WEBVTT - Pirates 7: Pirates For Hire 0:00:05.200 --> 0:00:08.240 Mountains tall enough to pierce the clouds caught his attention. 0:00:08.680 --> 0:00:11.360 Sea turtles swam in water clear enough to see the 0:00:11.360 --> 0:00:15.200 coral reefs. Dense tropical jungle covered much of the one 0:00:15.680 --> 0:00:19.680 forty six by fifty one mile island. Brightly colored birds 0:00:20.040 --> 0:00:23.840 chattered from the tree tops. Christopher Columbus thought he had 0:00:23.840 --> 0:00:28.360 found paradise. Later in the fifteenth century, Jamaica came under 0:00:28.440 --> 0:00:32.800 Spanish rule. Breathtaking and pristine, the island served more as 0:00:32.880 --> 0:00:36.080 a stop between routes and a place to repair ships, 0:00:36.159 --> 0:00:39.720 then a place to colonize. By the mid seventeenth century, 0:00:40.080 --> 0:00:43.320 all of that had changed. As their power grew, the English, 0:00:43.400 --> 0:00:46.040 French and Dutch began to look to the America's and 0:00:46.080 --> 0:00:50.440 the Caribbean for colony expansion. The islands contained precious metals 0:00:50.440 --> 0:00:53.960 and a bounty of valuable goods, and naturally this spurred 0:00:53.960 --> 0:00:57.160 a conflict among the nations who wanted to control them. 0:00:57.240 --> 0:01:00.880 England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell sent us special force to 0:01:00.960 --> 0:01:06.360 overtake Hispaniola, headed by experienced captains Richard Venables and William 0:01:06.360 --> 0:01:09.520 Penn in a bid for power, thousands of troops and 0:01:09.640 --> 0:01:13.200 eighteen warships converged on the area in April of sixteen 0:01:13.280 --> 0:01:17.960 fifty five, the endeavor failed. Instead of returning home unsuccessful, 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:21.839 though the captains set their sights on Jamaica, this time 0:01:21.880 --> 0:01:25.200 they were victorious. While the captains left the island, many 0:01:25.240 --> 0:01:27.800 of their men stayed behind to start colonies and build 0:01:27.800 --> 0:01:32.319 forts in their new found paradise. But paradise had a downside. 0:01:33.200 --> 0:01:36.360 They had arrived in May, Spring gave way to summer, 0:01:36.440 --> 0:01:39.520 and the unrelenting heat forced colonists to change their way 0:01:39.560 --> 0:01:43.160 of life. Wool gave way to more practical attire. They 0:01:43.160 --> 0:01:46.199 avoided hard work during the hottest parts of the day. 0:01:46.400 --> 0:01:51.000 The volcanoes spewed noxious sulfur steam, and storms thrashed the island, 0:01:51.200 --> 0:01:54.280 often for weeks at a time. Diseases they had never 0:01:54.360 --> 0:01:57.600 encountered before wiped out much of the settlement. Cramped and 0:01:57.640 --> 0:02:01.840 poorly built houses reminiscent of England worst slums lined the streets, 0:02:02.360 --> 0:02:05.400 and people empty chamber pots. In a centralized spot not 0:02:05.560 --> 0:02:09.040 far from Port Royal, the overwhelming stench reached the noses 0:02:09.040 --> 0:02:13.200 of sailors entering harbor, and then the pirates and buccaneers came. 0:02:13.880 --> 0:02:16.560 The size of the ports and prime location for raiding 0:02:16.600 --> 0:02:20.240 Spanish vessels, made the area a base for pirates, buccaneers, 0:02:20.280 --> 0:02:26.080 and unscrupulous traders. Authorities profited from illicit activities. Port Royal 0:02:26.240 --> 0:02:29.440 thrived before long. Taverns and brothels made up nearly a 0:02:29.440 --> 0:02:32.960 fifth of the port's business. Drunken pirates stumbled through the 0:02:33.000 --> 0:02:36.640 streets with a woman on each arm. Some men spent 0:02:36.720 --> 0:02:39.639 upwards of three thousand pieces of eight for a single 0:02:39.760 --> 0:02:43.280 night at a brothel. By nine estimates put half the 0:02:43.320 --> 0:02:46.480 town earning a living from the pirate trade, while the 0:02:46.520 --> 0:02:50.919 port harbored immense wealth. Visitors likened Jamaica to assess Pool 0:02:51.000 --> 0:02:54.120 as wicked as the devil and hotter than Hell itself. 0:02:54.800 --> 0:02:57.440 The pirates reign in Port Royal had already started a 0:02:57.520 --> 0:03:01.079 slow descent. Peace treaties and legal action began to take 0:03:01.120 --> 0:03:04.560 their toll. The death knell occurred twenty minutes before noon 0:03:04.960 --> 0:03:09.960 on June seven. That's when an earthquake struck, followed by 0:03:10.000 --> 0:03:13.919 more minor quakes. Buildings toppled, and the sea reclaimed the 0:03:13.960 --> 0:03:16.600 dock on the northern side of the port. The bree 0:03:16.720 --> 0:03:21.120 trapped roughly a thousand people. The tsunami swept others away. 0:03:21.560 --> 0:03:25.000 The quake claimed two thousand lives. Another couple of thousand 0:03:25.080 --> 0:03:27.760 perished from injuries or illness in the weeks that followed, 0:03:28.120 --> 0:03:32.400 and then in seventeen a second earthquake hit and the 0:03:32.440 --> 0:03:37.400 survivors abandoned town, which is why the only things left 0:03:37.400 --> 0:03:43.720 in Port Royal's harbor today our legends. I'm Aaron Manky 0:03:43.920 --> 0:03:53.680 and welcome two pirates. When we talk about pirates and 0:03:53.720 --> 0:03:57.560 the Caribbean, we often hear about the Spanish Maine. Early on, 0:03:57.600 --> 0:04:02.400 that meant any mainland or coastal waters around Spanish controlled territory. 0:04:02.480 --> 0:04:05.400 Toward the end of the Golden Age of piracy, buccaneers 0:04:05.480 --> 0:04:07.960 used the term to include regions in the Caribbean Sea, 0:04:08.280 --> 0:04:12.160 except for the Lesser Antilles. During the late fifteenth century, 0:04:12.440 --> 0:04:15.960 Spain controlled much of the Caribbean and South America. Ships 0:04:16.040 --> 0:04:19.200 laden with precious metals and stones brought in great wealth, 0:04:19.600 --> 0:04:22.960 So much wealth, in fact, that European countries took notice. 0:04:23.600 --> 0:04:26.840 The English, the Dutch, and French had settlers that moved 0:04:26.839 --> 0:04:29.640 to the area, hoping to stake acclaim on both land 0:04:29.680 --> 0:04:34.080 and treasure. To further slow Spain's colonization and tremendous wealth. 0:04:34.360 --> 0:04:39.080 The country's captured Spanish controlled islands. Sugar and tobacco crops 0:04:39.080 --> 0:04:43.320 in Jamaica brought in considerable cash. Hiring privateers to raid 0:04:43.360 --> 0:04:47.479 Spanish trading ships also became a profitable business. Of course, 0:04:47.520 --> 0:04:50.839 the new colonies needed protection from other countries and the 0:04:50.920 --> 0:04:53.840 swarms of pirates looking to take advantage of their riches. 0:04:54.279 --> 0:04:58.440 In the late sixteen nineties, pirates, buccaneers and privateers found 0:04:58.520 --> 0:05:01.840 the Spanish main a luke of hunting ground. Often their 0:05:01.920 --> 0:05:06.640 names seem interchangeable, though there are some differences. Pirates operated 0:05:06.720 --> 0:05:09.800 under their own laws and were not government sanctioned. The 0:05:09.839 --> 0:05:13.159 crew kept bounties for themselves and hunted wherever and on 0:05:13.240 --> 0:05:16.160 whomever they wished. They sailed on ships that they either 0:05:16.200 --> 0:05:19.680 owned or stole, and although they occasionally raided towns, they 0:05:19.720 --> 0:05:23.200 mostly kept their attacks on vessels at sea. Buccaneers, on 0:05:23.240 --> 0:05:26.640 the other hand, focused on Spanish ships and towns. For 0:05:26.680 --> 0:05:29.880 the most part, they only operated in the Caribbean. They 0:05:29.880 --> 0:05:33.600 were more mercenaries, happy to help attack the Spanish who 0:05:33.640 --> 0:05:37.960 had once ruled and mistreated them. Now most buccaneers consisted 0:05:38.000 --> 0:05:42.640 of English, Dutch, Portuguese and frenchmen who found themselves on Hispaniola. 0:05:42.720 --> 0:05:45.920 For one reason, or the other. Some had escaped servitude 0:05:46.160 --> 0:05:49.960 and others had survived shipwrecks. The Spanish considered them squatters 0:05:50.000 --> 0:05:52.719 and ordered bloody raids to rid them from their land. 0:05:53.440 --> 0:05:56.000 But as their numbers grew, the buccaneers hatred of the 0:05:56.000 --> 0:05:59.360 Spanish and the need for revenge showed in their violent 0:05:59.440 --> 0:06:02.559 and awful brutal raids. As you might imagine, this caused 0:06:02.560 --> 0:06:06.120 the governments who hired them plenty of headaches. Politically speaking, 0:06:06.240 --> 0:06:10.680 of course, privateers were essentially government sanctioned pirates who sailed 0:06:10.680 --> 0:06:14.400 on privately owned ships, usually during times of war. They 0:06:14.440 --> 0:06:17.760 received government authorization to conduct raids in the form of 0:06:17.800 --> 0:06:21.600 a letter of mark. The privateers provided their country with 0:06:21.720 --> 0:06:25.720 captured warships and treasures, and the attacks hindered the opposing 0:06:25.760 --> 0:06:29.240 country's wealth. The cruise and the ship owner received a 0:06:29.320 --> 0:06:31.680 portion of the bounty, though the rest went to the 0:06:31.680 --> 0:06:37.360 commissioning government. Privateers typically considered themselves patriots, abstaining from attacking 0:06:37.400 --> 0:06:41.960 ships from their own country. Harassing other country ships didn't 0:06:41.960 --> 0:06:45.360 bring them esteem, though most saw privateers as nothing more 0:06:45.400 --> 0:06:48.800 than sanctioned pirates, especially those on the receiving end of 0:06:48.839 --> 0:06:51.360 their raids, and a great example is a guy named 0:06:51.360 --> 0:06:55.240 Henry Morgan. Although he served as a privateer, the Spanish 0:06:55.240 --> 0:06:58.599 denounced him as a pirate. In reality, Morgan walked the 0:06:58.600 --> 0:07:02.960 line between both private year and buccaneer, and like some privateers, 0:07:03.000 --> 0:07:06.480 he didn't behave much better than pirates and often worse. 0:07:07.320 --> 0:07:11.720 You see, buccaneers often tortured their victims. Beatings, lighting fuses 0:07:11.760 --> 0:07:14.920 between their toes and fingers, nearly choking them with cords, 0:07:15.000 --> 0:07:18.960 among other forms, served to strike fear among the Spanish. 0:07:19.120 --> 0:07:22.480 Torture served a few purposes for them. The Spanish became 0:07:22.520 --> 0:07:25.320 more likely to surrender without a fight and to give 0:07:25.400 --> 0:07:29.880 up information quickly. They also tortured prisoners for revenge and 0:07:29.960 --> 0:07:33.640 for sport. The use of privateers or buccaneers after peace 0:07:33.680 --> 0:07:38.160 treaties stems mainly from a colony's lack of funding. Without money, supplies, 0:07:38.200 --> 0:07:42.520 and proper military might, settlements employed privateers to fund and 0:07:42.600 --> 0:07:46.080 protect their colonies. Of course, this caused plenty of diplomatic 0:07:46.080 --> 0:07:50.200 conflicts between countries. Back in Europe. During the sixteen hundreds, 0:07:50.240 --> 0:07:53.360 the buccaneers grew large enough to create their own society, 0:07:53.440 --> 0:07:56.840 referred to as the Brethren of the Coast. Like pirates, 0:07:56.840 --> 0:07:59.200 they lived by a set of rules. At first, they 0:07:59.240 --> 0:08:03.760 operated out of Hispaniola, eventually expanding to Tortuga. Over time, 0:08:03.800 --> 0:08:07.800 their numbers increased, putting fear into any Spanish ship sailing. 0:08:07.840 --> 0:08:11.720 The Caribbean. Buccaneers became so successful that they changed the 0:08:11.760 --> 0:08:14.760 course of history, turning the tide of power and wealth 0:08:14.840 --> 0:08:18.200 away from the Spanish. But the most famous buccaneer of 0:08:18.240 --> 0:08:21.960 all time is forever linked with one thing, in particular, 0:08:22.840 --> 0:08:33.960 spiced rum. Scholars place Henry Morgan's birth sometime around six 0:08:35.440 --> 0:08:38.680 His parents were Welsh farmers. He had two uncles, Major 0:08:38.800 --> 0:08:42.160 General Sir Thomas Morgan, who served in the English Civil War, 0:08:42.480 --> 0:08:45.920 and Colonel Edward Morgan, who became Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. 0:08:46.400 --> 0:08:49.800 There are different accounts of how Morgan ended up in Jamaica. 0:08:50.160 --> 0:08:53.280 He may have sought opportunity. Others say that the teenaged 0:08:53.280 --> 0:08:55.960 Morgan had been aboard Pen's failed mission to capture his 0:08:56.000 --> 0:09:01.000 Spaniola and the eventual successful capture of Jamaica. However, he arrived, 0:09:01.240 --> 0:09:05.480 he found work with buccaneering crews. Morgan's tenacity during raids 0:09:05.559 --> 0:09:08.560 moved him through the ranks to captain. In sixteen sixty two, 0:09:08.679 --> 0:09:12.120 Jamaica's governor granted him a license as a privateer captain. 0:09:12.600 --> 0:09:16.679 Morgan successfully led attacks on Via Rmosa and Grand Granada. 0:09:16.760 --> 0:09:20.520 He returned to Jamaica in sixteen sixty five with substantial plunder. 0:09:20.800 --> 0:09:23.360 With his share of the bounty, he bought a plantation 0:09:23.520 --> 0:09:27.760 and wed Mary, his cousin. Instead of settling down, Morgan 0:09:27.880 --> 0:09:31.080 continued to raid and attack the Spanish, with the governor's blessing. 0:09:31.480 --> 0:09:34.160 Of course, the governor was also a close friend. Over 0:09:34.200 --> 0:09:37.720 the next few years, his attacks made him exceptionally wealthy, 0:09:37.760 --> 0:09:41.080 and he bought more plantations. The governor appointed him the 0:09:41.080 --> 0:09:44.760 commander of the militia group, the Port Royal Volunteers. Morgan 0:09:44.880 --> 0:09:47.400 also became the Admiral of the Brethren of the Coast. 0:09:47.840 --> 0:09:51.520 He continued taking prizes from the Spanish, and, just as importantly, 0:09:51.559 --> 0:09:55.760 to Jamaica's government, he collected intel. When the governor received 0:09:55.760 --> 0:09:59.320 word that the Spanish plan to attack, Morgan doubled his efforts. 0:09:59.720 --> 0:10:03.640 His methods solidified him as highly creative and intelligent, and 0:10:03.720 --> 0:10:06.520 one of the most brutal captains on the island. He 0:10:06.640 --> 0:10:09.440 and his fleet of a dozen ships left Jamaica in 0:10:09.480 --> 0:10:13.520 sixty eight. During their travel, he learned two things. The 0:10:13.559 --> 0:10:17.080 Spanish had begun to gather forces in Cuba, and information 0:10:17.160 --> 0:10:21.000 about a critical Spanish port. Heavily guarded ships loaded with 0:10:21.080 --> 0:10:23.800 gold and silver made the Spanish Harbor one of the 0:10:23.800 --> 0:10:28.000 most formidable fortresses in the Caribbean. Castles flanked both sides 0:10:28.040 --> 0:10:31.000 of the bay. The San Felipe Castle typically housed a 0:10:31.120 --> 0:10:35.120 hundred men and twelve guns, while Santiago Castle housed two 0:10:35.520 --> 0:10:39.400 men with thirty two guns. And Morgan's intel provided him 0:10:39.440 --> 0:10:42.080 with critical knowledge. You see, the men who served in 0:10:42.120 --> 0:10:44.960 those castles hadn't been paid in well over a year. 0:10:45.320 --> 0:10:48.680 Many had left entirely, leaving the fortresses with just one 0:10:49.160 --> 0:10:52.640 thirty men on watch. And while the governor hadn't granted 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:55.680 him the authority to attack the Spanish on land, Morgan 0:10:55.800 --> 0:10:59.920 reasoned that a raid could gain them additional informational detail. 0:11:00.679 --> 0:11:02.679 Oh and while he was at it, he might as 0:11:02.720 --> 0:11:06.640 well plunder Port a Bellows immense treasure. Morgan loaded five 0:11:07.080 --> 0:11:11.079 men into canoes and rowed ashore around midnight. Just before dawn, 0:11:11.360 --> 0:11:14.200 the men arrived at Port de Bella. His crew quickly 0:11:14.240 --> 0:11:18.160 overtook the five guards at the outpost. Gunfire jostled the 0:11:18.160 --> 0:11:23.720 residence awake. Morgan's men stormed towards Santiago Castle, fully expecting gunfire. 0:11:24.000 --> 0:11:27.680 To their surprise, a single cannon ball plopped harmlessly into 0:11:27.720 --> 0:11:30.840 the sea behind them, and only one guard fired a shot. 0:11:31.240 --> 0:11:35.000 It hit no one. The buccaneers then split up. One 0:11:35.040 --> 0:11:37.680 group took their position on a hill, aiming with long 0:11:37.720 --> 0:11:40.800 barreled muskets at the soldiers below. The other group ran 0:11:40.840 --> 0:11:44.160 through town, killing anyone who resisted and forcing the rest 0:11:44.200 --> 0:11:47.480 into a church. With a town under their control, Morgan 0:11:47.559 --> 0:11:50.200 and his men turned their focus on capturing the treasure. 0:11:50.679 --> 0:11:53.720 At first, soldiers at the yet unfinished fort of San 0:11:53.800 --> 0:11:57.600 Geronimo refused to surrender. Morgan's men simply waded through the 0:11:57.640 --> 0:12:02.400 shallow water and overtook them anyway. Santiago Castle proved more difficult. 0:12:02.760 --> 0:12:06.400 Morgan gathered the mayor and an assortment of nuns, friars, women, 0:12:06.480 --> 0:12:08.640 and older men to walk in front of them as 0:12:08.640 --> 0:12:12.280 they approached. A single gunshot and one cannon fire injured 0:12:12.280 --> 0:12:15.440 a resident and killed another buccaneer, but that was all 0:12:15.480 --> 0:12:18.199 the resistance. His men found ladders and used them to 0:12:18.240 --> 0:12:21.360 gain entry. They killed forty five of the eighties soldiers 0:12:21.400 --> 0:12:25.160 inside the constable of artillery. Ashamed of the troop's failure 0:12:25.200 --> 0:12:28.439 to defend the castle begged Morgan's men to kill him. 0:12:28.520 --> 0:12:32.480 They obliged and took the others as prisoners. After raiding 0:12:32.480 --> 0:12:34.760 the castle, the men took to eating and drinking in 0:12:34.880 --> 0:12:37.640 excess for the remainder of the day. The following morning, 0:12:37.760 --> 0:12:41.680 the men advanced on San Felipe Castle. After a short standoff, 0:12:41.679 --> 0:12:45.240 two hundred buccaneers attacked the castle. Morgan had taken all 0:12:45.320 --> 0:12:48.040 three castles, the port, and the town. He wrote to 0:12:48.080 --> 0:12:51.720 Panama's president demanding a hefty ransom or he would burn 0:12:51.800 --> 0:12:54.920 the city to ash. Although it took weeks of negotiations 0:12:54.960 --> 0:12:58.679 and a few skirmishes, the president paid up, and with 0:12:58.720 --> 0:13:01.520 it Morgan had pulled off one of the most impressive 0:13:01.640 --> 0:13:11.640 land and sea operations of the entire century. Morgan and 0:13:11.760 --> 0:13:14.880 his crew arrived in Jamaica to a hero's welcome. They 0:13:14.920 --> 0:13:19.360 spent weeks drinking, eating, gambling, and partaking in brothels until 0:13:19.400 --> 0:13:22.600 they were broke. Despite the peace treaty between England and Spain, 0:13:22.960 --> 0:13:26.280 Morgan called for buccaneers to meet on a lavaca off 0:13:26.280 --> 0:13:29.800 the coast of Hispaniola. Ten ships and eight hundred men, 0:13:29.960 --> 0:13:34.240 including French buccaneers from Tortuga joined him. The h MS 0:13:34.320 --> 0:13:40.079 Oxford also arrived. Officially, England sent the warship to quell piracy. Unofficially, 0:13:40.160 --> 0:13:43.280 the captain related instructions that granted the Jamaican governor the 0:13:43.320 --> 0:13:46.640 power to do whatever was necessary regarding raids on Spanish 0:13:46.720 --> 0:13:50.280 vessels and towns. Morgan transferred his flag to the Oxford, 0:13:50.480 --> 0:13:53.319 and after holding council, all agreed to target the city 0:13:53.360 --> 0:13:57.720 of Cartagena. A celebration followed, which included drinking and the 0:13:57.760 --> 0:14:01.280 firing of the Oxford's guns and for Sinnately, gunpowder in 0:14:01.360 --> 0:14:04.480 one of the magazines caught fire. The explosion killed two 0:14:04.559 --> 0:14:08.840 hundred and fifty men. Rescue crews pulled ten survivors to safety, 0:14:08.920 --> 0:14:13.280 including Henry Morgan. Without the Oxford and a severe reduction 0:14:13.360 --> 0:14:17.280 in men, Morgan scratched plans to attack Cartagena and headed 0:14:17.280 --> 0:14:20.640 to Aruba for supplies and provisions. On March nine, they 0:14:20.720 --> 0:14:24.120 arrived at Laguna de Maracaibo, a poorly manned port that 0:14:24.240 --> 0:14:27.320 made for an easy victory. The buccaneers raided the nearby 0:14:27.360 --> 0:14:31.840 towns and seaports and imprisoned hundreds of residents. Allegedly, Morgan's 0:14:31.880 --> 0:14:35.800 men tortured prisoners to extract the locations of even more treasure. 0:14:36.360 --> 0:14:39.880 In response, Don Alonzo de Campos, an admiral with Spain's 0:14:39.880 --> 0:14:43.400 West Indian fleet, sailed to Maracaibo with three warships to 0:14:43.480 --> 0:14:47.480 block Morgan's escape. Outmanned and outgunned, the Buccaneers set to 0:14:47.480 --> 0:14:50.760 work disguising a Cuban merchant ship as one of their own. 0:14:51.360 --> 0:14:54.600 They painted logs to resemble cannons and poked them through 0:14:54.680 --> 0:14:58.200 holes cut to look like gunports. Men loaded barrels of 0:14:58.200 --> 0:15:01.240 gunpowder onto the deck, and then, in a scene pulled 0:15:01.280 --> 0:15:04.760 straight from some lost episode of the nineteen eighties classic 0:15:04.840 --> 0:15:07.880 The A Team, they transferred Morgan's flag to the ship, 0:15:08.080 --> 0:15:10.720 and then sailed to the Magdalena, the largest of the 0:15:10.760 --> 0:15:15.160 Spanish vessels. Using grappling hooks, they tethered the two ships together. 0:15:15.840 --> 0:15:19.480 Campos ordered a boarding party to capture Morgan's men. However, 0:15:19.560 --> 0:15:22.240 they found that the Buccaneers had not only left in canoes, 0:15:22.480 --> 0:15:25.280 but they'd also lit the fuses on those barrels of gunpowder. 0:15:25.560 --> 0:15:29.280 A moment later, the Magdalena erupted into flames. As Morgan's 0:15:29.360 --> 0:15:32.480 men rowed back to their ship. The second Spanish ship 0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:35.680 stranded itself on a sandbar. Morgan and the crew chased 0:15:35.720 --> 0:15:38.880 down the last of Campos ships and captured it, but 0:15:38.920 --> 0:15:41.200 they weren't in the clear just yet. They still had 0:15:41.240 --> 0:15:43.160 to get out of the lagoon, and the fort that 0:15:43.200 --> 0:15:46.200 was guarding the way had been refitted with more soldiers, 0:15:46.320 --> 0:15:49.840 preventing an exit. Morgan led the guards to believe that 0:15:49.840 --> 0:15:53.160 he planned an assault by land. With the guard's attention elsewhere, 0:15:53.400 --> 0:15:55.800 Morgan pulled anchor in the middle of the night and 0:15:55.880 --> 0:15:59.400 safely drifted out to sea. The crew received another hero's 0:15:59.440 --> 0:16:02.600 welcome up on arriving home, but all was not well. 0:16:02.920 --> 0:16:06.280 Governor Thomas Modiford had received word from England insisting that 0:16:06.400 --> 0:16:11.240 Jamaica stop all hostilities with Spain. The news devastated the crew, 0:16:11.360 --> 0:16:14.280 who had spent all their money at the taverns and brothels, 0:16:14.480 --> 0:16:17.360 but the mandate was an opportunity for Morgan, who had 0:16:17.400 --> 0:16:20.920 saved his share. He bought more plantations and spent more 0:16:20.960 --> 0:16:24.440 time with his wife, his family, and his friends. Meanwhile, 0:16:24.440 --> 0:16:28.200 the Queen of Spain authorized letters of mark against English ships. 0:16:28.520 --> 0:16:32.280 Modiford also learned that Spain had declared war on Jamaica. 0:16:32.720 --> 0:16:35.600 To prepare for what was to come, Morgan received another 0:16:35.680 --> 0:16:38.680 letter of mark and the title of Admiral and commander 0:16:38.720 --> 0:16:42.520 in chief. By October of sixteen seventy, he had commissioned 0:16:42.560 --> 0:16:45.360 thirty eight ships and a couple of thousand men. He 0:16:45.480 --> 0:16:49.160 chose legendary Panama City, with all its treasures of gold 0:16:49.200 --> 0:16:52.520 and silver, as his first target. The task would not 0:16:52.560 --> 0:16:56.120 be easy, though Council President Don Juan Perez de Guzman 0:16:56.240 --> 0:16:59.960 had heavily fortified the city. Morgan and his crew traveled 0:17:00.080 --> 0:17:03.120 up river and proceeded on foot through a dense jungle. 0:17:03.440 --> 0:17:07.000 When they reached Panama City, nearly six hundred soldiers blocked 0:17:07.000 --> 0:17:10.400 their path, But these defenders proved less battle season than 0:17:10.440 --> 0:17:13.600 Morgan's own men, and by noon, five hundred of Don 0:17:13.680 --> 0:17:17.000 juan soldiers lay dead. Don Juan had also moved the 0:17:17.000 --> 0:17:21.119 treasures before Morgan's men arrived, and rigged the homes with gunpowder. 0:17:21.359 --> 0:17:24.520 The explosions tore apart the city, leaving just a stone 0:17:24.520 --> 0:17:28.159 tower and a few buildings standing. The buccaneers divided what 0:17:28.240 --> 0:17:31.479 little treasure they could find and then parted ways. Morgan 0:17:31.640 --> 0:17:35.920 returned to Jamaica. Unfortunately, he was temporarily arrested and sent 0:17:36.000 --> 0:17:40.080 to England due to political fallout. Morgan prevailed, though King 0:17:40.160 --> 0:17:43.399 Charles eventually knighted him for his efforts. He returned to 0:17:43.480 --> 0:17:48.040 Jamaica and became lieutenant governor and even acting governor. Henry 0:17:48.040 --> 0:17:50.600 Morgan died in sixteen eighty eight while still in his 0:17:50.640 --> 0:17:54.200 early fifties, and for all his raids and buccaneer behavior 0:17:54.600 --> 0:17:59.119 as governor, he helped curtail piracy and rebuild Jamaica's reputation 0:17:59.760 --> 0:18:10.679 from a pirate den to a booming economy. We have 0:18:11.000 --> 0:18:15.000 romanticized pirates over the years, occasionally likening them to a 0:18:15.080 --> 0:18:18.040 robin hood of the sea, and while that's not accurate, 0:18:18.160 --> 0:18:21.840 it's easily understood. For England, out of sight, out of 0:18:21.880 --> 0:18:25.800 mind rang true. But without funding, colonists found themselves needing 0:18:25.880 --> 0:18:30.080 lots of support, medicines to combat tropical illnesses, help with 0:18:30.119 --> 0:18:34.639 Spain constantly rating English ships or attacking outposts, so hiring 0:18:34.680 --> 0:18:39.879 buccaneers who hated Spain made political and financial sense. Pirates 0:18:39.880 --> 0:18:44.160 helped the colonies to survive and even thrive. The service 0:18:44.240 --> 0:18:47.000 came at a cost, though, pirates and buccaneers lived a 0:18:47.000 --> 0:18:51.280 more seed life, making places like Port Royal appear more 0:18:51.320 --> 0:18:54.680 like a slum than a tropical paradise. Henry Morgan helped 0:18:54.680 --> 0:18:58.600 perpetuate the notoriety of pirate infested cities, and in his 0:18:58.720 --> 0:19:01.199 later years he did try to work to clean up 0:19:01.280 --> 0:19:07.199 Jamaica's reputation. Despite his brutality and former buccaneering ways, Morgan 0:19:07.359 --> 0:19:11.200 died a seafaring celebrity, earning him a twenty two guns salute. 0:19:11.440 --> 0:19:14.760 That's one more than the average military funeral. When the 0:19:14.760 --> 0:19:19.800 earthquake of two struck, the sea reclaimed Morgan's body one 0:19:19.880 --> 0:19:22.960 last time. Today, we look upon his escapades and call 0:19:23.080 --> 0:19:26.360 him a pirate. Since Morgan worked for the Jamaican government 0:19:26.480 --> 0:19:29.280 and operated while he had a letter of mark that 0:19:29.640 --> 0:19:33.000 made him a privateer instead. But as raids on land 0:19:33.080 --> 0:19:36.600 and solely on Spanish vessels also qualified him as a buccaneer, 0:19:37.080 --> 0:19:40.840 perhaps we could safely call him a privateering buccaneer, more 0:19:40.880 --> 0:19:44.119 in line with many buccaneers. His brutal tactics were not 0:19:44.200 --> 0:19:48.440 as common among most pirates. In fact, Morgan despised being 0:19:48.440 --> 0:19:51.359 called one. Not only did he angrily object to the 0:19:51.400 --> 0:19:55.040 title of pirates, but he also sued to London publishers 0:19:55.040 --> 0:19:58.800 for printing articles that depicted him as one. Morgan won 0:19:58.840 --> 0:20:02.119 the lawsuits and publishers paid out damages to the tune 0:20:02.119 --> 0:20:05.720 of two pounds, but the damage to his reputation was 0:20:05.760 --> 0:20:11.000 already done. Today, many sources still quote those publishers early editions. 0:20:11.760 --> 0:20:14.280 Of course, when we think of the captain, we also 0:20:14.359 --> 0:20:17.480 think of spiced rum. But that's a misconception that needs 0:20:17.520 --> 0:20:20.840 clearing up. You see, rum was a British Island liquor, 0:20:21.080 --> 0:20:24.520 and the ships that Morgan raided were Spanish. Those ships 0:20:24.560 --> 0:20:29.119 you see didn't carry rum. It's ironic, really. While Captain 0:20:29.160 --> 0:20:32.000 Morgan was indeed a heavy drinker, it's not likely that 0:20:32.040 --> 0:20:35.480 he drank much rum, spiced or otherwise. He and his 0:20:35.560 --> 0:20:39.160 men most likely stumbled upon an entirely different beverage during 0:20:39.200 --> 0:20:43.959 the course of their raids, Madeira wine, which admittedly doesn't 0:20:43.960 --> 0:20:52.880 taste nearly as good in a glass of cola. Buccaneers 0:20:52.920 --> 0:20:55.400 were brutal parts of the pirate world, and I hope 0:20:55.440 --> 0:20:58.639 today's exploration of their world helps shed better light on 0:20:58.720 --> 0:21:02.520 Captain Henry Morgan and his exploits. But we're not finished 0:21:02.560 --> 0:21:06.240 just yet. My shipmates, Alie Steed has one more buccaneering 0:21:06.240 --> 0:21:09.120 adventure to share with you. Stick around through this brief 0:21:09.119 --> 0:21:18.920 sponsor break to hear all about it. Buccaneer Bartholemew Sharp 0:21:19.119 --> 0:21:22.480 was probably born in England sometime in the mid seventeenth century. 0:21:23.119 --> 0:21:25.639 While in his early twenties, he served as a privateer 0:21:25.760 --> 0:21:29.000 during the Third Anglo Dutch War. Sometime between sixteen seventy 0:21:29.000 --> 0:21:32.880 two and sixteen seventy four. He and his crewmates attacked 0:21:32.960 --> 0:21:36.560 Dutch ships sailing in the Leeward Islands. At some point 0:21:36.560 --> 0:21:39.280 he worked his way up to captain. When the war ended, 0:21:39.320 --> 0:21:41.919 Sharp found himself out of the job, along with scores 0:21:41.920 --> 0:21:44.879 of other privateers whose letters of mark had been revoked. 0:21:45.680 --> 0:21:48.240 With work scarce, he joined the ranks of other buccaneers 0:21:48.280 --> 0:21:51.719 such as John Coxon, Richard Skins, William Dampierre, and Basil 0:21:51.800 --> 0:21:55.280 ring Rose. On a perfectly fine autumn day in sixteen 0:21:55.320 --> 0:21:58.640 seventy nine, the newly banded fleet of buccaneers sailed into 0:21:58.640 --> 0:22:01.639 the Bay of Honduras. The raid of merchant ships and 0:22:01.720 --> 0:22:05.119 several storehouses netted them a bounty of cacao, indigo, money, 0:22:05.200 --> 0:22:08.639 and other valuables. In mid January sixteen eighty the men 0:22:08.720 --> 0:22:11.719 hunted together again, this time under the command of Admiral 0:22:11.800 --> 0:22:15.399 John Coxon. The men voted to attack Portobello just as 0:22:15.480 --> 0:22:18.760 Morgan had done years before. When they drew closer, the 0:22:18.800 --> 0:22:21.520 fleet decided to anchor and continue their journey on foot 0:22:21.600 --> 0:22:24.880 in order to avoid detection, but a young boy spotted 0:22:24.920 --> 0:22:27.680 them in the jungle. He ran to town and alerted 0:22:27.720 --> 0:22:31.400 the residence, but the townsfolk dismissed him a mistake they'd 0:22:31.440 --> 0:22:35.800 soon regret. The assault on February seventh was swift and brutal. 0:22:36.240 --> 0:22:39.159 The buccaneers plundered a sizable amount of silver, and the 0:22:39.200 --> 0:22:41.879 next evening they set sail to Boccaste Toro to divide 0:22:41.880 --> 0:22:45.240 the bounty and meet with a couple other captains. When 0:22:45.280 --> 0:22:48.320 they later regrouped at the Golden Island, Coxon told the 0:22:48.359 --> 0:22:51.360 others he intended to follow in Morgan's footsteps and head 0:22:51.400 --> 0:22:54.320 to Panama. Sharp and over three hundred and thirty men 0:22:54.400 --> 0:22:57.280 began their trek across the land towards their target. During 0:22:57.320 --> 0:22:59.560 their journey, they came across a tribe of Cuna Indians 0:22:59.560 --> 0:23:03.240 who aired to the buccaneers hatred of the Spanish. The 0:23:03.320 --> 0:23:06.280 chief added two hundred and fifty warriors to their mission 0:23:06.440 --> 0:23:10.720 in retaliation for several Spaniards assaulting his daughter. After raiding 0:23:10.760 --> 0:23:14.000 Santa Maria, they took to the sea, capturing several ships, 0:23:14.040 --> 0:23:18.080 including the Trinidad Coxon headed to the Caribbean, while Sakins 0:23:18.080 --> 0:23:21.680 and Sharps sailed towards South America's Pacific coast. During a 0:23:21.760 --> 0:23:24.880 raid on Pueblo Nuevo, Sawkins was killed and the crew 0:23:25.000 --> 0:23:27.679 voted for Sharp to replace him as captain. News of 0:23:27.680 --> 0:23:30.560 the growing fleet of buccaneers spread, and the Spanish sent 0:23:30.600 --> 0:23:34.399 out orders to keep all ships in port. Their caution 0:23:34.520 --> 0:23:37.679 wasn't solely focused on the treasure. Sharp had developed a 0:23:37.800 --> 0:23:41.919 nasty reputation for cruelty towards Spanish prisoners. You want shot 0:23:41.960 --> 0:23:44.680 a friar aboard a Spanish ship and then tossed the 0:23:44.760 --> 0:23:48.200 dying man overboard, never to be seen again. In an 0:23:48.200 --> 0:23:51.520 attack on Citadade de la SaRenna, the buccaneers held the 0:23:51.560 --> 0:23:54.280 town for a ransom of over a hundred thousand pieces 0:23:54.280 --> 0:23:56.960 of eight. Sharp wrote in his journal that the Spaniards 0:23:57.000 --> 0:23:59.760 had agreed to their terms at first, but went back 0:23:59.760 --> 0:24:03.480 on a word. The buccaneers plundered what they could, then 0:24:03.600 --> 0:24:07.960 burned every house to ash. Tempers among the crew rose 0:24:08.040 --> 0:24:11.240 with the Pacific coast heat. Some demanded they head home 0:24:11.280 --> 0:24:14.640 to England with their bounty. Others requested they returned to Jamaica, 0:24:14.840 --> 0:24:17.640 while the rest of the crew wanted to continue hunting. 0:24:18.080 --> 0:24:22.000 Mutiny brood and crewman John Watling replaced Sharp as captain. 0:24:22.640 --> 0:24:25.440 The crew was forced to reinstate Sharp after Watling's death 0:24:25.520 --> 0:24:28.360 during a raid on the ports city of Arica. Targets 0:24:28.359 --> 0:24:30.840 became scarce and the crew voted to return home via 0:24:30.880 --> 0:24:34.560 the Magellan Straits, but storms pushed them further south, forcing 0:24:34.600 --> 0:24:37.520 a detour around Cape Horn. Sharp was one of the 0:24:37.520 --> 0:24:41.080 first English captains to make such a trip. Meanwhile, a 0:24:41.119 --> 0:24:44.600 Spanish ambassador sailed to England to file a complaint against 0:24:44.600 --> 0:24:48.320 the Buccaneers. To satisfy the Spanish and prevent another war, 0:24:48.520 --> 0:24:51.200 the Crown sent orders to the Jamaican governor to issue 0:24:51.200 --> 0:24:54.280 a warrant for Sharp and his crew. Sharp arrived in 0:24:54.359 --> 0:24:58.600