,680 --> 00:27:01,840 Speaker 1: two are a little more chaos dick um than than 450 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: what we thought before. And that's evidence from a supernova 451 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 1: that was discovered in two thousand six. That um is 452 00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:13,399 Speaker 1: named s N l S O three C three B B. Right. 453 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,880 Speaker 1: Is that is that the one they nicknamed Champagne Supernova? Yes, 454 00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:21,480 Speaker 1: because it was two thousand six. Were you into Oasis 455 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: or Brit Pop at all? Yeah? I like Brit pop, 456 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:27,919 Speaker 1: but I like more eighties Brit pop, like um that 457 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: whole uh like twenty four Party People era. Okay, all right, okay, 458 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:36,159 Speaker 1: I'm not dogging on anything else. I'm holding my tongue, 459 00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:38,520 Speaker 1: holding my tongue. No, No, I wasn't. I wasn't an 460 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,040 Speaker 1: Oasis fan, although there's a couple of the songs I 461 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: really liked, but that was an era for me where 462 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,040 Speaker 1: I think I was just listening to other stuff. Um, 463 00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:49,560 Speaker 1: Emily was really into that era Brit pop though she was. 464 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,200 Speaker 1: She she liked that stuff. And it's fine. Every time, 465 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: you know, she puts on a little Brit pop mix, 466 00:27:55,920 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: it's fine. What else is she listening to from the era? Uh? Uh? 467 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:05,600 Speaker 1: Who verve that Bittersweet Symphony? Yeah? I think a little 468 00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: bit of um early only cold Play. Uh It's it's 469 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:13,560 Speaker 1: almost like it's and it seems very uncool to even 470 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:16,159 Speaker 1: mentioned Cold Light. Now, Am I wrong? I did that? 471 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: But I think those first couple of albums she liked, 472 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:23,960 Speaker 1: Uh who else? It seems like there were some other 473 00:28:24,359 --> 00:28:26,520 Speaker 1: Brit pop bands I'm just not thinking about. I'm sure 474 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:29,719 Speaker 1: there's plenty of others for sure. I mean, we can 475 00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:31,680 Speaker 1: just talk about brit pop for the rest of the end. No, no, no, 476 00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:34,280 Speaker 1: We've got to go back to Supernova and specifically this 477 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:41,200 Speaker 1: Champagne Supernova from two thousand six, right, Blur, that's another one, Okay, Yeah, yeah, 478 00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:45,880 Speaker 1: Blur's great. Sure, Absolutely the Doves she liked them. I 479 00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:49,520 Speaker 1: never Oh yeah, I like them too. Actually I didn't 480 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: realize they were Brit pop. Yeah I think, uh, I mean, 481 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,400 Speaker 1: not not as Brit poppy as like Travis and stuff 482 00:28:55,440 --> 00:28:57,800 Speaker 1: like that. But okay, yeah, I like those Doves albums. 483 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,239 Speaker 1: Those were good. Yeah, they really were good. Definitely an 484 00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: overlook group. Alright, So they called this one the Champagne 485 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:07,800 Speaker 1: Supernova in two thousand six s n L S zero three. 486 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: You already said it, but it's fun to say. But 487 00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,840 Speaker 1: this one was h This one kind of rocked everyone's 488 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:20,160 Speaker 1: world because it was only not only it extended up 489 00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:24,480 Speaker 1: to two times solar mass and it exceeded that Shandra's 490 00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:27,680 Speaker 1: car limit, which was one point four previously. When we 491 00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:29,760 Speaker 1: thought that was that was it like it couldn't go 492 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:32,360 Speaker 1: any higher than it turned it not to eleven but 493 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:36,800 Speaker 1: to two. Yeah, and so it not only um contradicted 494 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:41,800 Speaker 1: the then understanding of type one A supernova, it contradicted 495 00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:44,400 Speaker 1: something I said not ten minutes ago. Well, and does 496 00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,600 Speaker 1: that mean that's now just thrown out forever and like 497 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:49,800 Speaker 1: anything can happen, or is it still generally one point four? 498 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: I would guess it's generally generally one point four because 499 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:53,880 Speaker 1: I don't think they made it up. I think the 500 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:56,560 Speaker 1: math suggested it. Probably just have to figure out, like 501 00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:59,840 Speaker 1: how to adjust the math to include this phenomenately. And 502 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,880 Speaker 1: that's actually physicists love that stuff. Like the whole reason 503 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:05,920 Speaker 1: they're running the Large Hadron Collider is because they're trying 504 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:09,240 Speaker 1: to create stuff that they've never seen before so that 505 00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:12,600 Speaker 1: you can figure out how it works. Um, they've reached 506 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: the levels of of theory and now need like more data, 507 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:18,080 Speaker 1: and that's what they're doing. So when they come across 508 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:20,880 Speaker 1: more data like this in the field of astronomy, I'm 509 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 1: pretty sure it's the exact same thing, they're like, yes, 510 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:25,800 Speaker 1: this is a total anomaly, and now we're going to 511 00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:28,440 Speaker 1: have a better understanding. Once we figure out how this 512 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:32,040 Speaker 1: thing fits into our current understanding. Keene, that was another 513 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 1: brit pop band. They were Okay, yeah, yeah, that was 514 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,800 Speaker 1: the They were the one from the Lake House with 515 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:41,840 Speaker 1: Keanu and Sandra Bullock. That song, Oh I never saw that. 516 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,040 Speaker 1: Emily watches that movie over and over just because of 517 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,720 Speaker 1: the house. That it's a great house, but also the 518 00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:51,840 Speaker 1: tree part is really amazing too. I love it. She 519 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:57,000 Speaker 1: will watch bad movies for architecture alone, over and over. Okay, 520 00:30:57,040 --> 00:30:59,720 Speaker 1: but I suspect she also probably likes that movie because 521 00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:01,640 Speaker 1: it's pretty good. Just bring your clean X if you 522 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:04,920 Speaker 1: sit down and watch. All Right, it's a good one. 523 00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:07,880 Speaker 1: Anything Kanna reeves Us is great for sure. I love 524 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:11,320 Speaker 1: that guy. Okay, hey, he's great. He's great and everything. 525 00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:13,440 Speaker 1: I'll say that. How about that, I mean just a 526 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:17,200 Speaker 1: great human. I like that guy. Sure? Yeah? Um, all right, 527 00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:21,200 Speaker 1: So where are we? I've wasted enough time. Okay, here's 528 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,720 Speaker 1: where we get to another really interesting part. Okay. The 529 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:28,960 Speaker 1: type two supernova can produce a couple of different outcomes, 530 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,400 Speaker 1: and it depends on the size of the star when 531 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:35,640 Speaker 1: it's at its main sequence, which is that those billions 532 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:39,200 Speaker 1: of years that it's burnings it reaches its adult size. 533 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,280 Speaker 1: And if a type two star has a size that's 534 00:31:43,720 --> 00:31:47,360 Speaker 1: greater than forty solar masses, has a mass forty times 535 00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:51,360 Speaker 1: our own son or more, when that thing goes off, 536 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:53,520 Speaker 1: when it reaches the end of its life and that 537 00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:58,320 Speaker 1: core collapse happens, it will um actually turn into a 538 00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:02,400 Speaker 1: black hole. It gets sucks so thoroughly into itself that 539 00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: it basically goes pupe and becomes a black hole. Well 540 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,520 Speaker 1: that's another reason we might not see it right. Yes, 541 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:12,440 Speaker 1: but that's why some supernova kind of like flicker for 542 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,000 Speaker 1: a second then go out, and that you just you 543 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: know that it was a greater than for forty solar 544 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 1: bodies um mass star that just underwent supernova. Um. Yeah, 545 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,440 Speaker 1: And that's and that amazing because all that same stuff 546 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,680 Speaker 1: that's going on that creates that collapse doesn't let the 547 00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:33,240 Speaker 1: explosion happen. The force of gravity is so great because 548 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: this thing is so massive that it doesn't let it 549 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,640 Speaker 1: escape and it eventually just sucks itself into a black hole. 550 00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:42,880 Speaker 1: The other way it can go, which for my money, 551 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:47,080 Speaker 1: is equally interesting, is if it has a mass of 552 00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:50,800 Speaker 1: less than forty solar bodies, it will become a neutron star, 553 00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:53,959 Speaker 1: so that core sticks around. Remember I said it can 554 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: go from a five thousand mile diameter star down to 555 00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:00,920 Speaker 1: a twelve mile diameter in a second. That twelve mile 556 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:03,560 Speaker 1: diameter core can stick around. And that's what's called the 557 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: neutron star. And one of the cool things about neutron 558 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,080 Speaker 1: stars is that sometimes they spin, and when they spin, 559 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:12,720 Speaker 1: they're putting off so much energy that they release a 560 00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:16,600 Speaker 1: flash of light on a really regular schedule. And those 561 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: are what's called pulsars. That's right, and that's I know 562 00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: we've talked about pulsars before. Surely we have before too. 563 00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:26,040 Speaker 1: But there's one in particular. Did you see that one 564 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:30,320 Speaker 1: that's the fastest spinning pulsar in the universe? But do 565 00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:34,240 Speaker 1: you mean psr J eight dash to four four six 566 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:37,240 Speaker 1: a d the one and only. Do they have a 567 00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: cool name for that one? I don't think so I 568 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:41,400 Speaker 1: didn't see it. I think they think that's a cool 569 00:33:41,480 --> 00:33:44,520 Speaker 1: name for it. Dah boy, it's that the kind of 570 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:50,480 Speaker 1: people were dealing with. It is sixteen kilometers in diameter, which, uh, 571 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:52,440 Speaker 1: it sounds big, but as far as stars go, is 572 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:54,920 Speaker 1: not that big, right? No? Because I mean, like it's 573 00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:58,640 Speaker 1: the size of an American city, you know, the downtown 574 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:01,080 Speaker 1: part of it. And then but it's the same mass 575 00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:04,560 Speaker 1: or greater of our own son, up to forty times 576 00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:06,400 Speaker 1: the mass of our own sun. But in that small 577 00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:10,680 Speaker 1: of the package, that's dense. Baby it Uh, this thing 578 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:15,120 Speaker 1: is really cooking though. It's spinning at about seven hundred 579 00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: and sixteen times per second, which is an equivalent of 580 00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 1: close to forty three RPMs. Yeah, so imagine downtown Los 581 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:29,399 Speaker 1: Angeles spinning seven hundred and sixteen times per second out 582 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:32,359 Speaker 1: there in outer space. Sometimes it feels like that, am 583 00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:37,799 Speaker 1: I right? Yeah, especially after a long night. Uh. If 584 00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:41,399 Speaker 1: all this sounds potentially dangerous, you know as far as 585 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:45,480 Speaker 1: us here on Earth, Um, it would be super dangerous 586 00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:48,600 Speaker 1: if there was one that exploded close to Earth, it 587 00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,719 Speaker 1: would be very huge. First of all, there would be 588 00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:54,640 Speaker 1: all kinds of the gnarly radiation that would not be 589 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: good for us. However, Um, it has to be a 590 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:02,480 Speaker 1: really really really big star are too explode as a supernova, 591 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,279 Speaker 1: And we know what's out there right now, and there 592 00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:08,600 Speaker 1: aren't any stars that are nearly close enough. It would 593 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:12,160 Speaker 1: be millions of years uh for a start close enough 594 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:14,359 Speaker 1: to us to be big enough to become a supernova 595 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:16,959 Speaker 1: so you don't have to worry about it. But there 596 00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:19,840 Speaker 1: it has happened in the past. There are traces a 597 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:25,400 Speaker 1: past supernova here on Earth, uh, in particular radioactive iron sixty, 598 00:35:26,360 --> 00:35:28,600 Speaker 1: which I don't think it's an open and shut case, 599 00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:31,279 Speaker 1: but it's a it's a really good indicator that that 600 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:35,600 Speaker 1: was there's supernova debris um just buried down there on 601 00:35:35,640 --> 00:35:37,920 Speaker 1: the sea floor. Yeah, And they're trying to correlate it 602 00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:40,279 Speaker 1: with some of the mass extinctions that took place in 603 00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:42,920 Speaker 1: Earth's history, and they think that maybe you know, just 604 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:46,160 Speaker 1: like blow you know, the mastodon off of its feet 605 00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:49,200 Speaker 1: and put it in extinction. But instead it might have 606 00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:52,080 Speaker 1: had a real effect on the ozone layer which allowed 607 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:55,799 Speaker 1: more UV than normal through, which could have triggered a 608 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,879 Speaker 1: climate change that led to a mass extinction. Well, they 609 00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:03,040 Speaker 1: say it does at least correspond close to the beginning 610 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:05,200 Speaker 1: of the plies to see an ice age, So I 611 00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:08,640 Speaker 1: don't think they've said like that's the cause. But I 612 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:11,040 Speaker 1: don't know. I couldn't couldn't have helped for it to 613 00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:15,200 Speaker 1: be like a genuinely planet sterilizing event, though it would 614 00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:17,320 Speaker 1: have to be within a hundred two hundred and fifty 615 00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:21,400 Speaker 1: light years um or no fifty light years and the 616 00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:24,880 Speaker 1: closest one that could go supernova is one K Pegasus 617 00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:26,680 Speaker 1: and it's a hundred and fifty light years away. So, 618 00:36:26,719 --> 00:36:28,520 Speaker 1: like you said, we're not We're not in any kind 619 00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:31,280 Speaker 1: of danger. And our son will never go supernova because 620 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:34,960 Speaker 1: it's not um eight solar masses and it's not going 621 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,640 Speaker 1: to reach one point four solar masses because it's not 622 00:36:37,719 --> 00:36:40,480 Speaker 1: a part of a binary star, and obviously it's one 623 00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:43,200 Speaker 1: solar mass because the solar mass is equal to our 624 00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:47,399 Speaker 1: son's mass. I think Planet Sterilizing Event should be our 625 00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:51,279 Speaker 1: Brit pop album title. I think yes. I couldn't agree more. 626 00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:54,839 Speaker 1: It's not very Brit poppy, but we could push the boundaries. Sure, 627 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:57,000 Speaker 1: as long as like we're wearing white jeans that are 628 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,280 Speaker 1: pegged with black patent leather shoes on the cover, doesn't 629 00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:03,960 Speaker 1: matter what we name it. Did we do this one 630 00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,239 Speaker 1: one more thing? There's such things as zombie stars. This 631 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:09,759 Speaker 1: is a new thing that they figured out in the 632 00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,840 Speaker 1: last few years. That's an an anomaly that we don't understand. 633 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:18,680 Speaker 1: But they're basically stars that undergo supernova multiple times. Doesn't 634 00:37:18,680 --> 00:37:22,640 Speaker 1: really make much sense, but they are starting to figure 635 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:25,640 Speaker 1: that out. And it's not the case of uh like 636 00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:29,480 Speaker 1: the one in two thousand eleven, not that I know of, no, 637 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,560 Speaker 1: because it would it would only hit it's you know, 638 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:34,880 Speaker 1: ejecta once. As far as I can tell, this is 639 00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,959 Speaker 1: like like at least five or six times that they've 640 00:37:37,960 --> 00:37:42,600 Speaker 1: found this one zombie Star to have gone supernova. Interesting. Yeah, 641 00:37:42,719 --> 00:37:44,719 Speaker 1: I think so too. And maybe that's the name of 642 00:37:44,719 --> 00:37:49,720 Speaker 1: our brit pop band. What zombie Star? Yeah, that Zombie 643 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:55,320 Speaker 1: Star Planet Sterilizing Event, I think, yeah, right, yeah, totally. 644 00:37:55,480 --> 00:38:01,080 Speaker 1: Although Diarrhea Planet could use Planet Sterilizing Event. That would 645 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:03,400 Speaker 1: be a great album for them. I'm sure if this 646 00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:05,239 Speaker 1: has gotten back to those guys are like, why didn't 647 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:07,200 Speaker 1: you talk about us this much while we were still together? 648 00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:10,880 Speaker 1: Maybe we can get a reunion going stadium tour, I 649 00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:14,839 Speaker 1: would go totally, um, but yeah, zombie Star is a 650 00:38:14,880 --> 00:38:17,480 Speaker 1: great name for our britt pop band. And green all right, Well, 651 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:20,200 Speaker 1: if we accomplished anything, it's that. Yeah, I think we 652 00:38:20,239 --> 00:38:22,839 Speaker 1: accomplished more than that, chuck. And since I said that, 653 00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:26,280 Speaker 1: I want to direct everybody to the House stuff works 654 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:30,160 Speaker 1: article how a supernova works. Clearly they hedged it, didn't 655 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:34,359 Speaker 1: just call it how supernova work. Um, and uh, there's 656 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:36,920 Speaker 1: plenty of other stuff that's really interesting all over the 657 00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,279 Speaker 1: internet to read about it. And as I said that, 658 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:44,279 Speaker 1: like I said, it's time for listener mail. H Yeah, 659 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:50,080 Speaker 1: I watched some I watched some cool kid videos on YouTube. Uh, 660 00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:52,319 Speaker 1: they're they're they're always just very instructive. I know we 661 00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:54,320 Speaker 1: say it a lot, but if you haven't caught it 662 00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:57,400 Speaker 1: in the past, if they are difficult scientific concepts for 663 00:38:57,440 --> 00:39:00,360 Speaker 1: you to understand as an adult, or if you're a kid, 664 00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:04,320 Speaker 1: that these kids websites they break it down like adult website. 665 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:09,400 Speaker 1: Should you know they'd really do it right, It's good? Um, 666 00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:13,120 Speaker 1: all right, I'm gonna call this Apparently we're we've been 667 00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:18,280 Speaker 1: patronizing for a long time about the Dark Ages. We've 668 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:21,319 Speaker 1: been called out about this before, have we really? Yeah? 669 00:39:21,320 --> 00:39:25,160 Speaker 1: We just never all right, well, I'm gonna do it again. 670 00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:27,160 Speaker 1: This is from Greg. I know you get a lot 671 00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:30,400 Speaker 1: of emails, so you'll probably never even read this. Um. 672 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:33,480 Speaker 1: I also know Josh hates correction emails. That's not true 673 00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:36,680 Speaker 1: at all, true, right, but for the love of God, 674 00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:40,560 Speaker 1: could you stop referring to the medieval era as the 675 00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:43,880 Speaker 1: Dark Ages as you did in your latest May episode. 676 00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 1: It's an outdated Victorian concept that implies medieval people were 677 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:50,399 Speaker 1: stupid and ignorant, that nothing happened for several hundred years 678 00:39:50,440 --> 00:39:55,640 Speaker 1: until the Renaissance magically appeared. It's patronizing and devalues the 679 00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:58,719 Speaker 1: progress made because of great medieval thinkers, as well as 680 00:39:58,719 --> 00:40:01,200 Speaker 1: supposing that the everyday person in between the tenth and 681 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,440 Speaker 1: fifteen centuries was a moron who bungled through life with 682 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:08,360 Speaker 1: no meaningful contribution. I would hope that your years of 683 00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:11,880 Speaker 1: research into our progress as a species would have shown 684 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:14,960 Speaker 1: that this is not how people evolved. So if you 685 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,600 Speaker 1: could stop using such an insulting term for a significant 686 00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:22,920 Speaker 1: period of human history would benefit all concerned. And then 687 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:26,839 Speaker 1: it's from Greg. And for me, Greg, I just say 688 00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:29,880 Speaker 1: dark Ages because people know what we're generally talking about, 689 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,960 Speaker 1: as far as an arror goes. I never mean that 690 00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,080 Speaker 1: nothing good came from the Dark Ages. But I don't know, 691 00:40:36,120 --> 00:40:38,480 Speaker 1: Maybe maybe I should rethink he've been saying that. I 692 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:41,840 Speaker 1: don't know. I I think Gregg's beef is with society 693 00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:45,040 Speaker 1: in general, and he's really picking on us and taking 694 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:47,719 Speaker 1: it out on us because it's exactly like you said 695 00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:50,360 Speaker 1: that we're using that so people know what we're talking about. 696 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:54,200 Speaker 1: That's like saying, can you please stop saying Enlightenment like 697 00:40:54,280 --> 00:40:57,200 Speaker 1: everything they did was so great? There were there were 698 00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:01,120 Speaker 1: plenty of morons in the Enlightenment that aren't getting their due. 699 00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,759 Speaker 1: Nice work, Chuck Man. You just pick Greg up and 700 00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:08,520 Speaker 1: put them in a health Nelson body slammed him. No, Greg, 701 00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,200 Speaker 1: I hug you. We're going to get another email from 702 00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,319 Speaker 1: Greg for this one. If you want to be like 703 00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:15,319 Speaker 1: Greg and call us out about something that really gets 704 00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:19,359 Speaker 1: under your skin, stuck in your craw gums in your hair, 705 00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:22,319 Speaker 1: that kind of thing, uh, you can email to us 706 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:29,640 Speaker 1: at stuff podcast at iHeart radio dot com. Stuff You 707 00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:32,399 Speaker 1: Should Know is a production of iHeart Radio. For more 708 00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:36,400 Speaker 1: podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 709 00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:38,360 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.