WEBVTT - COVID-19 Chapter 13: Vaccines, Take 2 0:00:00.520 --> 0:00:03.560 Hi everyone. My name is Ashley Pleasant. I work as 0:00:03.560 --> 0:00:05.960 a paralegal and Tyler, Texas, but I love about an 0:00:06.000 --> 0:00:08.760 hour away in Wood County with my mom and stepdad. 0:00:09.160 --> 0:00:12.360 Tyler is a college town, but the surrounding area, including 0:00:12.400 --> 0:00:15.600 my county, is very rural. I think people have had 0:00:15.640 --> 0:00:18.400 a false sense of security that COVID wouldn't come here, 0:00:18.480 --> 0:00:21.360 but in reality, our low population in city could only 0:00:21.360 --> 0:00:24.440 delay its arrival. My family and I have been taking 0:00:24.480 --> 0:00:27.320 all the precautions we can since the nationwide lockdowns begin 0:00:27.440 --> 0:00:30.200 happening in March and April. We only leave the house 0:00:30.280 --> 0:00:32.360 go to work in the store. We wear multi layer 0:00:32.400 --> 0:00:35.040 cloth masks every time we leave the house, we wash 0:00:35.040 --> 0:00:39.000 our hands, use hand sanitizer frequently, and we stop seeing 0:00:39.040 --> 0:00:42.760 anyone in person. Socially but not At the beginning of October, 0:00:43.040 --> 0:00:47.440 COVID still found us. It started off like a mild cold. 0:00:47.680 --> 0:00:51.080 My mom started experiencing mild fatigue and a cough. We 0:00:51.080 --> 0:00:53.559 were slightly worried, but trying not to read too much 0:00:53.600 --> 0:00:56.320 into it. I mean, we were being careful after all. 0:00:56.600 --> 0:00:59.640 Within three days, though, I started having the same symptoms. 0:01:00.000 --> 0:01:03.160 Stepdad the day after me and my eighty seven year 0:01:03.200 --> 0:01:06.800 old grandmother. The day after him. We were still trying 0:01:06.800 --> 0:01:09.240 to not worry too much. I mean, colds are common 0:01:09.280 --> 0:01:13.960 and still happen even during a pandemic. That all changed, though, 0:01:14.000 --> 0:01:17.440 the night my mom decided to grill hamburgers. I realized 0:01:17.480 --> 0:01:20.680 we had a serious problem when I couldn't smell the charcoal, 0:01:20.720 --> 0:01:24.679 grill or cooking burgers. After that, we couldn't keep telling 0:01:24.680 --> 0:01:27.120 ourselves it was just a cold. Over the course of 0:01:27.160 --> 0:01:29.600 the next week, all four of us were tested, and 0:01:29.680 --> 0:01:32.280 all four of our test came back positive for COVID. 0:01:33.400 --> 0:01:35.840 The second week of symptoms felt more severe, with more 0:01:35.880 --> 0:01:39.160 extreme fatigue and coughing, as well as headaches, body aches, 0:01:39.200 --> 0:01:42.640 and a loss of appetite. None of us really ran fever, 0:01:42.760 --> 0:01:45.600 with the exception of my grandmother for just one morning. 0:01:46.040 --> 0:01:49.240 She was struggling with dementia and wasn't eating or drinking enough. 0:01:49.560 --> 0:01:51.480 My mom and I had to get her to drink 0:01:51.480 --> 0:01:53.800 fluids every hour to keep her hydrated and keep her 0:01:53.800 --> 0:01:56.280 fever down, and we had to make sure she was 0:01:56.320 --> 0:01:59.600 eating so she didn't get too weak. We meddled through 0:01:59.640 --> 0:02:02.760 well enough for a few weeks, feeling pretty crummy but managing. 0:02:03.360 --> 0:02:05.360 Around the end of October, We felt like we'd made 0:02:05.400 --> 0:02:07.080 it through the worst of things and we were starting 0:02:07.080 --> 0:02:10.200 a slow recovery process. My grandmother had even gotten a 0:02:10.240 --> 0:02:12.240 mostly clean bill of health from her doctor and was 0:02:12.320 --> 0:02:15.120 getting up and walking around more. We really thought we 0:02:15.120 --> 0:02:17.920 were in the clear. Then at four o'clock in the 0:02:17.919 --> 0:02:20.720 morning on October twenty fourth, I heard my grandmother call 0:02:20.760 --> 0:02:22.480 out from my mom while I was on my way 0:02:22.480 --> 0:02:25.040 to bring her a drink of water. When I got 0:02:25.080 --> 0:02:27.519 to her, she was having difficulty breathing. She was still 0:02:27.560 --> 0:02:30.160 aware and talking, but she couldn't take air in properly. 0:02:30.600 --> 0:02:33.000 I ran to get my mom called an ambulance, and 0:02:33.040 --> 0:02:37.080 within fifteen minutes she was gone. My mom, stepdad, and 0:02:37.120 --> 0:02:39.680 I are still experiencing mild symptoms from COVID two and 0:02:39.680 --> 0:02:44.320 a half months later. I personally still have shortness of breath, fatigue, 0:02:44.560 --> 0:02:48.799 trouble concentrating, and are destappetite. We're all still struggling with 0:02:48.840 --> 0:02:51.400 the fact my grandmother isn't here this year for the holidays. 0:02:52.000 --> 0:02:54.320 This is something no family should have to go through. 0:02:54.720 --> 0:02:57.760 But this pandemic only ends if we all do our part. 0:02:58.120 --> 0:03:03.000 So please everyone, were your masks, wash your hands, stay safe, 0:03:03.280 --> 0:03:04.280 and save a life. 0:03:04.600 --> 0:03:04.960 Thank you. 0:03:07.600 --> 0:03:10.919 My name is Rhiannon. I live in central Florida. 0:03:11.080 --> 0:03:13.640 I work as a paralegal for a small family law firm, 0:03:14.320 --> 0:03:16.880 and I am a volunteer participant in the Phase three 0:03:16.919 --> 0:03:21.440 trial of the COVID nineteen vaccine produced by Pfizer. Before 0:03:21.440 --> 0:03:24.160 my first visit, I had a pre screening eligibility phone 0:03:24.160 --> 0:03:26.560 call with someone from the study. She mentioned that it 0:03:26.560 --> 0:03:28.800 was one hundred and fifty dollars per visit and I 0:03:28.880 --> 0:03:31.680 was like, ooh, well, I guess it's worth it to 0:03:31.680 --> 0:03:34.720 be able to participate. Then she mentioned that they would 0:03:34.720 --> 0:03:36.640 add the money to a debit card starting at my 0:03:36.640 --> 0:03:39.560 first visit. It took a minute to register that they 0:03:39.600 --> 0:03:42.480 would pay me. In late August, I went to my 0:03:42.480 --> 0:03:44.880 first appointment. They took a blood sample, gave me a 0:03:44.880 --> 0:03:48.120 pregnancy test and a COVID test, had me complete and 0:03:48.160 --> 0:03:51.400 sign an informed Consent form. I gave them my complete 0:03:51.400 --> 0:03:54.760 medical history, and finally they injected me with the vaccine 0:03:54.960 --> 0:03:58.240 or placebo. They sent me home with the thermometer, a 0:03:58.240 --> 0:04:01.440 copy of the informed consent form, an emergency information card 0:04:01.480 --> 0:04:03.120 in case I have to go to the er during 0:04:03.120 --> 0:04:05.480 the study, and a swab test kit that I can 0:04:05.520 --> 0:04:08.280 administer myself and mail in if I develop symptoms and 0:04:08.280 --> 0:04:11.880 can't get tested right away. Three weeks later, at my 0:04:11.920 --> 0:04:15.040 second visit, they gave me another pregnancy test COVID nasal 0:04:15.080 --> 0:04:17.240 swab and a second injection, which was the same as 0:04:17.240 --> 0:04:22.919 the first. They administer either vaccine, vaccine or placebo placebo. 0:04:23.160 --> 0:04:25.640 About a month after that, I returned from my third visit, 0:04:25.760 --> 0:04:28.040 during which they drew blood to check and to body levels. 0:04:28.680 --> 0:04:30.880 My fourth visit will be in March of twenty twenty one, 0:04:31.160 --> 0:04:32.800 and then I'll return for at least a fifth and 0:04:32.880 --> 0:04:35.840 a sixth visit over the next twenty months. This is 0:04:35.880 --> 0:04:37.960 an observer blind study, so they will not tell me 0:04:38.040 --> 0:04:40.920 whether I receive the vaccine or placebo until it's over. 0:04:41.400 --> 0:04:43.200 They also don't share with me the results of my 0:04:43.240 --> 0:04:46.479 blood tests. Once a week, I'm asked to complete an 0:04:46.520 --> 0:04:49.080 illness diary through an app on my phone. I simply 0:04:49.120 --> 0:04:51.200 answer yes or no to the question of whether I 0:04:51.200 --> 0:04:54.720 have developed any symptoms of COVID nineteen. So far, I've 0:04:54.720 --> 0:04:58.320 been able to answer no every week. After my first injection, 0:04:58.520 --> 0:05:01.240 I felt nothing, no pain that the injection site, no 0:05:01.320 --> 0:05:05.960 indication of any side effects at all. After the second injection, though, 0:05:06.040 --> 0:05:08.279 my arm was sore for days, it was itchy, and 0:05:08.320 --> 0:05:11.159 there was a raised bruise of the injection site. I 0:05:11.279 --> 0:05:15.719 was cautiously optimistic that I had received the vaccine. Actually 0:05:15.760 --> 0:05:19.640 I was pretty thrilled. I worked from home most of 0:05:19.680 --> 0:05:21.360 the time, but I had worked in the office one 0:05:21.440 --> 0:05:24.240 Thursday in late October, and by the following Monday, two 0:05:24.279 --> 0:05:26.000 of my four coworkers. 0:05:25.440 --> 0:05:27.040 Had symptoms and tested positive. 0:05:28.120 --> 0:05:30.880 By the next week, a third coworker was also positive 0:05:30.960 --> 0:05:34.240 and symptomatic. Knowing that I had been exposed, I got 0:05:34.279 --> 0:05:37.279 tested and was negative. At that point, I was pretty 0:05:37.320 --> 0:05:39.919 sure that the vaccine had made me well. Immune is 0:05:39.920 --> 0:05:43.200 the right word, but invincible is how I felt. So 0:05:43.320 --> 0:05:45.599 in November I asked my primary care physician for an 0:05:45.720 --> 0:05:47.119 order for an antibody test. 0:05:47.960 --> 0:05:51.200 It came back negative. I was so disappointed. 0:05:52.480 --> 0:05:54.200 I don't know what will happen when the vaccine is 0:05:54.200 --> 0:05:57.200 approved and available. The study doctor said that I would 0:05:57.200 --> 0:06:00.600 not be at a disadvantage for having participated in the tree. 0:06:01.480 --> 0:06:03.320 He sent a letter a couple of weeks ago saying 0:06:03.360 --> 0:06:06.719 that they were quote exploring potential ways to change the 0:06:06.760 --> 0:06:10.680 study to create a process that would allow interested participants 0:06:11.000 --> 0:06:14.279 in the placebo group who meet the eligibility criteria for 0:06:14.360 --> 0:06:17.360 early access in their country to cross over to the 0:06:17.440 --> 0:06:19.080 vaccine group in the study. 0:06:19.720 --> 0:06:20.320 End quote. 0:06:22.040 --> 0:06:23.960 At my first visit, the doctor in charge of the 0:06:23.960 --> 0:06:26.520 research facility asked me why I decided to take part 0:06:26.520 --> 0:06:30.239 in the study. I was speeciless for a moment, thinking, see, 0:06:30.240 --> 0:06:33.600 there's this podcast Aaron and Aaron got me all excited 0:06:33.600 --> 0:06:37.760 about vaccines and medical research even before the pandemic. And 0:06:37.800 --> 0:06:40.280 I was really excited for this opportunity to not only 0:06:40.320 --> 0:06:42.640 take part in an important study, but to see for 0:06:42.720 --> 0:06:46.039 myself how informed consent forms look these days, because you know, 0:06:46.080 --> 0:06:49.720 they haven't always been like this. But before I found words, 0:06:50.080 --> 0:06:51.880 he said that most people tell him they're just so 0:06:52.040 --> 0:06:54.400 tired of all this and want to help things get 0:06:54.480 --> 0:06:56.160 back to normal as fast as possible. 0:06:57.000 --> 0:06:59.080 I nodded and said that yes, I just wanted to help. 0:06:59.560 --> 0:07:01.720 Our converse station was over pretty quickly, so I never 0:07:01.720 --> 0:07:04.239 got to tell them the rest that I don't believe 0:07:04.320 --> 0:07:06.440 things are ever going to get back to normal because 0:07:06.440 --> 0:07:08.960 some things have changed forever. That this could be my 0:07:09.040 --> 0:07:11.440 one chance as a paralegal to help save lives through 0:07:11.480 --> 0:07:14.840 medical science. That I feel like it's my duty to 0:07:14.880 --> 0:07:18.080 do what others can't do, and that I'm incredibly grateful 0:07:18.120 --> 0:07:21.200 to live in twenty twenty when so many medical professionals 0:07:21.240 --> 0:08:06.600 have worked tirelessly so that there is already a vaccine. 0:08:08.480 --> 0:08:11.920 Thank you so much, Ashley Henryannon for sharing your stories 0:08:11.960 --> 0:08:15.080 with us. We really appreciate it. And thank you to 0:08:15.200 --> 0:08:17.360 everyone else who is sent in their first hand accounts 0:08:17.400 --> 0:08:20.440 of how COVID nineteen has impacted their lives. I think 0:08:20.480 --> 0:08:22.880 it's so important that we tell these stories and hear 0:08:22.960 --> 0:08:25.400 these stories to know that we're not in this alone, 0:08:25.760 --> 0:08:28.560 and to remind ourselves of the far reaching effects of 0:08:28.600 --> 0:08:29.320 this pandemic. 0:08:29.680 --> 0:08:30.200 Yeah. 0:08:30.240 --> 0:08:34.840 Absolutely, Hi, I'm erin Welsh and I'm erin alman Updyke 0:08:35.280 --> 0:08:37.560 and this is this podcast will kill you. 0:08:38.040 --> 0:08:39.120 Yeah. 0:08:39.320 --> 0:08:42.360 In this episode of our Anatomy of a Pandemic series 0:08:42.400 --> 0:08:48.720 on COVID nineteen, we're revisiting the topic on everyone's minds vaccines. 0:08:49.559 --> 0:08:53.800 Yes, how do these COVID nineteen vaccines work? How do 0:08:53.840 --> 0:08:56.559 we know that they're safe to take? And when will 0:08:56.600 --> 0:08:58.280 they become widely available? 0:08:58.640 --> 0:09:01.439 Great questions, Aaron, Great questions. 0:09:01.559 --> 0:09:04.720 And these questions are just the tiniest sampling of what 0:09:04.840 --> 0:09:08.280 we covered in this super duper info packed episode. 0:09:08.400 --> 0:09:11.400 Really truly, I don't think we've ever packed more information 0:09:11.480 --> 0:09:12.240 into one. 0:09:12.040 --> 0:09:13.800 Episode, Oh my gosh. 0:09:14.200 --> 0:09:17.480 And we are so excited to share with you all 0:09:17.559 --> 0:09:20.120 of the vaccine info you could ever hope for. But 0:09:20.360 --> 0:09:23.040 first we have some very important business to take care of. 0:09:23.800 --> 0:09:27.640 It's quarantin any time. It is quarantin any time. What 0:09:27.679 --> 0:09:29.040 are we drinking this week? 0:09:29.240 --> 0:09:36.520 Well, of course Quarantiny thirteen naturally, and in the Quarantine 0:09:36.559 --> 0:09:41.040 thirteen is bourbon, ginger ale, rosemary, simple syrup, lime juice, 0:09:41.120 --> 0:09:43.080 and muddled blackberries. 0:09:43.440 --> 0:09:47.559 Delicious, it really really is. And also we want to 0:09:47.600 --> 0:09:50.400 give a shout out to Abby and Jesse, who are 0:09:50.480 --> 0:09:53.240 the daughters of one of our guests for this episode, 0:09:53.240 --> 0:09:57.120 doctor Orin Levine, and who sent along a placeibrita version 0:09:57.160 --> 0:10:00.839 of this recipe which they called the Sweet Lady Levine. 0:10:01.080 --> 0:10:06.000 I love it so much, amazing. Thank you both so 0:10:06.120 --> 0:10:08.920 much for the suggestion. It made our lives easier coming 0:10:08.960 --> 0:10:11.239 up with this quarantine and it's delicious. 0:10:12.080 --> 0:10:15.079 Yeah really, I was like, oh my gosh, a recipe 0:10:15.360 --> 0:10:16.600 just here, just gifted. 0:10:16.720 --> 0:10:17.480 This is amazing. 0:10:19.320 --> 0:10:22.840 We will post the full recipe for the Quarantine E 0:10:22.920 --> 0:10:25.960 thirteen along with the non alcoholic Place Verta on our 0:10:25.960 --> 0:10:28.640 website This Podcast will Kill You dot Com as well 0:10:28.679 --> 0:10:31.200 as on all of our social media channels, so make 0:10:31.200 --> 0:10:32.800 sure you follow us there. 0:10:33.400 --> 0:10:34.880 Okay, what else? 0:10:35.400 --> 0:10:38.679 We are of course still soliciting first hand accounts for 0:10:38.760 --> 0:10:42.000 this COVID nineteen series, so if you haven't yet and 0:10:42.040 --> 0:10:44.040 you'd like to submit your first hand account, you can 0:10:44.040 --> 0:10:46.600 go to our website This Podcast will Kill You dot Com, 0:10:46.720 --> 0:10:49.599 click on the COVID nineteen tab and that'll send you 0:10:49.640 --> 0:10:51.440 to a Google form that you can fill out. And 0:10:51.520 --> 0:10:54.800 thank you again so much to everyone who has submitted 0:10:54.800 --> 0:10:56.000 their first hand account so far. 0:10:56.480 --> 0:11:00.600 Absolutely, and we are also in the process of getting 0:11:00.640 --> 0:11:03.680 transcripts done for all of our episodes and we are 0:11:04.320 --> 0:11:08.760 so excited about this really and we will announce on 0:11:08.760 --> 0:11:11.600 our social media when the transcripts are ready for current 0:11:11.760 --> 0:11:14.600 or past episodes, so make sure that you follow us 0:11:14.600 --> 0:11:17.120 on there, and we'll also be posting links to the 0:11:17.120 --> 0:11:20.200 transcripts on our website under the transcripts tab, so you 0:11:20.240 --> 0:11:24.239 can also check back in there periodically if you are curious. 0:11:24.480 --> 0:11:25.440 Yeah. 0:11:25.720 --> 0:11:28.240 Other than that, we have kind of usual business things 0:11:28.280 --> 0:11:31.400 really quick. We have a good Reads list check that out, 0:11:31.520 --> 0:11:38.000 a bookshop affiliate account really phenomenal and amazing tpwky merch. 0:11:38.200 --> 0:11:41.040 You can find links to all of these on our website, 0:11:41.040 --> 0:11:43.480 This podcast will kill You dot Com. 0:11:43.920 --> 0:11:49.320 Okay, Aaron, I think it's finally time to get to 0:11:49.400 --> 0:11:50.679 the meat of this episode. 0:11:50.760 --> 0:11:51.440 I think so too. 0:11:51.800 --> 0:11:54.520 I mean, this is what everyone has been waiting. 0:11:54.240 --> 0:11:56.760 For, really truly, myself included. 0:11:56.640 --> 0:11:59.880 Oh my gosh. At the time of recording this, which 0:11:59.920 --> 0:12:03.320 is December fifteenth, twenty twenty, according to the New York 0:12:03.360 --> 0:12:08.240 Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker, there are currently forty one vaccines 0:12:08.360 --> 0:12:13.200 in phase one trials, sixteen in Phase two, sixteen also 0:12:13.320 --> 0:12:18.240 in phase three, five vaccines approved for early or limited use, 0:12:18.480 --> 0:12:21.880 and two approved for full use. 0:12:22.440 --> 0:12:28.439 That is huge, amazing, truly phenomenal. 0:12:28.040 --> 0:12:32.600 Absolutely like remarkable. I can't stop smiling thinking about it. 0:12:32.600 --> 0:12:35.000 It's amazing. It just feels like such a relief, and 0:12:35.040 --> 0:12:38.440 it's really hard to take in like good news, and 0:12:38.480 --> 0:12:40.959 so it sort of feels like it's true. 0:12:41.240 --> 0:12:44.280 The news that there are multiple vaccines that have been 0:12:44.280 --> 0:12:47.679 shown to be effective against this virus that causes COVID 0:12:47.760 --> 0:12:51.000 nineteen is some of the best news that we've had 0:12:51.360 --> 0:12:55.160 in a very long time, and it really does finally 0:12:55.200 --> 0:12:58.640 feel like the light at the end of that very 0:12:58.920 --> 0:13:03.240 very long pandemic tunnel we're living in is finally visible. 0:13:03.960 --> 0:13:07.480 Yes, it really does feel that way, but there are 0:13:07.720 --> 0:13:10.600 many questions that remain. There has been a lot of 0:13:10.679 --> 0:13:14.400 concern about the safety of these vaccines and possible side effects, 0:13:14.640 --> 0:13:19.079 in addition to questions of access and vaccine distribution. And 0:13:19.160 --> 0:13:22.920 to help us address these concerns, we were fortunate enough 0:13:22.960 --> 0:13:28.720 to talk to two amazing scientists two two two how cool. 0:13:29.160 --> 0:13:33.160 Doctor Maria Sunderram, postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto 0:13:33.280 --> 0:13:37.440 Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases and fellow at ICES, a 0:13:37.520 --> 0:13:43.840 nonprofit health research organization, and also doctor Orin Levine, Director 0:13:43.920 --> 0:13:46.760 of Vaccine Delivery at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 0:13:47.320 --> 0:13:49.840 Both are phenomenal interviews. We can't wait for you to 0:13:49.880 --> 0:13:52.440 hear them. We're going to start with doctor Sundram, who 0:13:52.480 --> 0:13:57.720 answered are many, many, many questions about the vaccines themselves, 0:13:58.000 --> 0:14:00.679 questions like what are the ingredients and how do they 0:14:00.679 --> 0:14:05.240 actually work. We recorded this interview on December fourteenth, twenty twenty, 0:14:05.360 --> 0:14:08.280 so we'll let her introduce herself right after this break. 0:14:36.520 --> 0:14:40.160 So my name is Maria Sundram. I'm an infectious disease epidemiologist, 0:14:40.640 --> 0:14:43.440 and I'm a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto 0:14:43.800 --> 0:14:47.640 Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, and I'm also a fellow 0:14:47.640 --> 0:14:51.000 at ICs, which is a not for profit research institute 0:14:51.120 --> 0:14:52.320 in Toronto. 0:14:52.560 --> 0:14:53.640 Excellent, Thank you. 0:14:54.200 --> 0:14:57.640 We're very excited to have you here. Over the last 0:14:57.920 --> 0:15:01.400 month or so, there have been some very optimistic and 0:15:01.480 --> 0:15:05.000 exciting headlines with the emergence of what appears to be 0:15:05.080 --> 0:15:09.960 at least three potentially successful vaccines for SARS CoV two. 0:15:10.520 --> 0:15:13.160 Could you kind of break down what those vaccines are 0:15:13.280 --> 0:15:14.880 and how maybe each of them work. 0:15:15.800 --> 0:15:19.800 Yes, definitely. So I think the three vaccines that we're 0:15:19.840 --> 0:15:24.160 talking about are this Pfiser Beyond Tech vaccine, the MODERNA vaccine, 0:15:24.200 --> 0:15:28.600 and then this vaccine that's being developed by Oxford and Astrosenica. 0:15:28.640 --> 0:15:30.800 And it's worth noting there's a couple other vaccines that 0:15:30.840 --> 0:15:33.080 have been approved for use in other countries, but I 0:15:33.080 --> 0:15:35.000 can just talk about these three. I think they've been 0:15:35.440 --> 0:15:40.280 at the top of our national conversation at least. So 0:15:40.400 --> 0:15:43.240 the Pfiser Beyond Tech and the MODERNA vaccines are both 0:15:43.560 --> 0:15:48.320 mRNA vaccines and the Oxford Astrosedtica vaccine is a non 0:15:48.360 --> 0:15:53.160 replicating viral factor vaccine. Your listeners may know that when 0:15:53.160 --> 0:15:57.880 we're talking about kind of a traditional vaccine, normal vaccine, 0:15:57.960 --> 0:16:01.360 like your seasonal flu shot. What we're doing, we're showing 0:16:01.400 --> 0:16:05.320 our immune systems a dead virus, a killed virus that 0:16:05.600 --> 0:16:08.240 can't infect us, but it's the whole thing. So our 0:16:08.280 --> 0:16:11.640 immune systems are seeing this complete virus that is dead 0:16:11.720 --> 0:16:14.760 and saying, Okay, this is really helpful. Now I know 0:16:14.760 --> 0:16:16.600 what this looks like. I'm going to be prepared for 0:16:16.680 --> 0:16:19.960 next time when I see this one that looks like this, 0:16:20.080 --> 0:16:24.200 but it's alive. So we're starting at an earlier point 0:16:24.200 --> 0:16:27.200 in the process with the mRNA vaccines, And what we're 0:16:27.240 --> 0:16:30.440 actually doing there is we're giving our cells, like the 0:16:30.560 --> 0:16:34.960 IKEA instructions to make one part of the virus, and 0:16:35.040 --> 0:16:37.400 in this case, it's the spike protein, which is this 0:16:37.520 --> 0:16:39.120 protein on the outside. 0:16:38.640 --> 0:16:39.600 Of the coronavirus. 0:16:40.000 --> 0:16:44.040 So our cells are able to produce this protein only 0:16:44.120 --> 0:16:46.840 not the whole virus, but just this protein, and then 0:16:46.880 --> 0:16:50.200 they say, Okay, we're going to protect specifically against this protein, 0:16:50.240 --> 0:16:53.360 which is the protein that we really need to protect against, 0:16:54.280 --> 0:16:55.960 and then we're prepared when we see the whole virus. 0:16:56.000 --> 0:16:59.160 So that's really helpful because it allows us to understand 0:16:59.160 --> 0:17:03.480 how to protect against virus without the risk of actually 0:17:03.520 --> 0:17:07.560 getting ill. And the non replicating viral vector that's in 0:17:07.600 --> 0:17:11.440 the Oxford astrosetic vaccine works kind of in a similar way, 0:17:12.359 --> 0:17:15.439 but instead of us making that protein, we're asking a 0:17:15.480 --> 0:17:18.280 different virus to make that protein. In this case, it's 0:17:18.280 --> 0:17:22.840 an adnovirus, So this is another resttray virus that in 0:17:22.840 --> 0:17:26.080 this case it's usually among chimpanzees. It doesn't really cause 0:17:26.160 --> 0:17:29.120 us any physical discomfort or anything. We probably don't even 0:17:29.200 --> 0:17:33.880 notice that it's there, but we've given that this ad 0:17:33.920 --> 0:17:38.439 novirus the information to also make this spike protein. So 0:17:38.760 --> 0:17:41.720 it's on its little membrane, it's it's showing all of 0:17:41.720 --> 0:17:44.320 its sort of normal adnovirus stuff, and then it's also 0:17:44.320 --> 0:17:47.000 got the spike protein. So our immune system is like, oh, okay, 0:17:47.480 --> 0:17:50.720 there's that thing that I need to protect against now 0:17:50.760 --> 0:17:52.880 I know. So that's kind of that's kind of how 0:17:52.920 --> 0:17:54.399 those those vaccines work. 0:17:54.920 --> 0:17:58.960 Awesome. So let's start at the very beginning, and this 0:17:59.080 --> 0:18:02.000 might be sort of a more general question, but you know, 0:18:02.080 --> 0:18:05.320 what are in these vaccines, Like what are the ingredients 0:18:05.400 --> 0:18:07.439 and what do they do? What do each of them do? 0:18:08.240 --> 0:18:10.680 Yeah, so I did talk a little bit about this already, 0:18:10.760 --> 0:18:13.840 kind of like how the mRNA vaccines work, and then 0:18:13.880 --> 0:18:18.080 how this adnavirus factor vaccine works. The other things that 0:18:18.119 --> 0:18:21.480 are in these vaccines. So for example, the Pfizer vaccine 0:18:21.960 --> 0:18:26.000 has lipids, salts, and sugar, and this is pretty similar 0:18:26.000 --> 0:18:28.600 to what's in the MODERNA vaccine as well. So the 0:18:28.680 --> 0:18:34.200 lipids are these tiny little fat globules, and they're there 0:18:34.320 --> 0:18:38.680 because we want to be able to protect this mRNA 0:18:39.800 --> 0:18:43.600 before it can be absorbed into our cells. And I 0:18:43.720 --> 0:18:47.080 said before that mRNA is kind of like an Ikea instructions, 0:18:47.080 --> 0:18:48.840 and it very much is, but it's not in the 0:18:48.880 --> 0:18:52.760 like book that you get for Mikia. It's like it's 0:18:52.800 --> 0:18:54.760 like it was written on ticker tape or like a 0:18:54.800 --> 0:18:57.679 super long CBS receipt. So it's kind of like you know, 0:18:58.160 --> 0:19:00.280 flapping of the wind a little bit. It's bopping around, 0:19:00.400 --> 0:19:03.160 and it can be really fragile, and so we want 0:19:03.200 --> 0:19:05.160 to make sure that when it, you know, when we're 0:19:05.200 --> 0:19:07.920 giving it to people, that it really like stays intact 0:19:08.040 --> 0:19:10.959 enough so that when it gets to our cells it 0:19:11.040 --> 0:19:13.479 really has something meaningful to say, and our cells can 0:19:13.520 --> 0:19:18.160 read it instead of being confused. So they've charged these 0:19:18.160 --> 0:19:22.760 little fat globs and the charge allows the m RNA 0:19:22.840 --> 0:19:25.359 to stick inside them, so it's really it's almost like 0:19:25.400 --> 0:19:27.679 a little sphere that surrounds the mRNA and protects it. 0:19:28.600 --> 0:19:32.280 The salts are the buffer that's in the Physer Beyon 0:19:32.320 --> 0:19:36.679 Tech and the MODERNA vaccines, respectively, allow all of the 0:19:36.720 --> 0:19:39.359 stuff that's in the vaccine, including the engine and everything else, 0:19:40.000 --> 0:19:43.200 to be the same pH and the same solidity as 0:19:43.240 --> 0:19:46.320 our bodies, and that's really helpful so that we can 0:19:46.600 --> 0:19:50.040 only react to the enigen. And then there's sugar in 0:19:50.080 --> 0:19:53.360 both vaccines as well, and this can help, for example, 0:19:53.720 --> 0:19:56.560 if the vaccine has to be extored at very cold temperatures, 0:19:56.920 --> 0:19:59.879 it can help with the vaccine antigen not being damaged 0:20:00.080 --> 0:20:03.440 that process. And then the Bordertra vaccine also has something 0:20:03.440 --> 0:20:06.960 called sodium acetate, and this can be something that kind 0:20:06.960 --> 0:20:09.840 of holds all of this other stuff together, kind of 0:20:09.840 --> 0:20:14.679 stabilizing everything that's in the vaccine. Because there's there's like 0:20:14.760 --> 0:20:17.480 polar items and then there's non polar items, which would 0:20:17.480 --> 0:20:21.199 be the lipids. It can sort of wind up, you 0:20:21.200 --> 0:20:23.879 know how Salad dressing separates and you've got like the 0:20:24.560 --> 0:20:26.800 oil and the vinegar and you have to like shake 0:20:26.840 --> 0:20:29.280 it up in order to like have it be like palatable. 0:20:29.680 --> 0:20:31.760 So we like obviously don't want our vaccines to be 0:20:31.840 --> 0:20:34.600 like salad dressing that has separated. So so some of 0:20:34.640 --> 0:20:38.320 these things, the sodium acetape for example, can help kind 0:20:38.320 --> 0:20:40.119 of stabilize that, and the buffer can help with that 0:20:40.200 --> 0:20:43.280 as well. And both of those vaccines are preservative free. 0:20:44.000 --> 0:20:44.440 Gotcha. 0:20:45.080 --> 0:20:48.240 So there has been some misunderstanding. I think that we've 0:20:48.280 --> 0:20:51.520 heard a lot that these vaccines have the potential to 0:20:51.640 --> 0:20:54.480 give somebody COVID nineteen And I think you kind of 0:20:54.520 --> 0:20:56.680 touched on this already, but could you kind of explain 0:20:56.760 --> 0:20:59.960 more specifically why that isn't possible in this case? 0:21:00.480 --> 0:21:04.120 Yes, I can, so I understand why this is a concern. 0:21:04.359 --> 0:21:07.600 And there are way in the beginning when we are 0:21:07.600 --> 0:21:13.040 making vaccines, we used attenuated versions of viruses, and that 0:21:13.119 --> 0:21:14.959 means kind of, you know, it was alive, but it 0:21:15.040 --> 0:21:18.560 was you know, kind of limping along, not as effective 0:21:18.640 --> 0:21:21.680 as a sort of natural infection against some of these 0:21:21.880 --> 0:21:24.520 different pathogens. And that's still the case for some of 0:21:24.560 --> 0:21:26.560 the immunizations that we receive today. 0:21:26.920 --> 0:21:27.080 There. 0:21:27.119 --> 0:21:29.600 For example, there's a live attenuated version of the flu 0:21:29.720 --> 0:21:32.199 vaccine that you can get in a nasal spray. So 0:21:32.240 --> 0:21:34.359 this is an example of a virus that really can't 0:21:34.400 --> 0:21:37.440 cause illness, but is still sort of limping along enough 0:21:37.480 --> 0:21:40.520 for our immune system to really take notice. These vaccines 0:21:40.560 --> 0:21:43.800 that I've just mentioned, they don't contain a whole virus, 0:21:44.320 --> 0:21:47.639 much less one that's alive. As I mentioned, they only 0:21:47.680 --> 0:21:51.120 contain one part of the virus, which is the spike protein. 0:21:52.040 --> 0:21:54.399 And so there's really there's no virus in any of 0:21:54.440 --> 0:21:56.879 these vaccines that I've mentioned, and so it's really just 0:21:56.920 --> 0:21:58.160 not possible. It's just not there. 0:21:59.320 --> 0:22:02.920 So that being said, you know, there is this advisory 0:22:02.960 --> 0:22:06.000 that people who receive the vaccine are still told you 0:22:06.000 --> 0:22:08.320 should still wear a mask. So can you explain why 0:22:08.359 --> 0:22:11.280 people should wear a mask even after getting vaccinated. 0:22:11.880 --> 0:22:14.320 This is a great question. Why should you wear a 0:22:14.359 --> 0:22:18.240 mask even after you've been vaccinated. So one really important 0:22:18.240 --> 0:22:21.040 thing to remember is that after you get the first shot, 0:22:21.440 --> 0:22:24.040