1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: Hey, Welcome to Sign Stuff, a production of iHeartRadio or 2 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:07,520 Speaker 1: Hit Him, And today we are answering the question what's 3 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: inside a black hole? There's some of the most mysterious 4 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: objects in the universe. Can we even tell what's inside 5 00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: of them? To find out, I asked three black hole 6 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: experts this question, and they each gave me a different answer. 7 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:25,120 Speaker 1: That's how mysterious black holes are. We'll talk about each 8 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: of these three ideas, and I have to warn you 9 00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,159 Speaker 1: they each get wilder and wilder. So get ready to 10 00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: take the ultimate dive into the unknown as we get 11 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: sucked into the question what's inside a black hole? Welcome 12 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:47,360 Speaker 1: to Sign Stuff, Hi everyone. Okay, Like I said, I 13 00:00:47,400 --> 00:00:50,440 Speaker 1: asked three black hole experts what's inside a black hole? 14 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,479 Speaker 1: And they each gave me a different answer. So on 15 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:56,520 Speaker 1: the program today we'll hear what each expert said, and 16 00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: it's going to get crazier and crazier, not just because 17 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:04,000 Speaker 1: our experts have wild imaginations, but because that's what the 18 00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:07,760 Speaker 1: math of black holes says. Okay. The first person I 19 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:11,039 Speaker 1: talked to was Professor Julie Commerford from the University of 20 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:14,880 Speaker 1: Colorado at Boulder. Doctor Cummerford and I made a video 21 00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:18,560 Speaker 1: about super massive black holes for my YouTube channel YouTube 22 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,600 Speaker 1: dot com slash PhD Comics. They knew she'd be a 23 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 1: fun person to talk to about black holes. So here's 24 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:29,600 Speaker 1: my conversation with Professor Julie Commerford. All Right, doctor Comerford, 25 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:30,679 Speaker 1: thank you for joining us. 26 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:32,039 Speaker 2: Yeah, thanks so much for having me. 27 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: Can you go into a black hole and tell us 28 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:35,240 Speaker 1: what's inside? 29 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:38,240 Speaker 2: I know I'm having too much fun on Earth at 30 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 2: the moment, but on my one hundredth birthday, I will 31 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 2: vouch right now, I will volunteer to go on a 32 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,080 Speaker 2: rocket and you can send me into the super massive 33 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:46,600 Speaker 2: black hole. 34 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,480 Speaker 1: Now, before we talked about what's inside a black hole, 35 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 1: I asked her to tell us what exactly a black 36 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:58,880 Speaker 1: hole is. Here's what she said, for those of us 37 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:01,560 Speaker 1: that don't know what is a black hole. 38 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 2: A black hole is a region of space where the 39 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,240 Speaker 2: force of gravity is so intense that nothing can escape, 40 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,959 Speaker 2: no mass, no light, nothing can escape once you get 41 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 2: too close to a black hole, and that special invisible 42 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:20,639 Speaker 2: boundary is called an event horizon, and that's the boundary 43 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:24,240 Speaker 2: across which you can no longer escape the strong gravity 44 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 2: of a black hole, no matter how fast you go. 45 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 2: So black hole is kind of like the Hotel California 46 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:33,359 Speaker 2: of space in that once you cross the event horizon, 47 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 2: you can never leave, okay. 48 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: According to doctor Commerford, a black hole is basically what 49 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:43,560 Speaker 1: happens when you squish stuff, matter or energy so much 50 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: that you make a hole in space, and it's a 51 00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:50,760 Speaker 1: three D hole, so it basically looks like a black ball, 52 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:55,519 Speaker 1: and inside that ball, inside its event horizon, the gravity 53 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: is so strong that nothing, not even light can escape. 54 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: So if you're inside and you shine a laser or 55 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: flashlight to the outside, that light is just going to 56 00:03:05,919 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 1: turn around and fall right back in. And to make 57 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: a black hole, according to doctor Commerford, you can squish anything, 58 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:17,959 Speaker 1: even the Earth. So how much would you have to 59 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: squish the Earth for it to become a black hole? 60 00:03:20,639 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 2: So with the Earth, you'd have to squish it down 61 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:25,280 Speaker 2: and couppress it down all the way to the size 62 00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:28,639 Speaker 2: of a marble, and at that point grabny would win 63 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 2: and take over and pull all the Earth's mass into 64 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:32,120 Speaker 2: a black. 65 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:34,320 Speaker 1: Hole, and the black hole would be the size of 66 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: a marble. 67 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:39,480 Speaker 2: Well, the event horizon would be the size of a marble. 68 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: And it also works with our sun. If you take 69 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:46,240 Speaker 1: our sun and squeeze it to roughly the size of Manhattan, 70 00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: you'd get a black hole the size of Manhattan. Okay, 71 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:53,119 Speaker 1: the next question I asked doctor Comerford was how many 72 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:57,560 Speaker 1: black holes are there out there? So, how many black 73 00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: holes are there that we know about? Space just full 74 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:02,880 Speaker 1: of black holes or is it something that you rarely 75 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:04,080 Speaker 1: ever run into? 76 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,240 Speaker 2: Oh, spaces full of black holes. So there are two 77 00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 2: main kinds of black holes that we know about. One 78 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,560 Speaker 2: kind is stellar mass black holes. These are the ones 79 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 2: that are produced at the end of a massive stars 80 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:18,360 Speaker 2: life effort it explodes in a big supernova explosion, there's 81 00:04:18,400 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 2: a stellar mass black hole that's left behind, and they 82 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:23,920 Speaker 2: have masses similar to the masses of stars. The other 83 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 2: kind of black hole that we know about are the 84 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 2: super massive black holes, which have masses millions to billions 85 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:32,280 Speaker 2: of times more than the mass of a star. And 86 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:35,640 Speaker 2: typically each galaxy only has one super massive black hole 87 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:38,599 Speaker 2: and it's sitting at the center of the galaxy. But 88 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,440 Speaker 2: stellar mass black holes can be anywhere there are stars. 89 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,760 Speaker 2: So our galaxy alone, it's got one super massive black 90 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 2: hole at the center, but it probably has around one 91 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 2: hundred million stellar mass black holes. Sprinkled throughout the rest 92 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:56,159 Speaker 2: of the galaxy, one hundred million in our galaxy alone, 93 00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:57,920 Speaker 2: and think about how many billions of galaxies are on 94 00:04:58,000 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 2: the universe. 95 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: It seems a little dangerous to for a walk in 96 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:01,400 Speaker 1: our galaxy. 97 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:04,159 Speaker 2: You know, black holes get a bad rap whenever someone 98 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 2: says that they're dangerous. Black holes are like bears. If 99 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,480 Speaker 2: you give them enough distance, they're not going to bother you. 100 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 2: So black holes are everywhere. The universe is littered with them. 101 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,480 Speaker 1: Okay, here's where I asked her what's inside a black hole? 102 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: Like what happens to all the stuff that falls into them? 103 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,520 Speaker 1: But let's get to the main question of the episode. 104 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:28,160 Speaker 1: I would say this is it the biggest question when 105 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:31,400 Speaker 1: I go around to schools talking to kids. That's kind 106 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 1: of what they want to know. 107 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 2: That is a great question that is really hard to 108 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:40,400 Speaker 2: answer because the whole point of a black holes we 109 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 2: can't peer inside, We can't peer over the event horizon 110 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 2: and see what's going on inside there. So we have physics, 111 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:51,599 Speaker 2: We have our understanding of how the universe works, and 112 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 2: we can try to apply that physics to understand what's 113 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:56,480 Speaker 2: going on inside a black hole. And people do that, 114 00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:59,200 Speaker 2: write papers about that, but we don't actually know. 115 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:04,039 Speaker 1: Okay, Like doctor Comerford said, it's very hard to see 116 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:07,480 Speaker 1: inside a black hole because that's the whole point of 117 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: a black hole. Even if you were to send in 118 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,600 Speaker 1: a robot to look inside a the robot would be 119 00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:17,040 Speaker 1: stuck in there forever and B the robot wouldn't be 120 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: able to send any signals out because the signals would 121 00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:23,839 Speaker 1: also be stuck in there. Remember, not even light can 122 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:27,400 Speaker 1: get out of a black hole. But as doctor Commerford says, 123 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:31,200 Speaker 1: we can use science to look inside. We can use 124 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:34,720 Speaker 1: our theories about how the universe works to reconstruct what's 125 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: going on inside a black hole. Here's how doctor Cumberford 126 00:06:38,760 --> 00:06:39,400 Speaker 1: describes it. 127 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:43,040 Speaker 2: So what we do know is inside the black hole, 128 00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 2: the force of gravity pulls everything together to one point. 129 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:49,160 Speaker 2: So all that mass, all that light is going to 130 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 2: end up at that one infinitely dense point that we 131 00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 2: call the singularity. And there the curvature space time is infinite, 132 00:06:57,360 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 2: there's infinite energy density, and so all the known laws 133 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:05,359 Speaker 2: of physics breakdown. We don't have any existing understanding of 134 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,479 Speaker 2: physics that explains if and it courveragsu're an infinite density. 135 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: Okay, here's what's happening. We have a theory about how 136 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:16,880 Speaker 1: the universe works called general relativity. You might have heard 137 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:19,640 Speaker 1: of it. It's one of the things Einstein is famous for, 138 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:22,800 Speaker 1: and it's a theory that tells us how gravity works 139 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: and how it bends space and time. And the theory 140 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:29,239 Speaker 1: predicts that when you first go into a black hole, 141 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: when you cross the event horizon, uh, nothing much happens. 142 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 1: You just keep falling towards the center. So part of 143 00:07:37,640 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: the answer to what's inside a black hole is that 144 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:46,040 Speaker 1: it's mostly just space. It's super duper warped space because 145 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,520 Speaker 1: of all the gravity, but it's still just space. So 146 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: most of the time you're inside a black hole, you 147 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:56,600 Speaker 1: just spend it falling to the center. Are you saying 148 00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:59,000 Speaker 1: that inside a black hole is just more space. 149 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 2: It's face, but it's space that's really curved. So think 150 00:08:03,240 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 2: of like a really steep water slide. You know, it's 151 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 2: pretty frictionless because there's not a lot of stuff in 152 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 2: the way to slow down your fall. You'd be falling fast, 153 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 2: but there wouldn't be much to bump into because everything 154 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:19,360 Speaker 2: that's fallen in before you has ended up at the singularity. 155 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: What you're calling this singularity, which is where all the 156 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:27,240 Speaker 1: stuff that's in a black hole accumulates. That's right, all right, 157 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,760 Speaker 1: This is where it gets really interesting. At the center 158 00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:34,559 Speaker 1: of a black hole is what scientists call the singularity, 159 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:37,839 Speaker 1: and this is where the really crazy stuff happens. As 160 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: you'll hear from our experts in that singularity could be 161 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,960 Speaker 1: the end of time, or a portal to another universe, 162 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:50,240 Speaker 1: or maybe even a universe factory. So when we come back, 163 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: we'll talk to our next expert and hear what he 164 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: thinks is inside the inside of a black hole. Stay 165 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: with us, you're listening to sign stuff. Welcome back, Okay. 166 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,920 Speaker 1: Like I said, I talked to three black hole experts, 167 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 1: and they each gave me a different answer about what's 168 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: inside a black hole. The next person I talked to 169 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:24,480 Speaker 1: was someone who specializes in the interior of black holes. 170 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:29,600 Speaker 3: So I'm doctor Tyler McMackin, and I'm a professor of 171 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 3: physics at the University of Mary So I teach physics 172 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:35,400 Speaker 3: and I research the interiors of black holes. 173 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 1: Fantastic, that is the perfect specialty for episode today. And 174 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,920 Speaker 1: you've written several papers on this topic. Actually, what are 175 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,360 Speaker 1: we going to find inside of a black hole? 176 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 3: Well, it's a good question. There's essentially three different theories 177 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 3: of what happens inside black holes. First is a portal 178 00:09:54,480 --> 00:09:58,800 Speaker 3: to another universe, the second is some exotic ball of matter, 179 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,440 Speaker 3: and then the third is something we call a singularity, 180 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,880 Speaker 3: which is basically a brick wall where space and time 181 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 3: itself comes to an unavoidable end. 182 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:13,440 Speaker 1: Okay, WHOA, that's a lot to digest. Doctor McMackin has 183 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:15,600 Speaker 1: three ideas for what could be at the center of 184 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:18,400 Speaker 1: a black hole, so we'll take them one at a time. 185 00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: The first one is that at the center of a 186 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:25,079 Speaker 1: black hole is a portal to another universe. 187 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, so for this first idea, there is a portal 188 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,360 Speaker 3: to a new universe. This goes back to the early 189 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:36,800 Speaker 3: days of when people were first discovering the equations that 190 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:40,880 Speaker 3: describe black holes. The scientist named Roy Patrick Kerr, he 191 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 3: was a New Zealander in the nineteen sixties, came up 192 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 3: with a model that allows for both a black hole 193 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:51,200 Speaker 3: and a white hole to exist simultaneously. The idea would 194 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 3: basically be, we fall into the black hole. Once we 195 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 3: get to the center, then we just go through the 196 00:10:57,080 --> 00:10:59,800 Speaker 3: drain or whatever analogy want to use, and then pop 197 00:10:59,920 --> 00:11:00,640 Speaker 3: up the other side. 198 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 1: Okay, what doctor mcmackinn is saying is that the equations 199 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: for a black hole also predict something called a white hole, 200 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,640 Speaker 1: which is the opposite of a black hole. So if 201 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:15,000 Speaker 1: a black hole is a place where stuff falls in 202 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:18,200 Speaker 1: and can never get out, a white hole is a 203 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:21,880 Speaker 1: place that constantly throws out stuff and nothing can ever 204 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: go in. It's like a three D cosmic fountain, which 205 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:28,840 Speaker 1: is the opposite of a hole. So if you fall 206 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,160 Speaker 1: into a black hole and you get to the middle 207 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:33,960 Speaker 1: and somewhat made it through the singularity, you would come 208 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:38,800 Speaker 1: out of a white hole somewhere else where. 209 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:41,720 Speaker 3: Well, it can be basically wherever you want it to be, 210 00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 3: so it'll be a whole new universe. And some people 211 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:47,840 Speaker 3: have imagined that it could lead to somewhere else in 212 00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:51,679 Speaker 3: our current universe or some when else in our current universe. 213 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:55,960 Speaker 1: Yes, that's right. This wormhole could not just take you 214 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: to another part of the universe. It could also take 215 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:02,199 Speaker 1: you to another top I'm in the universe. You could 216 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:05,680 Speaker 1: time travel, or it could even take you to a 217 00:12:05,679 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: whole other universe. But it could be a different universe. 218 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:13,360 Speaker 1: What does that even mean? Another universe? 219 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess it really means that there's no way 220 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:19,720 Speaker 3: of getting back to where you were originally. So it's 221 00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 3: completely causally disconnected from the current universe that we have. 222 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 3: We can't communicate by sending light signals from one to 223 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:27,640 Speaker 3: the other. 224 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:30,200 Speaker 1: Huh, like a whole different reality. 225 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, anything is possible, I suppose. Yeah. 226 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: So then the other universe does it exist somewhere else 227 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:39,719 Speaker 1: and we're just kind of using the black hole as 228 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:40,319 Speaker 1: a tunnel. 229 00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess it would be better to think of 230 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 3: it as we're using the black hole as a bridge 231 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 3: between the two universes. So that's why it's often called 232 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 3: a wormhole. 233 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: Would this other universe be like the opposite of our universe? 234 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:55,319 Speaker 3: It doesn't have to be. It's just not necessarily like, oh, 235 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 3: there's this parallel universe where you have an evil twin 236 00:12:57,880 --> 00:12:58,559 Speaker 3: or something. 237 00:12:58,320 --> 00:13:01,760 Speaker 1: Like that, Doctor McMackin. Assuming I'm not the evil twin. 238 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:06,199 Speaker 3: Yes, we are all the evil twins. The other universe 239 00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:06,959 Speaker 3: is the normal one. 240 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:11,120 Speaker 1: Right, So that's one thing that the laws of physics 241 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:14,480 Speaker 1: predict could be inside a black hole. And here I 242 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:17,360 Speaker 1: should mention this is for a perfectly still black hole. 243 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:20,360 Speaker 1: We'll get more into that later. But the second thing 244 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:22,560 Speaker 1: doctor Meke Becken said could be at the center of 245 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:28,840 Speaker 1: a black hole is a ball of exotic matter, a ball. 246 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:33,200 Speaker 3: Of y, a ball of exotic matter. The more likely 247 00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:37,920 Speaker 3: outcome is that instead of this infinitely long, dense drain 248 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,680 Speaker 3: at the center, this is replaced by some currently unknown 249 00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 3: process that will stop the collapse and just form a ball. 250 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,680 Speaker 3: Maybe it's some sort of quantum star or something like that. 251 00:13:49,679 --> 00:13:53,200 Speaker 1: A quantum star that sounds like a great name for 252 00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:59,240 Speaker 1: superhero franchise. I agree, what is a quantum star? All right, 253 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:02,360 Speaker 1: here's doctor Backin's second idea. At the center of a 254 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: black hole, where all the stuff that fell into the 255 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:08,160 Speaker 1: black hole is coming together and scrunching together, there is 256 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 1: something that is keeping all that stuff from becoming an 257 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:16,439 Speaker 1: infinitely dense point. There's some kind of quantum force that's 258 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: preventing all that stuff from collapsing, and so it creates 259 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,720 Speaker 1: a ball that just sits there in the middle of 260 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: the black hole. So it'd just be sort of like 261 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 1: pure matter or energy. It just as pure as you 262 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: can get it, because it wouldn't be in the form 263 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: of electrons or quarks or anything. 264 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:37,760 Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, something strings squanto phoam. There are tons of 265 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:38,920 Speaker 3: different theories. 266 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: And this would be like at the very center, or 267 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:42,960 Speaker 1: as soon as we go into the black hole, we 268 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:44,359 Speaker 1: would run into this ball. 269 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:46,560 Speaker 3: So it would be at the very center. 270 00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: Yes, okay, this gets into one of the ultimate frontiers 271 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:56,400 Speaker 1: of science, and that is mixing together the two most 272 00:14:56,440 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: successful theories in the history of our understanding of the 273 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: physical world. On the one hand, we have general relativity, 274 00:15:04,280 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: Einstein's theory that predicted black holes, that predicts that at 275 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: the center of a perfectly still black hole is a 276 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 1: point of infinite density that could be a wormhole to 277 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:19,240 Speaker 1: another universe. And on the other hand, we have quantum mechanics, 278 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 1: the theory that tells you that when you get down 279 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:24,920 Speaker 1: to the level of super small atoms and particles, things 280 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:27,560 Speaker 1: are kind of fuzzy and you can't really have points 281 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,640 Speaker 1: with infinite density. So, depending on whose right, at the 282 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:34,120 Speaker 1: center of a black hole could be a point of 283 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 1: infinite density, or there could be some sort of strange 284 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: or exotic quantum force that keeps all that stuff from 285 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,360 Speaker 1: collapsing and forms. And I still love this name, a 286 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,800 Speaker 1: quantum star at the center of a black hole. Scientists 287 00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,720 Speaker 1: don't really know which is true. 288 00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 3: We don't currently have a theory for how those two 289 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 3: theories combined together to make one consistent model. And so 290 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:05,160 Speaker 3: people are searching for this and that it goes under 291 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 3: the general name of quantum gravity, and so you need 292 00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,440 Speaker 3: a full theory of quantum gravity to figure out what's happening. 293 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:12,560 Speaker 4: All right. 294 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:16,080 Speaker 1: The third idea doctor Magneckin had is something he calls 295 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:20,760 Speaker 1: a wall or time and space end. And this is 296 00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 1: something that comes up when you think about what black 297 00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: holes are actually like out there in nature. Remember, I said, 298 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,120 Speaker 1: a lot of the ideas we talked about assume the 299 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: black hole was perfectly still and not moving. It turns 300 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: out that's rarely the case. 301 00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 3: I would say, all of the objects that we see 302 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:42,880 Speaker 3: in the universe have spin. So everything from planets to 303 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:46,280 Speaker 3: stars to galaxies has at least some amount of rotation, 304 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,280 Speaker 3: and so we expect that black holes will also have 305 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,800 Speaker 3: some sort of spin to them as well. Then, because 306 00:16:52,840 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 3: it's spinning, the Singularity doesn't look like a point anymore. 307 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 3: It looks like a ring, which is really weird to 308 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 3: think about. 309 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:06,439 Speaker 1: Okay, here's what's happening. Nothing in space is really standing still. 310 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:11,680 Speaker 1: Almost everything out there is spinning. Planet spin, stars and 311 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: sun spin moons, asteroids, even clouds of gas and galaxies. 312 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: They're all turning to some degree. And the same is 313 00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:23,280 Speaker 1: true for black holes. And if a black hole is spinning, 314 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,359 Speaker 1: that means that everything inside of it is spinning, and 315 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: that makes the center of the black hole act like 316 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: a merry go round. 317 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:34,680 Speaker 3: So if your black hole is spinning a little bit, 318 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,240 Speaker 3: then you get this thing, which we could call a 319 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:41,760 Speaker 3: centric fugal for us, things that are spinning tend to 320 00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:46,000 Speaker 3: get flung outwards, and so that provides this outward force 321 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,200 Speaker 3: that pushes against the flow of space. So that must 322 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,360 Speaker 3: mean there's some point where the speed of the thing 323 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:57,800 Speaker 3: that you threw outward matches the inflowing speed of the 324 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:01,680 Speaker 3: space itself. That's going to happen a special spot called 325 00:18:01,680 --> 00:18:02,360 Speaker 3: the ener horizon. 326 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: Okay, this gets a little complicated, but it's like if 327 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:10,679 Speaker 1: a thousand people were all trying to ride a merry 328 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:13,959 Speaker 1: go round, but the merry go round was spinning really fast, 329 00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:17,360 Speaker 1: the merry go round would be flinging people out at 330 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,160 Speaker 1: the same time that people were trying to get on it, 331 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:23,639 Speaker 1: So you'd get this ring around the merry go round 332 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:27,639 Speaker 1: where people would just pile up. The same thing happens 333 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,880 Speaker 1: in a rotating black hole, but with space. 334 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:34,760 Speaker 3: All of this debrie that ever fell into the black 335 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:39,200 Speaker 3: hole gets caught up in this one part, and eventually 336 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:42,479 Speaker 3: we might imagine that it blocks up the flow of 337 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:46,440 Speaker 3: the space itself. And if you then were to try 338 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 3: to fall into the black hole after that, you would 339 00:18:49,359 --> 00:18:53,359 Speaker 3: just hit this brick wall where all of this mass 340 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 3: stuff has just built up and accumulated. So this is 341 00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:59,679 Speaker 3: what we call a singularity, where we have basically an 342 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 3: infant amount of energy that signals the end of space 343 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:05,600 Speaker 3: itself and the end of time itself. 344 00:19:06,359 --> 00:19:08,880 Speaker 1: So this singularity is not singular. 345 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:10,120 Speaker 3: It's a whole surface. 346 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:12,639 Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe you should pick another name for it. 347 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:16,360 Speaker 3: That is a good point. Do you have any suggestions? 348 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:17,399 Speaker 3: I'm open, I'm all. 349 00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:23,119 Speaker 1: Ears, okay to recap Here are the three possibilities for 350 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:25,960 Speaker 1: what's at the center of a black hole, according to 351 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:29,920 Speaker 1: doctor mcmackinn Number one. If it's a perfect black hole, 352 00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:33,240 Speaker 1: there could be a point of infinite density at the 353 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: center of the black hole, which could potentially be the 354 00:19:36,520 --> 00:19:40,040 Speaker 1: entrance to a wormhole that connects to a white hole 355 00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:45,120 Speaker 1: somewhere else in another time or maybe even in another universe. 356 00:19:45,880 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 1: Possibility Number two. If quantum mechanics wins at the smallest levels, 357 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:54,159 Speaker 1: then some kind of quantum force which we don't know 358 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,200 Speaker 1: about yet, could keep all this stuff inside a black 359 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: hole from collapsing into an infinite point. And then you'd 360 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: have a ball of exotic quantum matter or a quantum 361 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: star just sitting in the middle of a black hole, 362 00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: shining a light that will never get out. And possibility 363 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 1: number three. If it's a realistic black hole, which means 364 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:19,000 Speaker 1: it's spinning, then that spinning could also prevent the black 365 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:22,480 Speaker 1: hole from collapsing into an infinite dot, and you'd get 366 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 1: a ring where stuff accumulates and where time and space 367 00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:32,080 Speaker 1: just stop. Phe I told you this got crazier and crazier. 368 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:35,119 Speaker 1: And we haven't even gotten to our third expert. So 369 00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:38,879 Speaker 1: when we come back, we'll talk to another theoretical astrophysicist 370 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,360 Speaker 1: who has an even wilder prediction for what could be 371 00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:45,920 Speaker 1: at the center of a black hole. So don't go anywhere. 372 00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:49,360 Speaker 1: Keep spinning with us as we go deeper and deeper 373 00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:50,880 Speaker 1: into black holes. 374 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:52,400 Speaker 3: We'll be right back. 375 00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:04,880 Speaker 1: Okay, we've now reached the deepest level of black hole mystery. 376 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: We've talked about several wild but still theoretically possible ideas 377 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: about what could be at the center of a black hole, 378 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:17,400 Speaker 1: from quantum stars to wormholes, to other universes, to walls 379 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:21,840 Speaker 1: of infinite density where time and space end. But this 380 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:26,160 Speaker 1: next idea might take the cake as being the craziest, 381 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:29,840 Speaker 1: and it came up during my chat with Professor Andrew Hamilton. 382 00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:32,879 Speaker 1: Doctor Hamilton is also a professor at the University of 383 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: Colorado at Boulder who studies theoretical astrophysics and in particular, 384 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:42,040 Speaker 1: the insides of black holes. Thank you, doctor Hamilton for 385 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,199 Speaker 1: joining us today, No problem, Thank you. 386 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:44,640 Speaker 3: Hey. 387 00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:47,679 Speaker 1: Today we're answering the question what is inside of a 388 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:51,119 Speaker 1: black hole? What can you tell us about what's inside? 389 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:55,680 Speaker 4: Oh, this is the most interesting place in the entire universe. 390 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:59,160 Speaker 4: Uh huh, there's a challenging statement to make. 391 00:21:59,520 --> 00:21:59,920 Speaker 1: Yeah. 392 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:02,399 Speaker 4: Well, first of all, I have to give you a 393 00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 4: little bit of background on this. Even today, there's certain 394 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 4: amount of debate as to what happens. So I'm going 395 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,920 Speaker 4: to give you a version which I think is probably 396 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,520 Speaker 4: the most realistic view of what happens. 397 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,840 Speaker 1: Okay, okay, In the scenario that doctor Hamilton is about 398 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:21,639 Speaker 1: to describe, we're assuming that at the center of the 399 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:25,720 Speaker 1: black hole is the singularity ring we talked about before. 400 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: That's the point where the centerfical force of the spinning 401 00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,240 Speaker 1: black hole pushes stuff out and meets with all the 402 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: stuff that's falling in because of gravity. You know, the 403 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:39,440 Speaker 1: point where time and space end. And doctor Hamilton then 404 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:43,439 Speaker 1: imagines what happens if you throw two rocks into the 405 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,200 Speaker 1: black hole, one going with the spin of the black 406 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: hole and one going against the spin of the black hole. 407 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:56,720 Speaker 4: Let's take a rock, Okay, something tangible. I'm throwed in prograde. Okay, 408 00:22:56,760 --> 00:22:59,679 Speaker 4: that means with the spin of the black hole. Because 409 00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 4: it's throw grade, it has extra spin compared to the 410 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:06,679 Speaker 4: black hole, and as a result of that, it turns 411 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 4: around inside the black hole and tries to go outwards 412 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:11,400 Speaker 4: at the inner horizon. 413 00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:15,760 Speaker 1: All right, that's the first rock. You throw it in 414 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:18,720 Speaker 1: in the same direction as the spin of the black hole. 415 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:21,760 Speaker 1: That means it's going extra fast. So when it gets 416 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:25,919 Speaker 1: to the center, it actually overshoots the singularity ring and 417 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: it tries to come out of the black hole. 418 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:34,520 Speaker 4: Now, if you then throw a rock in retrograde against 419 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,439 Speaker 4: the flow of the black hole, then it doesn't have 420 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:41,280 Speaker 4: extra centrifugal force, and it just goes down, kind of 421 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:45,440 Speaker 4: goes with the flow, and those two rocks, one trying 422 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:48,440 Speaker 4: to get out was the other one going inwards, will 423 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:51,440 Speaker 4: bang together at very high energy. And the closer they 424 00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:54,320 Speaker 4: get to the inner horizon before they bang together, the 425 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,480 Speaker 4: higher the energy with which they will collide. 426 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 1: So that's the scenario. If you throw a second rock 427 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: against the spin of the black hole, it's just going 428 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:06,639 Speaker 1: to fall to the center, and you can imagine that 429 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,160 Speaker 1: at some point it's going to hit the other rock 430 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,080 Speaker 1: you threw in before, the one that overshot the center 431 00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: and is trying to get out, And those two rocks 432 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:18,720 Speaker 1: would have an enormous amount of energy because remember they're 433 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:21,119 Speaker 1: at the bottom of a black hole, so they're going 434 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: super fast. 435 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:26,959 Speaker 4: This is not a speculation with animating. This is a 436 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,760 Speaker 4: prediction of general relativity. I'm not pulling you a fast one. 437 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:32,119 Speaker 3: Okay, okay. 438 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 4: So it's a very remarkable instability because the closer they 439 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,120 Speaker 4: get to the inner horizon, the faster they go through 440 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,479 Speaker 4: each other, the larger the energy they and if they 441 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 4: could reach the inner horizon, they would actually have infinite 442 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:49,600 Speaker 4: energy relative to each other. So let me explain how 443 00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:53,200 Speaker 4: high the energy can get. Are you listening. Okay, let 444 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:55,640 Speaker 4: me throw in a rock and I'll throw it into 445 00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 4: the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy 446 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:02,480 Speaker 4: and is having docks thrown at it all the time. Right, 447 00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:07,199 Speaker 4: It's like times square Central when New York got something. 448 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 4: Everything is happening down at the centers. So you imagine 449 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:13,800 Speaker 4: a rock falling in throw it in prograde, so it 450 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:16,840 Speaker 4: becomes trying to go out with the inner horizon and 451 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 4: then wait a while. And for example, the black hole 452 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:24,520 Speaker 4: at the center of eye galaxy Sagittarius, a star weighs 453 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:28,119 Speaker 4: in it four million times the mass of our Sun, 454 00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:31,639 Speaker 4: and it takes about twenty seconds to fall from the 455 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:36,359 Speaker 4: horizon to the singularities. So wait twenty seconds. Each twenty 456 00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:39,640 Speaker 4: seconds that you wait before throwing in a retrograde rock, 457 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:44,760 Speaker 4: the energy which they collide doubles. Doubles. Do you get 458 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:49,399 Speaker 4: there doubles, So if you wait twenty seconds, the energy doubles. 459 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,600 Speaker 4: If you wait a minute, that's three doublings. If you 460 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:56,359 Speaker 4: wait an hour, it's ten to the sixty. That is 461 00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:00,639 Speaker 4: a huge energy that vastly exceeds the energy that the 462 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,440 Speaker 4: large hadron Collida can do by a huge amount, and 463 00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:11,359 Speaker 4: it easily reaches energies culparable to those of the Big Bang. WHOA, Okay, 464 00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:15,160 Speaker 4: so this is the other place in the universe where 465 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:19,000 Speaker 4: Big Bang energies are at tanked. And I think that 466 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,040 Speaker 4: is one of the most interesting things that one could 467 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:23,719 Speaker 4: know about black holes. 468 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:28,400 Speaker 1: All right, What doctor Hamilton is saying is that any 469 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:30,800 Speaker 1: black hole, like the big one in the middle of 470 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:34,680 Speaker 1: our galaxy, there are rocks crashing into each other all 471 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,880 Speaker 1: the time inside the black hole, and they're doing it 472 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 1: according to current theories, with energies that are as high 473 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: as the energy of the Big Bang. The Big Bang, 474 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:48,240 Speaker 1: of course, is the big expansion that happened when our 475 00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:51,359 Speaker 1: universe was born. So what happens when you have that 476 00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,680 Speaker 1: kind of explosion inside of a black hole? 477 00:26:55,359 --> 00:26:57,359 Speaker 4: I don't know what happens when you're just talk to 478 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,239 Speaker 4: what happens when you bang rocks together at energy use 479 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 4: which approach and possibly even exceed the quantum limited energy 480 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 4: ten to the nineteen GV it's more than a trillion times. 481 00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:17,679 Speaker 4: The largest energy that is achievable is the large hadron collide. 482 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:19,960 Speaker 4: What happens at those very high energies? 483 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:23,560 Speaker 1: Could new universes be born from that energy? 484 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:27,960 Speaker 4: I want to say yes because I can't say no. 485 00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: In other words, according to doctor Hamilton, inside of a 486 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:39,440 Speaker 1: black hole, there could be new universes being born. And remember, 487 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,240 Speaker 1: there are millions, if not trillions, of black holes in 488 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: the universe, according to doctor Cummerford, and each of them 489 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:49,679 Speaker 1: could be having little baby universes being born inside of 490 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 1: them all the time. 491 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:59,920 Speaker 4: I mean, if you hypothesize that universe can reproduce, make babies, right, 492 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:03,320 Speaker 4: that's what we're talking about. Can our university reproduce It's 493 00:28:03,359 --> 00:28:08,080 Speaker 4: not a totally crazy idea because there was a Big Bang. 494 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,880 Speaker 4: What happened at the Big Bang? We just don't know. 495 00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:16,480 Speaker 4: There are curious that somehow the universe spontaneously came into existence. 496 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,560 Speaker 4: All of these ideas are possible, right, There's something called 497 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:26,399 Speaker 4: eternal inflation. The hypothesis that our university produces is something 498 00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,080 Speaker 4: that potentially could be testable. Right. 499 00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:34,679 Speaker 1: So yeah, inside of a black hole there could be 500 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:39,520 Speaker 1: new universes being born. And that means that our universe, 501 00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:42,280 Speaker 1: the one we live in, could be inside of a 502 00:28:42,320 --> 00:28:47,480 Speaker 1: black hole created inside another universe, and each universe could 503 00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: be making trillions of other universes. This hypothesis that universes 504 00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:56,200 Speaker 1: can reproduce. It's something that the Hamilton thinks could even 505 00:28:56,240 --> 00:28:59,000 Speaker 1: be testable, but that's going to have to be the 506 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:03,680 Speaker 1: subject of another episode for now. The answer to what's 507 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:07,680 Speaker 1: inside a black hole seems to be we don't know. 508 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:11,440 Speaker 1: It could be a wormhole to another universe, a ball 509 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:15,000 Speaker 1: of mysterious quantum matter, a wall at the end of 510 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:19,600 Speaker 1: time and space, or, with enough imagination and math, a 511 00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:25,400 Speaker 1: source of infinite universes. In other words, reality could be 512 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,120 Speaker 1: black holes all the way down. Thanks for joining us, 513 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 1: see you next Wednesday, and if you like this podcast, 514 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: please leave us a review. You've been listening to Science 515 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:42,600 Speaker 1: Stuff production of iHeartRadio, written and produced by me or 516 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:47,200 Speaker 1: yham credited by Rose Seguda, executive producer Jerry Rowland, and 517 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:50,440 Speaker 1: audio engineer and mixer Ksey Pegrom. And you can follow 518 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,520 Speaker 1: me on social media. Just search for PhD Comics and 519 00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,240 Speaker 1: the name of your favorite platform. 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