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Speaker 1: Text technology with tech Stuff from works dot com. Hey there,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland.

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Speaker 1: I'm a senior writer with how stuff Works dot com

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Speaker 1: and I've been doing this for a while, like like

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Speaker 1: a long while. I've been podcasting for so long, and

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Speaker 1: as I think back to all of those episodes, I've

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Speaker 1: done more than eight d fifty of them. At this point,

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Speaker 1: I realized that while I've talked about podcasting in an

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Speaker 1: episode or two, I've never done a full episode about

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Speaker 1: the history of podcasting itself. And so that is what

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about today. We're going to look

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Speaker 1: at the history of podcasting, how it evolved, how it

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Speaker 1: got its name, the earliest examples of podcasts, and then

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Speaker 1: we gonna talk a little bit about the how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works history with podcasts, at least based upon what information

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Speaker 1: I could glean from my taciturn coworkers. So sit back, relax,

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Speaker 1: and let's learn about some history. Y'all. There's the stuff

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Speaker 1: you missed in history of podcasting. I'm Jonathan Strickland. So

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Speaker 1: this particular story is a complicated one. It's filled with

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Speaker 1: a lot of different people, a lot of different things

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Speaker 1: have happened over the course of the evolution of podcasting.

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Speaker 1: There are incidents and accidents, their hints and allegations. As

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Speaker 1: Paul Simon would say, So let's dive in now. If

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Speaker 1: you look at the story for like go Anywhere and

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Speaker 1: you look for the history of podcasting, you just type

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Speaker 1: that into Google and you pull up some stuff you

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Speaker 1: including an article that we have on house to wars

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Speaker 1: dot com. You will frequently see that podcasting dates back

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Speaker 1: to two thousand four with Adam Curry, who I remember

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Speaker 1: from my childhood. He was a a VJ on MTV,

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Speaker 1: which used to show music videos, and that's where a

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Speaker 1: lot of the histories start. They say two thousand four,

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Speaker 1: Adam Curry made the first podcast, but uh, it's not

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Speaker 1: entirely accurate. Actually, the story dates back before two thousand four,

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Speaker 1: and it's the first podcast was not from Adam Curry,

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Speaker 1: not really. So I thought we could probably dispel some

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Speaker 1: myths and learn about the truth here. Uh. And there

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Speaker 1: are also a few different threads to this story, as

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Speaker 1: it turns out, and one of those threads I've already

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Speaker 1: covered in an episode of tech Stuff from about a

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Speaker 1: year ago. I thought it was more recent than that.

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Speaker 1: But as I was looking through the archives to pull

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Speaker 1: up my notes, I realized that I my notes dated

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Speaker 1: from two thousand and sixteen about the history of the

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Speaker 1: MP three standard. And this just shows how bad I

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Speaker 1: am at being able to keep track of time. I

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Speaker 1: was convinced that I had done the MP three episode

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Speaker 1: maybe a month or two ago, and it is August

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Speaker 1: as I record this now. I'm not gonna go over

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Speaker 1: all of the history of the MP three standard again,

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Speaker 1: because it's all there in that episode. But I'm gonna

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Speaker 1: give you the cliffs notes version. Our cliffs notes still thing.

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Speaker 1: Someone tell me if cliffs notes still exist. I'm pretty

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Speaker 1: sure I've asked that in a previous episode, but i've

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Speaker 1: I've clearly forgotten again. Anyway, I'm gonna give you a

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Speaker 1: summary of what I talked about in that previous episode.

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Speaker 1: A research institution in Germany formed a group that dedicated

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Speaker 1: itself to developing compression strategies for digital audio files. So

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Speaker 1: a raw audio file, if you didn't compress it at all,

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Speaker 1: it represents a pretty decent amount of digital information. So

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Speaker 1: it obviously depends upon how long the audio track is. Right.

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Speaker 1: The more the more information is there, the longer the file,

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Speaker 1: the larger the file size will be. So a three

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Speaker 1: minute song is gonna have more information packed into it

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Speaker 1: than say a minute of quiet room tone. So you've

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Speaker 1: got this fairly large amount of data. Especially for the

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Speaker 1: time that we're talking about, which was late nineteen seventies

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Speaker 1: early nineties, there was a need to find a way

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Speaker 1: to compress that data down so it didn't take up

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Speaker 1: as much space, and that then you could transmit it

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Speaker 1: over various media like telephone lines. And that's what this

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Speaker 1: group in Germany was trying to do. They wanted to

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Speaker 1: be able to transmit digital audio over telephone lines, but

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Speaker 1: in order to make it efficient, they needed to find

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Speaker 1: a compression strategy or else the files were just gonna

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Speaker 1: be too large. Now these days, while the file sizes

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Speaker 1: haven't really changed, I mean, the raw audio is still

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Speaker 1: what it is, we definitely have much faster throughput, Like

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Speaker 1: we're able to send a lot more information in a

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Speaker 1: shorter amount of time than what we used to be

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Speaker 1: able to do. So it's not as big a deal

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Speaker 1: today unless you're talking about just trying to store a

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Speaker 1: ton of audio on a relatively small storage device. But

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Speaker 1: back in the nineteen seventies, and eighties. This was a

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Speaker 1: pretty tough challenge. Now. Whether they were successful or not

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Speaker 1: in creating a compression strategy that makes the file sizes

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Speaker 1: smaller without affecting the audio quality depends upon a couple

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Speaker 1: of things. For one, it depends upon your sense of hearing,

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Speaker 1: because some people are more sensitive to it than others,

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Speaker 1: and for one person it may sound perfectly fine, and

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Speaker 1: another person may say, no, I can hear all sorts

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Speaker 1: of problems from the compression in that audio. For another,

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Speaker 1: it depends on the settings of the compression itself. You

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Speaker 1: can compress it at different rates, and that will determine

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Speaker 1: how how much it affects the audio file itself. Broadly speaking,

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Speaker 1: their compression strategy was to create what was essentially a

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Speaker 1: virtual ear approach, in which a computer program would analyze

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Speaker 1: audio and attempt to remove straineous data. In other words,

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Speaker 1: it was looking for any sounds that would lay outside

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Speaker 1: the typical range of human hearing and then chuck those

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Speaker 1: sounds out because people wouldn't be able to hear them anyway.

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Speaker 1: So any sound that was at a frequency above or

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Speaker 1: below what your typical human can hear, that would be

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Speaker 1: removed because you wouldn't be able to hear it anyway.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes it would be sounds that might be a soft

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Speaker 1: sound that follows a very loud sound, because that loud

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Speaker 1: sound would mask the softer sound, and if we can't

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Speaker 1: hear the softer sound, then there's no reason to include it,

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Speaker 1: at least according to this compression strategy. And that was

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Speaker 1: a way of getting rid of information so that you

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Speaker 1: can compress everything together and make smaller file sizes. So

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Speaker 1: really the goal was just to keep only the data

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Speaker 1: that humans would really be able to perceive. And it

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Speaker 1: took some time for them to tweak this and make

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Speaker 1: sure that they could come up with an algorithm that

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Speaker 1: worked and didn't result in a really choppy, unpleasant audio experience. So,

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Speaker 1: depending upon how you set your compression rates, you might

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Speaker 1: manage to reduce a file size and not notice a

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Speaker 1: huge difference in quality, or you might end up with

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Speaker 1: something that is truly unlistenable. If you remember, the people

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Speaker 1: working on the MP three standard back in the day

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Speaker 1: would use Tom's Diner as a way of measuring their success,

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Speaker 1: and they said that the first few times they tried

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Speaker 1: to make a compression formula, it turned Tom's Diner into

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Speaker 1: an unlistenable mess. Some of the uncharitable among us might

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Speaker 1: claim that the completely uncompressed version of Tom's Diner is

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Speaker 1: an unlistenable mess, but that's that's just being mean spirited.

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Speaker 1: I would say the MP three would later make podcasting practical,

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Speaker 1: but it was not a quick leap from MP three's

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Speaker 1: too podcasts. There was a good amount of time between

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Speaker 1: the development of the MP three and the rise of

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Speaker 1: the podcas cast. But the MP three development sort of

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Speaker 1: leads us into other things that will eventually allow podcast

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Speaker 1: to become a reality. Now, let's skip ahead to the

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Speaker 1: early nine nineties. The development of the MP three largely

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Speaker 1: happened in the eighties, but didn't really start making a

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Speaker 1: debut until the nineties. Anyway, the mainstream world was scratching

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Speaker 1: its head over something called the Internet in those early nineties.

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Speaker 1: Before then, the only people who really had access to

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Speaker 1: the Internet were academics, government officials, and scientists who had

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Speaker 1: been using it for quite some time. But the rest

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Speaker 1: of us really didn't have any exposure to it. It

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Speaker 1: was not something that your average person had any access to.

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Speaker 1: Your average Joe hadn't really had any contact with it

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Speaker 1: at all. Computer hobbyists had been cutting their teeth on

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Speaker 1: bulletin board systems or bbs s. Now, these were message

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Speaker 1: boards and file repositories that typically sat on someone's spare computer.

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Speaker 1: So with your very basic bolletin board system, the way

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Speaker 1: it would work is you would have a phone number

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Speaker 1: and that phone number would go to the modem connected

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Speaker 1: to this other computer, the computer that houses the BBS.

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Speaker 1: You would use your computer to dial into that number

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Speaker 1: that would connect you to this other BBS, and you

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Speaker 1: would then be able to browse the files that have

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Speaker 1: been uploaded to that particular directory for the BBS, play games,

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Speaker 1: leave messages, that kind of thing, because you're dialing in.

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Speaker 1: Typically a lot of those smaller BBS has had maybe

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Speaker 1: one phone line, sometimes up to three, where that's how

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Speaker 1: many people could connect at any one time. So there

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Speaker 1: are various ways to discourage people from spending too much

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Speaker 1: time on the BBS and thus keeping it busy for

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Speaker 1: everybody else. For example, UH, some of them would charge

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Speaker 1: for a certain amount of time, like after a certain

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Speaker 1: number of minutes had passed, you would have to pay

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Speaker 1: two keep access to the BBS. UH. Some would just

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Speaker 1: have a time limit and after at the when you

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Speaker 1: hit your time limit, it would just kick you off

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Speaker 1: and you would have to wait another day to be

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Speaker 1: able to log back into your BBS. Eventually you had

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Speaker 1: some bbs is on what was called Fido net. This

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Speaker 1: was a network that allowed bbs is to exchange information

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Speaker 1: with each other. So it's almost like post offices. Think

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Speaker 1: about going to a post office and you would drop

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Speaker 1: a letter off, and that letter would then be sent

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Speaker 1: to another post office, someone else's BBS and they could

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Speaker 1: receive it. That was kind of the world before the

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Speaker 1: Internet had really taken off, and the Internet really is

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Speaker 1: a different beast altogether. Instead of dialing into a single

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Speaker 1: machine and browsing what was on that machine, you could

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Speaker 1: suddenly connect to a network of networked machines. In something

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Speaker 1: very important happened in the United States, the Federal Communications

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Speaker 1: Commission the c C made an important decision that encouraged

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Speaker 1: explosive growth on the Internet. That that decision was they're

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Speaker 1: gonna lift some restrictions. Up until there was a restriction

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Speaker 1: on commercial uses for the Internet. You you weren't allowed

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Speaker 1: to use it for commercial purposes. It was meant for research,

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Speaker 1: it was meant for government use, and that was it.

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Speaker 1: But in ninety one, the f C c said we're

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Speaker 1: lifting those restrictions, and it became the wild West for

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Speaker 1: a while, where lots of companies said, I'm not sure

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Speaker 1: how we can use this to our advantage, but I'm

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Speaker 1: sure it's huge and we have to use it to

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Speaker 1: our advantage. So there are a lot of different parties

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Speaker 1: rushing into the space because now it was possible to

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Speaker 1: make a commercial use of it, but no one had

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Speaker 1: really figured out how to actually do that yet. There

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Speaker 1: was a lot of competition to try and figure out

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Speaker 1: how can we dominate this space, and no one really

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Speaker 1: had the answer yet. So how to this affect Internet use? Well,

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Speaker 1: before the FCC lifted restrictions, there were around one thousand

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Speaker 1: Internet hosts connected to this network of networks. By there

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Speaker 1: were more than a million Internet hosts. But for our story,

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Speaker 1: the important bit is that people and companies could launch

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Speaker 1: commercial interests in the Internet, including radio stations. Now, Carl

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Speaker 1: Malamud gets the credit for being the first person to

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Speaker 1: launch an Internet radio site, and this was called Internet

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Speaker 1: Talk Radio. Malamud launched this show in and he launched

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Speaker 1: it with a program called Geek of the Week. You

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Speaker 1: can actually find recordings of some of those old episodes

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Speaker 1: online and they typically feature various important people in the

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Speaker 1: computer and text spheres, and Malamoud would just interview them

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Speaker 1: about whatever subject they wanted to talk about. And those

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Speaker 1: were the programs that went out live on the Internet.

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Speaker 1: On June, the band Severe Tire Damage became the first

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Speaker 1: musical act to perform a concert on Internet radio. Their

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Speaker 1: show went out over mbone. That's the letter M as

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Speaker 1: in merry and bone, B O and E. That stands

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Speaker 1: for Multicast backbone or it's actually a protocol that sat

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Speaker 1: on top of the multicast backbone, which made it feasible

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Speaker 1: So I thought it would be helpful to understand how

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Speaker 1: this works. Generally speaking, I p multicasting involves setting up

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Speaker 1: a great big convoy, and more specifically, it has to

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Speaker 1: do with packets. So the Internet sends information in packets.

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Speaker 1: Anytime there's data passing between computers on the Internet, you're

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Speaker 1: generally talking about packets that are going back and forth.

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Speaker 1: And a packet is a unit of data and it

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Speaker 1: includes a few types of information within that packet. So

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Speaker 1: the first type of that information is the data that's

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Speaker 1: necessary to deliver it to the right destination. So you've

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Speaker 1: got these sort of headers and footers inside of a packet,

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Speaker 1: of the packet. That helps tell the Internet system at

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Speaker 1: large where that packet needs to go. It's essentially like

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Speaker 1: the address you would find on an envelope in the

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Speaker 1: post office. So the packets have that part of the information.

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Speaker 1: They also have the payload, the actual data that they're

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Speaker 1: carrying to the destination. Let's say it's a web page.

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Speaker 1: It would be a little part of that web page,

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Speaker 1: would be a small portion of the web page. And

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Speaker 1: then you have a third part, which is uh the

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Speaker 1: way that that packet fits in with other packets to

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Speaker 1: complete whatever that payload is. So again, in the case

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Speaker 1: of a web page, let's say you're going to house

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Speaker 1: stuffworks dot com, and just for the sake of this example,

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Speaker 1: we're just gonna use a nice round, simple number of

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Speaker 1: one hundred packets. It takes one d packets to to

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Speaker 1: load up the homepage of how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Those headers and footers will tell the packets where they

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Speaker 1: need to go, which would be your browser, because you're

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Speaker 1: the one who typed in www dot how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com, and they also tell your browser how they

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Speaker 1: all fit together so that it can construct the website

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Speaker 1: and you can see it on your side on the

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Speaker 1: client side of this exchange. UH packets tend to be

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Speaker 1: relatively small, so you typically need a lot of them

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Speaker 1: to deliver any information of significant size. This brings us

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Speaker 1: to that third type, that that bit of information that says, hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm the puzzle piece that goes in the top right corner.

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Speaker 1: That's not exactly how it works, but it's a decent

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Speaker 1: enough analogy to kind of understand what's going on. Now,

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Speaker 1: why would you send data in packets. Why wouldn't you

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Speaker 1: just send the entire piece all at once. It's meant

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Speaker 1: to be a way to ensure the delivery of information,

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Speaker 1: and by divi riding it up into packets, you can

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Speaker 1: actually make a better case for that information, making it

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Speaker 1: to where you wanted to go. If you're sending it

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Speaker 1: all out as one big file, one thing that can

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Speaker 1: happen is it can slow everything down because, depending on

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Speaker 1: certain parts of the system, and if it fails, you're

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Speaker 1: you've got to send it all over again. It just

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Speaker 1: becomes a big nightmare. So the founders of the Internet,

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Speaker 1: who as we all know, put the Internet on top

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Speaker 1: of Big ben because that's where it gets the best reception,

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Speaker 1: figured that by breaking information up into packets and sending

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Speaker 1: them along the network, you had a better chance of

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Speaker 1: actually receiving the information you wanted. And the reason for

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Speaker 1: that is twofold. It's redundancy and packet switching. So redundancy

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Speaker 1: means that a server is sending out multiple copies of

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Speaker 1: the same packet to make sure that one of them

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Speaker 1: gets to their destination. So this is kind of like

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Speaker 1: if you had critical message and you've got you make

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Speaker 1: three copies of it and you send a copy each

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Speaker 1: with a different messenger and they all rush out. Well,

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Speaker 1: that means that you're more likely to get your message

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Speaker 1: to where it needs to go, because even if one

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Speaker 1: of them fails along the way, you have three others going.

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Speaker 1: Remember us at three copies, so you have one original

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Speaker 1: that's four total, so one of them is likely to

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Speaker 1: get there. So that way you can send those riders

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Speaker 1: off to gone door to let them know that Rowand

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Speaker 1: is coming out to help them or something. Packet switching

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Speaker 1: is the method of sending the packets themselves, and this

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Speaker 1: involves each packet taking its own path. Typically it's whichever

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Speaker 1: path is the most efficient for that packet at that

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Speaker 1: time for it to get to its destination. And packets

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Speaker 1: that all belong to the same document or file can

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Speaker 1: travel very different pathways. So if you go and you're

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Speaker 1: trying to pull up house supports dot com, the packets

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Speaker 1: that represent that web page could be taking very different

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Speaker 1: paths in order to get to your computer. Remember, the

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Speaker 1: network is this network of networks. It can be bouncing

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Speaker 1: from all sorts of different machines before it finally gets

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Speaker 1: to you. The destination computer then assembles all those packets

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Speaker 1: back into the document or file or whatever it may be.

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Speaker 1: And this is really cool because it means that the

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Speaker 1: Internet is really robust. If nodes on the Internet go

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Speaker 1: offline for whatever reason, if if certain computers between you

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Speaker 1: and the computer you're trying to get information from go down,

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Speaker 1: well the packets can route around that. They don't come

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Speaker 1: up to like a sinkhole in the middle of the

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Speaker 1: road and say, well, we wanted to get there, but

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Speaker 1: we can't. No, they can take a different pathway and

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Speaker 1: you just have to make sure that you are you know,

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Speaker 1: having that redundancy there, which, by the way, you don't

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Speaker 1: have to do. T c P I P does it

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Speaker 1: for you. But as long as that's in place, with

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Speaker 1: the redundancy, you don't even have to worry. If some

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Speaker 1: of those packets somehow lose their way for whatever reason,

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Speaker 1: whatever it may be, you'll likely end up getting the

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Speaker 1: information you asked for, may not be as fast as

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Speaker 1: you wanted, depending upon the problems, but you'll get it.

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Speaker 1: So back to inbone, it's a little different from the

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Speaker 1: approach I just mentioned. The basic packet switching strategy works

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Speaker 1: great for static files and pages. So if I have

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Speaker 1: a photograph and I want to send that information across

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Speaker 1: to some other computer, it works great for that. Photographs

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Speaker 1: don't change. It's gonna be the same photograph no matter what,

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Speaker 1: so it's very easy to send that. And I'm not

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Speaker 1: talking about photo editing software here, obviously, I'm just talking

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Speaker 1: about sending an image. But if you want to send

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Speaker 1: something like a video where you have stuff constantly changing

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Speaker 1: both the image and the audio, or even more so

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Speaker 1: live video which is persistently changing and you're not sure

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Speaker 1: when it's gonna end, another approach was pretty important so

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Speaker 1: broadcast represents this ongoing creation of information, and how do

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Speaker 1: you disseminate that across the network? Inbone would keep all

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Speaker 1: the packets together like packed together like a like a convoy,

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Speaker 1: as I said earlier, until the last possible moment before

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Speaker 1: they would split up and move through different routers and

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Speaker 1: go through the rest of its journey. So it's more

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Speaker 1: like a fire hose approach in the first half until

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Speaker 1: you get to a point where you absolutely have to

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Speaker 1: split things up because they will not get to their

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Speaker 1: destination otherwise. This allows for a more efficient transmission of

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Speaker 1: live content, and it helped make sure that those packets

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Speaker 1: would arrive at their destinations at more or less the

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Speaker 1: same time. Because you want it to be like a broadcast,

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Speaker 1: You want the people who are watching it to all

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Speaker 1: have the same experience that are around the same time.

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Speaker 1: Otherwise you could end up in a situation where one

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Speaker 1: person is watching the concert on a slight delay and

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Speaker 1: someone else might be more than a minute or two behind.

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Speaker 1: And this does still happen. By the way, I can't

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Speaker 1: tell you how many times I've watched the w w

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Speaker 1: E network and have been in a Facebook chat about

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Speaker 1: what was going on with a pay per view only

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Speaker 1: to have someone's boil something for me because I was

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Speaker 1: lagging a bit behind the rest of the live feed

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Speaker 1: for everybody else. But that's the price we pay for

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Speaker 1: this amazing technology. Xerox Park was the group that created

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Speaker 1: the inbone extension and the Internet Engineering Task Force adopted

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Speaker 1: it in nineteen nine two, so it was all well

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Speaker 1: in place for the Internet radio days of nineteen and

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Speaker 1: Severe Tire Damage performed at Xerox Park. You remember, Xerox

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Speaker 1: Park is also the research and development area where we

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Speaker 1: got things like the graphic user interface and the computer mouse,

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Speaker 1: as well as a ton of other stuff. A lot

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Speaker 1: of interesting research and development came out of Xerox. So

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Speaker 1: their audience Severe Tire Damage for this initial concert in

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Speaker 1: pretty much consisted of a dude in Australia, which is

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Speaker 1: really true. There was a researcher in Australia who was

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Speaker 1: helping along with this project and he was the intended

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Speaker 1: audience for the Severe Tire Damage concert of n In

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Speaker 1: nineteen nine four, a slightly more famous band called The

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Speaker 1: Rollings Stones performed their first live concert on the Internet,

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Speaker 1: and cheekily Severe Tire Damage performed a set just before

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Speaker 1: the Rolling Stones were scheduled to go on and then

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Speaker 1: they put their set out over the Internet, this time

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Speaker 1: broadcast to the Internet at large, so severe tire Damage said,

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Speaker 1: we were happy to open for the Rolling Stones, even

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Speaker 1: though we're not in the same city as the Rolling Stones,

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Speaker 1: and that was kind of making a point saying you

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Speaker 1: could now have this sort of experience where people from

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Speaker 1: different parts of the world could address an audience in

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Speaker 1: a sequence and they didn't have to be in the

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Speaker 1: same place at the same time. The Rolling Stones, for

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Speaker 1: their part, were pretty good natured about it. I think

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Speaker 1: at first they called him weird furry guys from from

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Speaker 1: uh Palo Alto, California, But they also said to The

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Speaker 1: New York Times that it was a good reminder of

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Speaker 1: the democratic nature of the Internet. There was a college

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Speaker 1: radio station called w x y C still Is that

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Speaker 1: became the first terrestrial radio station to start broadcasting on

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Speaker 1: the Internet. They began their simulcast in the fall of

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Speaker 1: now They first started off with their off air signals

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Speaker 1: using a Cornell University utility called see You See Me.

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Speaker 1: On November seven, the radio station became the first to

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Speaker 1: simulcast it's broadcast live over the air and on the Internet.

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Speaker 1: A few months later, w R. E. K reck Over

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Speaker 1: at Georgia Tech went live with its simulcast technology. And

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Speaker 1: it's kind of interesting because they had actually hooked up

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Speaker 1: their Internet client on November seven, which was the same

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Speaker 1: day w x y C went live. But it would

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Speaker 1: take a few more months before Georgia Tech broadcast hit

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Speaker 1: the Internet, and since then tons of different university and

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Speaker 1: then commercial radio stations as well as public radio have

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Speaker 1: joined on and used the Internet for broadcast. Now we're

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Speaker 1: gonna take a quick break, but when we come back,

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about how this technology of streaming

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Speaker 1: radio gradually gave people the idea of creating sort of

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Speaker 1: an episodic content that would be digestible in a downloadable

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Speaker 1: format and thus eventually evolve into podcast But first, let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break to thank our sponsor. Okay, So

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Speaker 1: streaming radio was now available online and to listen to

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Speaker 1: any streaming radio station you needed to use an audio player.

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Speaker 1: Real Audio and other companies were making software that would

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Speaker 1: allow you to listen to audio over the Internet. But

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Speaker 1: what about podcasts? Well, jumping back to that's when a

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Speaker 1: Canadian science news program called Quirks and Quirks Hit the Internet.

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Speaker 1: The radio show had been airing on terrestrial radio since nineteen.

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Speaker 1: Each show lasts about an hour and consists of segments

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Speaker 1: about science, news and interesting facts. The Internet versions were

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Speaker 1: recorded episodes stored in MP three format of available for download,

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Speaker 1: and this would become really important later on. Similarly, in

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Speaker 1: CNN launched its Internet newsroom, and the company began to

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Speaker 1: make shows available for download and included an updated compilation file.

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Speaker 1: This too would become really important later on. Meanwhile, a

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Speaker 1: guy named Jim Logan had founded a company called Personal Audio.

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Speaker 1: According to Alan Martin of a l phr dot com,

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Speaker 1: so we're gonna call it Alpha. Personal Audio's original goal

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Speaker 1: was to create a digital audio playing device, but that

434
00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:37,679
Speaker 1: didn't work out. However, in the process of trying to

435
00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,479
Speaker 1: make this happen, the company had filed for and been

436
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 1: awarded several patents dealing with digital audio distribution on the Internet.

437
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:50,160
Speaker 1: And this would be around the mid nineties six and later.

438
00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:53,919
Speaker 1: And this also becomes incredibly important. That's a lot of

439
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,680
Speaker 1: foreshadowing right there. Some of you are way ahead of

440
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:59,400
Speaker 1: me on this, I'm sure of it. But let's get

441
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,159
Speaker 1: back to the nineties. Over the next few years, the

442
00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:05,679
Speaker 1: MP three file format began to gain popularity, and in

443
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:09,840
Speaker 1: nine Napster became perhaps the best known of the peer

444
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:13,359
Speaker 1: to peer networks that made sharing MP three's across computers

445
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:16,960
Speaker 1: incredibly easy. And while I would never say that Napster

446
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:21,800
Speaker 1: caused piracy, it definitely made it a lot easier to do.

447
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:25,360
Speaker 1: You could rip tracks off of a disk with one

448
00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:27,680
Speaker 1: of a dozen different programs. So you buy a CD

449
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: or you get a CD, you put it in your computer,

450
00:26:29,920 --> 00:26:32,480
Speaker 1: you pull the music off of it, convert those files

451
00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:35,040
Speaker 1: into MP three format, store them on a drive on

452
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:39,600
Speaker 1: your computer, download the Napster interface, and then you could

453
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:44,280
Speaker 1: authorize Napster to use that particular drive to share all

454
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:48,720
Speaker 1: those files, and the music industry got really scared. So

455
00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:51,520
Speaker 1: in short, the way peer to peer works is that

456
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:55,800
Speaker 1: you have some software that allows your computer to direct

457
00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,119
Speaker 1: directly connect in to a network of other computers running

458
00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,280
Speaker 1: that same software. And this network is constantly changing, with

459
00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:05,280
Speaker 1: some computers being connected and some computers going offline. It

460
00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:08,200
Speaker 1: all depends on who's using their computer for what. And

461
00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:10,800
Speaker 1: you can search that network to see if there are

462
00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:13,480
Speaker 1: any copies of a particular type of file you want,

463
00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,960
Speaker 1: and when you download you can actually download from multiple

464
00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:21,880
Speaker 1: sources at the same time. So if there's one source

465
00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:25,840
Speaker 1: that is particularly slow because of whatever reason, maybe there's

466
00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:30,040
Speaker 1: some problems like there's congestion and the internet between you

467
00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:34,639
Speaker 1: and that particular server, then you can start getting packets

468
00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:38,760
Speaker 1: from other servers that also have that same file. And

469
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:43,080
Speaker 1: it's all decentralized and it was a very quick way

470
00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,960
Speaker 1: to spread files across and there's nothing illegal about that,

471
00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:49,440
Speaker 1: right you can you can spread any sort of file

472
00:27:49,560 --> 00:27:52,600
Speaker 1: you like, and if you have the legal authorization to

473
00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:56,719
Speaker 1: distribute that file, then peer to peer networks are completely valid.

474
00:27:57,040 --> 00:27:59,200
Speaker 1: The problem was a lot of people were using them

475
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:04,080
Speaker 1: to spread had MP three's that did not technically belong

476
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:07,359
Speaker 1: to them. Maybe they had bought an album and then

477
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:11,239
Speaker 1: they uploaded or they rather made available all of the

478
00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:13,679
Speaker 1: tracks off that album and so people could get it

479
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:17,720
Speaker 1: for free. Well that's not great. It's kind of violating

480
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:21,719
Speaker 1: copyright law, and it it helped precipitate an era in

481
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:26,040
Speaker 1: which we saw crazy amounts of work in digital rights management,

482
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,480
Speaker 1: and it was not a bright and shining moment in

483
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:33,879
Speaker 1: Internet history. That being said, there are so many valid

484
00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:36,320
Speaker 1: reasons to use peer to peer. It's a real shame

485
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:41,560
Speaker 1: that Napster and other peer to peer platforms are forever

486
00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:45,200
Speaker 1: associated with this concept of piracy, just because that was

487
00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:48,720
Speaker 1: a pretty big use for a lot of these networks

488
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:52,960
Speaker 1: and it got a lot of press. Around this same time,

489
00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 1: we also started seeing MP three players popping up. Now,

490
00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:00,800
Speaker 1: the earliest players were pieces of software runing on your computer,

491
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,240
Speaker 1: not exactly convenient for on the go listening. I did

492
00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:06,920
Speaker 1: a couple of episodes about the history of MP three players,

493
00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:10,040
Speaker 1: including the rise of the iPod. So again I'm not

494
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,960
Speaker 1: going to go into it too much, but Apple's iPod

495
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,920
Speaker 1: really helped push MP three's even further into the mainstream,

496
00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:19,800
Speaker 1: and the iPod became the device most associated with this

497
00:29:20,160 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 1: relatively new form of consuming audio simultaneously. So much is

498
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:30,680
Speaker 1: happening that's important to podcasting. We got the birth of

499
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: the RSS feed. Now RSS stands for well, it depends

500
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:39,520
Speaker 1: upon whom you ask. It could stand for rich site summary,

501
00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:42,920
Speaker 1: or maybe it stands for really simple syndication. It just

502
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,160
Speaker 1: depends upon the authority you're asking at the time. But

503
00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:49,120
Speaker 1: whatever it stands for, what it does is pretty cool.

504
00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:53,000
Speaker 1: It is a format for delivering updated content to people.

505
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 1: So in the old days, you go on the web,

506
00:29:56,640 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: and web pages were pretty darn static. If you went

507
00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:01,280
Speaker 1: to a web page one day and you looked at it,

508
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 1: chances are the next day it was gonna look exactly

509
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:07,360
Speaker 1: the same way. There were not that many dynamically changing

510
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,360
Speaker 1: web pages. It just wasn't very easy to do and

511
00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:12,840
Speaker 1: there wasn't much call for it. But over time we

512
00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:15,800
Speaker 1: started building in more functionality on the web. We started

513
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:20,000
Speaker 1: creating more dynamic elements, and that created a new problem.

514
00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:23,719
Speaker 1: How could you, as a user know if your favorite

515
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,240
Speaker 1: websites have been updated. You could go and check them

516
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:31,400
Speaker 1: every single day and look for differences, or you could

517
00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:35,040
Speaker 1: use rs S and RSS was this set of rules

518
00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:37,840
Speaker 1: that people running these websites could use. They could incorporate

519
00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 1: it into their website. You could then subscribe to that

520
00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:44,240
Speaker 1: website and anytime there was a change, that change would

521
00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,840
Speaker 1: get reflected in your RSS aggregator. You would open up

522
00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,760
Speaker 1: your aggregator and would give you kind of like headlines

523
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:54,760
Speaker 1: of the latest changes that had happened in the pages

524
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:58,840
Speaker 1: that you are subscribed to. So once you were able

525
00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:03,440
Speaker 1: to do that, it really transformed the browsing experience. You

526
00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,680
Speaker 1: no longer had to do all this legwork yourself and

527
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:10,320
Speaker 1: just have your laundry list of websites that you visit

528
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:13,120
Speaker 1: every single day. You could actually take a quick look

529
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,560
Speaker 1: at your RSS aggregator and see if there's any reason

530
00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:19,240
Speaker 1: to go to that website. Well, that RSS model would

531
00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,080
Speaker 1: later become helpful to podcasts. It could alert podcatching services

532
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:25,520
Speaker 1: and users to new episodes as they joined the list,

533
00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:28,560
Speaker 1: removing the need to visit the home page of the program.

534
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,360
Speaker 1: And there was a way of enclosing audio files that

535
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,240
Speaker 1: would be developed a little bit later, and that really

536
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,360
Speaker 1: sealed the deal. All of this was happening around to

537
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:41,880
Speaker 1: the early two thousand's. In December two thousands, a software

538
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:45,200
Speaker 1: developer named Dave Winer found himself in an unlikely partnership

539
00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:49,000
Speaker 1: with Adam Curry that former MTV VJ I mentioned earlier,

540
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,320
Speaker 1: and they were trying to adapt the RSS feed so

541
00:31:51,360 --> 00:31:54,680
Speaker 1: that it could include audio. So Weiner was the guy

542
00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:58,080
Speaker 1: who created that modification for RSS, and he demonstrated it

543
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,560
Speaker 1: in early by using it to enclose a song by

544
00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:04,240
Speaker 1: The Grateful Dead, and he put it in a blog

545
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:06,720
Speaker 1: he was writing, so people who were following his blog

546
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,800
Speaker 1: were subscribed to it could immediately get access to that song.

547
00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:14,920
Speaker 1: And while This provided the skeletal structure upon which podcasts

548
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:18,200
Speaker 1: would be built. Very few people were actually using it

549
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:21,800
Speaker 1: back then. In September two thousand three, Winer adapted his

550
00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:25,320
Speaker 1: approach on behalf of a colleague named Christopher Leiden over

551
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:28,600
Speaker 1: at the Harvard Brookman Center, and Leighton really wanted to

552
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:32,000
Speaker 1: create an interview show with audio tracks saved in the

553
00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:35,160
Speaker 1: MP three format. He was thinking of as like an

554
00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:40,000
Speaker 1: audio blog, so he's regularly interviewing people and uploading those files,

555
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:41,520
Speaker 1: and he wanted there to be a way for people

556
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:45,719
Speaker 1: to subscribe to it. He was interviewing bloggers, futurists, and

557
00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:49,800
Speaker 1: political figures, and this would eventually become a show called

558
00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:53,200
Speaker 1: Radio Open Source and is, by most accounts, the first

559
00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,920
Speaker 1: actual podcast, though at the time it wasn't called a podcast.

560
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:00,400
Speaker 1: So if you hear the Adam Curry had the very

561
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:03,080
Speaker 1: first podcast and it launched in two thousand four, just

562
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:09,520
Speaker 1: know that two thousand three saw Christopher Lyden's show Radio

563
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:14,280
Speaker 1: Open Source, and by all measures, that really was a podcast,

564
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,000
Speaker 1: it just didn't have the name yet. Later in two

565
00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:20,600
Speaker 1: thousand three, and influential jet named Kevin Marks whipped up

566
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:24,360
Speaker 1: some interesting technological wizardry in connection with the two thousand

567
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:28,040
Speaker 1: three Blogger Cohn event, he showed off a program that

568
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:32,160
Speaker 1: could take the audio files housed in an RSS enclosure

569
00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:36,960
Speaker 1: and transfer them automatically over to Apple's iTunes, and then

570
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:41,560
Speaker 1: you can use the iTunes management software to synchronize to

571
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,560
Speaker 1: an iPod. Now, remember in these days, you had to

572
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 1: physically connect an iPod to a computer and use iTunes

573
00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:54,800
Speaker 1: to transfer music across the cable to your iPod. There's

574
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,400
Speaker 1: no wireless way of doing this yet. The iPod had

575
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:01,320
Speaker 1: no access to the iTunes store directly. You had to

576
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,000
Speaker 1: download things or rip things from your music collection directly

577
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:08,840
Speaker 1: to iTunes and then port those things from iTunes over

578
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:12,759
Speaker 1: to your iPod or other m P three player. I

579
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:16,680
Speaker 1: had a creative zen back then and I used it

580
00:34:16,719 --> 00:34:21,240
Speaker 1: with iTunes and it was a headache, but it would

581
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:25,160
Speaker 1: kind of work. But this was huge, This approach to

582
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:27,960
Speaker 1: having this automatic conversion and something that I don't think

583
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:31,879
Speaker 1: Apple necessarily anticipated when it built in the synchronization capability

584
00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:35,400
Speaker 1: and iTunes. The purpose for the feature was convenience. So

585
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:38,480
Speaker 1: let's say you've got a decent music collection and you

586
00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:42,399
Speaker 1: put all your songs over on iTunes and you want

587
00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:45,600
Speaker 1: them to transfer those songs to your brain brand spanking

588
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:49,040
Speaker 1: new iPod. That's not so difficult to do the first time,

589
00:34:49,040 --> 00:34:51,680
Speaker 1: though it can take a while. You just connect your

590
00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:53,839
Speaker 1: iPod to iTunes and say, all right, I want all

591
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:56,920
Speaker 1: these files to be moved over. But then later on,

592
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,879
Speaker 1: let's say you add more music to your library. So

593
00:35:01,719 --> 00:35:04,720
Speaker 1: how do you add that to your iPod. You've already

594
00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:07,799
Speaker 1: got a music library on your iPod, You've got new

595
00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:11,360
Speaker 1: songs in your iTunes library on your computer. How do

596
00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:14,960
Speaker 1: you get those two to match up again. Well, one

597
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,799
Speaker 1: thing you could do is individually move those files over,

598
00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:20,640
Speaker 1: but that's gonna take a while. You could try and

599
00:35:20,719 --> 00:35:22,960
Speaker 1: highlight them in a batch, but that's kind of irritating.

600
00:35:23,239 --> 00:35:27,600
Speaker 1: So Apple built in this function where you could have

601
00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:30,800
Speaker 1: synchronization turned on and if you plugged your iPod into

602
00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: your computer with your iTunes library, it would automatically pull

603
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:39,440
Speaker 1: any new tracks, anything that had been added after the

604
00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 1: last time your iPod had been synchronized and add them

605
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,439
Speaker 1: to your iPods library, so you didn't have to wait

606
00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:51,080
Speaker 1: and do it all manually. That was the secret that

607
00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:53,759
Speaker 1: was able to you know, they were able to use

608
00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:58,200
Speaker 1: to make this automatic updating for podcasts or what would

609
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:02,279
Speaker 1: become podcasts. But again I don't think Apple was necessarily

610
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:05,239
Speaker 1: thinking that when they included that feature. Kevin Marks was

611
00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:07,560
Speaker 1: able to take it and turn into something really useful

612
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:11,319
Speaker 1: for people who wanted to create this episodic audio content. Now,

613
00:36:11,320 --> 00:36:13,960
Speaker 1: Adam Curry would make a piece of code available that

614
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,760
Speaker 1: would automate this RSS and closed audio to iTunes process

615
00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:20,960
Speaker 1: to his blog visitors, and it's called I Potter, I believe,

616
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:23,760
Speaker 1: is what the script was named. And he also began

617
00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:26,640
Speaker 1: to contact other bloggers who are interested in using audio

618
00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:29,280
Speaker 1: to reach an audience in this same sort of way.

619
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:32,239
Speaker 1: On February eleven, two thousand four, The Guardian published an

620
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:36,239
Speaker 1: article titled Audible Revolution. It was written by Ben Hammersley,

621
00:36:36,719 --> 00:36:38,800
Speaker 1: and he was writing about the use of the Internet

622
00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:41,600
Speaker 1: as a means to distribute audio content. And in that

623
00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:48,240
Speaker 1: piece Hammersley asks, quote but what to call it? Audio blogging? Podcasting?

624
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,160
Speaker 1: Guerrilla media end quote? And so this may very well

625
00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:56,200
Speaker 1: be the origin of the term podcasting. Now it's possible

626
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,640
Speaker 1: that the word podcasting had been mentioned by someone before,

627
00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:03,239
Speaker 1: but this is the earliest piece in writing that I

628
00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:07,200
Speaker 1: can find that mentions that term, and it happened at

629
00:37:07,239 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: that point entered into the general conversation about audio distribution

630
00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:15,520
Speaker 1: through the Internet. On September two thousand four, Danny J.

631
00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:20,440
Speaker 1: Gregoire used the term podcaster in a discussion about the

632
00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:25,680
Speaker 1: technical issues surrounding publishing and distributing podcasts and this section

633
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,680
Speaker 1: in which he said, this would go like this. Here's

634
00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,799
Speaker 1: a quote. I can see there being the desire of

635
00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:36,359
Speaker 1: users in some instances to be able to easily subscribe

636
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 1: and get older posts slash episode, slash shows. What are

637
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:44,800
Speaker 1: we calling these things? Anyway? How about pode or SEWED

638
00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,040
Speaker 1: for short that no longer appear on the RSS feed

639
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:50,799
Speaker 1: right now? If, for example, someone wanted to listen to

640
00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:54,520
Speaker 1: all the daily source codes back to sewed number one,

641
00:37:55,080 --> 00:37:57,799
Speaker 1: they would have to manually go through the archives and

642
00:37:57,880 --> 00:38:02,400
Speaker 1: download any sleds not auto magically received, somewhat defeating the

643
00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,719
Speaker 1: purpose of an I potter. Not too much of a

644
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,719
Speaker 1: problem now, But I guess one could argue that this

645
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:11,239
Speaker 1: is simply an RSS slash server side issue, and that

646
00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:15,800
Speaker 1: the podcaster, yes, I like making up new words, should

647
00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:18,760
Speaker 1: be responsible enough to offer a page of separate feeds

648
00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:23,320
Speaker 1: of old sods by month slash, year, slash, season, slash, etcetera.

649
00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:28,680
Speaker 1: End quote, so he also used the word podcaster. Two

650
00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:32,960
Speaker 1: days later, in the Evil Genius Chronicles podcast, Dave Slusher

651
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,080
Speaker 1: had this to say, somebody has registered podcasting dot net

652
00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:40,520
Speaker 1: and I saw a podcaster or podcaster dot net and

653
00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:43,880
Speaker 1: I saw a podcaster hitting as a user against hitting

654
00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:46,279
Speaker 1: my RSS feed, and I went and looked at it.

655
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:49,719
Speaker 1: And right now it's just a coming soon page. But

656
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:51,880
Speaker 1: I'm going to pay attention to that. I want to

657
00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:54,680
Speaker 1: see who's got that and what they're going, what they're

658
00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:58,239
Speaker 1: doing with that term. I think they've coined the term,

659
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:01,680
Speaker 1: so iPod platform just doesn't spring from the tongue. But

660
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:04,560
Speaker 1: what I'm doing right here, and what Adams doing, meaning

661
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 1: Adam Curry, and what Dave Winer is doing, and what

662
00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:11,440
Speaker 1: I T Conversations are doing, that's podcasting. I think that

663
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,160
Speaker 1: is the term. I'm using that from here on out.

664
00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: You know, So I am a podcaster and they are podcasters,

665
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,480
Speaker 1: and I am podcasting right now, and you listen to

666
00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:27,640
Speaker 1: my podcast. The name stuck. That's an understatement and it's

667
00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:30,320
Speaker 1: something that we all know because you wouldn't be listening

668
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:33,800
Speaker 1: to this if it didn't. In November two thousand four,

669
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,840
Speaker 1: Libson launched l I b S. White and this was

670
00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:41,319
Speaker 1: the first podcast service provider and it still exists to

671
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:44,800
Speaker 1: this day. I've actually used it. It's pretty pretty useful,

672
00:39:44,880 --> 00:39:49,680
Speaker 1: pretty easy to use. Not totally intuitive, but not difficult.

673
00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:52,799
Speaker 1: And these services make it easier for podcasters to get

674
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,120
Speaker 1: their content up online. They handle all the RSS feeds

675
00:39:56,320 --> 00:39:58,400
Speaker 1: and all the technical side of things. All you have

676
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:00,560
Speaker 1: to do is fill out if you feel and then

677
00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:03,160
Speaker 1: you can start uploading your content to the service, where

678
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:05,200
Speaker 1: it will host your files and make them available for

679
00:40:05,280 --> 00:40:09,560
Speaker 1: various podcatching services. Later on, in February two thousand five,

680
00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:13,840
Speaker 1: Public Radio International launched The World, which was the first

681
00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:18,879
Speaker 1: daily public radio news podcast. The next month, March two

682
00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:22,160
Speaker 1: thousand five, the Public Radio show on the Media would

683
00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:25,080
Speaker 1: become the first to also be distributed as a podcast

684
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:29,000
Speaker 1: in full. In April two thousand five, Leo Laporte, who

685
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:32,000
Speaker 1: had worked in traditional media for years as a technology

686
00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:36,319
Speaker 1: news communicator, a reviewer, and an educator, formed This Week

687
00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:40,719
Speaker 1: in Tech, a network also known as twit. This would

688
00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:43,600
Speaker 1: become one of the first podcast networks in the world.

689
00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:46,800
Speaker 1: In other words, it became the umbrella to multiple shows

690
00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:51,520
Speaker 1: in podcast format. On June six, two thousand five, iTunes

691
00:40:51,560 --> 00:40:54,920
Speaker 1: four point nine launched with a podcast directory added to

692
00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:57,720
Speaker 1: the iTunes music store, and this made it much easier

693
00:40:57,719 --> 00:41:00,960
Speaker 1: for iTunes users to find and download episodes, and it

694
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:04,160
Speaker 1: became really important to podcasters that they get their shows

695
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,080
Speaker 1: onto Apples directory because that was the place to be.

696
00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:10,040
Speaker 1: That's where most people were getting their podcasts from in

697
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,440
Speaker 1: those days, so if you weren't showing up an Apple's directory,

698
00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:16,680
Speaker 1: it felt like you were missing out on the people

699
00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:19,640
Speaker 1: who would otherwise be able to subscribe to your show.

700
00:41:21,239 --> 00:41:24,880
Speaker 1: This move also forced a different company to change its course,

701
00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:28,400
Speaker 1: and that company was called Odeo O d e O.

702
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:32,839
Speaker 1: Odeo's purpose originally was to create a podcasting directory as

703
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:36,000
Speaker 1: well as a suite of tools for creating podcasts. It

704
00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:39,200
Speaker 1: was poised to launch in the summer of two thousand five,

705
00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:42,200
Speaker 1: but then Apple got into the game with podcasting and

706
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,200
Speaker 1: the people at Odeo saw the writing on the wall.

707
00:41:44,239 --> 00:41:46,600
Speaker 1: There just was no way they were going to compete

708
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:50,560
Speaker 1: against Apple in that space, So rather than abandoned ship entirely,

709
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:53,799
Speaker 1: they decided to change what their company was going to do,

710
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:58,000
Speaker 1: and they also ditched the name. Instead, Odeo would become

711
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:00,400
Speaker 1: a company that would allow people to send out little

712
00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:04,000
Speaker 1: messages to their friends using SMS messaging or a web client,

713
00:42:04,840 --> 00:42:09,080
Speaker 1: and that's how Twitter was born. Yep, Twitter exists because

714
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:14,040
Speaker 1: of iTunes sort of. In August two thousand five, NPR

715
00:42:14,120 --> 00:42:17,640
Speaker 1: officially got into the podcast game, making show segments available

716
00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:21,120
Speaker 1: as podcast downloads. So while their rise in popularity a

717
00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:23,080
Speaker 1: few years later makes it seem like they were late

718
00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:25,840
Speaker 1: comers to podcasting, the fact is they were around in

719
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:30,000
Speaker 1: some of those earliest days. The New Oxford American Dictionary

720
00:42:30,040 --> 00:42:32,840
Speaker 1: would name podcast as their word of the year on

721
00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:37,000
Speaker 1: December third, two thousand five, and the following year, podcast

722
00:42:37,080 --> 00:42:40,759
Speaker 1: would become a new word in the dictionary. We've got

723
00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:43,000
Speaker 1: a lot more to talk about to wrap up, and

724
00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:46,879
Speaker 1: actually to talk about some of the other influential podcasts

725
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:49,000
Speaker 1: that came out in those early years, But before we

726
00:42:49,040 --> 00:42:52,040
Speaker 1: do that, let's take another quick break to thank our sponsor.

727
00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:02,640
Speaker 1: So in two thousand six, Edison Research held a survey

728
00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:06,160
Speaker 1: to find out how many people were aware of podcasting

729
00:43:06,239 --> 00:43:09,960
Speaker 1: in general. So two thousand six is still early days

730
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:13,759
Speaker 1: for podcasting, and the survey bears it out. According to

731
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:17,960
Speaker 1: their report, twenty two of Americans who responded to this

732
00:43:18,080 --> 00:43:22,640
Speaker 1: survey said they had heard about podcasting, but only half

733
00:43:22,640 --> 00:43:25,880
Speaker 1: as many, only eleven percent had ever actually listened to

734
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:29,600
Speaker 1: a podcast. And this is why, in those early days

735
00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:32,120
Speaker 1: of doing tech stuff just a couple of years later,

736
00:43:32,239 --> 00:43:35,120
Speaker 1: I found it really challenging to explain to people what

737
00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:38,359
Speaker 1: it was I was doing. I'd say things like, yeah,

738
00:43:38,440 --> 00:43:42,440
Speaker 1: it's an audio show, kind of like a radio show. No, no,

739
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:45,960
Speaker 1: it's not. It's not on the radio. It's it's on

740
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:49,960
Speaker 1: the internet. No no, no, you don't. You don't stream it,

741
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,120
Speaker 1: you download it and then you then you listen to

742
00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:55,240
Speaker 1: it on an iPod or like an MP three player.

743
00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:59,520
Speaker 1: I've had that kind of conversation so many times. Well,

744
00:43:59,560 --> 00:44:03,160
Speaker 1: in February two thousand and six, Wait Wait Don't Tell

745
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:07,839
Speaker 1: Me becomes nbr's first full program podcast, which means I've

746
00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:13,000
Speaker 1: been a subscriber for more than a decade. Wow. Before that,

747
00:44:13,239 --> 00:44:17,920
Speaker 1: NBR had been uploading segments of shows, but not entire episodes.

748
00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:19,680
Speaker 1: So wait, Wait don't tell Me. It was kind of

749
00:44:19,719 --> 00:44:23,960
Speaker 1: their experiment what would happen if they allowed an entire

750
00:44:24,080 --> 00:44:27,319
Speaker 1: show that would go out on NPR to also be

751
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,480
Speaker 1: downloaded as a podcast. As it turns out, people would

752
00:44:30,480 --> 00:44:34,600
Speaker 1: go bunkers for it. That really showed up when they

753
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:39,480
Speaker 1: started doing this American Life also that month, in February

754
00:44:39,480 --> 00:44:41,839
Speaker 1: two thousand and six, the Ricky Gervais Show entered the

755
00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,920
Speaker 1: Guinness Book of World Records as the most downloaded podcast

756
00:44:44,960 --> 00:44:48,320
Speaker 1: in history. Though come on, be fair, two thousand and

757
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:51,120
Speaker 1: six is pretty early in the podcast game. I mean,

758
00:44:51,160 --> 00:44:54,040
Speaker 1: I hadn't even started tech stuff yet, and it could

759
00:44:54,040 --> 00:44:57,279
Speaker 1: have waited a bit, to be honest. That record would

760
00:44:57,280 --> 00:45:01,520
Speaker 1: be broken later on. In these spring of two thousand seven,

761
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:06,399
Speaker 1: Jack and Stench start a subscription based podcast at five

762
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:10,400
Speaker 1: dollars per month per subscription. The Jack and Stinch Show

763
00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:14,360
Speaker 1: grew out of a radio program called Jamie Jack and Stinch.

764
00:45:15,360 --> 00:45:18,600
Speaker 1: Their radio company had canceled their show, so they were

765
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,520
Speaker 1: out of a job, and that's when the creators decided

766
00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:22,960
Speaker 1: that they were gonna they were gonna try and make

767
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:26,040
Speaker 1: a listener supported series and see if they can make

768
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,480
Speaker 1: it work. And it turns out it did work. They're

769
00:45:28,520 --> 00:45:31,200
Speaker 1: still podcasting today and it's still five dollars per month

770
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:33,760
Speaker 1: or cents per show, as they say on their website.

771
00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:38,239
Speaker 1: Other subscription based shows would soon follow, and so you

772
00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:41,400
Speaker 1: began to see a few different ways to monetize podcasts.

773
00:45:41,800 --> 00:45:45,520
Speaker 1: There were these listeners supported shows through subscriptions or later

774
00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:50,120
Speaker 1: on through platforms like Patreon. Then there are sponsors supported

775
00:45:50,160 --> 00:45:53,480
Speaker 1: shows such as tech Stuff, where we monetized by having

776
00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:57,520
Speaker 1: ads in our shows. There's also fully sponsored content, in

777
00:45:57,560 --> 00:45:59,680
Speaker 1: which a company will pay for a full episode of

778
00:45:59,680 --> 00:46:02,239
Speaker 1: a pro graham. So there are a few different ways

779
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:04,600
Speaker 1: to make money from podcasting, though I'd say the vast

780
00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:07,960
Speaker 1: majority of podcasters out there aren't really making a big

781
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:13,160
Speaker 1: profit from it. On April two thousand eight, Josh Clark

782
00:46:13,480 --> 00:46:17,799
Speaker 1: and Chris Palette became Internet superstars forever and ever when

783
00:46:17,840 --> 00:46:21,400
Speaker 1: the very first episode of Stuff You Should Know published.

784
00:46:22,040 --> 00:46:25,000
Speaker 1: That is our most popular podcast here at how Stuff

785
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:27,560
Speaker 1: Works dot com and Stuff you Should Know. The very

786
00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,640
Speaker 1: first episode April two thousand eight, Chuck was not a

787
00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:34,920
Speaker 1: co host yet, it was my former editor Chris Palette.

788
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:38,799
Speaker 1: The topic they covered was how grass aline works, and

789
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:42,640
Speaker 1: the show was just nine minutes long. Those early episodes

790
00:46:42,640 --> 00:46:45,480
Speaker 1: saw Josh work with a couple of different potential co hosts,

791
00:46:45,840 --> 00:46:48,880
Speaker 1: So there was Chris Palette and there was also Candice,

792
00:46:48,960 --> 00:46:50,520
Speaker 1: who would later go on to be one of the

793
00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:54,360
Speaker 1: original hosts of Stuff You Missed in History Class, which

794
00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:58,280
Speaker 1: by the way, was originally called Factor fiction. Chuck Bryant

795
00:46:58,360 --> 00:47:01,719
Speaker 1: would join Josh for the episod owed why does Toothpaste

796
00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:06,239
Speaker 1: make Orange Juice Taste Bad? Which published on May two

797
00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:10,200
Speaker 1: thousand eight, and the charisma between the two hosts was undeniable.

798
00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:14,360
Speaker 1: Josh and Chuck would become the definitive voices of stuff

799
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,480
Speaker 1: you should Know, and they still are today, and they

800
00:47:17,520 --> 00:47:21,520
Speaker 1: sit on either side of me. Chuck's on my right,

801
00:47:21,719 --> 00:47:25,480
Speaker 1: Josh is on my left. Other house stuff works shows

802
00:47:25,560 --> 00:47:28,439
Speaker 1: that launched around that same time, where Brain Stuff, which

803
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:32,279
Speaker 1: originally featured our founder Marshall Brain giving short explanations of

804
00:47:32,320 --> 00:47:35,839
Speaker 1: interesting stuff, and then Stuff you Missed in History Class, which,

805
00:47:35,840 --> 00:47:39,919
Speaker 1: as I said before, started life as Factor fiction. And

806
00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:43,040
Speaker 1: there there was a little show called tech Stuff, tiny

807
00:47:43,080 --> 00:47:46,200
Speaker 1: little show that you're listening to right now. The first

808
00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:49,560
Speaker 1: official episode of tech Stuff because we recorded a few

809
00:47:49,719 --> 00:47:53,120
Speaker 1: that never published, a bunch of test episodes so that

810
00:47:53,120 --> 00:47:56,360
Speaker 1: we could get used to being on the microphone, and

811
00:47:56,480 --> 00:48:00,600
Speaker 1: they were bad and we should feel bad. I don't

812
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,920
Speaker 1: think they exist anymore. I'm pretty sure there's no existing

813
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,080
Speaker 1: recording of those early episodes, or I would release them.

814
00:48:07,080 --> 00:48:09,160
Speaker 1: Why not? I would be I would group them together

815
00:48:09,239 --> 00:48:11,200
Speaker 1: and say you want to listen to what the show

816
00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:14,279
Speaker 1: sounded like back in two thousand and eight, because this

817
00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:18,440
Speaker 1: is it. So the first official episode went live on

818
00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:21,840
Speaker 1: June tenth, two thousand eight, and that episode was called

819
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:27,759
Speaker 1: How the Google Apple Cloud Computer Will Work. The less

820
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:33,160
Speaker 1: said about that, the better podcasts continued to grow in popularity,

821
00:48:33,320 --> 00:48:36,839
Speaker 1: and podcast networks also began to grow. And then we

822
00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:40,120
Speaker 1: flashed back to that story I mentioned about Personal Audio

823
00:48:40,280 --> 00:48:43,800
Speaker 1: Back in the nineteen nineties, the company Personal Audio LLC.

824
00:48:44,040 --> 00:48:47,640
Speaker 1: Was what some people called a patent holding company, being

825
00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:50,160
Speaker 1: the company was in the business of making money from

826
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,560
Speaker 1: the patents it held. It didn't make anything else. It

827
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:56,640
Speaker 1: didn't offer any services, it didn't offer any products. It

828
00:48:56,760 --> 00:48:59,000
Speaker 1: had these patents. Now, there are a couple of different

829
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:00,839
Speaker 1: ways you can make money with patents, and they are

830
00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:06,120
Speaker 1: completely viable. One of this is to license your patent

831
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:09,839
Speaker 1: and design two interested parties, and again there's nothing wrong

832
00:49:09,880 --> 00:49:12,040
Speaker 1: with that. So let's say I come up with a

833
00:49:12,120 --> 00:49:15,600
Speaker 1: really cool idea on how to do something, and I

834
00:49:15,680 --> 00:49:19,200
Speaker 1: patent that idea and then let companies know, Hey, if

835
00:49:19,239 --> 00:49:21,480
Speaker 1: you want to do this thing in this cool way

836
00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:23,600
Speaker 1: that I thought of, just come on over to me

837
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:26,760
Speaker 1: and we'll make a deal. Will you'll pay a licensing fee,

838
00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:29,160
Speaker 1: I'll allow you to use my method. Everything will be

839
00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:31,840
Speaker 1: cool until the patent expires, in which case it becomes

840
00:49:31,840 --> 00:49:36,920
Speaker 1: public property. Or you could go another route, which involves

841
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,520
Speaker 1: just sitting on your patents and looking around and then

842
00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:42,840
Speaker 1: suing people who appear to be using your patented ideas.

843
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:45,920
Speaker 1: Then you can either win money through a lawsuit or,

844
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:49,600
Speaker 1: as is more common, reach a settlement agreement where a

845
00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:54,520
Speaker 1: company will pay you for using that patented idea. Lawsuits

846
00:49:54,560 --> 00:49:56,640
Speaker 1: are really expensive, and often you'll find parties willing to

847
00:49:56,640 --> 00:49:59,919
Speaker 1: settle out of court just to avoid risking a full,

848
00:50:00,280 --> 00:50:03,680
Speaker 1: full blown court battle where even if you win it's expensive,

849
00:50:03,880 --> 00:50:06,920
Speaker 1: but if you don't win, it's even more expensive. Well,

850
00:50:06,960 --> 00:50:09,600
Speaker 1: Personal Audio had sued Apple a couple of times in

851
00:50:09,640 --> 00:50:14,680
Speaker 1: an East Texas court over patents involving playlists Why East Texas.

852
00:50:14,840 --> 00:50:18,080
Speaker 1: Personal Audio claimed it had an office nast Texas, but

853
00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:22,320
Speaker 1: a lot of different technology journalists said that that office

854
00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:25,080
Speaker 1: was essentially empty and really was just connected to their

855
00:50:25,120 --> 00:50:28,520
Speaker 1: patent lawyer's office. I don't know if that's true or not,

856
00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:32,280
Speaker 1: but that's how it was reported, and that to East

857
00:50:32,280 --> 00:50:35,359
Speaker 1: Texas was known as being a very favorable court when

858
00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:40,160
Speaker 1: it came to patent litigation, it was very favorable towards

859
00:50:40,160 --> 00:50:46,600
Speaker 1: patent holders. So in Personal Audio sued several parties, including

860
00:50:46,640 --> 00:50:50,280
Speaker 1: Adam Carolla and How Stuff Works, among others, Although technically

861
00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:53,080
Speaker 1: they were going after Discovery because How Stuff Works was

862
00:50:53,120 --> 00:50:56,360
Speaker 1: owned by Discovery at that time. The claim was that

863
00:50:56,440 --> 00:50:59,400
Speaker 1: Personal Audio held the patent approach that these other podcasts

864
00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:02,400
Speaker 1: were using to distribute audio over the web, and then

865
00:51:02,440 --> 00:51:05,400
Speaker 1: a long legal battle followed. Now I was in the

866
00:51:05,480 --> 00:51:09,000
Speaker 1: dark throughout the entire process, for which I am thankful.

867
00:51:09,160 --> 00:51:11,799
Speaker 1: I only learned about developments after they had hit the

868
00:51:11,880 --> 00:51:16,000
Speaker 1: news cycle. The Electronic Frontier Foundation got involved. The e

869
00:51:16,239 --> 00:51:20,240
Speaker 1: f F, and they're very much a a consumer based

870
00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:25,560
Speaker 1: organization that tries to look out for protections against corporations

871
00:51:26,440 --> 00:51:31,520
Speaker 1: encroaching upon the Internet. They view the Internet as a

872
00:51:31,560 --> 00:51:37,040
Speaker 1: public utility that should be UH, should be accessible by all,

873
00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:40,239
Speaker 1: and that no company should have this kind of of

874
00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:45,080
Speaker 1: leverage over it. So the tech news sites did some

875
00:51:45,160 --> 00:51:49,120
Speaker 1: digging and made some allegations about Personal Audio about UH,

876
00:51:49,360 --> 00:51:52,680
Speaker 1: the fact that the company had not ever produced a podcast,

877
00:51:52,719 --> 00:51:55,520
Speaker 1: nor ever planned to do so, and so a lot

878
00:51:55,520 --> 00:51:58,400
Speaker 1: of people were throwing around the words patent troll about

879
00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:01,759
Speaker 1: Personal Audio that it's not my place to say, but

880
00:52:01,880 --> 00:52:05,480
Speaker 1: the courts did ultimately find in favor of the podcasters.

881
00:52:05,960 --> 00:52:08,359
Speaker 1: This was after Personal Audio had already started to back

882
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:12,200
Speaker 1: off from the lawsuits, not because the company was saying

883
00:52:12,239 --> 00:52:14,879
Speaker 1: they didn't have a case. They said, no, we've got

884
00:52:14,920 --> 00:52:17,759
Speaker 1: a case. There's just no money in podcasting, so no

885
00:52:17,760 --> 00:52:21,080
Speaker 1: one could pay us, which was kind of like a

886
00:52:21,160 --> 00:52:24,080
Speaker 1: back end its slap against podcasters. I mean, I can't

887
00:52:24,120 --> 00:52:26,640
Speaker 1: necessarily disagree with him. There's not a whole lot of

888
00:52:26,640 --> 00:52:29,960
Speaker 1: money in podcasting for for the vast majority of podcasters

889
00:52:29,960 --> 00:52:31,839
Speaker 1: out there. You gotta do it because you love it,

890
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:35,359
Speaker 1: and maybe you wind up finding a profitable approach to it.

891
00:52:35,360 --> 00:52:40,560
Speaker 1: It does happen, but it's hard to do. Now. It

892
00:52:40,560 --> 00:52:44,239
Speaker 1: turns out that all of that was moot because there

893
00:52:44,239 --> 00:52:48,520
Speaker 1: have been further UH lawsuits. The e f F pursued

894
00:52:48,520 --> 00:52:52,000
Speaker 1: a claim that the patents that Personal Audio was depending

895
00:52:52,080 --> 00:52:56,399
Speaker 1: upon are invalid, and that has gone to court and

896
00:52:57,120 --> 00:53:00,680
Speaker 1: that ended up being decided in the favor of e

897
00:53:00,880 --> 00:53:05,560
Speaker 1: f F and against Personal Audio. So there's you know,

898
00:53:06,520 --> 00:53:08,719
Speaker 1: some of those examples I was talking about earlier, like

899
00:53:09,120 --> 00:53:13,200
Speaker 1: quirks and quirks and Malamud's Internet talk radio platform. We're

900
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:17,680
Speaker 1: exhibiting features that were described in the Personal Audio patent. Now,

901
00:53:17,719 --> 00:53:19,960
Speaker 1: that patent that they were really relying upon in this

902
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,440
Speaker 1: particular case was filed in two thousand nine, but it

903
00:53:23,520 --> 00:53:27,160
Speaker 1: was given a priority date of nine. And this does

904
00:53:27,239 --> 00:53:30,240
Speaker 1: happen in patent law. If you have filed for certain

905
00:53:30,320 --> 00:53:34,480
Speaker 1: patents and you have a later patent that you feel

906
00:53:35,640 --> 00:53:39,160
Speaker 1: is derivative of a previous one, and you want that

907
00:53:39,480 --> 00:53:44,680
Speaker 1: effective date to be early earlier than what you're filing

908
00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:47,120
Speaker 1: it for, you can appeal for a priority date, and

909
00:53:47,160 --> 00:53:50,239
Speaker 1: they did and they got it. It was in but

910
00:53:51,040 --> 00:53:54,520
Speaker 1: the examples of Quirks and Quirks and Internet Talk Radio

911
00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:58,160
Speaker 1: pre dated nine, and that led the court to rule

912
00:53:58,239 --> 00:54:01,680
Speaker 1: that the patent was invalid as it was describing something

913
00:54:01,719 --> 00:54:04,840
Speaker 1: that had already existed. So the case went to the

914
00:54:04,880 --> 00:54:07,760
Speaker 1: Court of Appeals and the Court of Appeals upheld that ruling.

915
00:54:08,120 --> 00:54:10,319
Speaker 1: So as of the recording of this podcast, there's been

916
00:54:10,320 --> 00:54:12,799
Speaker 1: no word if Personal Audio will pursue this to the

917
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:16,760
Speaker 1: Supreme Court, because they could it could go that next step,

918
00:54:17,040 --> 00:54:21,040
Speaker 1: But two courts so far have said, you know, there's

919
00:54:21,320 --> 00:54:25,840
Speaker 1: evidence here that this stuff existed before you described it

920
00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:28,400
Speaker 1: in your patent, and you can't patent an idea that

921
00:54:28,480 --> 00:54:34,080
Speaker 1: already exists. Today, you can find podcasts about practically every

922
00:54:34,120 --> 00:54:37,480
Speaker 1: topic you can imagine, from news to commentary to fiction

923
00:54:37,560 --> 00:54:40,480
Speaker 1: and all things in between. I've listened to lots of

924
00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:43,160
Speaker 1: different podcasts, and I contribute to a few of my

925
00:54:43,239 --> 00:54:45,719
Speaker 1: own outside of How Stuff Works. But I'm curious to

926
00:54:45,719 --> 00:54:48,960
Speaker 1: hear from you guys. What are some of your favorite podcasts?

927
00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:52,360
Speaker 1: What's worth checking out. I'm always looking for something that's

928
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,319
Speaker 1: interesting or fascinating or just playing funny to add to

929
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,239
Speaker 1: my walks to and from the office. So let me know.

930
00:54:59,160 --> 00:55:02,160
Speaker 1: Send me a message. Our email addresses tech Stuff at

931
00:55:02,280 --> 00:55:04,480
Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com, or you can drop me

932
00:55:04,520 --> 00:55:06,879
Speaker 1: a line on Facebook or Twitter. Just let me know, Hey,

933
00:55:06,920 --> 00:55:10,000
Speaker 1: here's a great podcast you should check out. My handle

934
00:55:10,040 --> 00:55:13,320
Speaker 1: at both of those is tech Stuff hs W. Remember

935
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:16,520
Speaker 1: you can come to twitch dot tv slash tech Stuff

936
00:55:16,560 --> 00:55:19,920
Speaker 1: on Wednesdays and Fridays and watch me live as I

937
00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:23,160
Speaker 1: record these episodes. Just like a bunch of really smart

938
00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:25,799
Speaker 1: people are doing right now, and they're talking about all

939
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:28,000
Speaker 1: sorts of tech related things that are pretty cool, and

940
00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:30,320
Speaker 1: I can't wait to get back to chatting with them,

941
00:55:30,360 --> 00:55:31,880
Speaker 1: so you know what, I think. I'm gonna do that

942
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:35,280
Speaker 1: right now, and I'll talk to you guys again really

943
00:55:35,320 --> 00:55:43,160
Speaker 1: soon for more on this and thousands of other topics,

944
00:55:43,239 --> 00:55:54,440
Speaker 1: because a house top works dot com