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Speaker 1: Hey, everybody, we're coming to your town, so you better

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Speaker 1: get ready, put on your best duds and come out

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Speaker 1: and see us. But first buy some tickets.

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Speaker 2: That's right, we are finishing up. These are the last

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Speaker 2: shows of our twenty twenty three tour. We're gonna be

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Speaker 2: in Orlando, Florida, on August twelfth, Nashville, Tennessee on September sixth,

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Speaker 2: and wind it all up here in Atlanta on September ninth.

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Speaker 1: Yes, and you can get all the info you need

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Speaker 1: and links to tickets which are on sale now at

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Speaker 1: our website Stuff youshould Know dot com on our tour page,

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Speaker 1: or you can go to linktree slash SYSK.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh and there's

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Speaker 1: Chuck and there's Jerry. The three of us just inchin

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Speaker 1: along in life together, trying to make do, making our

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Speaker 1: way in the world today. It takes everything with go

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Speaker 1: oh yeah, and this is Stuff you should Know. Cheers, Cheers, Chuck, cheers.

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Speaker 2: You know, if it's an episode where we say mouth parts, I.

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Speaker 1: Knew you're gonna say this.

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Speaker 2: Then we're going back to the old school from our

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Speaker 2: let's not say former colleague, Tracy is still our colleague.

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Speaker 2: We just never see anyone anymore, right fully, But Tracy

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Speaker 2: Wilson a co host of The Stuff You Missed in

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Speaker 2: History Class along with Holly. They're wonderful. They've been around

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Speaker 2: for years. They're icons of podcasting. Tracy used to write

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Speaker 2: a bunch of insect articles for HowStuffWorks dot com back

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Speaker 2: in the day.

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Speaker 1: She very legendarily stayed up for seventy two straight hours

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Speaker 1: and wrote like more than two dozen insect articles in

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Speaker 1: that time. They just got weirder as the time went on.

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Speaker 2: I almost believe that for a second. But Tracy always

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Speaker 2: does a great job with those, or did a great job,

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Speaker 2: And most of most of the insect articles we've ever

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Speaker 2: used have been Tracy's original, like the ticks and the

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Speaker 2: fleas and I don't think ants, but bees probably was.

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Speaker 1: She's the master of it for sure.

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Speaker 2: I mean, she wrote a lot of them, and this

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Speaker 2: one about caterpillars was from Tracy, along with stuff from

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Speaker 2: World at List in the eighty eight and Breeding Butterflies

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Speaker 2: dot com. But I just realized today when I was

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Speaker 2: researching this some more that we haven't done butterflies yet, No,

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Speaker 2: which is shocking.

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Speaker 1: We've done one.

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Speaker 2: We did the wings like that you're desk, Okay.

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Speaker 1: That's what it was. Yeah, And we talked about them

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Speaker 1: in the Animal Migration episode two.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but not a standalone on butterflies. So we're going

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Speaker 2: to talk about their their counterpart. And one of the

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Speaker 2: facts of the episode already for me is that but

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Speaker 2: caterpillars that eventually turned into butterflies, it's the same species.

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Speaker 2: It's still the same thing.

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Speaker 1: Right.

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Speaker 2: We should never knew that we should do it too.

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Speaker 1: You didn't.

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Speaker 2: I just figured it, like, well, now it's something else like.

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Speaker 1: In huh, but did you know about the transformation and

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Speaker 1: the chrysalis or cocoon and everything? Did you know that?

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Speaker 2: Was sure? I knew how it happened, but I thought

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Speaker 2: it was like Presto Chaninjo. Now you're you're not whatever

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Speaker 2: Latin name you are, You're a new Latin name.

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Speaker 1: Oh gotcha. So like they just became a completely different

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Speaker 1: animal basically, or a different insect. Yeah, okay, I gotcha. Yeah, No,

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Speaker 1: they're the same thing. They're just configured differently, like a transformer,

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Speaker 1: Like they go for the box to robot with the

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Speaker 1: gun that's right, you know, but in a much more organic,

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Speaker 1: soupy way, as we'll see you. I love this one, Chuck.

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Speaker 1: Like every kid knows about caterpillars to go look at

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Speaker 1: them in the garden and everything, and they're super cute

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Speaker 1: and weird looking, and you learn the hard way not

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Speaker 1: to touch some of them. But I did not know

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Speaker 1: a lot of this stuff either, and it's endlessly fascinating

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Speaker 1: to me, especially if you step back and think about

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Speaker 1: a life stage where an organism undergoes such a complete

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Speaker 1: transformation that their cells, they break themselves down to their

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Speaker 1: cells and then are rebuilt into a new version. Not

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Speaker 1: that many animals do that, and scientists aren't exactly sure

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Speaker 1: how or even why that evolved. Although why it's kind

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Speaker 1: of teleological, but how that evolved. It's just this really

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Speaker 1: bizarre thing that we're so aware of, we kind of

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Speaker 1: just take for granted until you really stop and think

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Speaker 1: about it. I love caterpillars, I guess, is what I'm

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Speaker 1: trying to say.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And it was also one of those where I

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Speaker 2: just I kept looking and kept looking. I was like,

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Speaker 2: how has just this been sitting here under our noses

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Speaker 2: all this time? I don't know, because it's right up

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Speaker 2: our alley to talk about something like caterpillars, and we're

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Speaker 2: gonna do that right now.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. One of the reasons why they are so different

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Speaker 1: and they're configured differently is that a caterpillar's life is

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Speaker 1: the larval stage of an adult moth or butterfly. That's

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Speaker 1: probably the best easy definition of a caterpillar. The reason

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Speaker 1: that it's configured differently than its adult form is because

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Speaker 1: in the larval stage, its entire life is pooping, eating, pooping, molting, eating,

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Speaker 1: pooping molting. That's what I saw the caterpillar's life described

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Speaker 1: as over the course of five different molts. As we'll see,

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Speaker 1: that's all it does. That's all it wants to do.

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Speaker 1: It just wants to eat. So it's designed essentially as

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Speaker 1: an eating machine.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, kind of shark like. And as Tracy points out,

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Speaker 2: like it's a very singular purpose. And the same butterfly

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Speaker 2: has a singular purpose later on, which is propagating the species,

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Speaker 2: if you know what I'm saying. But the caterpillar, yeah,

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Speaker 2: it's very shark like. All it does is eat and

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Speaker 2: store food and poop it out. And they eat so

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Speaker 2: much that apparently they say that they can eat as

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Speaker 2: much as twenty seven times their body size and their

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Speaker 2: fairly short life. Yeah, and they can end up being

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Speaker 2: about one hundred times bigger at the by the time

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Speaker 2: they go to pupe eight, which is when they you know,

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Speaker 2: hole up and turn into the butterfly as when they

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Speaker 2: pop out of that little egg that they also eat.

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Speaker 1: That's amazing. And if you want to see something just astounding,

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Speaker 1: go look up a caterpillar egg or butterfly egg. I

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Speaker 1: don't know which one you'd call it, but they look

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Speaker 1: like little have you ever seen vasaline glass huhuh? They

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Speaker 1: look like little like ornate vasaline glass vases.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they're very pretty.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean everything about butterflies are just great. Okay,

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Speaker 1: I'm on board with them fully.

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Speaker 2: But yeah, that thing, I mean, it starts eating, it

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Speaker 2: eats its way out of the egg. Then it's as well,

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Speaker 2: I'll just eat the rest of the egg. And you

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Speaker 2: know I'm gonna start I'm gonna go ahead and eat

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Speaker 2: this leaf that the egg is sitting on as well

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Speaker 2: while I'm at it.

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Speaker 1: Uh huh.

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Speaker 2: And they said, wow, I really like eating. Maybe I

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Speaker 2: should just keep eating for the rest of my life.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, each one suddenly turns into Augustus g loop and

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Speaker 1: just keeps going from there.

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Speaker 2: That's exactly right.

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Speaker 1: So I said that at molts. Apparently it molts five

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Speaker 1: to diferent times, and the reason why it molts is

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Speaker 1: because it eats so much it outgrows its skin.

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Speaker 2: It's amazing.

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Speaker 1: It has a mechanism where it releases an enzyme. There's

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Speaker 1: a hormone that says, hey, you're getting a little your

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Speaker 1: closes are getting a little tight. Maybe it's time to mold.

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Speaker 1: And that releases an enzyme that basically dissolves its attachment

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Speaker 1: to the exoskeleton. And then the new, bigger version pops

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Speaker 1: out of the old exoskeleton, walks away, and guess what

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Speaker 1: it does immediately after it starts eating again.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it tries to outgrow that suits.

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Speaker 1: And it does that five times in its larval stage

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Speaker 1: as a caterpillar.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, these molts are called in stars. Did you say

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Speaker 2: that's the.

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Speaker 1: That's the period of its life between molts.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, so five in stars in between molts. Like

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Speaker 2: you said, all it's doing is just eating, trying to

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Speaker 2: get a larger suit size. But here's another cool fact

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Speaker 2: is they believe that not only do caterpillars have a

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Speaker 2: memory that lasts like a mold or two. But they

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Speaker 2: even think There are researchers at Georgetown that have sort

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Speaker 2: of proven that. I'm not how you sort of prove something,

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Speaker 2: but they feel pretty good about the fact that they

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Speaker 2: think that a butterfly remembers being a caterpillar.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they've done this at least one study that showed

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Speaker 1: that if they trained it to avoid certain smells as

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Speaker 1: one of its last in stars, it will remember that

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Speaker 1: as an adult butterfly, that it will avoid those same smells.

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Speaker 1: That's pretty cool because, as you'll see, what happens in

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Speaker 1: the chrysalis is so mind bending and nuts that the

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Speaker 1: idea that it can remember anything is it's pretty pretty amazing.

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Speaker 2: Oh yeah, for sure, I didn't even consider that. That

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Speaker 2: is really hard to process.

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Speaker 1: So let's talk about the body. Like you said, it

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Speaker 1: has mouth parts very important because it eats, eats, eats,

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Speaker 1: and the rest of its body is essentially a storage

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Speaker 1: facility for that food that it eats and that it

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Speaker 1: breaks down and stores. Essentially, it's fat. They're very fatty.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. I get the idea that the the inner body

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Speaker 2: movement through that body tube never stops it's just a

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Speaker 2: conveyor belt almost of food coming in and poop leaving.

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Speaker 1: That's that's my impression too.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, the caterpillar is six legged. If you're like, whoa chuck,

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Speaker 2: I've seen a caterpillar or two in my day, and

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Speaker 2: they have tons of little legs. Those are not real legs.

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Speaker 2: They only have six genuine legs, meaning that they have

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Speaker 2: segments and joints. The rest of those are called pro legs,

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Speaker 2: and there are a lot of those, and they move

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Speaker 2: all up the length of the abdomen of the caterpillar.

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Speaker 2: And at the end of those little pro legs they

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Speaker 2: have little suction cups, little hooks. Basically, is it a crochet?

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Speaker 2: Do you think I think that'schet.

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Speaker 1: I'm going with crochet.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they're called cruschettes and the yeah crotchets a crack rocket.

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Speaker 2: Isn't that what those really fast motorcycles are called. Sure, okay,

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Speaker 2: I didn't know if that was, you know, a dirty

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Speaker 2: thing to say or not.

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Speaker 1: No, No, that's all over. It's like douchebag. It was

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Speaker 1: at one time like not very nice, but now everybody

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Speaker 1: says it so evenly, like PG. Thirteen movies.

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Speaker 2: Oh, I thought you meant it was okay to say, yes,

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Speaker 2: you're a real douchebag.

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Speaker 1: Okay, Oh no, no, no, it's not still not, but

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Speaker 1: it's not like, you know, a horrid thing to say

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Speaker 1: like it used to.

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Speaker 2: I gotcha because someone called me one the other day

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Speaker 2: in the car and I was like, oh, I thank you.

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Speaker 2: Did they really No? No, they don't have bones, of course,

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Speaker 2: but they do have lots. They're very muscly. If you

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Speaker 2: compare them to a human, we have about six hundred

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Speaker 2: and twenty nine muscles. Caterpillars have four thousand muscles. Because

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Speaker 2: those muscles, that's the way they're moving, you know. They

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Speaker 2: they move in a little wave from front to back,

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Speaker 2: front to back, Yes, front to back, back to front,

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Speaker 2: back to front. How did I mess that up?

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Speaker 1: Well, it depends on which the direction they're going.

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Speaker 2: I guess, well, I guess so, and they move in

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Speaker 2: in a couple of ways. One of two ways is

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Speaker 2: sometimes they're crawling, which means they're moving all of those

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Speaker 2: pro legs and legs at the same time in sequence,

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Speaker 2: or they do what it sounds like an inchworm does. Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know why they didn't identify them as

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Speaker 1: inch worms, but that's what they're talking about. They can

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Speaker 1: move in little arches where they bring their their front

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Speaker 1: to their back and their back together, making a mound

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Speaker 1: out of their middle their abdomen, and then they stretch

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Speaker 1: the front out and they bring the back up, and

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Speaker 1: then they stretch the front up. That's what an inch

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Speaker 1: worm does. And that's basically one of two ways. The

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Speaker 1: other way for a caterpillar to move, either as a

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Speaker 1: wave undulating. There's a lot of like really cool videos

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Speaker 1: of caterpillars moving or inching along.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and I never looked close enough at an inch

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Speaker 2: worm to figure out why they move that way. And

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Speaker 2: I feel like a dummy now because it seems obvious

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Speaker 2: they move that way because their middle section doesn't have legs, right,

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Speaker 2: It's pretty The front pulls the back because those are

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Speaker 2: where the legs are, and the legs go let me

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Speaker 2: catch up. It's like a little cute accordion.

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Speaker 1: And it's really neat to see. When you watch a

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Speaker 1: close up of a centipede, I keep wanting to say centipede,

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Speaker 1: but that's definitely a different animal. Caterpillars pro legs moving

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Speaker 1: as they attach themselves. Like you said, they have a

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Speaker 1: suction cup they just attach themselves to like the branch

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Speaker 1: or whatever that they're walking on. And if you watch

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Speaker 1: it in close enough detail, yes, excellent, Chuck, you can

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Speaker 1: really see those suction cups working and it's pretty cool.

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Speaker 2: It's awesome. Most things on a caterpillar are small, obviously,

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Speaker 2: including their little islets. They have twelve of those are

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Speaker 2: called stemata, and they if you do look closely though,

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Speaker 2: it's really cool looking. They have their arrange in a

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Speaker 2: semicircle sort of wrapping around the head.

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Speaker 1: Like what's his name from Reading Rainbow but on Star

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Speaker 1: Trek the next generation?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, lebar Burton. Like his eye wear.

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Speaker 1: Yes, yeah, that's what I said.

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Speaker 2: It would be on top of his head though, right,

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Speaker 2: like like a headband. I think is it more on

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Speaker 2: the front? I thought it was more on top.

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Speaker 1: I thought it was on the front, but you could

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Speaker 1: be right, it could be on top.

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Speaker 2: It's kind of hard to tell with the caterpillar head.

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Speaker 1: Right exactly. You don't really know what's what. It's kind

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Speaker 1: of like a studio baker. You can't tell which way

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Speaker 1: it's going, right that our aged listeners love a good

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Speaker 1: studi baker, Joe.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, there's well, little guys like damn skippy. Uh. So

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Speaker 2: those stamata they can identify light and darkness, but caterpillars

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Speaker 2: are are basically blind. Uh, They're for sure color blind.

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Speaker 2: And they just like I said, they can see sort

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Speaker 2: of light and dark and shadow and stuff like that,

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Speaker 2: but they are not like they're not crawling around seeing things.

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Speaker 2: They're kind of feeling their way around with those antennae

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Speaker 2: that they have. But although those antennae only handle taste

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Speaker 2: and smell, so I don't even know why I said that.

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Speaker 1: So they also breathe in a really interesting way. They

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Speaker 1: breathe through spiracles, which are holes in the side of

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Speaker 1: the caterpillar, and they breathe in oxygen. It goes directly

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Speaker 1: to the trachea, and they breathe out carbon dioxide. And

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Speaker 1: as they move, it's kind of like breathing in and

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Speaker 1: breathing out. That's like a byproduct of their movement, and

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Speaker 1: it all goes to that trichia, like I said, and

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Speaker 1: the trachia just diffuses it to the tissue throughout the body.

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Speaker 1: They have blood, it's called hemolymph like most insects blood,

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Speaker 1: but it doesn't it's not used to transport oxygen. It

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Speaker 1: transports things like hormones that trigger molting and things like that,

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Speaker 1: but the oxygen just diffuses throughout the body.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, you know, an inch worm, it is like a

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Speaker 2: little accordion. And if you could figure out how to

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Speaker 2: build and insert a tiny little like wooden reed in

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Speaker 2: each sphiracle, that little thing might sound like an accordion

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Speaker 2: as it moved pretty neat, kind of cruel to I imagine.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean probably if you're sticking wood in the

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Speaker 1: tiny breathing holes of a caterpillar.

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Speaker 2: I don't think it would. Don't try that.

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Speaker 1: By the way, Chuck, did I tell you that caterpillar

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Speaker 1: is from the old French chateapellos, which means shaggy cat.

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Speaker 2: Oh, like the actor Timothy Chateapellos. Is that you know

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Speaker 2: that's Timothy Shallomey.

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Speaker 1: Sorry, right, yeah, Timothy Shaggy cat would be that name.

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Speaker 2: Kind of looks like a shaggy cat.

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Speaker 1: But apparently they think it was the the is it

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Speaker 1: the wooly bully caterpillar? That? Yeah, they think that that

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Speaker 1: was the original shaggy cat and it's just kind of

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Speaker 1: caught on from there. But that's where caterpillar comes from.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And speaking of wily bully. You notice on caterpillars

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Speaker 2: a lot of times those little hairs or little quills

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Speaker 2: or spines, those are called Oh man, we've even had

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Speaker 2: scientists tell us how to pronounce that ae. Is it? Stay?

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Speaker 1: That's what I think it is.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's either that or we've been getting it wrong.

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Speaker 2: I can't remember. But everyone is like in science guys.

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Speaker 2: Anytimes it's ae, you pronounce the blank and I can't

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Speaker 2: remember which one it is. Oh, it's either sete or setae.

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Speaker 2: And now we're gonna get more emails. And maybe I

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Speaker 2: should just put a sticky note on my laptop so

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Speaker 2: I'll always remember that. But that's what they're called, and

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Speaker 2: they have a lot of functions. They can deter things

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Speaker 2: that want to eat caterpillars because a lot of times

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Speaker 2: these things carry little irritants and toxins. And you just

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Speaker 2: put a pin in that for our very final segment

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Speaker 2: at the end. But you said, yeah, but you can get,

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Speaker 2: you know, little little irritated bumps. Sometimes if you handle

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Speaker 2: the wrong caterpillar.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, and you shouldn't handle a category can get

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Speaker 1: much worse than that too. Yeah, if you've ever touched

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Speaker 1: a caterpillar, that's why I was referring to earlier like

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Speaker 1: as a kid, I remember touching one and just being like,

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Speaker 1: oh my god, what what just happened? And it hurt

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Speaker 1: very badly, I remember distinctly, but I still love caterpillars

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Speaker 1: after that.

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Speaker 2: I remember, Uh, there was one kind and someone will

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Speaker 2: know what kind ofness is, but I think it was

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Speaker 2: sort of yellow and black. Uh. And we would, you know,

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Speaker 2: put our finger on the ground and the caterpillar would

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Speaker 2: crawl up our hand and then we would like get

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Speaker 2: a leaf and have it crawl off. So I don't

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Speaker 2: think we harmed the caterpillar. We were just sitting it

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Speaker 2: kind of crawl on us for a minute. But uh.

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Speaker 2: And I wasn't touching the spine, so I never got

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Speaker 2: that irritation. But I used to love doing that, and

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Speaker 2: I just thought that was so cool that they I

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Speaker 2: guess now knowing that they're blind, that there's like crawling

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Speaker 2: on a stick, and it's like, now I'm crawling on

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Speaker 2: a finger.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah that's cute.

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Speaker 2: But yeah, you wouldn't stick like kid fingers.

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Speaker 1: You wouldn't have been touching the hair like structures, so

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Speaker 1: it wouldn't have stung you. It's not like I don't

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Speaker 1: think it's an active process. I think it's a passive

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Speaker 1: thing where you just touch it and they're not like

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Speaker 1: die die die. It's just like, right, you just touched

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Speaker 1: it and it did its thing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Yeah, I get the fear in the caterpillars even like,

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Speaker 2: sorry man, and you know it shouldn't touch me, but sorry.

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Speaker 1: Most caterpillars seem rather chill, but not all of them are.

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Speaker 1: I was not happy to find this out. I find

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Speaker 1: this rather unpleasant. But there's some species of caterpillars in

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Speaker 1: Hawaii that are actually carnivores. Far and away, most species

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Speaker 1: of caterpillars, and hence butterflies are are herbivores. They just

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Speaker 1: eat leaves, that's what they do. They eat leaves and shoots. Wait,

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Speaker 1: eat shoots and leaves. So there's the ones in Hawaii.

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Speaker 1: They'll eat snails. And not only do they eat snails,

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Speaker 1: it's really awful. They tie the snails to say, like

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Speaker 1: a twig or a leaf or something using spinnerets. They

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Speaker 1: have silk producing organs, and they'll tie the snail, the

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Speaker 1: whole shell and all to like a twig so the

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Speaker 1: snail can't get away. And then they climb into the

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Speaker 1: shell and eat the snail alive.

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Speaker 2: It is horrifying.

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Speaker 1: I don't like a particular kind of caterpillar, but I

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Speaker 1: like all the rest.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they tie it down and eat it.

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Speaker 1: So awful. Imagine it just coming into your house too,

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Speaker 1: and you're like, please know, and you have no escape

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Speaker 1: and that's that.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it was pretty horrifying to read that and frankly disappointing.

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Speaker 2: But there's also a brand, a brand in Australia. They

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Speaker 2: lay their eggs and ant hills and when they come out,

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Speaker 2: they will eat those ants. But aside from that, in

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Speaker 2: the Hawaiian they, like you said, are strictly herbivores and

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Speaker 2: they are using those leaves also to camouflage themselves. They

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Speaker 2: have a lot of great mechanisms to keep this not

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Speaker 2: quite octopus level, but they seem like they're you know,

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Speaker 2: I don't know if it's wrong to use words smart,

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Speaker 2: but they know to like feed under leaves so birds

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Speaker 2: can't see them. They also have some natural camouflage, like

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Speaker 2: sometimes those eyes can look like the fake eyes can

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Speaker 2: look like snake.

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Speaker 1: Did you see that one?

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Speaker 2: Yeah it looks like a snake.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it looks like a bright green snake. And Apparently

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Speaker 1: they'll arrange themselves sometimes to make it look like a

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Speaker 1: long snake, Like three hundred caterpillars will get together and

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Speaker 1: line up and it's like, wow, there's a snake. No,

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Speaker 1: it's a line of caterpillars.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, Like a lot of them are solitary caterpillars, but

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Speaker 2: there is what was the one in particular that traveling.

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Speaker 1: Groups gregarious caterpillars.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I get the feeling. Those are the ones that

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Speaker 2: might do the old snake one too.

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Speaker 1: Yes, I think those are swallow tails and they might

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Speaker 1: be gregarious. Yeah. So I say we take a break, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: and then we'll come back and I propose that we

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Speaker 1: talked more about caterpillars.

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Speaker 3: Let's do it, jow.

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Speaker 1: Okay, So you mentioned a couple of things that they

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Speaker 1: do to protect themselves. Camouflage, just eating a little bit

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Speaker 1: on the underside of a leaf. There's a lot of

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Speaker 1: other things that they can do too. There's so many

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Speaker 1: different species of caterpillar, because again we're talking about moths

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Speaker 1: and butterflies, they're not just all the same thing. That

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Speaker 1: they've developed all sorts of really interesting means of defense.

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Speaker 1: One of the ways they say the best defense is

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Speaker 1: shooting your poop out. And there's a type of caterpillar

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Speaker 1: that does that. I think it's it's the silver spotted skipper,

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Speaker 1: and skipper is basically a type of butterfly, and it

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Speaker 1: shoots its waist called frast it's poop as far as

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Speaker 1: five feet from itself in order to keep predators from

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Speaker 1: being able to track it back to its source.

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Speaker 2: That explains that old saying, you ain't nothing but caterpillar frass.

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Speaker 2: M I never knew what they You're.

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Speaker 1: Really good at jumping, that's what they say to you.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And that's one of the things they do, like

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Speaker 2: several other things, which is it all sort of falls

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Speaker 2: to the umbrella of I don't want anyone to know

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Speaker 2: I'm like even here, so a poop will be a

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Speaker 2: big giveaway obviously. Another as if like they love to eat.

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Speaker 2: If if a predator sees a ton of chewed up

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Speaker 2: leaves everywhere, they're gonna be like, ooh, the caterpillars nearby.

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Speaker 2: I love to eat those things. So as much as

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Speaker 2: those caterpillars love to eat, it is their singular purpose

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Speaker 2: in life. They will many times just eat little bits

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Speaker 2: off of many many leaves to kind of disguise the fact,

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Speaker 2: like no caterpillar here, there's just a few nibbles here

430
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,679
Speaker 2: and there. Yeah, leaf, rather than just yeah, rather than

431
00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:53,280
Speaker 2: just like taking a leaf down to its spine.

432
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, which any even the dumbest of birds can be, like,

433
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:57,520
Speaker 1: there's a caterpillar around here.

434
00:22:57,680 --> 00:22:59,360
Speaker 2: And you know they want to do that, but they

435
00:22:59,400 --> 00:22:59,960
Speaker 2: still don't do it.

436
00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:05,800
Speaker 1: No, caterpillars have tremendous self control, you doo. We mentioned

437
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,159
Speaker 1: that they have spinnerets that they can spin silk, and

438
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,240
Speaker 1: they use it to great effect in all sorts of

439
00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:16,920
Speaker 1: different ways, including defense. Apparently, some kinds of caterpillars will

440
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,000
Speaker 1: like spin a little thing of silk that they'll attach

441
00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:22,240
Speaker 1: to the leaf they're on, and when a predator comes,

442
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,639
Speaker 1: they just jump off, basically like John McClean and die Hard,

443
00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:28,840
Speaker 1: and they're attached to the silk. So they swing into

444
00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:32,760
Speaker 1: a window in the Knokotomi building and then climb back

445
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,320
Speaker 1: up when the bird goes away. But they just jump

446
00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:38,080
Speaker 1: off the leaf to get away. I'll bet that's pretty

447
00:23:38,160 --> 00:23:39,160
Speaker 1: neat to see.

448
00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:42,480
Speaker 2: That's right. And to combat jet lag, they make fists

449
00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:43,040
Speaker 2: with their toes.

450
00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:44,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, what do you know?

451
00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,119
Speaker 2: I wonder if they leap I'd like to see that

452
00:23:47,240 --> 00:23:49,439
Speaker 2: in slow motion. I wonder if all those legs and

453
00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:53,120
Speaker 2: pro legs at once do that in concert, that would

454
00:23:53,160 --> 00:23:53,640
Speaker 2: be pretty cool.

455
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:55,920
Speaker 1: Or if they inch, they just shoot themselves off. They

456
00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:58,720
Speaker 1: inch so quickly that shoots them right off of the leaf.

457
00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,760
Speaker 2: Yeah. So yeah, that's one use of the silk is

458
00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:07,119
Speaker 2: like literal climbing rope. And like we said, like the

459
00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:11,720
Speaker 2: solo caterpillar, which is many of the Wan's say brands,

460
00:24:11,840 --> 00:24:17,239
Speaker 2: what a dummy varieties species here you go. You know,

461
00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:20,120
Speaker 2: there's going around, they're eating, they're they're laying an egg.

462
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:24,080
Speaker 2: They're using the silk as as like a lasso. Or

463
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:27,560
Speaker 2: maybe they might make a little nest. Like we said earlier,

464
00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:31,399
Speaker 2: maybe they might restrain that that snail. But those gregarious

465
00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:34,359
Speaker 2: kinds that live in big groups, they really get going

466
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:39,000
Speaker 2: with the silk production. They make big nests in trees

467
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:40,080
Speaker 2: and around tree trunks.

468
00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:41,760
Speaker 1: You've probably seen them before.

469
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:45,560
Speaker 2: Oh yeah, they're like big tents. Basically, if you've seen

470
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:48,760
Speaker 2: big you know it looks like sort of a really

471
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,760
Speaker 2: dense spider web. I guess sometimes those are spiders, right.

472
00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:54,199
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's some kinds of spiders that do that, but

473
00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:56,480
Speaker 1: I think probably more often than not. What you're seeing

474
00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:58,760
Speaker 1: are gregarious caterpillars getting together.

475
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:04,480
Speaker 2: Yeah, but they also use their little spinnerets as like

476
00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:07,040
Speaker 2: a trail, like, hey, we're all going this way and

477
00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 2: we're gonna lay this little trail and we know that.

478
00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:10,879
Speaker 2: You know, if you want to get home, this is

479
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:11,520
Speaker 2: how you get home.

480
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:15,119
Speaker 1: What's neat is those trails are often intergenerational, and so

481
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:19,560
Speaker 1: like an older and older generation will leave there that

482
00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:22,120
Speaker 1: that silk for the next generation to use, and that

483
00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:25,119
Speaker 1: next generation then can grow bigger and stronger because they

484
00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:27,960
Speaker 1: didn't have to use that energy to create the silk

485
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,040
Speaker 1: for that that leads to the to the food source.

486
00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:32,400
Speaker 1: I thought that was pretty nice.

487
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 2: Yeah, like handy down silk, yeah exactly, Or like you

488
00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:39,440
Speaker 2: know a link of rope that grandpa gave you.

489
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:43,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, same thing, hand me down silk length of rope

490
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:43,880
Speaker 1: from grandpa.

491
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:45,119
Speaker 2: What else?

492
00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:48,920
Speaker 1: There's another thing too that we haven't quite figured out,

493
00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:51,639
Speaker 1: and we I mean the entomology world, and by we

494
00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:57,000
Speaker 1: also mean them that it may or may not be

495
00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:00,680
Speaker 1: advantageous to live in a gregarious community as opposed to

496
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:05,280
Speaker 1: being solitary. Because yes, it's easier to build a big

497
00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:07,400
Speaker 1: shelter for yourself if you have a bunch of other

498
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:10,960
Speaker 1: friends helping you. It's easier to find food if you

499
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,080
Speaker 1: have other people looking at the same time you are,

500
00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:15,879
Speaker 1: and then telling you what they found. But at the

501
00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:19,359
Speaker 1: same time, you're also competing with those same people or

502
00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:21,600
Speaker 1: those same caterpillars. I should say, yeah, and that's a

503
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:23,959
Speaker 1: big that can be a big problem too. I like it.

504
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,960
Speaker 2: Caterpillars are people too, exactly, and if there's a disease,

505
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:31,320
Speaker 2: you know it's gonna spread pretty readily within that population

506
00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:35,040
Speaker 2: if they're all living together. But I think, you know,

507
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:37,000
Speaker 2: we've held off long enough. We should we should talk

508
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:41,600
Speaker 2: about that metamorphosis, which is what everyone wants to know about,

509
00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:44,880
Speaker 2: and that is basically a caterpillar is doing its thing.

510
00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:48,399
Speaker 2: It's going through those molts. It's that fifth molt. And

511
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:51,760
Speaker 2: they say, you know what, it's been great, But I

512
00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:54,080
Speaker 2: think I'm tired of eating. Finally, m M. I'm going

513
00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:56,560
Speaker 2: to go off and wander off into the woods. I'm

514
00:26:56,560 --> 00:26:59,480
Speaker 2: going to find a safe spot and I'm going to

515
00:26:59,720 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 2: pew everybody, and when you see me again, I will

516
00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:05,520
Speaker 2: be the most beautiful thing you've ever seen.

517
00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:10,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, pretty neat. And this is where the terminology gets

518
00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:13,800
Speaker 1: really confusing if you do any research on.

519
00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:17,879
Speaker 2: This, Yeah, it can for sure. So the pupa.

520
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:21,199
Speaker 1: Is often referred to as the form, the body form

521
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:28,040
Speaker 1: that the centipede that the caterpillar is in as it

522
00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:33,520
Speaker 1: enters the transformation. Right, Yes, it's actually the life stage

523
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,920
Speaker 1: like the caterpillar is the larval life stage, the butterfly

524
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:39,320
Speaker 1: or the moth is the adult. The pupa is the

525
00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:42,400
Speaker 1: life stage in between. But for all intents and purposes,

526
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,000
Speaker 1: you can also say that's a butterfly pupa, although or

527
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:51,560
Speaker 1: that's a moth pupa. Right, that's the easiest, most understandable

528
00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:53,560
Speaker 1: part of it. It starts to get really strange from

529
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:58,199
Speaker 1: there because the butterfly caterpillar when it emerges from that

530
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:02,240
Speaker 1: fifth mold, it has a she'll kind of skin on it,

531
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:06,119
Speaker 1: and over time, when it turns upside down and hangs

532
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,880
Speaker 1: from a leaf and begins its transformation, that skin hardens

533
00:28:10,119 --> 00:28:13,040
Speaker 1: and it forms basically the protective layer that's going to

534
00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:17,960
Speaker 1: protect that that caterpillar turned butterfly as it undergoes its transformation,

535
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:23,480
Speaker 1: and that's called the crystalis But just butterfly caterpillars do that, right, not.

536
00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:27,000
Speaker 2: Moths, I think that's right.

537
00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,400
Speaker 1: And then I think it's just moths because they don't

538
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,679
Speaker 1: form chrysalis or crysalie. They are the only ones to

539
00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:37,280
Speaker 1: spin a cocoon to protect themselves.

540
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,000
Speaker 2: Correct, right, And that cocoon starts out kind of soft,

541
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,480
Speaker 2: but that eventually hardens as well. But I think that's right.

542
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:49,120
Speaker 2: But the chrysalis itself is is not some like shell

543
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:51,680
Speaker 2: they build like it. It is It is the thing.

544
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:53,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's the outer layer of skin.

545
00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 2: Okay, yeah, because it can actually twitch and move as

546
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:01,560
Speaker 2: a defense. Yeah, Like it's it's a thing thinking sentient, well,

547
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:04,680
Speaker 2: not thinking necessarily, but it is a shell that is

548
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:07,240
Speaker 2: a living thing. It's not like let me build this,

549
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,920
Speaker 2: you know, this thing to get into. It is the

550
00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:11,800
Speaker 2: thing that it is in.

551
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:15,480
Speaker 1: Right, So imagine if you underwent this transformation, you probably

552
00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:18,320
Speaker 1: go off into a corner and kind of ball up,

553
00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:20,680
Speaker 1: maybe in a bit of a fetal position. But then

554
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:23,840
Speaker 1: imagine as part of this process, all of your skin

555
00:29:23,960 --> 00:29:28,320
Speaker 1: fused together and turned into like an outer shell rather

556
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,880
Speaker 1: than you know this this you know, this thing covering you.

557
00:29:31,960 --> 00:29:34,760
Speaker 1: It's it's like this now this big ball that you're

558
00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:38,200
Speaker 1: now kind of separated from inside and you're doing your

559
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:40,360
Speaker 1: thing inside. Oh yeah, that's kind of like what the

560
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: chrysalis is like.

561
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, and so we mentioned the silk like the uses

562
00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:47,000
Speaker 2: as like a climbing rope and stuff like that and

563
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:49,800
Speaker 2: to build little nests. It really comes in handy when

564
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:54,160
Speaker 2: it's time to pupate because they use this silk in

565
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,480
Speaker 2: a variety of ways. There's there's more than one way

566
00:29:56,520 --> 00:29:57,960
Speaker 2: to skin a cat, and there's more than one way

567
00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:01,800
Speaker 2: for a caterpillar to metamorphosize. Sometimes, like you said, they

568
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:04,960
Speaker 2: hang upside down from that leaf, so they've spun like

569
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:08,760
Speaker 2: a little silk pad that attaches to something. Sometimes they

570
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:11,640
Speaker 2: create like a little hammock. Sometimes they make like a

571
00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:15,720
Speaker 2: little sling in concert with a stick. There are different

572
00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:17,920
Speaker 2: ways that they can do this, but it always involves

573
00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:21,400
Speaker 2: using silk to sort of stabilize itself, either upside down

574
00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:24,600
Speaker 2: or right side, upper sideways or whatever. And then they

575
00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:27,840
Speaker 2: start to do that thing, whether it's a moth spinning

576
00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:33,920
Speaker 2: that cocoon or just the gradual transformation of caterpillar into chrysalis.

577
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,200
Speaker 1: Right and then so once that happens, once the cocoon

578
00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:43,040
Speaker 1: is full or the crysalis is hardened, This and one

579
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: of the most amazing things that on Earth happens in there.

580
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 1: And it's neat because we've gotten to the point where

581
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:53,800
Speaker 1: we have photography that can peer inside of this without

582
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:58,440
Speaker 1: harming the caterpillar. And they have like time lapse videos

583
00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:01,600
Speaker 1: of this transformation. And as the thing turns more and

584
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:05,360
Speaker 1: more into what's obviously like a butterfly or moth, and

585
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: you see it hanging upside down just forming it looks

586
00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:14,640
Speaker 1: it looks like a cross between an hr Geiger painting

587
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:21,040
Speaker 1: and Michael Crichton's Coma, the movie version. It's really neat,

588
00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:23,920
Speaker 1: but it also gives you this It has this kind

589
00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:26,840
Speaker 1: of regal and majestic feel to it as well. I

590
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:29,840
Speaker 1: produced a lot of emotions in me apparently.

591
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:35,800
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean it's this isn't the science y explanation,

592
00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:39,960
Speaker 2: but it's almost as if you can take a tray

593
00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:44,520
Speaker 2: of put a bunch of spaghetti and meatballs in a

594
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:46,880
Speaker 2: dish and cover it up and then when you open

595
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,760
Speaker 2: it up it's a lasagna. Yeah, and you're like, how

596
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:54,120
Speaker 2: did that happen? Like how did that even happen?

597
00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 1: So this is how it happens. The caterpillar breaks itself

598
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:03,720
Speaker 1: down to a soup of cells, like it's basically like

599
00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:06,520
Speaker 1: a caterpillar soup for a while, and some of the

600
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:11,240
Speaker 1: cells keep their form generally, or at least stay attached

601
00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 1: to one another. So those leg cells, yeah, they change.

602
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:18,400
Speaker 1: They look different like a caterpillar's actual true legs, look

603
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,640
Speaker 1: different from the butterfly's true legs, but they're still the

604
00:32:20,680 --> 00:32:23,880
Speaker 1: same cells. They're just they rearrange themselves a little bit.

605
00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:28,600
Speaker 1: Most of the other cells just completely come apart, turn

606
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,480
Speaker 1: into imaginal cells, which are analogous to our stem cells,

607
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:34,960
Speaker 1: and that they can turn into any kind of cell.

608
00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:39,960
Speaker 1: And then it reconfigures itself using the same cells, same amount,

609
00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:45,840
Speaker 1: same everything into a butterfly. It reconfigures itself over the

610
00:32:45,880 --> 00:32:47,160
Speaker 1: course of about two weeks.

611
00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:52,000
Speaker 2: It's unbelievable. Yeah, it really is. Like my brain breaks

612
00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,360
Speaker 2: every time I try to make sense, especially when you

613
00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:56,680
Speaker 2: see what comes out mm hmm, you know. I mean,

614
00:32:56,680 --> 00:33:00,320
Speaker 2: if it came out looking like a dung beetle like

615
00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:03,120
Speaker 2: that would still be awesome. But to come out looking

616
00:33:03,160 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 2: like a butterfly with those iridescent wings yea, and the

617
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:08,720
Speaker 2: little faces on those wings, it's just unbelievable. And I

618
00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:12,920
Speaker 2: guess I mean, evolutionarily speaking, this is all to eventually

619
00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:14,280
Speaker 2: get to like a pollinator.

620
00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:18,000
Speaker 1: I don't understand it. This is where I think they

621
00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:21,040
Speaker 1: that science has kind of thrown off. They're like, the

622
00:33:21,040 --> 00:33:24,080
Speaker 1: best explanation I saw is that it's better than having

623
00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:28,400
Speaker 1: two things compete for the same food source. But that

624
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:32,880
Speaker 1: doesn't really make any sense, you know, because that doesn't

625
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:35,280
Speaker 1: make any sense to me at all. I don't understand that.

626
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:37,360
Speaker 1: But that was the best explanation I saw, and I

627
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:38,520
Speaker 1: didn't even understand it.

628
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,120
Speaker 2: So as to the why, yeah, yeah.

629
00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:47,240
Speaker 1: Like it's just so strange's I just don't understand it.

630
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,800
Speaker 1: And everything goes through life stages. We go through puberty,

631
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:55,640
Speaker 1: we become adults, we go from infant babies to grown adults.

632
00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:59,280
Speaker 1: But there's not a period where we stop and over

633
00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 1: the course of two weeks completely reconfigure ourselves into a

634
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:05,239
Speaker 1: new form. There's not that many things out there that

635
00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:08,600
Speaker 1: do do that, and we just don't fully understand why

636
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:11,120
Speaker 1: it happens, and maybe we never will, and I think

637
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:12,400
Speaker 1: that'd be just fine.

638
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:15,239
Speaker 2: Although I would argue that the Josh Clark I knew

639
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:19,000
Speaker 2: fifteen years ago his caterpillar like has now emerged as

640
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:19,880
Speaker 2: a beautiful butterfly.

641
00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:25,480
Speaker 1: Thank you. I remember reading when Christopher Hitchins became a Conservative.

642
00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:29,520
Speaker 1: One of the Liberal members of parliament said that this

643
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,919
Speaker 1: is one of the rare instances where the butterfly turns backward. Lug.

644
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,680
Speaker 2: Oh no, yeah, wow, I'd like to hear what that exit.

645
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,640
Speaker 1: I think I read that in two thousand and seven

646
00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:39,880
Speaker 1: and it still stuck with me.

647
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:42,920
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good one. We didn't take our second break,

648
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:43,239
Speaker 2: did we.

649
00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:44,120
Speaker 1: Nope, it's time.

650
00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:46,640
Speaker 2: All right, well let's take our second break. We'll probably

651
00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:49,440
Speaker 2: still be talking about this metamorphosis, you know when we

652
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:51,160
Speaker 2: come back, So just be prepared.

653
00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:03,440
Speaker 1: Softly jaw.

654
00:35:07,239 --> 00:35:14,680
Speaker 2: So all right, I mean, I guess we're done talking

655
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:20,879
Speaker 2: about metamorphosis. It's called holo metabolism. Yeah, that full transformation.

656
00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:23,960
Speaker 2: And I don't think he said it takes a couple

657
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:24,720
Speaker 2: of weeks generally.

658
00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:28,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, I saw about two weeks something like that on average.

659
00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:30,120
Speaker 1: It can be more or less depending on the weather

660
00:35:30,160 --> 00:35:30,600
Speaker 1: and stuff.

661
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,239
Speaker 2: Yeah, And I took it as depending on the weather.

662
00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:35,480
Speaker 2: Meaning is that they don't want to do this in

663
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,680
Speaker 2: the middle of winter. So if they get started and

664
00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:41,800
Speaker 2: like winter comes early, maybe it'll they'll just stay in

665
00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 2: there for a few months. Is that right?

666
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,400
Speaker 1: There are some species that over winter in their cocoon

667
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,279
Speaker 1: or in their chrysalis, and that's just part of their thing.

668
00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:51,799
Speaker 1: But I saw that there's that the ideal there's an

669
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:54,440
Speaker 1: ideal temperature. That's what I took it to mean. Oh okay,

670
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:57,120
Speaker 1: and that the ideal temperature is twenty one degree celsius.

671
00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,879
Speaker 1: And get this, buddy, I converted to affarent height using

672
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:01,680
Speaker 1: we talked about the other day.

673
00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:02,560
Speaker 2: So you did it yourself.

674
00:36:03,080 --> 00:36:05,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like, uh, I I love it down. I

675
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:07,799
Speaker 1: could do it again if I wanted to, but I'm

676
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:09,480
Speaker 1: just gonna find what I wrote down. I think it's

677
00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:13,080
Speaker 1: like eighty eight eighty nine degrees fahrenheits.

678
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,640
Speaker 2: All right, I love it when after all.

679
00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:17,600
Speaker 1: These eighty one it's eighty one, you're.

680
00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:19,680
Speaker 2: Still brave enough to put yourself out there with math.

681
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,520
Speaker 1: Here, I'll just do this, okay. So here we find

682
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,640
Speaker 1: fahrenheit from twenty one degree celsius. So it's twenty one

683
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:29,560
Speaker 1: plus thirty two. Okay, we're getting everything back equal again.

684
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:33,680
Speaker 1: So what is that fifty six times one point eight

685
00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:35,600
Speaker 1: I believe comes to eighty one.

686
00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 2: When was the last time you did sort of written

687
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:43,520
Speaker 2: down long division or something like that.

688
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:45,960
Speaker 1: Oh, it's been a long time. By the way, it's

689
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:46,919
Speaker 1: eighty four point six.

690
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:49,240
Speaker 2: Eighty four point six. Can you still do that stuff?

691
00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,840
Speaker 1: I don't know, probably if I gave enough time to it. Sure,

692
00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:56,480
Speaker 1: I just just it's not a part of my life.

693
00:36:56,920 --> 00:36:57,760
Speaker 1: Yeah anymore.

694
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:00,480
Speaker 2: I actually don't know if I remember how to do

695
00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:05,359
Speaker 2: long division. I recently because Ruby is starting, you know,

696
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:09,399
Speaker 2: like this past year started like multiplication and stuff and

697
00:37:09,960 --> 00:37:12,120
Speaker 2: came at me with like a three digit times of

698
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:14,799
Speaker 2: two digit and I was like, oh, you know what,

699
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:16,640
Speaker 2: it was like, I got it. I got it. I remember,

700
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:18,600
Speaker 2: and I remember how to do that and to carry

701
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:22,920
Speaker 2: the stuff. But I definitely don't think I could do

702
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,400
Speaker 2: long division anymore. I don't. I sort of remember, but

703
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:27,920
Speaker 2: I don't think I would fully be able to complete

704
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:28,960
Speaker 2: a problem.

705
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:31,560
Speaker 1: By the way. I know I brushed past it because

706
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,920
Speaker 1: I don't handle compliments that well. But I do appreciate

707
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:37,080
Speaker 1: the comment about me metamorphosizing into a butterfly.

708
00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 2: That was a joke. I'm just kidding.

709
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:41,960
Speaker 1: We'll definitely edit this part.

710
00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:44,719
Speaker 2: No, it was for sure true. I appreciate you appreciating that.

711
00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,360
Speaker 1: So did we just come back from ad break? Is

712
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:50,040
Speaker 1: that really on here?

713
00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:52,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's what's going on. But we can wrap it

714
00:37:52,480 --> 00:37:56,640
Speaker 2: up and talk about caterpillar management, because here's the deal.

715
00:37:57,760 --> 00:38:03,000
Speaker 2: Caterpillars eat leaves, and you know they can they can

716
00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:05,960
Speaker 2: eat garden stuff if you have a garden that you're planting,

717
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:09,879
Speaker 2: But it's not that big a deal. Like, individual caterpillars

718
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:13,640
Speaker 2: are not gonna ravage your garden and spoil your garden.

719
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:18,920
Speaker 2: If you have big groups of those gregarious caterpillars, they

720
00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:23,080
Speaker 2: can cause problems. But you know, if you see caterpillars

721
00:38:23,239 --> 00:38:26,279
Speaker 2: in your garden, don't like, don't overreact and be like,

722
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:29,759
Speaker 2: I gotta, I gotta start killing all these caterpillars. You know,

723
00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,759
Speaker 2: take a breath, assess your problem. Are they ravaging your

724
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 2: garden or do you just have some caterpillars here and there,

725
00:38:36,560 --> 00:38:38,440
Speaker 2: like because you want those butterflies later on, don't you.

726
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:41,719
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, definitely that's a big part. And it's not

727
00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:45,319
Speaker 1: just for their beauty either. Caterpillars and butterflies alike are

728
00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:48,680
Speaker 1: a food source for birds, which is sad, but that's

729
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,480
Speaker 1: part of the circle of life, I guess. So that's

730
00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,840
Speaker 1: one reason alone. They're also probably even more important for

731
00:38:54,880 --> 00:39:00,520
Speaker 1: your garden. Pollinators. Yeah, big time pollinators was a dead

732
00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:03,600
Speaker 1: milkman joke in there. I couldn't quite I couldn't quite

733
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 1: make it. But so they pollinate their food source, and

734
00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:11,439
Speaker 1: most caterpillars, although all of them eat leaves, and again,

735
00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:14,640
Speaker 1: like we said, they're eating machines, the amount of damage

736
00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:17,759
Speaker 1: they're doing is really kind of pales in comparison to

737
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:21,080
Speaker 1: the benefits you get from having them in your ecosystem.

738
00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:22,520
Speaker 1: So for the most part, you want to just leave

739
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:23,600
Speaker 1: them alone. Yeah.

740
00:39:23,680 --> 00:39:25,799
Speaker 2: I mean, there's a whole section if you're interested on

741
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,839
Speaker 2: how to kill and get rid of caterpillars at holstuffworks

742
00:39:29,840 --> 00:39:32,200
Speaker 2: dot com in this article, but I don't even feel

743
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:34,360
Speaker 2: like talking about it, to be honest.

744
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 1: Well, let's talk about gregarious caterpillars because those are the

745
00:39:37,640 --> 00:39:41,640
Speaker 1: ones that really are problematic. They can on a bad

746
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,200
Speaker 1: year or a good year for the gregarious caterpillars, they

747
00:39:45,239 --> 00:39:49,440
Speaker 1: can consume up to a quarter of the leaves in

748
00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:53,520
Speaker 1: a forest. Yeah, and they if they attack the same

749
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:56,919
Speaker 1: tree enough times, they'll kill a tree. So gypsy moth

750
00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,000
Speaker 1: caterpillars are gregarious and they're well known for killing tree

751
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:02,520
Speaker 1: just from eating the leaves off of it. That's how

752
00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:05,239
Speaker 1: much damage they can do. And they can also harm

753
00:40:05,280 --> 00:40:09,839
Speaker 1: crops too, so gregarious caterpillars you actually probably do want

754
00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:11,880
Speaker 1: to get rid of if you come across it. But

755
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,400
Speaker 1: the key is prevention, Like you look for the eggs

756
00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:17,399
Speaker 1: which form a ring around like a tree branch, and

757
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,359
Speaker 1: take care of those. Then, like, don't try to deal

758
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,360
Speaker 1: with them later, it's going to be too late. You

759
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:26,080
Speaker 1: want to be proactive. They say the best defense is

760
00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:29,640
Speaker 1: shooting your poop five feet away from you.

761
00:40:29,760 --> 00:40:31,600
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, I guess if you're in forest management

762
00:40:31,719 --> 00:40:34,360
Speaker 2: or if you're a farmer and it has like a

763
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:36,840
Speaker 2: literal effect on your crops and your forests and stuff

764
00:40:36,880 --> 00:40:40,520
Speaker 2: like that. They're out there, you know, burning tents and

765
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,840
Speaker 2: nests and things like that, but that's not something you

766
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:46,120
Speaker 2: should go out and try to do because that's you

767
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:48,240
Speaker 2: don't want to catch something on a tree on fire.

768
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:51,200
Speaker 2: Just not a good idea.

769
00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:52,960
Speaker 1: But can you just see somebody trying to get rid

770
00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:56,440
Speaker 1: of caterpillars like that and you just started a wildfire?

771
00:40:56,880 --> 00:40:59,520
Speaker 2: Yes? I can't, I really can.

772
00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:03,839
Speaker 1: It's hilarious if you think about it, it's so doode

773
00:41:03,880 --> 00:41:04,160
Speaker 1: it is.

774
00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:07,920
Speaker 2: Should we finish up with the assassin caterpillar?

775
00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:09,799
Speaker 1: Well? Can I talk about one more thing? You don't

776
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:11,600
Speaker 1: want to talk about just for a second, because I

777
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:14,440
Speaker 1: think it's kind of nuts as well. Okay, there's a

778
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:19,839
Speaker 1: bacterium called Basillis thryingienis I believe ET for short. This

779
00:41:19,920 --> 00:41:22,920
Speaker 1: is a bacteria that people purposely introduce as a as

780
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,640
Speaker 1: a caterpillar control measure, and it goes in and create

781
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:30,480
Speaker 1: It produces holes in the caterpillars gut and leads to sepsis,

782
00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:32,399
Speaker 1: and it dies a painful death a few days after

783
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:36,960
Speaker 1: being infected. This is considered organic gardening. The problem is

784
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,400
Speaker 1: it doesn't just target caterpillars you don't want it. It

785
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:43,640
Speaker 1: targets all caterpillars. And it's also a pretty terrible way

786
00:41:43,680 --> 00:41:46,960
Speaker 1: to die. So I think I'm with you, Chuck Man.

787
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:49,799
Speaker 1: I think you just you say the caterpillars are here

788
00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:51,560
Speaker 1: to stay as long as they're not gregarious. I'm just

789
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:55,120
Speaker 1: gonna let them live and let live. Yeah, okay, I

790
00:41:55,160 --> 00:41:57,120
Speaker 1: just wanted to get on that soapbox for a second.

791
00:41:57,160 --> 00:42:00,320
Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm with you. So I mentioned the assassin capor pillar.

792
00:42:00,880 --> 00:42:05,799
Speaker 2: This is the Linomia obliqua or the giant silkworm moth,

793
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:10,400
Speaker 2: or the assassin caterpillar. It is the deadliest caterpillar in

794
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:15,520
Speaker 2: the world, and there have been supposedly several hundred people

795
00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:20,239
Speaker 2: in South America that have died from the toxin injected

796
00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:24,560
Speaker 2: from this caterpillar quills from the sette. Yeah, I think

797
00:42:24,840 --> 00:42:28,759
Speaker 2: it takes a lot. Like even if one of them,

798
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:31,400
Speaker 2: you know, injected some toxin into you, you're going to

799
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:33,719
Speaker 2: be uncomfortable and it probably won't feel great. But I

800
00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:37,239
Speaker 2: think you need to get like, you know, twenty to

801
00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:40,120
Speaker 2: one hundred times that to actually kill you. Yet it

802
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:40,840
Speaker 2: still happens.

803
00:42:40,920 --> 00:42:44,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it does. Apparently it's responsible for five hundred deaths

804
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:47,680
Speaker 1: around South America I think total, like in all time

805
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,080
Speaker 1: as far as documented goes. Yeah, it takes a lot,

806
00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:53,680
Speaker 1: like I think twenty to one hundred times to kill you.

807
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:57,120
Speaker 1: But the way that it kills you is it's anticoagulant,

808
00:42:57,120 --> 00:43:01,040
Speaker 1: a very powerful one, and you die of inturn bleeding essentially.

809
00:43:01,320 --> 00:43:02,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's a it's a blood thinner.

810
00:43:03,719 --> 00:43:07,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's that actually is being studied. The toxins

811
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:12,840
Speaker 1: in that particular caterpillar being studied for its usefulness in biomedicine.

812
00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:15,120
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think they're only what is it, there's like

813
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:20,320
Speaker 2: thirty two species of Linomia, but only two of those

814
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:25,640
Speaker 2: have that blood thinner venom, the obliqua and then the achillis.

815
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:27,920
Speaker 1: But the rest will still sting you. It's just not

816
00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:31,160
Speaker 1: going to kill you. It'll still hurt. That's South America.

817
00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:33,360
Speaker 1: In North America, the biggest one we have is the

818
00:43:33,440 --> 00:43:41,719
Speaker 1: puss caterpillar. Puss megalopige upper cularis the southern flannel moth,

819
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:46,479
Speaker 1: and just accidentally brushing it can cause excruciating pain I've seen.

820
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,480
Speaker 1: So just be careful, like admire caterpillars with your eyes,

821
00:43:50,520 --> 00:43:51,719
Speaker 1: not with your hands.

822
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:54,480
Speaker 2: Yeah. I guess I got lucky as a kid by

823
00:43:54,640 --> 00:43:56,719
Speaker 2: just letting them crawl on me for a minute. But yeah,

824
00:43:56,920 --> 00:43:58,440
Speaker 2: I never I never felt that sting.

825
00:43:59,719 --> 00:44:03,440
Speaker 1: There's one other thing too, The Eastern tent caterpillars are problematic,

826
00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:07,000
Speaker 1: especially in places like Kentucky, because they cause what's called

827
00:44:07,080 --> 00:44:12,400
Speaker 1: mayor reproductive loss syndrome, where just I think fifty grams

828
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,440
Speaker 1: which is a tenth of a pound of these caterpillars

829
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:18,520
Speaker 1: ingested by a horse while it's foraging can cause it

830
00:44:18,560 --> 00:44:24,640
Speaker 1: to lose its fetus, have a stillborn berth, all sorts

831
00:44:24,680 --> 00:44:26,480
Speaker 1: of crazy stuff, so much so that it has a

832
00:44:26,480 --> 00:44:29,480
Speaker 1: whole syndrome named after and it's just from eating these caterpillars.

833
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:33,120
Speaker 1: Oh wow, isn't that crazy? That is this is a

834
00:44:33,120 --> 00:44:36,160
Speaker 1: good one. I thought you'd like that. Yeah, caterpillars are great.

835
00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:38,399
Speaker 1: I think we should do a two parter with butterflies.

836
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:43,040
Speaker 2: Oh should we sure? I think Tracy wrote that one too.

837
00:44:44,120 --> 00:44:45,680
Speaker 1: Okay, I say we get on a bench.

838
00:44:45,960 --> 00:44:47,719
Speaker 2: I was going to suggest that, but then I thought,

839
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:48,520
Speaker 2: is that too much?

840
00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:51,799
Speaker 1: I don't know, I don't know. I guess they don't

841
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:53,160
Speaker 1: have to come out back to back. They can be

842
00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:54,120
Speaker 1: companion pieces.

843
00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:55,759
Speaker 2: How about that we're back to back and then we

844
00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:57,200
Speaker 2: can skip the metamorphosis marms.

845
00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:02,120
Speaker 1: Well, while we're figuring that out, I say, everybody, it's

846
00:45:02,120 --> 00:45:03,120
Speaker 1: time for listener mail.

847
00:45:04,960 --> 00:45:07,040
Speaker 2: I'm going to call this stuff you should know acrossy.

848
00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:11,480
Speaker 2: I was very excited because one of our listeners, well

849
00:45:11,480 --> 00:45:13,279
Speaker 2: I'll just read it. I'll let you hang on that

850
00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:16,400
Speaker 2: for a second. Hey, guys, When my wife Katie and

851
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,160
Speaker 2: I were dating, we would meet up at lunch to

852
00:45:19,160 --> 00:45:21,959
Speaker 2: do the daily crossword together. I proposed to her twenty

853
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,520
Speaker 2: years ago using a crossword I constructed myself, and years

854
00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:27,880
Speaker 2: later it's not only crosswords, but stuff you should know

855
00:45:28,440 --> 00:45:31,239
Speaker 2: that keeps our marriage life vibrant. It gives us something

856
00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:33,000
Speaker 2: to talk about every week, and needless to say, your

857
00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:37,280
Speaker 2: recent episode on crossword puzzles brought our life together full circle.

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00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:40,640
Speaker 2: About ten years after we married, I became a published

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00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:44,920
Speaker 2: crossword constructor and have been. I've continued ever since with

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00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:48,040
Speaker 2: puzzles in La Times, Wall Street Journal, New York Times,

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00:45:48,040 --> 00:45:52,919
Speaker 2: among others. So, Jeff is pretty experience is a cross

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00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:55,840
Speaker 2: the maker. As a thank you for a wonderful episode,

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00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:59,120
Speaker 2: I'm sending you an original puzzle, the stuff you should know,

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00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:03,560
Speaker 2: theme you to enjoyed. Wow, And I haven't done it yet.

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00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,799
Speaker 2: It is printed out in my office. A sent me,

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00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:10,680
Speaker 2: just a you know, send us. It's not a digital version,

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00:46:10,719 --> 00:46:13,680
Speaker 2: so I can't I can't do it on my phone.

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00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:15,719
Speaker 2: I got to get out the old pencil nice, which

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00:46:15,719 --> 00:46:17,800
Speaker 2: would be kind of fun, and I can't wait to

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00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 2: tackle it. I've just been waiting for the right window

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00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:24,399
Speaker 2: of time. And that is from Jeff Stillman and big

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00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:26,080
Speaker 2: shout out to Jeff and his wife Katie.

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00:46:26,760 --> 00:46:28,600
Speaker 1: I don't know how I missed that one, but I'm

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00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:30,400
Speaker 1: glad you called it out because I can't wait to

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00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:32,120
Speaker 1: do that puzzle too. So thanks Jeff.

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00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:35,440
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, got Jeff Stillman, go look at your emails

877
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:36,399
Speaker 2: and print that sucker out.

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00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:40,080
Speaker 1: Yes, well, thank you to you both, Jeff and Katie.

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00:46:40,120 --> 00:46:41,560
Speaker 1: And if you want to be like Jeff and send

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00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:44,919
Speaker 1: us some amazing thing that's fine with us, you can

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00:46:45,040 --> 00:46:53,000
Speaker 1: send it via email to stuff podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.

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00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:56,080
Speaker 2: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

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00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,640
Speaker 2: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple

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00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:02,320
Speaker 2: podcast Guests, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.